All images in this file are courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission.
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Figure 10.1 The top panels are spectrograms of the words spot (left) and scot (right) spoken by
a female talker. The spectra below each spectrogram are sampled at three times 15 ms apart near
the. end of the frication noise for /s/, and show the changes in the spectrum as the closure is
made for the /p/ or /k. The spectra are obtained by averaging a sequence of 6.4-ms spectra over
a 10-ms time interval. The upper curve in each panel is a smoothed version of the measured
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Figure 10.2 The top panels are spectrograms of the words drip Oeft) and plot (right) produced
by a female talker. The spectra below each spectrogram are sampled near the consonant release
(top spectra) just after onset of glottal vibration (bottom spectra), and at intermediate points.
Spectra are measured as in figure 10.1.
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Figure 10.4 (a) Spectrogram of the word small (male speaker). (b) Spectra sampled at several
times between the end of /s/ (spectrum 1) and the onset of glottal vibration (spectrum 4). Spectra
are measured as in figure I0.1. (c) Schematized estimates of the time course of the cross-sectional
areas of four orifices as this utterance is produced: area of constriction formed by the tongue
blade; area of the glottal opening; area of constriction formed by the lips; and area of the velo­
pharyngeal port (v-p area).
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Figure 10.5 Spectrogram of the sentence I can't go up to Sweden (male speaker), illustrating
modifications of consonants when they occur in a sequence of two or more consonants. The text
discusses the sequences /nt#g/ (400 to 550 ms), /p#t/ (700 to 850 ms), /sw/ (1000 to 1150 ms),
and /dn/ (1200 to 1270 ms).
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Figure 10.10 Spectrograms of the words monopoly (left) and classical(right) extracted from
sentences produced by a male talker, giving examples of brief reduced vowels. In monopoly the
reduced vowels are at 50 and 320 ms; in classicalit is at 280 ms.
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Figure 10.6 (a) Spectrograms of utterances (male speaker) "... blew his cover again" (top) and
... saw his justice done" (bottom). The text discusses the sequences his cover (200 to 750 ms),
and his justice (280 to 950 ms). (b) Measurements of spectrum amplitude in the two versions of
the word his at low frequencies (solid dots) and at high frequencies (open dots) as a function of
time. The amplitude measures are Al, the amplitude of the first-formant spectrum prominence,
and A4, the amplitude of the largest spectrum prominence in the F4-F6region. Average data
from three repetitions for a male speaker (left) and a female speaker (right). See text.
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Figure 10.8 Values of F1 and F2 at the midpoint of the vowel for eight vowels, plotted to
demonstrate the effect of place of articulation of the consonantal context. The contexs are divided
into three groups: velars (open squares); postdentals (open triangles); labials (open cirdes). Values
for vowels in the null environment (averages of formant frequencies for vowels in isolation and
in context /h-d/) are induded for comparison (black dots). Points represent average values for
three talkers. (From K. N. Stevens and House, 1963.)
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Figure 10.9 Spectrograms of the sequences pass a dip (left) and rub a book (right) extracted
from sentences produced by a female talker, illustrating modification of schwa vowel by context.
Table 10.2 Formant frequencies (in hertz) in the middle of the schwa vowel for the utterances
pass a dip and rub a book, as spoken in a sentence context
Male
Female
pass a dip
ruba book
F1
F2
F3
Fl
F2
F3
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410
1785
1071
3513
2908
423
488
1491
912
2624
2474
Note: Data are averages for three repetitions by a female and a male speaker.
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