The response of western and bluebunch wheatgrass seedlings to clipping and pulling
by Robert E Monroe
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Range Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by Robert E Monroe (1949)
Abstract:
Greenhouse studies were conducted on western and bluebunch wheatgrass seedlings which were
clipped or pulled at a height of 3 inches every 2 weeks. Treatments began at 6 different stages of
development as measured by height of growth. Results gave no clear evidence of significant differences in responses by species or stages of development.
Results for methods of treatment were clear out. Ninety- five percent of plants pulled were killed.
Statistically significant difference in seen yields were obtained between untreated controls and clipped
plants. Pulling after head- ing had no killing effect. Speical paper boxes were tested and found
unsatisfactory. 8#&6yt Kt #&nyo*
8w#mlt%6d to- t#@ OraGwate' Oawm&ttee
p a r t ia l f u lf illm e n t o f tW requirem ents
#& ater o f
i& Bagga, »#*##&**;*&%
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Thenke a re due to P r o fe s s o r He K, ' o rrim , o f th e
B otany a n l
a o t e r t o l o g y D ep a rtsien t, f o r p r o v id in g sp a ce fo r
con 'uot o f th e e x p e r im e n ta l w ork,
"’he »1* and c o n s u lt a t io n
o f Dr, H, E, S t i t t , o f th e V r ite d S t a t e s Departm ent o f A g r i­
c u l t u r e , and D r,
. r . T’e h r , o f th e A grorory
th e s t a t i s t i c a l work were l e v e l a b l e .
ment end g u id a n ce o f v r .
and r,enge ‘'enagem ent
been u n d e r ta k e n ,
ap artm en t, th e p r o I e c t would not have
o r p ro o frea d in,
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»h'#@ #topn * A ^ -
b&8@&%o&h *b@*&@*#@#
e t'#
wbiab #*r# @l%ppe# a* pwl&ed
o f $ im eb ee o v e r# & $@@ka*
TMaBmeat# ba$a# e t
6 GiffAfeDt at&g&B of GevelopmeRt @a *e6eor@3 by betgbt o f ,
#r@Wtb* ^ eeolta @&v* &o' olaay eviae'&w o f al$a&fl@#b*'#&r*
f*P9R**B 1# feapob**# by epeel#* 4» ata&ea of dav#lb#me#t*
B e a a lta f o r *#tbm #e o f ty ea W e& t # # * # a l e a r #*$*.
f iv e 'pepceat # f plant# p a lle t were killed,*
B te tla tlo a lly
$&$Rlfl@*8* AiffapeAG** 1# wee# ytald e way* Abtalpea-bA*#***
entreated aontf&l* and dripped pla-ota*
In# ha# n# b iilla g a ffe e t*
SnS fou n d u p a a t ia f a o t u r y f
P allia# a fte r bead*
Apaalai paper baxa# War* te&ted
Tb* p»*##*»* f o f
tb e a # f l y #&# la ta - »%)vi6g
'%##; haww* a e o o # t* o t p w W w $# v@*g*
a p e a t e # d & ffl& G l*!** i& m*&Bt#n#oe*
' It- bWr
a # ta * l$ e b « # f6 # # # e$
I t b eg &e&&e&%8# &pwl*% ##ob&e*e In b&@ pye@t;&6@ o f f a g 8 # # W g f ' . I t baa
th e
tb a
*@ r#b-#f V e g e t a t iv e y e b o v a v y f r # * d a p l e t l # # ,
a lt#
T&e pv&ae&t,
l a v e e t l g e t i a e I e #& w * l& d if& a tly # t t b l a pm blem * . '- '
& 'b e t t e r u a # # r a te # # lb g o f tb # B #% w a.*f t h e eaagw oae*
t o ''U tllla a tlO R a f tb e a a e d llA g # o f th e *&y@ im p e r te & t.^ eage
***&*%# # o # l # a e t e & ia lly . eB beae* oo# aamppAb#**l@8'&f t b e
v a & eta tlg m a l * 8 p 8 4 t8 o f tb a W a le pr#b&@# e t a t e # above*
Im p ortan t^ o f p l e a t
r e la tiv e ly l i t t l e
Tba
1# w e l l e a te b lie b M + y e t
la k aoe# o f tb e raepoM&e* &f e d t i v * g r a ta
8 e e # llB g 9 t e veM&W kiA4&' b f baa*
^be I R v e e S lg a tlv a v@r%
a g e a e e a d lla g a l a v ary l l & i t e d by obapayl& aa t o t h a t opda
e e t e b l le b a d f m ature p le a t * ?
T b la e t a Se e f a f f a i r e e p p e e r a
$ a m W # t l a e g b l t a b l e 1# v iew o f tb # im perte& ee a f ae**&l*@
##p*a#w*t&@* t o th e
em latap an ea o f e a t a b lle h a #
f o r a g e atejoda*
.
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- 9 b # '* * p # y t# A ee ead W tdoepraed O aaarraaea o a a a t i v o
r a n g # o f ^ o a ten a ead v& rlow# ad jaeam t a t * t e * » f #*#%«*&
wbaat&r&e* ( A&ropyrpM p p l t b i Rydb) e e d b la e b a a a b e b e a t g r a #
(^ a b )
*na
W4%e. th e e *
i* 0 »•
etxiteMe fa# aa
@f eeedllftR #eapoB@a*r
the Wwe ##&Q9,' they ere eomp&rBble W. p large d#*"
##&&,- ‘ *h»y d iffe r fa' growth- W bit$ the tw*m* f s $ eodgreae*
t h e l a t t e # * 'W ndhgraaav, #B *p*yte$R e f ^jkha, %6^#ete e # t h i s
5Sfierew^.e- is e f lotereet*
. Far w a y year#' i t Wa We# #&#$##&&# i s tbe fia t# to
dealer# the damage Pfedaeed bg th e'pw llln# Wabltg e f gf&Bi&g
' %be liW yator# aekee pedG&ag Pefayaeee to th is
pbabo#e#a& but f a il* to reveal aiay exp #fl*e*t*l avldeaoe o f
&&a e ffa e t a f p a llia # , wbat&ap #pe& p leat aayvivai, f e e t or
fearbage development*, or apealeb response,
'ffee -nefeiw that
Ie #ema#&bg appear# te be one a# the #a*a#B@ bet
a&teeted tr%lema @f tfea ra#ga*
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I W aldW fia W ebs'arvetloa.,. tW re ^a'e rational' fetiRd*# tio a 1&
for a bal&ef In the f e a t e e lIty o f-p e lllo g
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by greats# a&tmala, Tba boeee la aupplled with Vaatb is bath
mesdlblea*. Tba extant to eWob I t p e lle forage la problem*
AtilAdI* y e t I f Ie lselaaed Is gebafellaad rem&ekB aba#* p all*
.1## Wbiba o f e s iw la *
e&*
The oe* so# aheap p resent.e d iffe r *
Vbaee ebloaia p*#9### t&etb in th e lobe#
#a#&lbla Ofty* the t#@W o f the ###ef maW&ble bavi##. bees
replaead-by & bard* labtbeyy daot#%»pe&* The degree-ta
i*bl@b the e&# er ebaep po&la'&Rd tbe'dagrae be *h$oh i t
abeefa I te etagdiag ferage I* saksewsv ,Vabelle strength of
the forage ep$a#r$ l#r#l#v@8t aiBoe @v#R I f tbera #erb &*
7
fig u r e I & 2
wo v iew s o f exp erim en t
* 8 *
8h8*r&«# wtwteee?#*, the
&@@#ea8@a
8tfea#6b
to -pwll th* meet- fea&at&Qt far*#* gemaa* #&e
of
gygelag by tbo @o* Ie euob %&#$ 8 eo rta io a&aoat o f sheering
. io'&yobiblB,
#he %eet& ape
ehaep*- Aa %W-#*#*
Aloaa^ i w b#M m>#ea forward Im aa 9p#*rd #ldl%g #*#ebolt6
OBfva ifa-feing tb® forage agaisst the teeth #hl&a the, to fs are
BmebdXfed by
yreea&fa bet#*#& See^h-Apd
<
#eate% pa#*
#he ooe bee W*& the #Mw&ry e y lp r lt IR *alM
eho#-
habit# are e ttfih o to # te e Mwele,
: Tb* e f f e c t # * e # b i t i n g f f a #
a r e l o t e r e a t # # # mot
*
only Ih tbewaelvee but 18 t b e lf implloatloma Im re&paet to
'the uae o f the ellppiRg method &e 8 teobBlqua 1# atadyl## re*
apoaaea # f forage pleat#+
%f pmlllmg effa o t la 8&#aifi&ant*
th en .clip p in g etwdle# o f forage plants are erpoMeiabaamd *ta*
leadlag to eoae greeter or lea#*# degree*
^
\
.Boat aeparetloe of a large anstbe# of i8dlvtd#e%,ple&tp
i s en omml^preaent problem in exp erim en tal #or% when'1proper
Goatplmere are pot available*
Io th i* la v e e tlg a tio a a aev
tedbalqoe we# attempted i&volwla# boxes of a sp ecial type of
paper*
% Ao laqatry lata,sam e r e str ic te d a&paot& o f a l l ^tbeae
S w b jeo ta was a ttem p ted Im a greem heaae p r o j e c t ,
wes.dea&g&e# to
f h e ■p r o I e o t
$6 c lo se ly as poaAlble the aetarel'
seqaeade o f #***&# from- e a r lie s t spring * n tll a l l gpesiKg • .
ceases aad stack #evo e# to the national fo r ests and ##&#-
!Pbls Qo&aept o f
# tb
a a ly $ I im ltW
tim e t o te ite w v b p tb g o o f o b o t a w p f p y e g e i * ppodboW^ bb&
%ae& &881* l a ^eolaiO Q a r e g o p a to g e x p a y la e B ta l d e e ig e and ppo»
OO&npe*
10
F ig . 4 - f u l l i n g t o o l
%X' •*
tShs purpose <$f tb e eaperime&t
to
the ret--
' $gw>M#e W 8 a#e@ l*# o f * * t l v e # k e a $ ^ # $ a (A K yap y^ q )--Mied*'
t in g s %o a tip p lh g or to p u ttin g a t s given h a r v e s tI m$'in teu * lt y WglwnlRg a t * d iffe r e n t' $%*gea o f A*ve!9p*Mwt»
The
S te e le s weed were i»eeterA w beetgreee end blMehunoh -whest*
g r a ss..
. tPbe e x p e r iw r t wee S esig a ed t e y ie ld i t s e l f to
t lW t l s M t y e i e BRd e f f s r S th e
l B f v r w t &#N-
e* O em periseh e f th e - W epon'see w ith in and be-tw en.
e$eelep re su ltin g from the verious treetmehte
-' - e t th e ? # # lw a * #&#%»#
fe c v e tsp W e t'.
- '
h.4 Oesper-is o p Of the o ffs e ts o f etippipg opd . .
enliing^ epoa the apesles' a-aS at the varibas
s t a g e s ./
-
'
,
'
-e» Oompsriaon o f the re@f>ohsss ©f soedlio^s ofthe W aehgrsss type and the sedgrae-a type^'
tW ep soies h@lh$ wwp&rabla*.
h f the,
sa-m® gemts*
-. As s by*preds-ot e f t h e p h y e lh e l s e t p p e f t h e -experl*'
meat., i t was p o s s i b l e t o t e a t t h e p& eot& w iltar v f t h e e# e
d f s ty p e e f M p e r bo* (d e a e r tb e d oed er m eth ods) l a tacperl^
m e a t e t lo n r e q u ir in g r o o t B e p s r s t iW e f e l a r g e w m ber o f la *
d l v i d w l p le _ # s *
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B a fa r e a e a bae a lr e a d y W eb aade t o t&e Abeeaae o f
' **p**lw*Rt*& e » W ea o e l a # e
e f f e a t a e f p o llla & t
M ir #
l l t e r e t ^ e r @ le t& v e ,te hbe
( 8 ) ma&tionA t W a v e l d a a # o f
p g S liR g e e e G e a e f t t o f d o u b le d e fe r m e n t I* r o t a t i o n g r a »&ag*
O thara { # 8 ,4 0 ) h e r e e e l i e d A t t e a t la n t # p b i l l n # 1#
r a f e r e h e a t o #6&#@ damage aeueed by v& rloaa k ia d a - o f l i v e *
atahk* . B a l l ( # 8 ) b*e a8e#
•
*& e r e a e e # f e f de*3ra@eai&&*
s i t u a t i o n Ie r a v a ra e d # b e a c li p p i n g t e e o a e id e r e d *
T h e-m a jo f portl& R '& f t W M t e r e t w a G itad l$ A t I * . -of a t W l e s
i n # - i v i # 8 th e w e a f- th e
te o b a ig s * +
*aiB%&*o
)
ha* r e v ie w e d ' e om&prab*Gelva p o r t io n o f th e l i t e y o t u r a l a
r e l a t i o n t a r a e ta *
" - a e v e r e l a a t b e r s ( l ,V ,$ » 9 0 ,& l » 2 a ,a 9 ,8 9 ) W v e pol& ted e a t
th a t e ll p b W
f a l l * t * G s e llo a t e th e e f f e c t s o f &fW&&8, b a t
w a t h t e t a t h a t t h e r e a n lt a *r@ t a d l s a t l v e o f t b e r a a u l k e .o f
# f& zlR 8 , o r &% l e a e t o f d e f a l l & t l e a .
O u tla y , G e o p b e ll aa*
O e % fl6 ld .(8 ) have O u tlla e a t h e l l * i t * t l o e e , o f th e a a t W ,
have e w g a a e t # # e t tbe& e l& * lt * b le a * *Ay be o v e r a w e . , . * #
d o o l s w a t h e m ethod t o be o f # r e a t v a lu e Vbea eaa@ W eon*
ju R o tlo a e i t b e o t n a l #rG% W atadl& a +
I n n a a e r e b le a i i p p l a # A tu d lea ( 1 , 4 , G ,'* ,1 0 ,1 8 ,1 # ,1 4 * 1 5 ,
I9 ,la fl* » & l* 8 9 ,a 9 » 8 & ,9 9 * 8 0 » & l» & & * 3 4 ,8 6 » 3 8 i3 @ * 4 1 ) W v e b een
^ W u o tA d i h v e r lo a e p la a e e f o v a * # e v a r i e t y o f p ^ p e a e a ,.
l# .w
%h*&r f e a a l t e a y * is& g a a e y o l
t h e t * eedBOti@o o f
-yle%d &#d o f vs&or p9*po*t&9B*t* t#
s # #b&
f r a g w w y o f oll#p&ng fo llo w * #efo%iati&G (4 ,8 ,9 ,1 6 * 8 # ,3 8 ,
1‘
41)*
p*d*e*&*B &&# b&eo foBB* tru e f»*.
gBOGha a&d abovo-gfobW pa^W (1 0 ,1 9 * 3 4 ),
some 98»**- o f G o eB p eo # # pe&po#t$@aa, o f -
B ed u etiooe, i o .
a&#'#%&a*#e8
b e # beeo note# # ertieola#& y '(4,1 8 ,% 9 * 0 4 ,6 9 ,4 i,4 & ).'"
.
B lffw eeo tlA l yoapOBae* to G%ip#$ag by e e t e r a l t o f l v l t *
8 e l Gpeelaa have heea o b tain *# by v a fie o a weaker* W ,1 8 ;8 0 ,
SB,5SS*43)>
I b sowt, 0 0 ae®- tbeaa #iffer@ n eee #8V@'e&&oei»
a te # Mitb d lffere& eea la form,
#%* rb&Boswtaoa ep eo iee
a offeyed le e * die###* tb a e tb e B*Bfrbl*@*at9#s **#-*&#* (&8»
$ 4 ,8 $ ),,
i i ® } be a atreede# %;W impoyWoo* o f t h is
diff@ p#a*e in * * l# t$ e o Ga g r e a l# # ,
#ba*t@r*aa e p a eig a b&ve
aurvived g iv en t r * a &**&%* lo& ger tbaa mldgreaa em^ t e lle r # * *
sp a a ie s ( 0 ) .
&&e w r ite r (&o) baa S W ieet* * a abA@@* o f
growth b e b it, bluebubeb a W areatad wfee^tgrssa b&tb -sw al*
OplBg deoemWAt a ttitu d e * #ba# **&&#*#* to o lip p la g *
Be*
f e r e lt * (1 0 ) fae*d t i l l e r i n g to be p rop ortion ate to'fr&q&eRgy
#B* Int& nalty
eattt& g in Bmdan gr#*e* "S t u r k le ,(41,)- In-
atudle& 'Of fobmeoa graea-fow a# no rhlBoma d evelop & eat-u n tilbeedl&g'began* '**#*#*-»
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have fo n w degree o f # o # t k
and development In a»«oeed'ing a *6. a on* to be r e la te d to e ltp *
p in g tr e a tm e n t* .
Variowa **"&$»** have @&p$ri*@&t64 with aeeOIlmga ,(9*
Ia ^eaerel* t&etr r#awl#& #ap8llel\t% o#a #e*
s u its a&taiagd g*@* mature pleata*
#hgy lodiaeta also tb*t
proteotlau feam gre&&#& fa r at l&ast a year is aso'eBss&y a##
advisable fa r # y ea r s,
B all (.#8).* Weaver^ i&#i09t$@.tb*%
d esp its pedw&ad vigor f y l l steads 6f.pase&da8 created.#b#8t*
gr*#& ptey W obtain#*
u s r t a lf t SeftSi t I s s a i*
gV*#*B@ tbe f i r s t yeer/t&d&p
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^ :.
-. **&#?*##%** (0&) slip p in g a tudias of a # sd li% s\# f'6
.
grass.apes!#* sh##9& rsduetloB# I* tap #p##tb weights &*##»
la# fro# 88 perWAt t& 88 p*e*#p# f4P the **#lft##_$#&Q&&s +
B s'a leo fo w # slsa g a tla n s f taps attmulatM iB'b&lf e f the
speqlee'so# iB b ib iteg.lB . tb* o tter
#idt& and aombsr
o f leaves apd Atwiber o f t i l l e r s *#p& ala# a»#@*@#a by altp*
ping*
BqddertS i BB-) ##*& @itb bi@#bo**b #ft@ * r # e t# d ,#&#%*»
grass aaedliage sboq## sim ila r result^?. .
- 16
FlRs 5 - R e r v e s t lr g .Hg
w ith p u l li n g t i 9 l In p l a c e .
F i g . 6 - R e r v e s tln g H g .
F le n t s e t north, end o f bench
1,6
»
ftie exparl&emtel work wbs eAnduoted in tbe
g#e@%ho%88,
aoffepd @a&%5$e#*
e b l* sbeiliB-g aa# I ta loeafcion r e la t iv e t o $6jeea#% ,feulM *.
i'ng'a $nd t a l l tr e e s#
M-b e Result, o f t b is sbsSlng- stiS tb e
#*#*oa o f tb e year (November throwgb Febroary) dw iA g eh le b
fctee stork' vme in p ro g re ss, s t r e e t
l i g t t f e l l ypoa tbe
gyee&b&pee o g ly dowri## t&e ia%$rv#% fr o * abewt 1Q*@0 a*#,
to aboBt S$09
f-h-e 'bem b -withSe t b s g ^ s o b s u s e , as « e l l
a s t h e g r e s j a b o b s e S t g e l f i, s . r # o r l s n t s d
Sdwtb #dlb»
» ^ ® b s r t u g b l y n o r th * "
th e aowtb quarter o f th e &#&*%
rdbelved conslderA bly %oro d ir e s t su b lig h t thea dlb th e r e s t
o f t b s b#B*b,
Tba a&oesaiva d ryin g end eeeek&og o f . Sb*. s o i l
sw rfsoe in proportion t o th a t oenurring elsewhere, oti the
beaob gave *myl* tea tia o n y to th i# ##p»e#$*s a if f a r e g t ia l*
-.'
A bygrpetbarm ograpb an# * s a i l tbarmo#r@ph w ere-w eed ta
s b ta ln som plata p a e o N s o f tengperstwre, P e le t lv e hum idity,
end s o i l ta&pepetQPe#
Fieoewent o f th o se loatpb m eb ts]!#
shown,'in fig u r e Ji and the w eekly sfe r e g s^ are sumwarlsed in
t a b le I*
The abnormally high tewperatbPo o f th e experlaant
W y be eo8t#&@t#4 w ith th e long^tiw a average o f
fwAltb B e a l# ,
p erla ea t#
#1 a t
f o r th e seea sd *lw ul6t& 8:ln the **-
The tea p efstw re* &&6awtitSp@6 would have Bsea 6o&*
Bi&arsbly bl&ber i f heavy oardboap# B b leialB g bed mot been
17
F ig . 7 - P l e r t s a t n o rth and. Boxes e r e Timbered
a e r i a l l y . S te k e a d e s ig n a te a o a ce to l e f t and r e a r .
F i g . 8 - Blank b oxes
heve had p la n t s p u lle d .
1&
Sfable I
RB&A#Z%@ BBMIdTPX, A%&
W W ATBRB '' \
.
.8 6 1 1
t^ em pepstiW e "®F>
,
'
TesapepaW re,
B e la tls e
•- .Weelc
% '
I
6 4 ,0
# .0
08*5
't
6 8 ,1
60*3
3 0 ,0
@
?&,4
88*4
63*0
■ 41
.98*1
8 0 ,6
67
• &
- 9 8 ,2
60*3
3 5 ,8
S
71*?
5 8 ,0
49*1
T
76*8
4?<?
■B •
7 5 ,1
39*6
40*1
9
VS4 O
64+8
40*4
10
78+8
80+0
#9*7'
11
?4*8
5&+3
37*9
IB
78*?
3 4 .4
1#
? a*i
' W -,1
3 4 ,4
14
78*#
8 G+ 0
s i* 7
16
?S , 8
4 0 ,3
3%*1
7 0 ,6
30*3
88+4
V i'
74+8
4 0 ,0
#7+9
ITea-B
7 8 ,6
., 6 8 * 6
44 ,.6
Bl#h
0 6 ,#
.70+0
?3*9
^4;* O
8$*0
16 .
-
30+0
'
-
*I
40*0-
.
38*1
K&s&ellaA
&$ MBek b&et
#&gh tb&p*
m o e to tlo 9 e t t i # # 8 c&ald o o t t o e v o ig e a e la o e tb e e o n tr a ^ llo g
* * p a * tm * a t «8@ a a g A g # l a Ba&kale&toaS o tw d ia g r@q&&^&&g hl&b
te^peMtittles*
BtimiSityi av®s@g@a w y be eewpeyeB with ,tbe
Begems.B# Woatem^ 8*yea}» average fo r %W appropriate aeaed#
@f 67,1 percent*
W ater req uiram eB ta were q a le a la t a # gp&m lo a g ^ tim e mo&th*
Iy
o f p reclpitotloA &t the
(#oco& elm ) S t e t Io n ,
^eatene BraAok
T h eee a v aragea a w
t h e i r e q u ip s le s ita f a r
OirM inehe's
1,11
*
4S g e lI OB®
66
*
148
*
196
*
the 'experiment Were 5
'
;,
% h th
Verch
A p r il
$ay
Jtitie
&*18
. :
*
BfeWfioig *em @9 0 » by a p ria k te r oa& a t fen#a# in t e r v a ls ,e e &#
to g e t th e iB&loated e#6B%t g f #& ter am th e ben#b 1# th e
proper month*
Some supplem ental w e a1'$?i t a,11en. aoonpreS .
tbroogh l@&k# In t b # .gAOehhAtme r e e f dwrlhg tb » f&rp# Rehth
a# 'the experim ent?
it.® M e&QaaqB@8oe, helrere poSfillpg r e s p ite
_W in th ree o f the b#ae@,
&l@a*
#0
Bopf r e p a ir s oorraeteS t h e ,a it h a ^
th a t f o r the ofjperiewwzb- Os a whple the fig u r e * above
are n o t 1% m a te r ie l error*
$# th e t e t t e r &te&@# o f th e @#pea*tm&&t
#oat&&6
'Wb r e # i f W t * oope f l t h toild eb * i b Wtber p a th o lo g ic a l dr
@0 *
'a e W m W g l o e l d iffte B & t* * # w ere
'
; #wppieM9a%8i l i g h t we* &aQUlP&4^
B ig h t 806
were plaeed I fo o t eW ve the a e i l a w fe a e ,.
Ss a peew it *f-
lo c a l h##t$*g e f f e c t s 14 inch* enamel abad'ea ##*#-# 4 0 9 * tq
t h e lig & t a , e%@ t&e It& b ta # # # » p a'leed t@ # f e e t Above th e
c e l l & w efaee,
^ b ey w ere rA le'e# e&olG t o S f e e t f o r - t b # l e # t
W8&& o f th e
The. # * r W
P v o id l a j o r y t o t h e coM trola*
o f etp # lem e% ta i l i g h t * e a laope& eeg by. s ta g e *
fp& aid'bowFa t * IS b o a re a a th # 4%iMwla#mt p r o g h e p e # # -t a #@&*
farm with the IeegthealGg #ay a w w a te r w eager aetdeai earn*
ditlo&8%.' 3a the AMemoa a f.etb ep lig h t , eaok e f tb ed e'lig h t*
l a g '%#$&& pf#@*a#4 $» lll#@&R&tlo& * f 4900 featveedai** #t,
8 f^et ^tid 8006 faot^e'aadiea at S f@#t*
fh® %eaa%remeBto ■
were ###* w&tb a $48* ph#t@*ele&tp&» wets#*
,.. . .
- %Kp**l*@at$ti4& began * lth th# *&#&%$*& o f aead
amber 8, 1848 a&d e&4ed v&th the elealag'h erveet #G
1848,- #'pav&#$ # f 116 0#y* P# %#& *4*%**
... '
Tb@. experimental daeigb *&e 4 PeBdomleAtieB o f .Aplltw
p lpta o f 10 papIltatioB# 1& aepara&e bl#ok#*
%o6b\bl4eW '
'Opatelaed IS mala*pl®tp- of-'A if f w e e t tr e a t meet e' tbxfe* ;-
'I '
B n tr a ste d .or h o a tp e l
8
S lip p e d efc I n l t i e l h e ig h t o f S+-#
3
.* '
. If
*
M
*
4
«
'«
if
#
il
/
■- . A
.
''
■r
-d#' SI *
c lip p e d fct i n i t i a l hoi& bt o f 6+w
tf
a
??
«r y+t ■: . .
!i r
??»
n
»’ 8 ^ , "
-.. 6 .:'
7
©
t o l l e d fct in ib lfc l bfcigbt o f 3+*
d . a+*
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ti 8+*
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it'
9.
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if
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tf
ft
7+T-.'. '/'
ir
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si
ft
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Bsfcb gslB ^plfct Vfce S g l l t ,'i'B&a Bi aab-fplot*',, oae fcp#t&3fc,$&
X lto8ivi $ia6X pis s i o f
(Afcim)
tbfc oiboy
I I W l v i a o e l p le a * o f * lu * b 8 e* b #h 4»$gy**» ( A e p ).
p ia tfc w ere #&odo#l&#d w l t b l # &#ob
OS Ofcr&fc*
by t w
**#*?
6#a af|%o&bey~
B u b -p loW ###a P3#dd%$&## w t t b l# e&e&iB8$G/*#'lo&
b y f i t Bg a o o lo *
Ifcba# r#f*#&Beee* the tab#l#r *&$ gyapblv
thfcae.trefctwe% tfc &W &P&01&& fcW 8@mbia#tl*Ga o f
*@ 'f*f****@ W by g W e , bfc .fop
*A8#r G il # ?**
%t abvfci# bfc'&G# 1# mlR&
(W
GMggpeX
r e f e r # ; t o th e s t a g e o f afcya&opmfcBt * f tb a B& e#liB#/#8;«fc& 8~
Bps# by ,'hel#b& l a I'meM# o f gpfc#tb Wbfco bpeat%fc&t/bfcg:&#f &&d
aot .to tbo bslgM &t #Mob t%spv**t&Bg ooe%pra#.
?bl* *1**
,tl&btXfc# V i l l b » .* l* * * # r *he& * * h e r e eeafciAerfcd t b s
o f bapv@#lA&+
* 28 <“
Fig. 9 - C oie 144 *fC7 ^aene box 144,
w e ste r n w h estg re a a L s%) c lip p e d s t 8 Inch e t e g e ,
S te k e s were e l l numbered V to o low*
F i g . 10 - N ote hedged
ap p earan ce o f c lip p e d p l e n t e .
f 03
@W
.was
$t tbe e#'
bloo&'to gterv* %
A a&b8t%tBt&#8
r
eaoh
tb# lb#vlteb2e
.
•
wfeieh o w s r 5,p
b feels
^ e s lg r o *
?&&&* &-p&r% ,sfeb*^lpbs'-w w e
'
p lan ted B lta r m iz e ty to th e fewp ap aaisa ee th at t'be #fek#e&
of f illin g is the proper sp& aim 4a tfee- adj&ee&t .feloefe-.wss
maximized*
'..R a b t @t**&**
##9h $R #lvl#a0l
alao'#*p@<p#o*
je o te d * ’ For. tfel$ pQ&paae i o 6 if i # ,u a l paper.bo*@ g ^ ese-rib e#
l a t e r w ere y se d f o r %h,® aw b ^ p lota,
^ ■ ■
' ■...•■.■
In sternary, the design laolwde# 8 sjseeies treated fey
$ matho^s at B different stages; of grsvth, plus untreated
G o a t r o le s - A ll r e p l l o e t e d 10 % t#ea; #&d B * p p l* * a b te# b y -9
. sp a res o f eaafe e p e e le e , e to te I o f BW i n J i t l i b a l pletefcs*
.A* faAll&tat# **p*rat&*a of roots of.tb* tad&yidw,*!
pl-ents# paper boxee were 'eoaetrubtod of "top ebeet 'tytipaa^
(Beg.*--W
eS6. ?fet6 Pff6) 0.008 of an i,@0'te thick.
This . i s .e-n
6%tr##ely tough material fsea Exhibit 13 used ip
paper industry*
Ite b&gfe'waterfreelst&ng sad aeepvrealatlng
qualities made i t appear aalt&ble far the project et/feand,'
ftee Ohewietry department advised tfest the materiel vm& m t
Infelbltlve to plants*
The boxes were eonstruet# tp be 8
ittbfee’s -iWidejt B indfees Ioegf and. 10 Iaofese deep#, thus' pro*
tiding 5V6 cubic inches of s a il par plaot*
fbe bo#e& were
fprwed eronad # wooden form &#d'fastened.w&tb. wire staples*
W e form sad e sample bsx are shown Sn- fig u r e 3*
24
E x h ib it I
Sew ple o f p eper frow
which b oxes were msd e «
'
-
- ,
-
* SS r
1 -1
*&»
W a#,
M6*e'
s f&e.t .*l#e.#ad
Flywaod ##11# I f o o t &1#& aere lB$*p#a8 %@
& f o o t %»Ro& to M elntel# th e Bb8#e'%8&-oa#@&*
I t y o.f th e b o x e s » ,
th e e e q ta p o f t h e betioh -s 'p la t f b ^ s we a
d eK *p $# boldlpAee'rd&R# leaty%#B#te a t #*&1 MBgyf***
'^apaf _bo*** *#** ##% into- tb* Wggb shd f i l l * * ' w ith d o ll,
■' ’ihb s o i l m<$& *6* Bosom s a l i t losm #hioh be# * .f Ins^
'o a a p a o t, a l l t y a b a r a e te r *
3% #**
-fiMM* *
plow *# f& g l# » b lo b bad pyo###e# w heat th e p y e v l s e e »*a0os*
, ,I1Irte s o i l w^a e&aahe# a o i e e r e w e d s a f f le le n t ly ,- fco- .g#
le t # 't h e be»#& e a s i l y w tt b g # d ea trey in # 8 t e 8 * t# # /* a ^ iy e ly .,
■sbeh .th* e s tS i‘B be&eh bed beso f i l l e d th e s o i l was Is-1W lbd
tp ^be to p o f th e e e ta ib i# # # * ll$ a tbay*u$hly.so& k*& /#ltb
wste^,, p*m eitted to sett'l© * r e f i l l e d and reloveled^.: shd s*
&61n'8@sk*g*
'-
'
'
-
--I..
-:; ,- lc le s t lf io s t ib s sta k e s fo r @aoh boa: were plsoaS adoofdQee'lga*
Af*** $yeeh*#«A w&tb **y**#a the ##*&%*# th*
Apppdprlete s p e e le e *er* sown I* each boz s t tb* r a t e ,of' 8
seed s par b©% e t a # a #tb o f & loahete,
fppm, jkb*.'
$@e# had
* b tsi» # d
Qoaservgt lob #or**Npy$ ^ bllw ae,
$h@
StMBiBa #*re.#6*tep& p b eatgrasa, A ee. 8 * , F*#8T;
M noh ih e a h g r e e s, Age, *e%.##V67,
A ft## e w r g e n h * , th* p la n ts
1
-yore tbt&aed so th a t o&ly I #1*%% p
:
e
r
,
$
l
a
e
^
buabh #k**t$r**8 began t o emerge # d'eya e f t s * p la n tin g w h ile
^eht^'h- #h *stgpe** begsh to emerge 11 d&y* * f t e r ple#t$ng^.
** 26 —
b en ch .
I 1?5, 11 - Snuth end "»f
L erge p lr r tn e r e c i r t r ^ l e .
F l g . 12 - Extrem e srmth end o f bench
N ote number o f p u lle d p la n t s g o n e .
i
-
b@&ea I? day*
'
TW &&&v*&%3gg' prq$m»* #a* deyaaed ao'A* %&.#&%**& y.l&lde
'/
'
ela&ley W t&aea *bleh wguld reaw!& &'f greafajg eepe-bg-b***#
^wwW-Ia #%*#*# &f
# W # h , the le v e l o f graal** remelala# oaoateet,
al&
e%l#p3..B@".*Bd e*3Maa *a* a@k* * t e height of 8
- .
the ao&t eaffade, 0 twohee bolpg p le v e l pepreaeotative-of
heavy graalog fe e tbe'#r@s* e##@l*p lav@&v@af A ll p la n #
mar*'dweeurW d a ily .
Aa they yeaehed't&elr de*#gAe#&d/ha&&ht
o f 'growth, they were clipped ar pulled a@ regained*
$h@r@-
'
'*?#&,' they *ere b#*v#*t*a every two #9*k6 ##%il the *#& of
the .eapertm#&t or &**# * f the ple&& # a w p e d * To fa a ilttB te
maaagrareat ea# barveatla#, the j ig *&owo Ih P lates 8 eqd 6
wee-hwilt*
1% has a 'ed a is l a iaabes for
s lo t t* W aalve the harvesting t o e l e ' t e epsure barveet&dg 'dt ..
theyproper height*
I t was decs#*# a r b itr a r ily , foa&thb-eake
o f wnlfmfwihy, to r e Iae a l l fo lia g e to the v e r tle a l W ile
h a r v e s tin g *
'
.
' .. -
','-/'All elipplB g *aa #»&# vit'h the #a$a»eW' aWwi'.&h-'flWN
8 , "'ifsobniq# #aa hotmel Oxeegt for Usa o f the jlg 'S e-a
guide*
■
'
#ee @9B# v&tb '* te a l *b*eb 1% abawa Wetf in
flghpe 4»
'
Tbla #ee * hemostet #weh a s i8.@&8# in surgery*
■„
One jaw **# gravnd dawn, to Wotb eheypaeae+
’
■
,
Th& OthWjBw'
#@3 greu&d e u ffla ie n tly to remove the eerretloas* then f itt e d
86 *
w itb * tbieie
ao #* to e&wuiate the 48%&al*#a#
foomd la #@ ***** apper jew*
The palli## ,WeboiqberadBeSa*
ted *f ibearting tbe tool tbroogb tM »%#t of th* .Harvebtiog
-
'
'
\
.j
jig* fittin g #W o#e&@d jk#* *b**% Gbe ara#te#
@#d
tbeo BWolteaagwaly eloalag the jaws to leek, an# aliaing the
to o l #%oa@ the * l* t #&tb a qwlok, *&#rp etrdka 1# the *&****tioo, that 9@oid Are# %
b& f&llk&e #$#*&** the aherpaadd jaw*
at the e&d of the experiment, uaforaeea d lfflo o ltlea
; f
preve&ted maklag the root etuAlae ar&glaaily
#ba
field soil,, wMeh had Weti use# in #* effort to ©Ppro^lW’i®
natural genaitlOBa, Wa too heavy to #a#b away fro* the roots*
TWkf'. l*#g# eoohgb to aoek the #&%*#* experiment m&wp&ta*
Deobaly-were woebteioable*. 'Alteration @f the exp&MW&tal
p lea'te permit a ateggerad terelBBtlo# of the proja&t wea
ImppWlble #&& W leek of time a* well a* inaAvlaWl# io tb* -'
l i g h t o f th e p le n a d & jo o tlv e s ,
, irS a BhbstltutO' for tha root st wiles, enot her -polling
feat,#a* d@vi#W»
Vbe w ill# # method outlined above f&a
weed t# remove e l l ple&ta reoaimlng &a &W experiment^' After
polling* &f #&y pert of the plant remained i t *8* ollppgd at
greopa level e%& added te the portion polled*
The teat wee
to determine only the point of breakege^
- %aoh time e ple&t **8'pulled the poiiat or pol&%8 @f ,
breakoge were noted*
in to 4 e a ta g e rle k *
The point# of breakage mare aegerttaa
I*
'', .
#»
,
.
pol& t e*
pyll& ag .
%&pl #*A #&%**&** t@ th e
* amy
&re#A #&3 #w%llG# po-tn-t. '
p s $ a t hbW eeA ' -
' -' -
<
.
- 4 , # h o l# P Saat * a l l ta p @po*th p lo a &@*0 '
payt Ian ©f r e o ta ho^avay w e l l ,
.
-
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ovsn 'd^leiy a t 106^,» f a r 6 b9Q#d*
lBMQk
was th a n
#8&%hed.#y ABBXytlaal d b * ia b # l a a t a 1& @#888 t o th e Jfp u P tb
d&gl&a-l'.ploea*'
■
'^he w d l$ b t» Af SBAb b & rveet f e y - e a o b pl&Bt
yeooN f
Ad ****P & t#iy t a A b telB # s@ #plete'#a@ ord o f B e st I a A iy ld a e l*
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Bp# D reoA 's f .y i& ia # # s# a B ttaieeA w .& a& su*'
la te d *
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Color
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Red-Orange
Blue
Green
CsriTtlne Red
•—1)0-
Number o f Harv
e 17
Trbnd of Y ie
Asm C lip
Color
Brown
L ight Green
Red-Orange
BI ue
Green
Carmine Red
Numbfer o f H arvest
F ig u r e 18
Trend o f Y i e l d s
:
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Trget* Tdtsel o f s I sob f i s ate
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Yield
o f t it le s
herveeted
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G llp 8
1.4189
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1 ,0 0 6 0
7*8
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eoalyga* W verlaa#* la t&W* 31 &nd&ao^&e/asy$&#i
thln&a*
-
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- Bleat #aa faremoBt, %a tbe highly a ig o lfla s a t
t?,rs@'tmeets ^ ^be- tr&atweat maaaa see sat. forth 1# .table
fa# valu# la f%wM 1#, *M ta*K*
about t&6 **8& abewa la fi&wre 14*
The lae&t 8igalfl@&&&
Siffe'reaea (ta b le 1$S) la t w U&g to the lateegeethttOB &f
tb%6 Artb*
VW ealgr
1». %b#/,&atlr@
aeyey'bf we&aa H e baweeiG'.tbe oaaa f&r eeBte8i8*'iy$^* #a*
, ,
fcrested* esd the meeas f*;r ; a l l et&er WeatieeaW• < fbw® laao ,s ig n ific a n t aiffWehg'e a t a t le t le a lly W W ees-Glipp&bgaa#
g a l l i n g ''aer Is there any e W t l e t l # l l y eign lfleab t-'^ iffer^
eabe.between ell#p&»8 atagea ey
etegee*
&)1 the
%ea%8 f w eay stag© of e l lp^lag or yullSsg H e w ith la the
rsag,©",of I standard #evtatl@&* # b ll# the mes^, for controls
llW-'Wy#i$ the upper wage of ^ eW-WAr# Wvletleat'*.''
S tetletlea lly -'
tb@r* 1$ l i t t l e dlfferebca 'beWehh the .
e ffe c ts of ollppi&g ea@ p a llin g so# even lee® batweeh tiw
responses o f the various stages o f sloVolop^eBt*
%
hwev#^* Ih not the ep'tlpe etoity aA/f%p. ##,
mehte. w e eew ernW .
Refereaae to tab le T in shovpa that no
pie.Tts ©or© ltftlleS by slipp in g e-t aay ptage, Wt that aeat
p la a ts o f a l l stage* were R illeg by palling* th e t m i amampb#.
.lag to 00 para eat far the eatirh p u llin g w ee W aatf
the #el*
'
fora&ty &f t&l*
*. 49 * .
.- ;
&# w # t a tr lk l» g r and the &vil
a f pulllag. upg& BeWl&B$8 *& tbeae at*#*# <?f davelapmaBt
appear
ewt+.
- -^ba reader way ggeatlon the v a lid ity a f tbla %8#t gte&e^m e# e# tb# baa&a that t&e a e l l #a@'#e# i& l t e aatiW -i'etaW
&Bd'6o*8t##t#d @ weakea*# #*pp@rt jpw &b* # 1 # # * + -Rafeme***
td table # iBdSa&te* th# eaewer t e th ia 8r##&e&t*, *@b*-o*;**
tr o l plants o f both epe&iea,. wbea aBbjeetW to p a llib i a l tM
elp&d o f the eaperimeat*. responded in 8 BAjfera fapbiae^ The
pr^Kl&ry point o f &p&#kage In a l l o f tWme pWnta m&p. &t t w
p u llin g pa$n&*
point or Grown,
In a f@& #@@# e le a f or auim broke-at-mid*
on tbe, othorbead* the clipped plants varied
In renpdnaa thooKh general tendeaoy aae toward loan o f the
whp^e. plant or a t lean t from the omwA opwardy
diaper*.
Itybgtwpao reapona# o f eootrb ls and raaponae o f el&pped
planta imdiaetaa tbe Iaaa la related* not to 8@ tl-GtBdltlon
or s i r tiottire, but to leak o f root devalopment or poeaitely
b rittlan oaa in the atema S w to p&yslola&loal effe c ts.,r e e n lt*
in# from treatment#*
, '#be seat## # ln # o f i&tere&t in tb* en n ly ela -in .table I l
la the absoBoe of alg&ifiGanoe in the # vslaea f o f epeeles
and InteraAtlon CSHf)»,
f tea * i t appears that neither were
the feaponeea o f the eponies sig n I f t e t o t ly d iffe r e n t, m r was
l9t#v@dt&*& a algnlfl& ant.faotar*'
MoWevor* the #ean aqaara
for orror lb) in 'Gdmparatlvaly lar$a, afeowing that aoma e ffe c t
may W WakW*
A glanca a t ' tbe
y|
w IBes f o r a'a-©^'
apact&a.lB table 19 eeppaata the Baegmptle^tWt there t#'es
rea l di^ferenoe &a the reepoB#* o f the d ifferen t g'pet'fee#
Llke*&#@, the eepsrete ea&lyeia-for the ollppiag
:
#f
the- t w . epee lea 1% table# f ■&%$ Vi esppert the &e##i%ptia&
that.!#. QaItber
tbera eoy
In yeg^anae fro # ellpM ag a t the W rlbea #%#**# @fb#a#elop*
me&t* ^Aere a le a , note the ,elaSl&rlty Ia the # Valeae fe r
$t##99t-' #owa#*y^ &a the $aa#
A##Ol&p (ta b le 9%. a bl&bly
aigglfideht P 1# faead for repl&eatlew*
#b# aatepe @f #&$
saconti order la tep eo tlea betbaea epedtes,# tr eetseh t ■h'Bi rep*
I lg a tle # la ln&at*r&l#at& dag to the a*#eFl%e&ta%,dealga*
thin# W mate' la Whl# I l -'i# the hl#b aa&ffl*
bleat" Af v a r ia b ility 80# PargdBt8 which gag^egts- that' tbg - aaperlMeOt' *&a met very af
6a# bg
f
by refereooe
#@#t #f thle
##&#&*
la f&g&ee 18» 16* &#a 16 *&# t&A'di&tfibo#&»R #r*pb-ia f&#»
Wa -14i
The very #efW^te »agraget4#h''af the- *ae#;y$el4# W*'
td/uat&e&tea* ali#pa#;,'9&@ p # l l # #&a#p8* Acaempa'&lea^by the
-wWa gap bewaaa treate# aw hatreata# groapa* la t w w j d r
Gause- o>f e*9888iva variab ility,
% Table 911 ana figure?
'. . ■
•
a hd IB ah # the trab'd,\6f tW
-clipped wao yield# for aaeh epee lea at atob ate&e of dawl*opiaent ea hsrseating progreeaea*. Wsforttsb©tely* dapigh #W
time did oot permit the thof-eagh aaaly&ig t h i s .Iatera#t log
^ 4#
to
P&la&ed #8t
Rav&ptbalea#, 8#w %&$&#$ %#a be'
apg.#e8t
fqtr'TUrtWp iAyeatlgati&a*
I-B ,I^oklttg et this $&'%&, tbe reader meet keep la #i#A. tbet
tbe experiment we# o r ig in a lly dealgne# t& teat predgotlea
&ad raapCBee to harveetlag beginning ct & eertala ete&e of
daysiopmeGt o f th e.P lea t W t eaaiBg epo# * *erta$B eal&a#*r
Aey^ - $&e v e r ie tio # ia-Rwdbe* o f h##v*8te 18 ea ub#vei**b%#
S**aq%ua#** # f that kl&d $ f ## a#ree#ame@t*
#berefore i t *a
Bet the beat dealgn to use to obt#&# pure r e e tlte bp ategea
of'development vhlph.require W%#A#e@.treatmente»
.. .-. In &ap Clip (fig u r e .18)' the tyeh# b f y leld a @#& dR the
IaOreaea throughout the expesimeW # W tW 'pattern elee ely
fdd##bl&e the BO#m#i gy##th^ou&ve-&a I ts l u i t i e l develops
*0#.»;./
teylbep euyvge
la te r e a tlo a of uukaeea" orIgla^
e w e slig h t
Vbe large g tie e . upon 'the
eighth herveet mask the yeeelhle ypeeeae# of e #lgalfteaat
dldfeyeoea e t the seventh harvest, a# a potentI e l e lg a lfle e e t
dlffereaee If e l l ha# p@O#iV04 & hsrv&ets,*,
. I?) responded semeehat d ifferen tly *
&## $llp-.(figure
lor© e ls e , s lig h t ia ter*
aotlen "is preseat Ir the Qaviy harvests ssd s normsI growth
serve begins t@ develop*
But a t th e six th ellpp&Bg-there la
e geaerel dispersion, followed by *#a**e& AepllB**, 1&#1*16$
o f Asm 811p ? e%# Aa%.Clip 8^ theoratieelly/th'S: W h e'favored
o f the tpeetewate*.
It' 1$ unfartohste th* work # e l g not have
beea carried ea Xohgtr to see I f ha actual peak In- produo-
Mt
t ie #
boea
S0 '
and pee&ea,
IAg &f G3ii# 4 &# Gwyiowa.
&& l&otb g#apha tha aha#*
I t euggaata that barv*et&&@ At
th ia et&ge e f dafalapmeat ylgida @A mwoh gr mere ppQawoti&B
iatid fo r o Iotiger tim than #6y other stage ssreept-' Amp S lip S,
-?&&* p##glt may w#p&t'farther iBVeatigat'ian,#
$b&# y#eolt
OQti be aotiaad el@o In the Iaae Ctpeoetie data o f tablee I I I
&aa iv» .
"-
. .
- #6&le VliS'&aatA'ln* end #***&& yet to be aonaWarpd,, '
The #lffe**a**a between the oll*pa* a&d palled gro&peia re«
empb&alged by the d iep erftle# in to ta l yield # *.&# in the av­
erage. BGgaber e f barveete*
$b@ao,' o f aoarae, epe'rei&teg
d ireb tly ta the peroantage o f b ill*
Pbr the a&tiPe experi­
ment* the average number o f harvests fo r polled plants we#.
1*96 end fo r clipped plants waa 6,6B,
#M* i@ #.p«d@oti*a
ofn aob ar o f WrvoatiBgG of palled over el&*p*a. pi**## of
7#*8 percent »■
The deta In betb tab les %X an# X point to the eama @eo»
e r a l boaelee&on that a l l the trastoe&t# yae# ee weakened the
plant* that the# were not generally able to reelat'. 'pnll'lbg*.
.
'
■
'
.
%e Iaek o f a eebatentiBl aifferemoe 1# the neober#'e f p len te
wblpb awffere# grave iBgory or death 4&+e*, lo& e'et brown or
whole'Blent} between the olipped grew# end the p o lio # 'groop*
together with the d ietrlb n tien pattern'ebown In figure M
poses # neat qeeeti-on a* to whether the vigor and production
o f the clipped g^
m
ip la not t@$ clo se, to th a t of the pul lad
SI ^
gpmp fpp
fts ls w rite# toeI i e W s , i t 3,b *
Ttoe .trend df yie%0 eorvea ( f Ig-ures I f ### IS) oT Ssp Ollp '
Are'oot'
o f tb le %»«$ #**$* for Am* Clip
tW 't p$#to#p8 @&oh i s t«toe- 8*#@*
:
‘ .j
^#g#yd -## .the
.
•/■..■
b#%##
-ttw##
p.A0er bOAW IoeetW 1& the OrlesO ^usrter of toto#,toeaeto- re#
■
meiwO s l» s to
e t tow »W o f ttoe esrperlmeat y v Ss tobo
Nato o f ttoe Wsoto toW toottoew h s l w # tof -tobe toosies # # # I s r g e ls r
retotoeO
TWse ftoetos soggsat totosto tobe boxes stay ,be g#*e»
'tolosl fo r Stoortoer parlW * tof see a#0/^r OMbT cbbOItoWbs totob#
gyevailtoO lb totolto o*p*rl*e&to»
.
'
.
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tW fQia.ow&%@ 6AAoW$9B& #&y
W #W # 4<mcgrn*n% eeater# *&# bleeWwh v&eetgraa# 86e8*
■
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'*at%y .%%*%&$# la I4e@*@ #
,
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baeal&g Qo#%#
*» $6 #
8g*#er^
B&rcant @f *b@ pl@p*e,
:9*. fgll&Gg aftep hea^to# aey aeuae
. ,
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&f feeage does #@t,epg*By ta b*
'.'/- '
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a
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yaa&t'%# Via#- of the
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fro*
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at We
I* .
tblB/9##a#%mant #a# 8Byv#@ fo# # tl#e* t&ele vigor'4s'**
low tb^t. tneeepMMlity to pwlliAg $« fAWsttwlly.
-, .9*, #&ere ag^eerd to tie me #&##&f&e@at i@iffarenaa la the
reG^e^ae.s o f these epeoiea to the treeWenta-' w # »
'
#o&e <&f tb# & etega# of development $a elithe#'Bpeeies
abiWei m
, s MsIfioeEt Slf-feresee in response te e given
trsatW et method*
''' :' '
'
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,
■
d lff^yeoOA- in roots e t r a Wv
twei&& the t*o epeq&ee apparently-&a a@t # faster in eeedllng
r e s is ts raoa to polling.
' 8* Paper Wzee of tw type dworlbe# #ere 'onsetIafastory
fey ##
bf 1$ w#W d^w-tlon #$W
%
; tke w W iw # W##
5-4 **
' ' -
-
-
GWBARTf
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' '#p@*8Ww@$ At&aiae-w&fo ooBdueted g>a wa&te&w aW #l8*%gB0# wt#8tg#8@8 &88&%lRga #&&#& Were clipped ##-palled
a t * height @f $ lnpbes ev&ey R week*.
#r$dtme8ta began at
6 d iffe r e n t stege>$ &£ develep^aht as wessered fey balgkt -of
grewtia*
Result# gave mo ©leer GViAeaee of Sigmtfieemt d if»
,fere^eea. I s responses by epeeies er stages e f dgvelapmeRt,
R esults
method# o f tpeataent war# d e a r pet*
fiv e .peroeBt o f B leote p olled ##re A llie d ,
floaty*
'i .
A ig p ifia ett aiffeyeM cee Io w e e ,yields were obtained WWeeb
entreated oontrols &a# d ip p ed p len ta.
log ha# ae k llllo g effect*
a nd found npeetlsfeetory*
P olling e f te r head*
Gpeelal pepe# W#ee #@re ta ste#
T S’0 *
Io AlLdowe* Af %<> IdSOo iiftoat of #&ffeye#t clipping
'
tbe
ow#
of
I-.-. ve^ototioA. Bool#'
..
■
*;• ■■
.
■
' A%#ousy A.
#&Regoment of %OBae,$
. #wtw*a*
4$p* Axp# @t#*
@?8*
9*
4*
'-
AllreSs IK* if*
■ %W
1040. Sar^ge doaaerVGtlqn preetiees for
'#*$»#*&* V?ts4*- f A , 410 i ■ ''■■
#* #* &&$ f*
$@6v@r. 193&». WTo@t\#f'/
fregoea# 8llp9$&$ &# the davel###*## of
tops
of ^raoeoe $» #rairW **@* Sool,
8*- Bwko,.$(* »W R* # ,
%6%9* A C8#tW& report'
#8 #@At#ae ol&m&W, ' ###t* A&&* %ep» $&*,
Q i: O stifieliljt
H1, l$S9»- W e e f f e e t el* l s t e m i t y $.##
-. fraq&amoy of ellp^i,D$ on the Seselty aW -yletS:, <)f bl&ck
-',' $r#%& Osi- toboaa^greaa,
Bol* %&ls
7*
$)•< F,* 1139.
#&#*&% sarvlee*
is s g e - ee^logy*.
'
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-
/.-//.' -
$*' &wll*y, # a # #*& %*-&,
a#s #* R+,
' . 1955* Valwe am4 hlmltatlom of eilppsdl.'deq&rat**.
.' JSaol» 14*99*89,
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-
194?$ Tiel e t I ots- of h e i g h t o f
or
to ylslS$ eenewytlo#*
ewtalnaQ, jpeWBotio#
ABttve grease#* Awitor*e Th$@la, Dept*, of
- Botaoys 9$ o f R<^weoW$
.
-- B a r la n d , %.
-19* - $a 'Peralta,
1906$ . Aowa pfloolpWs' of
-a#
8 W % .R .% % ! * W W
11»
TM Yooog* W. eW &<.#*
1981$, S o il S w v e y o f
. the Gallatia Volley aye#y #oA#A**$ #*@*B»&* Bepaeu
• t f Ohemletry eod -Soi-Xs,.,' , 'Serieei 1961», - Bo* 1 6 *
10,
DlhberBy Joha 6$- 194?% Vagete tlvh *****##»* of #ro#us
Ioafwla t& aortal# verlettoB# to,
8airnc0@ aK44^e*
'
-
15*
B llettiif 4f* B* atied lt», '.Sefrtar*
--.
1915,
#ha e ffe c t of fro*
** S6
Amer, 3oo+ A&roa^
%’4,,»; •
-
-
#* Be XStM'* M a-tiw #p#a* feeheiVSW s s ' af##:oteS
by periodic ql&&pl&&* #, Amer, 3*s* Agp@%,
447*4$#*
%S». Qreberf
& #W .%*.
Vee** 1981* Qrewtb'@f'bloe#@aa
witfo v e r iw e Aefel&etipwg
$wWem% o itr e se e ewpply,
. 4 , Awer* Soc1 Agree* 08(11)i ^$6*Q44*
' \
1#*, ' Qrbberf &»
\
%# %* MaleWf $» **
I*
Albert* 1BB7* QrgebM food reeervee i e r e ie tla n to
growth e f a l f s l f # eW ether piererMel berbebeeee
P-IaQtQ* #&mA#oe4# .A## %xp»
Sea* B%xl* 9Q^
1 7 ^= '
'.
^
W l,* BfdW t a f eettM g #M' f e r t ilia o r
app'lloetlo&e oe grass develepmeet* ^ le # ' BSsyeiol*
" - $(4);969.$84,
18*. -VMirMoAf Q* %f* &W.@* V* VeegaeWj1, 1030^ Ve*poe6e
- . eeyQe&a per@p#i»l greesee to c e ttie g ire$w *bta$ Q*
Amer* Qob1 Agront* 3lT4l$*4$0f,
"
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18 < S* se». 6* S* !M t* $b* e f f e c t o f elipplwg #pg- wee#
: 'eempetitieA wpo# tW -epreed e f pgetvre g r e # e .e # # lib $ e *
^PfLAP4 KAbeee AeW * Bai* -44:*- pp 8*
:
80» ' -BseMer^ QleWrd &*. - 1047* $W e ffe c t# o f ellp p ig g et
' ' hb#b#
@f develepmbbt ** root #w#. t.ep, growth 9&.eiWl&gg# o f e#vere% gree* gpbblee* %et'ap*8-' vbp#le,
■
-W^iwrsity &t Xclaho,:
.,
.' ■ '•
81*- ^blbbMr* Q* $*. %84&* ^he. # f # t . ef, elippibgl.bihMtem
'wbeetgrp'W brd
g rew
d iffer en t WigHte- fre.g^aaelee* , %#%* 8G(2}:lA#-18B*
' - - ..
SS*
##,«
Mu H &* O1 Jr, 1044.&. Sb.® felet&OM o f 0f82Ing t-b. , IeAtQblMkmeot AWjVtQer e f erebted, rbeetgreks*: -'^/Amer*
aw *A grow .
808*060*
:
Jole-ndery #* I #45,* Weeght? res I s te w e in re.ose- eW'pe'et^r# grea###* 91&#t P h yelel* 00*578*00&*' '
, -
>.
&4^. Kleppy B1 1048* . ^ tb ie k lw g y Wbrteiblldeeg. do# &Wff»
epeMW^png. y#i .h»tterp$le#w%* U)QveIbpmeoty #aot
'ferm etlb# eW a to reg e o f matter &R.forage p le b te ,).
. '
- PfleeeaGbeair lBf34?~8&9 aW 367w&89,.
@8* JLalWj, Aa S,
A atudy @f
&
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m
a
ImpoetaBt
sod*f*r#lG#
&,ra@*e**
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'tflI
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8?<
liotoaet * sb'8 -O* %"* 0#p#08 *
#yat##e
PlerW* ’Agy* &%
*»»
194S*
.ltap^.a f'oeatia
*ya@W0tl9B In r e le tio & .to %&** &M feegoanov .$f &&r»
v&atlag* %qaia& Agr+ g%&* &t@4 #%!, 85&+' ,,'
W akel, %* a,, @%d Et #+ Q&reette* 198S< Oqttiae
aaperlmeat* with Behla graae groen Ie-IyaW tG ra.'
%* o f Pleria* Agr., gyp* ate* &wl* .38#*
88* tavvora, &+ &* 1&44*. %
h@ * rfw t e# fart&lieati***
-- ' epaGlaa
#W aottlaa GreatmaGtaaa-the'
.
Be,
Goa, A$ro&.
#6:@083#5o,
%ad#a#, Sf* W
«, 1&8%,
08*
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SfoOqrty, 3* 0* GBA &ey Pr&qe* 1848, Growth aW ea rw . hydrate ooataat o f leportaat motmtain forag* pleata Io
q&atrel Btab ag affeot@& by ollpplGA ea# are&lag,
9,-SfDtA* #*@h, Ba%* 818*
. .'. %ml*
$1*
W K m m :
i6*89^$&*
S ta te s ## the ecology q# ##@ta*
-
-
'
. --
farker, &* 9. end
#* Sempean* 1GSG, Iaflbaaae of
la a fa g e removal 6n the aaateml&el e tr a e tn r s o f raote o f
BGlsbr* aW #ro#u9/borda@ae%&. Pleat Pbyalal*
#%'d30^85&*
^ ^
, "
R eitz, %* P.* 1909* Qrop rag la as 1# Montane as-related
. ;t#-en.93ra**ent@l featore* Xomtaaa Agr* %##, * ta , &ai+
-. MO*
$&*, aicbaMaoA* 4« &* V*, B* 8 \ Wmible,
, ,, %###, ?h@ IoflGeAGe @f growth-8t*&e
-oattlAg 06 th e -y ie ld eo# aowpealtiao
,. graAsy fb e lo r ls taWroae.,. AGetrelia
IodGStr^TBeaTbuITBbT ee 39»
'94* '. 'Roberts, R-, A^ ood I* 9*' Hoot*.
ead #*
$b8ptar*
a&& fregwebsy o f
o f & pe&&B&lal
#ouaa* 8el* ead
1836 The o ffset of
shoot'a u ttla g on'tha growth of-root ead ehobt of per*
BoWrteoo^
.
.
' Of f set &f'freqaeat ellp ploge
oo the' derel^^meAt'of eerteiR Areas ^eedlioge*' Pleot
Physiol* S?-4§bv4t9i
,
■
#
*
SsfiVlsi3i J .
19S3e. S ffselis s f S iffs r eti.il egrsts&s
la&e&eitlsa o f &ra#la# on the
ve&e&s&id&.at tbs
BortWfB ##a*&
F ield S ts tle a .
Best+
, - B al. 11?0*
394
Ssrwis # 4 * ‘1% .1841* S r sste s IsWatlgdtigsW-'SS 'ifee '
-' %grt&e#n Greet Plains* Boiptb Baketa $##*
A#!,
"; 'i .■
'•
.
38% , @te#WdA, # . #%.
* , %*
B Sltea, 1980* /. TW e ffe c t
< - '..'ef' d&fferaot o e ttlo # a # memorial t#@at#@Rt# a#,th e
t i l l e r en# r e s t #9Vel0##s&t of eoe&efaot+ #ele& <?+,
■ A grls.'
,39»
,
0:166 »1,74,
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SteiS^srt# %* A, '1046+ S sw physical sed sfeem esl r s. Spesaee e f .AAresyrss sBieetata Se herbage rewsvel at
yerieae aeaasse*
Wteh
$t#* Bel+. ' 09^*: , -
4 0 » . , & +
».-$% 'WtW'
.r .waist* VsQre^, BiI l l iBoeb- ^ s I m a * : Ba* % a r & * '.'"
'
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41«', Gtorfele*. 13» Sw,, 1#B0*. The in f iw e a # e f verleW-.ts'p
,SBttlmg treaWsDta ea reetetee&e W yshnw e grass
^ /*
Agree*
&0(1^
40»' Weaye^> & B* 1930%' Be#ergrt#»6 plant SevelsW etit In
reletiofsr to gweeingf R oel, E1^843*@S.9e
.>
43% . *aeV4f# J* % AW #W..
1948* Length
# tw , h y a eiet #'W veA»#% r a n # W& 0#&t'bNr
.
'grw&SBt . Matit Physiol+
,
- ' .
44+. Wlnmgbn+ %* 1948.+ GMergrstiW 4evele$xwwt eng re#
- Wrvee e f # W W s M'* BeVlWi'
Brit*
&@6*
'. 3:110^140+
WWTAUA STA
1762 10015028
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