OIL TAR CREOSOTE
EOR WOOD PRE3EIVATION
by
GLEW VOORHIES
A THESIS
ubnitted to the
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
decree of
FOREST ENGINF
Juno 191.O
APPiOVED
Head. of £epartraent of Fox'os
Chairman
School GIadUat8 CoLr&tte
Chairman of State C'liege Graduate COuncil
ACKNOVLEDGIENT
The author of this paper is indebted to E. L. Hall,
Vice-President of The Portland Gas and Coke Company for
eugesting the problem, for supplying the material, and
for zuge5tione and criticism of the working plan; to
eo. W. Gleeson, head of the Department of Chemical
Engineering at Oregon State College, for data on the
physical properties of the creosote oils; to Dr. C. E.
Owene, Dr. D. P Ro era and Dr. S. M. Zel].er of the Depart-
ment of Botany at Oregon State College, for suggestions and
use of laboratory facilities; to R. H. awson for data on
the actual treatment of specimen posts at the pilot creosoting plant of the Pope and Talbot Lumber Company, and finally,
to E. C. Mason, Assistant Dean of the School of Forestry,
for helpful sueztiona and allowance for tlm.e involved in
the study. All photographs were made by R M. Evenden.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ace
PART I
Introduction
History of Wood 2reservation
Requirements o
a goc
3.
5
preservative
Theory of Preservative Act&on
10
Common Wood ?reservativa
15
PART II
Comparison ot Oil Par, Goal Tar and water Gas
Tar Oreosotes
21
Speciiications
21
Manuract1re
25
The Controversial Point ot Tar Acids and 3asee
32
PART III
Physical Properties of the Creosotes Tested
PART IV
Pathological Study
PART V
Conc lus ions
PART VI
Statistical Summary
117
Cresol-Creoeote and Pentathloropbenoi-Oreosote
Solutions
123
PART VII
Photographic Exhib
Second Series
First Series
138
OIL TAR CREOSOTE FOR
OOD PEESitVATIO
Introduction
Wood preservation in the Psoific Northwest timber industry occupies an increasingly important position. within
the last three years, two salt treating retorts and one
creosote retort have been added to the plant facilities in
the Northwest. ith the addition of these retorts there are
now 28 retorts for creosote, 5 retorts for 8alt treatment
non-pressure tanks available for treating operations
(2).* Since the Pacific Coast has about 62 percent (32) of
and 51
the Nation's sawtimber stand and about 214. percent (37) of
the forest land area of the United States, wood preservation
will continue to be an important phase of the timber industry in Oregon, Wahlngton, Caltforni.a and Idaho. Even
after the large stands of mature timber have been harvested
there will always rein the smaller pole and sawtimher
products that are admirably- suited for railway ties, poles
and other types of treated construction materials. Recent
developments In the field of pre-fabrioated wooden structures ex,ployInz creosote treatment and ring connectors have
put wood structures in a position capable of oompetIn with
steel and reenireed concrete construction. This is an especially important deve1opnt for + tiiaber and preservation interests because It opens the field for wider use of
the product.
* Numbers in parentheses refer to literature citations.
There is at present an actual demand for creosote for
wood preservation in the Pacific Coast to the amoUnt of
about 12,000,000 gallons annually with a potential demand
of even greater amounts. The United States as a whole has
used up to 150,000,000 gallons of creosote annually for wood
preservation (22). Depending on the demand, 30 to 50 percent of the annual requirement is imported from England,
Scotland, Bel4wu, Japan and Germany. Since the imported
oil, must rach the consumer in cargo shipments, over 50 per-
cent of the oil that is used in the Pacific Northwest is imported.
The following table shows the origin of the creosote
oil that is used on the Pacific Coast and in the entire
United States:
Coal Tar Creosote Used in Wood Preservation,
Based on ?eport of i. K. Helpbenstine,
American Wood 'reaervere Association
Proceedings, 1938
136
1937
Origin:
Doneetio distillate
Imported distillate
163 ,1oO
7,830,1427
726,306
7,501,293
United States
Origin:
Doie8t10 diatillate
214.,14.56,892
82,137,128
35,225,781
The U. S. Department of Commerce reported 58,189,527
Lorted distillate
50,256,107
gallons of creosote imported in 1937. it is assumed in the
above tabulation that the ifference in the two totals is
accounted for by the fact that some of the imported creosote
was resold i domestic creosote.
loc,l supply of creosote would have many advantages
over an imported supply or even over a supply from the
eastern United 3tates. There would be no particular need
.
for large inventories of oil at the treating plants, no need
for anticipating needs over a long period of time ar no
disruptions of the operations should the imported supply be
uddenly shut off, as was the case during the World War.
In searching for another supply
creosote oil, it is
found that a creosote vay be produced
distilling, the tar
residue result1n from the cracking of asphaltic base
petroleum aIls in whIch artificial fuel gas is the main
product, The plant of the Portland Gas and Coke Company has
a potential annual producim; capacity of some four to five
million gallons of this oil tar creosote. The oil tar
creosote produced at this plant can be made to meet all of
the apecifioatic a the Grade I creosote as written by the
American ood Preservers AssociatIon, (3) with the exception of the clause demanding th.t the creosote be of coal
tar origin.
Since there ar only very small amounts of tar acids
and bases present in oil tar creosote and since the presence
of these constituents, as beneficial Ingredients in pre-
4
servir
wood is open to much question,
action of these
factors wifl be discussed at length later in Part II of
this paper.
Likewise, in order to show the relationship of oil tar
creosote to ot;her wood preservatives nd in order that the
reader may ;1n rational vIewpoint of wood preservatives
in general, the historical developments as well as a resunc
of the muf
processes of cro.osote and the theory of
presmatjve ctori is included.
nce ol tar creosote, as anufctured by the Portland
Gas and Coke Company, has tever been generally placed on the
market, -ianj oonparisons will be rade to show its relative
value as a wood prtrvative. The closest a;prcaoh to a
th
.
product zjnflr to oil tar creosote is found in water
tar creosote However, az will be shown hter, the wo oreosotes are not nonomo.
Considerable effort as made to determine the possible
value of oil tar creosote. In answer to correspondence,
Hunt (25) of the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison,
Wisconsin, included the followir remarks
have rade no
recent studies on tars or creosotes obtaIned from petrole
used In the production of fuel gas and are not prepared to
cay to what extent the product you have in mind differs from
the water gas tars or creosotes used in tests started years
ago. The difference between such oils from different gas
5
plants is probably sufficient, however, to make it unsafe
to joneralize very much about them. 11 the oil about which
you inquire is avaIlable in sufficient voltrne and uniform
i.ty to be of local importance it should be worth while to
determine its toxicity and its other properties that bear on
Its abIlity to preserve wood satisfactorily. ie have for a
long time felt that a survey of the local tare arid orsosotee
and theii' suitab1iit for home treatment would be useful and
would onable us ;o be more
recIfic in our recoinmendat.ona
to the resld.cnts of i.ny refion, hut we have not been able to
undertake such a study. '
The preliminary studies seemed to justify a more com-
plete nd extensive study of the toxicity .nd related
proportles of tie oil tar creosote. The rnf:$thode snd reaults of this iortion of the study are contained In this
paper under the headi
of atholo"joal study.
It :s the
purpose of the pstholovical study to show the eomp&rat.tve
toxicity of coal tar creosote and oil tar reoaote.
HIato
of' Wood £reservatjori
wood is one of the cheapest arid most readily available
of all building materials. Under certain conditions of use
and climatic conditions, It Is subject to uecay by fus
or&canlsras, It is also subject to attack by certain th sects
and wood borer. it is true thtt some woods .such as Western
6
Red Cedar, Redwood, and Black Locuat will naturall7 resist
attok of these wood destroixi orani bacauce of the
toxic infi1tr.ted toiiaia
1ifl the wood cells. Most
epecies, wever, do not have these natural toxicants
present and to render the wood dur.b1 t must be rtiricially preserved th order t;c
th ue f te nondurable specits eonorniea1ly feasible. It hi hsen found
that untreaied cros-tjes have a life of around LIve years,
while resrved. ties iave 1Lfc 4 twetyevem veara (26).
It ha a1'.o been bhown tiat wtrated iro pI1Ir may not
last a year, while creosoteã iling naj have an Indefintte
life 3ue o it ability to rt decay anc'L xnaine borers.
od ::vs u two-fold
First, It
prolonc the 11i'e o, the structure hIh 'a:e the use of
Tr e ut I rip;
wood economically possible nd secor1, prervaticn re-
vents waste iud therefore xde raii on th
re8ources.
tu.rl forest
ihen wocd is used under conditions that lavor
twiis, insect, md borer attack preservuticn is the answer
to consumer !atisfactlon.
dth the advance of science It w
the bui1dn trades t;urn to ;cinc In
ans' to wood preservation. Ls early
chloride was used as a wood preserver.
ditfex'ent types of treatments and mn
only itural that
n
to find the
s 1705 (26) mercuric
'iiuc that tiiae xuany
Iffe1ent naterlala,
7
inoludin organic and inorganic, have been tried. No real
satisfactory substitute has been found for creosote oil for
any and all types of work.
In the United States, the first treating plant was
erected in l65 employing the ethel process. In 1902,
Reuping obtained a patent for the so-callod empty ash
process for treating wood with creosote oil. This method is
still widely used. In l906 Lowry obtained a patent for
another method of emPty cell treatment. Althouh many refinements in the mechanics and techniques have since been
developed, the use of the Boulten, Bethel Lowory, and
Reupin proceases ar still essentially the same today as
when they were first employed.
The use of petroleum oil hac been suested from time
to time a a wood preservative, but it has been found that
petroleum oil in itself, is nontoxie. In order to treat
many items more economically, such as cross ties nd piling,
petroleum oil is now widely used as a dilutent for creosote.
Water soluble salts of a toxic nature are widely used
as wood preservers. Among the heat own are Zinc chloride,
sodium fluoride nd copper sulphate. The salt treatment has
some advantages over creosote in that it is possible to
paint over the salt treated wood, and th.t the weight of the
salt in the dried wood is not such an expensive item in
transportation costs. However, f or all outside wor], the
esit treatments cannot be recornmonded as beIn<. as effective
as creosote because of their susceptibility to leaohin with
jater Th railroads onl-r ue zinc chloride in extremely
dry climates such as New Mexico and Arizona.
Toxic chemicals in organic solvents are a comparatively
new development in the wood preservatlor field, ?erhap the
best known of this tye of preservative is the Periustal, developed by IYr.1 Hubert of the Western Pine
seooiation. The
use of Pentachioroohenol in the Permatol solut ion has su
ested the posib1ljtj
of uin this ehemcal
in
oil tar
Creosote wIth the posib1Ifty of obtainirir a much better
product for viood pre.servtion thx is now nvailtble in coal
creosote.
Requirements of a Good Preservative
.le 1.rt and most desirable requirement for
a wood preservatIve is that it must be toxic to the or-;aniem
which feeds on the wood. such
the
on ungi, or to the
organIsms thEt may use the wood icr a shelter such as the
marine borrs, the taredo, and xylotra.
Pernanence, In addicin to the pr .ervt!
being;
toxic, .L ut be permanent, that i, not suhcct to lecbby water, o subJect to voiatil1ation. k zubstance
lIke crbolj acid a be 6xtreely toxic, but since
boiling point of ci.rbolic acId (phenol C
1814. dorrees
C. (3O)
it lacis stability as compared to the other frc-
tions of creosote. Mercuric chloride IS known to be extrerrely toxic, bii Is readily soluble in water so that it
cannot be considered as a stable wood preservative.
Penetration. In order to be effective, preservative
must dave the capacity for deeply penetrating the wood.
Penetration is of course comrwrcially affected by using heat
to lower the viscosity
the liquid and by preasuxe to
force the preservatIve Into the wood. A preservative which
will not penetrate offers little advantage to the wood
which ny subsequtntly develop checks below the penetratton
line.
i40n-Oorroaj.ve and non-harmful to the wood. Preserva-
tives should not he corrosive to metal fastenings, nor
should they affect the strenath of the wood. A preservative such as corrosive sublimate Is oniewhat corrosive to
metal, and zinc chloride, If not properly iandled in the
treatL process, may affect the strength uualitie of the
wood. (26)
Safety in hardling and use is a factor in the selection
of a preservative because it is desirable to pr8vent undue
loss of the woc end treating equipment iron fire as well ae
to prevent the toxic fecte ci. ortaIn kieniioals on the
human system.
Highly inflammable materials must thererore
be avoided and precautions taken In the handling arid use of
10
euch toxic .t.rtaia a biebiorid of nrciuy. 1ad and
ren1c ompounde
b
trtc.d
itoaily, the p
In orthr that wood
x'v$tve
no
be 1neperuive but siso rdtiy a1iab1e i
on1
nt ui.itit
L
juttt
£.cs
Twc
ite use.
reczt,
scond the
e creo8ote, ur4
to exclude
o1yti
1e'tw'
;:d p
titined, te £irt qua1it
a1r
k
'ici £t
in th boty
1ub1
i11.
or
?:Ua11Y
uide
oit&b1.
iur.i jou
prc.
t t.he
1 the
e boc?y iluide
tr c1ubie, there or th
o
ni.erne ar
rtin (1J4) hai' thcwi that the
an eid onattirn ua to ph
pree:vative ay rit be
E'ff1cIonti7 tC>i3 Unr nLtrd CC(1.1 t1O
ci ;cn1ticn
(7)
c1ud;
the siX. hti
by te i;ue soortin
rvt1v
oiub1e enoh to be 1ective.
.
ttack1
rvativ !!Urt be at let
ro1lo, threr, tt aithub s
0 pr
ot *
rvUve 1 that It nu8t bo toxic to the erninrn
i !tL
4:111. Th toxic
tr1al irn,t be
uL .cient1y
t;Io
deair*be preeervtive
ill1rg. totion oX
ti oL the oIl
xe
iti
u'ay c
ht work on
a7 renei
3atan
perint.s with
the toxicity of hydrocarbons:
"It seems likely from the
data presented that the hydrocarbons are at least four
8 as toxic, molecule for molecule, a
ing phenols.
the correspond-
That Is, benzene Is more toxic than carbolic
acid, naphthalene is more toxic than beta-naphthol.
Hydro-
carbons which of themselves are not toxic enough to
inh&bit
I unus growth may aid to a very considerable extent when
eomblned with other hydrocarbons."
Likewise, a compound which In Itself may be only very
slightly soluble, such as penbachlorophenol, with a solu
bility in water of .00)4 percent
(3l13)
nay be so highly
toxic that there is sufficient chemical present in solution
to produce a lethal dose.
The conclusions reached by
ateman
and Henningson
On
toxic principles of creosote (11) ootain the following
marks:
1,
'The essential toxic material o.
coal tr creosote
may be divided into two groups, viz, the hydrocarbon oils
boiling below 270
degrees C., and the tar acids and bases
boiling above 270 degrees C.
2.
"The hydrocarbon oils distilling below 270 degrees
e iich more toxic than any other class of material in
coal tar creosote, and they ny be
toxic material 01 creosote oil.
considered the essential
ft
'L
1.ic
n,Jji
Lt1I'I1 fOY
c
i'i
.
OX1C
.
crbc.-
vz;
r.4
:u
toxic,
t.
o
oor
5 ut this rjort.
ivci' on a
ion t
G
t;t;
it .;ts
.L
bc:.
Ll.:
t
rvtii
toxic otIc;, of
injc1 otio
v.0 b
reerv&ti
i t
Lu:e (30) poin.t ot that there
fto
ecnica1 point view,
1&big
who 1omcL
t1V{
ft ii.
crc
;he oil in th
i1 w.I1 Drevent thc
.neeee1y or urvu
re i
tc
fLC t.
tir tr
arcunt
Li
3
and. ircund
t;rnc
rttI
rtsi.r
of
rt i
&iirg
oloe the pit .pertr td c* dcn
o if th e,il wl1 te filled
'1th. ciI, thz
Ic
.
1oi
in
Ir
rec5ble
bi rrezent. heee fct, coupled wIth
nt1 to.jc L:tri&i In t oil viii, robtbtt tb
1.erm liksithood of
Jn cTitiox., the
t
rerve t'rjaj
ti
;
,t
o
L.
ntd out;
th t
tie rc
ry r
:M
c,x1
c)Ot
10
c.f
;'
rvie
.,
I 3 ;1td
vtve vor
\1)fl c:;:
1uo
ic' . r
:
:
the trt
r; d
1&
1!
"T
a
r 1r ot
.Otn.a
of t
*oote
totic.
t
the
1(YW,
1rtIL:r'
a
the
.t
t.oxit
tFve,
tr1.1
t;in
tje
;$D'
Ar
vat te ir th
vLti lit.
t.e ;esi
Ui
riIJ.
t
rwth
rubt1 t!;v
eoto
zt'r ro
et
.o11le
zd
0V;
or
o
);;fl
r:-e
L.
vent
prvtive
t!ert.
rorr
leacb1n. !t drio io.to.i1 5ollowe tttht the
uld nrt
voliitile un1er siiee Ondi.i
lttttltty t*ndpotnt, ozanIc ubettnoe
a pth1oroLono1 is n exce11m
reervt.tve
of 0.00003 grt pr 9quare inch
r C. (31). I the eao of creoetc cU
5Q
the x111n ct cl the various ubtao
trect
bear
or the voit1l.tT &nd hrc th pe
nc of the
Th1t
10
1rji (1)
oil.
Ctht
t
out tbt;
'1.., t
il1 nt
205 d:r
tQ
h1h
contn.1r
11 rctn
a
1cr Ccr
(.) lo
oj ercc
1
co-'te
od that
a
cr
h1'h toXIc
e 'rtI
t:t
u
'-'
(15)
t91
$
Oflt!lit,
th
ty 5.Loent.. tt 1 :11 lotcal
c2te 011 Io'
biive tt t1
of
ft'r trc tth.: lobloily pine sp
to 2Q 105t L7
nt GL the
to rnonth
II,
, "t !t
voi.j
ont1tu-
t1it1on af the irtrent Trctio
,o1'
'
trin, n11. Vo
tt 'ho high hoi1in
-1nt
La
t tndetXr..ite
hi
boilir
15
on Wood Preservatives
A few of the more connon wood preservativc, including
salts, oils and chemicals, will be discussed in order to
show the enera1 characteristloc of each and the limitations
of each type in their ability to act s a ocd preservative.
ter Zoluble Salts
number of water soluble toxic salts are now genrall
used as wood preservatives. I11 of the pre rvtives of
this type pend. upon i. solution of from J. to 10 percent in
water as the carryin odtum. It follows, therefore, that
the wood must be artia11y dry in order th?.t the desired
penetrations and absorptione can he obtained. Th water may
be subsequently dried out, leaving approxirmtely one-half
pound
f dry salt re' cubic foot aborptin.
A
ew of the
more common salts of this type are as follows:
Zinc Chloride This salt osseases moat of the uali*
ficatone of a good preservative except t
lacks &rr:1antnce due to its Musooptiblilty to lchn by water, The
toxic or killing oint is reported as boinC .35 perCent in
agar (38). Zinc chloride has been used more extenvely
the UnIted States than in any other co'in
DurIng and
tollowin, the ;on1d Vi.r many users of creosot.e bad to
to zinc chloride bocuee of the lack of an adequate suily
of creosote from uropean rountrtes, Chronted zinc cloride is said to be composed of 80 to 82 percent zinc chlorIde
1a1r.ed tt Lc
daitIon
th
vtve i:43 'tt
ftorte (26).
hroite rkes the pre-
od.iw iiourd b*a inr o
z1c bloride.
toxic p1nt
on a3' (33) £n dc:.i.tlon to
ttrdency f trUe it to
le..ob. le th irvantk o h.vIg
louride zorri an
ino1uo
ct prokz.tbttE
rtcipItte with c1tuzi.
the ue or
t1c-r1d* in cortaøt With iiretone or lc
c
water.
tue
tlt
rent (i),
t
pre
n the t;ret
-8
L1d
idc 1
ii
rLud (2k) to
rte o
to 1
23 jere
erv1ce.
toxic p:Qjflt 0-i
percent ir
)
tv!oe av
e&r
Gopj.cr
rur'Ic clor-
ui.p-mt
t
iro.1vc to Iroi i1
xi 4065
1e
eort roquiroc
like odiu; rLoux'ide it
will rc.t
pre.vt1
ridely wied
).rec4ttO.
1c1w, to
c.ii.
bue
ohab].
1 til ocd prrvLtive.
t- U:zt
17
fulfill. t1l of the requirront
rooi
unlike the 5oluble lti, tth otis tire :or
letchi.
th
4!$14V
ttEnt to
i.re bril
btter-known at
I oiith
Coal tar creosot
obtaier
ditillttor or coal ta hvc
or&itzis, or
taxI c
otnt
;rcwtb
t he
tai4-
1ll be
i
ntanth,
Fitton
ll oi: htch
con-iittomi L.ieL 1.i.bit t
oils
,1
l tind &n word rescvnt1on
1vidual h rocrbori
toxic to wood
trce71
he kioa
in
cre or lec
bc
at 1';
rc.uco
i mh or;ni&s
ihe
tar
e
a1r. ob
crc o o t e
odor a. t.o It that
d trc, ted 1tb oreototo
lt!ih &ftr flLt1 ocd hai bon
or a hort
odor in
eood to the aIr or watc
t1lt lOO4d.
ntwaon
&ir
Ii
rvity a. bi
x1l
it
thIs
C1&OOLO nd
strdkt reoiot*.
ca1 tur 6.titii1atee
o&rbol1new
o
iinci
k.ere .1oz
oet oIY
n ordiarr
poInt
it:
their .rctett se in
tho open tank trac
crtnar
ooL i
ictor.
.
3OSOC
tare io.d .Lii tb
rv:&cture of
tr
11ation
18
as t.r oreosote cannot be c1istinCuihed with ccrtthty
£ro1 coal tar croaotes by an' known cherical or phy&ical
s tc.r cieosotos do rot coxt.ir the
te8ta (26) %at
tar oiis or ase normally iUd n CO&i tar creosotes.
t amount o work ha boen done on
Unfortunatoli,
ho 00
tWX12 ol water as tar cr000to, and the tOXIC
oint
those 0i1 studied i-iuvo shown a x'3aber percenta
oi cocentrution than ti:le ordinary run of rosotes. The
temperature a ;Iijch heze tare .re loriiied no oub has some
ear ink; on the i. toxic propertios.
Coal tar I no widel' uec. s uc1i .or wood prc
ze:'vative, £ toxici
soiewhat lower iJin coal tar
crecmote, and uiiro penetrations are 1ard to obtain It
is used, however, as a dilutent ioi creosote oil and linds
consIdorab1 uo i. this ianner. Creosote coal ar solutions are included in the erican ood Preservers' Aaoelation sped c1ons (5), but the specifications do not
periit the ue of more than 20 percent of. coal tar.
Vater &3 tar, or solutions, is not included in the
spceiicat.ion ol the
except lor the use on paving
blocks.
Poro1eum oils as a class are non-toxic. hey cannot
in themselves he recoiended ior preservatives although the
sealin, actIon 01 thc heavier oils may for a time inhibit
the growth
19
Creosote petroleum mixtures are employed for the
treating of ties and other timbers.
Batoicin
(6)
has shown
that the toxicity of the mixtures is reduced more thcn n
direct proportion to the amount of petroleum added.
The
main reason for such dilution is lersly a imtter of cost,
although some beneficial results may result because of the
lessened tendency of ties to check when the petroleum is
added.
1e.t]
3oluUon
1though or<anio crieii1cala
aave not been widely used
as woco. preservives, consIderable 4urk has recntly been
done on taclr use
or this purpose.
Iubert (214W) nas shown
that excellent renil's may be expected by the use of pentachiorophenol, totrachiorophenol, and 2-chiororthophenol in
oil
olution.
ood (I2) nas sugested the use of beta-
naphthol in petroleum oils.
Hunt (27) and Snyder treated
poets wIth dinitrochlorobenzene, ainit.ronaphthalene, tetrach3.oropz.enol, with petroleum end placed them in service in
the canal zone to rieacure their respective resistance to
termite md unus attack.
posts treated with
13.6
After sIx years o. service, the
lbs. of grade no. 1 creosote were
all sound, whereas the posts treated with 7.1 lbs. abeorption of' tetrachiorophenol wore 100 percent destroyed.
the posts treated with 30 percent
Also,
-naphthol, 10 percent
:Vt ptro1otm oii:vo 7.5 percent
trLte that tttier th
;nQ1c
WSr
trQier o1
aLe(
n tb t
:
!.1rj' tio
crnoii z
tet
tu'e i
cr:;1i
tld t
roeerv;ivc knon
ive dqwte proti.ct in
au13 etnt oi crtot;o
or I
t tb1
.th
zJto tc orve
nt bs
ros.
tu.io oj the
Tht
io
.x-
iot ¶n itcii
cir to it
1ou1,r
water. of percent
5
than more not contain shall
It
ments:
require-. following the with comply shall It tar. oven coke
or tar coal of distillate a be ahal. creosotø The
follows: as are A..T.M.
the and Association, Engineering RaIlwy American The
As&ciatton Preservers' 'iood AmerIcan the by adopted
creosote, tar Coal I Grade for specifications The
creosote. tar coal for specifications the of all
meet to made be can creosote tar oil the origin, tar coal
of be creosote the that exception the with creosote. tar
coal icr written now as speciftoablons the below fall may
gravity specific the and low extremely is content acid tar
the petroleum, is distillate the of source the Since
creosote. tar coal for specifications the of
requirements the of all meet to made be can creosote tar Oil
creosotes. other the from distinguished oc cannot creosote
tar oil that true also is it (26) origin tar gas water
of or tar coal of be may creosote a whether certainty, with
distinguishing, of means Imown no fact, in Is, -There common.
in constituents arid properties many have origin different
tare ot distillation the from obtained creosotes The
Of
creosotes
j aa water and tar coal tar, oil of Comparison
II
PART
21
The
creosote. ordinary with as loss a great so not is there
volatilize not will treatment tank
hence and readily so
open the in used when oil This fractjon. different the
for points boiling higher and gravity higher specify which
treatments spray or brush for creosote for specifications
the are these Among Association. Preservers' ood 4.rnerioan
the by recognized are oil creosote of grades Other
residues." low or moderate having those than wood the from
bleed to tendency greater end toxicities, lower coettlee,
vie- higher have enera1jy residues hih conta1n1n; sotes
oreo- although C., degrees 355 above residue of amount the
limit not does specification "This out: points (26) Hunt
acids, tar of presence the of detection the to Relative
tion.
Associa-
Wood
American the of methods standard
the with accordance in made be shall creosote The
percent. 25 than more not C., degrees 235 to Up
percent. 5 than more not C., degrees 210 to Up
limits: following the in
with- be shall basis £ree water a on
distillate
The
1.03. than lees
not be shall C., degrees 15.5 at water with compared as C.,
degrees 38 at creosote the of gravity specif.c The I.
benzol. In insoluble matter
or percen 0.5 than more not contain shall It 3.
snthraoenes oIls or carbolinewns also have approved spoolfications. These oils have sonic or the solids (anthracene
and henanthrene) removed so that they are lIquid at
ordinary temperatures. These Oils are quite enera1ly used
for opri tank treatments beoauo the hIgh boiling, high
gravity oils, as stated above, LIve low volatility.
ater gas tar croasote The American 'ood Preeerver&
Association and the American Railway En:.lneering Associa-
tion do not recognize any standard specifiotions for the
treatment of ties and structural timbers with water gas taD
creosote. The American Wood
Associations how-
ever, do have a specification for water gas tar creosote
when mixed with ziro chloride for use in the Card process.
This specification is lnluded in this paper because it may
justly be arued that oil tar creosote and water gas tar
creosote have many properties In oonon. The specifications
are as follows:
The oil shall be a distillate of water gas tar and
shall comply wIth the following requirements:
It shall oontain not more than 3 percent of ter.
It shall contain not more than 0.5 peroent insoluble In benzol.
The specific gravity of the oil at 38 degrees C.
Li..
compared with water at 15.5 degrees C. shall not be less
than 1.02.
The distillate, baeed on water free oil, shall be
withIn the following limite:
U
to 210 egreos C., rct rore than 5 percent.
Up to 235 degrees C., not more than 25 percent.
Up to 355 degrees C., not ices than 70 percent.
The oil shall YIeld not more than 2 percent of
coke residue.
The £oroi.r.g tests shall be nade In. accordance
with the standard methods of the American Wood Preservers'
AssocIation.
It will be noted that the reSIdue above 355 do'ees C.
cannot exceed 30 percent which iS an effort to guard
against the excessive niounts of high boiling oils which
ateman (11) points out are apt t be of low toxicity.
Since oil tar creosote, as such, has never been placed
on the msrket nor has it bsn used ac a wood preervativa,
no specifIcatIons have ever been prepared. It appears
likely, however, that he grade 1 coal tir creosote specifications would b suItable for oil tar creosote except
that the pocii1 r.vity 5pecification could be lowered
slitl without serIously affectIng tbe quantity of the
bIh boiling fractions,
25
r000ssee
Coirparlson 2
racter o
tare roult
Oii :i;o dIffoient r nufacturng retbode
under corIde.vd±cn, brief re;u ic of the main nufactur1n.
procosses wIll. he Iricluced. This inclusion Is also consldorod neccasry to potht e:t tho dIfferno between the
distiilats iroei oIl baz and rrom water :as t.D.
order L poLnt ct more clear:
ort1and Ga
ufactured b t
and Coke Compary is a distIllate of the oil tars formed
during the rocsss of makIi,
from CalIfornia fuel oils.
The prooas can eriaps beet be followed by referring t'. the
011 Tar reosoto as
flow chart of the gas plant. (Plate I)
Th3 gas enorators
heated until the temperature
reacthea aproxInately 1800 d rees F. The heat that passes
out of th enorator i
exhau
ses is used in the
.
te teat boilers.
is eneratcro roach rnaximum temperature, the air blast is discontinued, the valve leading to
the waste heat boilers .s closod, and the rtock valve is
closed. The fuel cli Is then sprayed Into the generator as
"make" starts
s "rake" proceeds for approxi.nLately 18 stnta, en th ..enrator Is arc,in heated and
the prces continued. The gas, upon escapir, from the genthe
The
erator, pass thro:h a wash box where laphlack Is deposited, thence passir up throuh a scrubbing tower havIng a
syste. of baffles, over which a continuous strcai o water
0/I PMP?P5
IIEA TIRE
5 TILL
WA5/I OIL
S
::
4NIO
.,tL OIL
S 7tWA&E
LlH1
STOPA5I
WASH OIL
&MT OIL
ST/L
TN/C/lINER
V
-
fFR4PN7VIIRLENE PANE
gUIDE! m
WAS/ISO
CDEIVEI1OR
DPI ISUIIME
WASH OIL
R!TLI?N
STORAGE
LIGHT OIL
AGITATOR
ACID
DI
OLIVER
TaR Ehl/JL34N
5T0R461
!I
TAR
SEPARATORS
4
TAR
STILL
DI rEDS
5VVRAEI
REINS
0/PP/NE
COH VI YORE
DIR
5 roRqoI
RESIDUE 70 rAP
FR/lICE/ON TANIS
P1/RE
BE /1 ZOL
RECTIfY/NE
STILL
It)
0
/*L DIRE
SAC/I/HO
CONvEYOR
,
015 RIDUTIIRY
PORTABLE COMIWVDR$
-,-C.4RDOM 6/501 PH/DR
CONVEYOR
_________
5! 4E4r/SO
,ESPPIR DINE
LIIT
TAR
OIL STORAGI
R/AEY
I4SE5 -
aR/OR
STILL
TOWERS
5 rR,,p1r16
PUP/PIERS
mA1D
8 Y PRODUC 7
Lo.VaNS
IV ,a4PRT/IALENEJ DRaG!
L
OE RUN
ONE
YAN/l
4q DOZES
LIGHT
flu
RI I
6A5 MANUFACTURING
OIL 5'OR46E
CELlOS
8OES
WAS'I
OE'VIRATOR5
PLATE I.
PORTLAND GAS i COKi COMPANY
FLOW0'D/ARAM
1
26
is passing. The tar recovered in this proes flows out
into the tar cepe.rting vats, where the excess water is
re,noved. From the separating vats, the tar Is pumped into
the steam dehydrators where pr.otioally all or the water is
reioved. The tti Is then ready for the distillation pfO
ooss which Is crried on In the conventiona). mariner.
The tare ohtaired in this orocess, by virtue of the
high craokin teprature, re practically all of the
aroiatc series. 4o coniplete analysis of the different IAdividual oils existing in either the creosotes or tars of
this or1çIn could be found. }owever, it is only logical to
believe that the creosote oils are almost as complex as the
coal tar creosote, 'th the exception of the phenols and
bases. CI]. tar croosot;e can be expocted to approach more
closely the water as tr creosotes in .oneral composition
except that br virtue of the hIher craekin[; tcmporatures
oc arornatjcs and hIher boilIfl oils will result. Deans
and Downe (l) In studies of water gas tar found that it
contained thiophen, benzerie, toluene, xylBno necitylene
naphthalene nd anthracene. T fact, evsri iIlarity
existed beten the otl iich they examined and coal tar
creosote, except for the absence of tar acids, bases, and
leseer amounts of free carbon. Lun;e (30) cites a number of
rcfer,ces on work that ha been done with water gas tar and
sie work which has been .Ione on straI4t oil tare. Accord-
1!4
ze
tG
tI, v-
t:
h ri2
t
or rzta, curi
ibc
iaor
Into
or
Vi)i
hich protea
b.iet
1
:or tion
r: td
Ettd 1t&
xx
mt10 hy:u
tO
1
C
19014
tr
Zound all o..t L. tnt ';t
pneno1
riot
i1rt
vrt
crbor
Ir
iii-
r.die
ijte or
1:
h3.v
cc42. t,ax,
oil
r
cctn1 cplox
flu1
tyoc.
upc
t
tA
tu
tc
j
oil
vtr;
av
athrict
(ctd1n
Tle
nr £'c
of
r &i
the hie1
trt
rzene,
t*1efl3
nd ie t-yl
&,
flti
ThO
rtio ert
at!rna
ith. -Lwt
.
XtU
oi
ibzturv,
t
tOl1:UILt
t
known
lfl t
by the
C7
e
trae
't1 tie
ritft'e abne
ta oontttte
t;tr th1t ty:e ot t:rt nc hi
this
i t,
(abU$
itIy th
28
dividual components of California petroleum tars,
It is
sufficient to say, however, that the oil tars formed during
the h1h ercking tnporatues 8uch as re used at the
plant of the Portland Gas and Coke Company are chiefly
aro!,1&.tic nd that the reoso;o obtnined. thcre1roii is uf-
iiCitnt1y ii.h hoilin to ec.pe rny nore then averare loss
throw VOiatjUtiOfl.
r creosco is ohttt.the frc. t,stilUr the
tat's accultti
1.utIon Oi
ter as, ater
t&r iLI.
corzId-rc.
011 t.r
,rocedure used
In proclueth, t
'Lt
ii11:r. "ret uite rI1fferent
J'
froi t.he procei..r
b: tie Portlaid G nnd Coke Conipany1
The t-yoicl
'unit on1tc of three parts:
the enrator, the crbuoLor,
th uprhcater, The
i 1odcd
ooi:o or coal and ic ].tter heated
at er
tr
proi
air blt. The raaes
irat rh.,: ti3 1;th: thc c)al :r o' coure
parti&lly combiitec rd t or throuç;h t e'rbretor arid
suoerhea ter,
tticriaI ir
carburetor n
superheater a1lo co'mplete eothution t tko place,
10 1ncandeccri
br
ecn.-
Ak".
tl2orouRhly heath
t1e8t pr't.c wdch
to iternan
(.3), reach a ter& 're of ii..6i cie
the be.se of
tJie succrheat,e
.CQn
t corre t, ;r. :: ture ha
hebn roactheu,
e..ea' i- .iz 1cd, e
holder
valve le opened. te
biovn thro ,th .e col-r.e hd wi1ch
ccc '1,1n,
29
results in the formation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
As the resultant gas ent3rs the carburetor, gas oil 18
sprayed on the hot brick and "cracked." The cracking continues in the superheater, yielding the gas and suspended
tar. The tar ía oi course removed in the scrubbers and from
this tar the distillation proceeds. The tar formed in this
procees is riot a product ol' the coal reaction, but is from
the rcin ci t;e oil.
Irii.icient cracking, of course,
wIll reult in a lower yield of ;as and a reater amount of
para1T.n in the
0
sea oil tar and standard
water aa tar, it u8t he poInted out that the Gasco tare
are fori'ned kt higior triperaturos and are net ubjeted to
quite as reat a teiperature drop dur1n the as nke."
The ranufacturoof coal tar creosote. Creosote, as
def1red b LunCe (3), ..,.. Ustiilatea Iron coal tar which
are idray tween carbolIc oIl and anthracene oil. These
are,
the 1rst ;lace, the fraction c'f' coal tar distilling
t comparin>
G process
directly tetween 2L.O and 270 dereee C. arid besides, from
either side,
residue fror e manufacture o' carbolic
acid, iaphthalene and anthracene."
he tar, c.f course, i obtaIned from the destructive
distillation of coal in the Lollowing goneral :nanner:
30
Coal
CrooBote
The tars
;Lch are
of
:hc
the coni vr cvr itc w1d 1i:t1t ir :5' I)ro te8 depen.inr on the tpe of retort, Lratire ;lied
the
OX'i1r1 co1 Eor this rao: t
i1 tD brifli
conaiclor the
t:, r; rei
with he ;e ,ertrf a.11ed and.
the tzra.
There tre tue ::cneral
ooai
,
detail b Lunti
3O)
f1uo!.Lon o
t.r
..
retor
:t'eltm'it noj
iethod oplode..i
ioro hof1,' b
hojronta1 ro.i't
th coal
tsl 7lte
coal cbn:-'
o-
tan (8)
&t
Ihe
1orizon-
I3 iie
rtort
uill
by 15 Inehe
heated i, dro
until
o1el;o carhonz(-tion h
retoi; eriplos a
tic1 coal
a the
i describ1 in
Thece
coI
5o;ether
t;i
of
I.h
LonL.
wide
iy be
ip ;turo
taen J31ac0.
vc';ca3.
J; tb oo1 may
bta 1td &nd t C coke 'iy'yd
Z'L%1l rGtort i
then hented br tdncent vot.orJ. fl
des1z.',z te:?l ItuT n
c
inclined retort z .n
.1
Wi
:.on
hic
0
coke oven, of which there are eeveral types, is the type
producer moat widely employed in the United Statee. The
ovens are somewhat long id rectangular in shape,. being from
3 to 9 feet high by 17 to 19 inches wide and up to 55 feet
long. The coal $ heated by means of flues adjacent to the
oven while the
passes upard into the gas main.
Fisher (16) shows, by means of a table prepared b
H. ;. Spiers, not only the properties of various tars when
produced In different ovens, and retorts, but also the
properties of low temperature tare. In general, this table
shows that the specific ravIty of the tar is the highest
in the horizontal ovens, closely followed by the coke ovens;
considerably lower in the vtical retorts, and the lowest
gravity was found in the low temperature tars. This same
general order prevailed in the relationship of the percent-
aea of the higher boiling fractions of the diatillates,
that is, the horizontal retorts gave the zeator percentage
of biger boiling distillate, etc., In the order named
The reverse order held for the percentage of crude
tar acids. Fisher also shows by grphic reprosentation the
effect of carbonizing temperature of Pratt coal on the
yield of the various hydrocarbons. In the range of 932 de-
above.
grees F. to 2012 doreee F., the yield of aromatics increased In about the same ratio as the paraf fins decreased
with temperature rise. In the unwabed coal, the ar'omatios
e]4ed about 17 percent ot the dlt11
flcXimt
ercent c,i the diti1itt
of
ar. of1
ihe o1.1 tnii ontent
sold cc'ntent
ro
7
,c ei t
o tbout 2.3 peromt t 2012
re
ml
q4
cesz1y the etfot of t pruktue on th eipottlon o the
ta's w)tiøh a10 oid8 true, In
rtz'*i, for the Qfet of
cr4tturc cr the otItuent or oi.1 tra. it a10
ulte oIrI tht th rootei proce from the
how
vrloua type of ttr crc very 1.t.ke1 to poze qitte vr
thg
ctriL
ttite lfIrext oocnds.
t!L1
o eortu ovroor by t,eane of the
vuz!1i&
peir.te&.tjors,
Tt
Contriv'j1 kotnt o Tar Mlds
it ha Ior,
Tr
telt that th r*r
tde In oreoote
cli
riot the e5zntta1 toxIc ter1,
thor1tlez ve
diereed upon t1 aubjuot, bzt s 11 be seen from n
ez&mlnatton c.
i*11oir ztract ions from th 1ltera
I
c, tar aoId
not, th tie 4n, thowht to be reponsible ror th t,o*ic actIon o' creosote ol1.
Th tert
r .o1
Izid to thc c onstltuLu
wi
o1
re oznIzed. Thco yn itairiir ooipouxth
£u'tr b IvIdd Into th acIdic ooupomdts
and the
neutri oounde.
ishr IIts 23 earate lile
33
It is the oxygen contaming compounds in the acidic group th.t are frequently
held to be the more effective toxic e1emrt in coal tax'
creosote. Chief of these compounds are as follows: (30)
Boiling Foint
Compound
CH0
compounds and. 12 neutr1 compounds.
DeL. C
Phenol
o-oresol
m-cresol
p-cresol
1-2-3-Xylenol
1-2-1).
1-3-2
1-3-14.
-5
2
a-naphthol
b-naphthol
o-naphtho].
6- 6- 1
7- i
7- 8
7- 8- 1
d-10- 1
8-10- 1
8-10- i
8-iO- I
8-10- 1
8-10- 1
10- 8- 1
10- 6- 1
114-io- 1
181
19].
202.8
201 e
211
225
212
209
219
209
280
286
395-. 396
The term 'Tar B&es" is applied to those constituents
of tar that are nitrogenized. These nitrogen compounds,
like the tar acids, ay be further divided into the true
o &oria derivatives and the neutral r.i.trogon corn-
The ?ercerLt,e of tsr bases in crude tar is relatively low (30), and for that reason, not so much toxic
benefit is ascribed to the tar bases as to the tar acids.
pounds.
Fisher (16) 11ta 14.8 separate ammonia derivatives and
neutral xipounds found in coal tar. The following te a
list of the more $enra11y accepted compounds four in
creosote:
C ompcnrnd
Pyridene
uinolthe
Acridine
CHN
5- 7- 1
9- 7- 1
13- 9- 1
Eo1lIru Point
C.
1].
(Other pyridonee
at higher P.)
':f these haee8 are toxic to
baotcria and £un,'i, bit the specificatIons for coal tar
creosote xiake no reference s to the necessity of' tar bases
being present in order to qualify for any rade o1 creosote.
In this papor thref ore, no further discussion of tar bases
known that
is fleCe3ar.
It has a1read been shown that the tar acid content of
coal tar Is largely depenthnt nn the carborIzation temperature arid tc) a lesser degree on the type of oven and the
coal used. Since the normal coke oven operates at about
1000 deres C., most of the tars will be excted to
7ield around Iour or fIve percent of tar acids. Unless he
tar acIds are etractcd 1ron the t.r to be used for by
products (hich 18 a usual procedure), the tr acid content
of the creosote riiht be expected to yield considerable
quantities oi. t.i' acids. The tar oId contsnt of normal
coriercial col tar creosote, hweve, crn be expected to
yield arc.xd five proent tar aCIds.
The tar ide ifi creosote have been tho subject of
many investigations and discussions) particularly concerning
their value as toxic aenta and their permanence In. the wood.
35
The early workers ascribed the value of tar acids to their
abLlity to coalate albuien and hence prevent decay. This,
0 course, as exploded after the era of scientific irivestisttors by such men a Lster. Sthce about 1b35 suspicion
has been directed toward the beneficial effects of tar acids
In crcoso;e to be u.ced ifl wood proservati. on.
It is the ob-
ject of thIs portion of the paper to point out some of the
opinions and f1ridir, of thce *ho have directed their
energy toward fiodirç the truth conoernin7. this matter. The
fo1lowin; extrctiors are therefore used for tbs purpose:
Larkln (29). covrentin, on the work of Bateman and
Herningaon (11)
toxic principles Of Cro8ote." Ref err1c; to the
work of Coisneand, taken from Preservation of Timbers by
se or Antiseptica (1835) by amuol r3culton; Coisene ased
1, one with l5 tar acids; 2, another
5 amp1s a foilow
with l5 tr acids; 3, one with 8 tar acIds; 1., one with 14%
tar acids and , a specai1y prepared oil with no tar acids.
The laet sample of oil produced better results than any of
the other ojle.,.,.lso concludes that tar acids are volatile nd %cry soluble In vter. Also, Boulton's experIrenta
on pieces of tts In service from 16 to 32 years, when
analyzed,
owed 1, no tar acIds detected by ordinary means;
2, in 114. of 17 siples, the semi-solid constItuents of the
tar oils we present; in 12 of them naphthalene; and
na1i percete remained ot oils diti11ir- be
only
I5O
xjorit
F
cent cf th6 tot:J b;i1ç Cl' the
wood did not d 111 until ift
rae F. h:d
"t
racL
I0
Cases, from 60 to 75 perbstanct ret&:tned in the
a teerature of 600 dc1 c1eir, thr.fore, that
thos zoii L1mrc ;a
rrerveu i trio tctiOn o
the hev1et
ct rol1d portion o tc tr oils, ana
tbt th
other onct1tuont h.d dieppeared,"
Fro. 1923;
.
ane work ot
.
1OO
(hartnian,
1so refers to thjø
cine.)
H&rtman, i. I'., (19), referring to th work ot
eidrisehr, Stendal, (]r-rnny iU 1909:
'Ant;hrcer o21 conaiEtjn a1mott entirely of neutral
and h!h boi1in oils ha a treater nti8epUc 2trenth
than creosote o1 containir considerable quarititieB of tar
i10 r'ferrir
ttors oard:
t
1ezt poo',
cxtrct fron 1ethr.1 5pefioaI;hr hi.
U hol1iii; frctIcn3 tich are
stmt bt in actual scrvice becuee
to- re;Lt
vpert.Lon aii1 I o e
11ern
1:. C-a11rt, QtLn(it ann. thcrc.c
Cr,000 1i eIi recrjd TI r&T (1)'
It 1z ort.h not!n tnat, tiie 1on ljvea iericari
p1lo ctai:ed r
hap zi
t.hc mc st;
acids.
;trik1n
Ict
thr
oi1
tan
phthaIezie.
Per-
Lhe 1iap)earance or the tar
t e ccrt!nly concorvtive to place the ori1n1
37
tRr a'id at 5%, yct the exLrnct oil
ht tenth of
thie 'iovt It i po;bl tht there corpouxdz on
accoait if Llteir iydroxyl 1;roum have Leon xpod to wLryaount of ter
sir, tr tti
otiv ltgnin por
tion of th
to ths ncroue coxapoith prent In
creosote, 0r. tc. oti:r rAL, the ?hncl bodies riay have
teeri 1tiiizO. cr be*m waehec £roii tne I!nbr.
a
oo
it apert therefcre, tat 1It oils, boilir
il,
iair. in ti -1br, but tie heavy
v1l riot
ree
205
thraene oil will
1:;h perconta
1ef!itly protect the ood from decay
retmin .l'ot
viu
and bcrir arimls.
entl becn ov.'timate
bs not be'n
below
roved
ny
b
T a:o
oi' tar acids ha8 ap>ar-
eriis, for alt;hough it
,l'Leie, ti cy have been
'
io'in to pCzscs Jo
Von
ft-,a
threri..
iinticms fron
..
Pr ct:7.c1
(1) ?i
1'
Century of
prct1ce h.
irooi' pp
t.L1l eoin t,he view
or7LLto
to t
diiier!r 't!dely, each
Ct3..tin clLL8 stte.
t'in f
creo
t
To', tha to the work of icUviduals
cItie, th.; ie rencl:m:d to a
in number,
1'roi he othor.
d
oX'.3OOt
9ict:.ce,
point O1'
rurcu
Ic
th&t
bOr bu1lt OTk 'urope
.tfice of Toxicity Lt
r01t" (14
fada Dnd therie. of er1ier ve"s have
ven place to
sound corr.on sertse views. ¶Poday, neither naphthalene, nor
tar acid
fird iteif exalted to the most easential consttunts. The heavier oils are preferred. but it is understord that to obtain at a innble r,rice a cercia1
article w-tch
the h croduc t of e1other.tndu3tr7, consderrh1e lt1tue in cortstituerLts rst be allowed. Good resu1t hae ert obtained with cieoote d1ffer1n. widely in
their co cisltio7..
(3) }Ucth hoilin contjtuer4tC of creosote have coinpara-
tively hih toxic vluee.
Tm*e,.
or;e
"Coal Tar and Artirnonia," 5th Ed. 1916,
D. Van Norrvd & Cc., (30),
1901,
dcchur (Zanew. Cheu,
.
Vade nimerous hactc.j oio'ica1 i.riv ti>i; tions
erficeov of con.l t
poi
the
oil 'ni' which ;he acid cettuents
(the thenols) hd been renoved, for presorvinc wcod, coinprli. Its act1.on wIth that of zinc chloride. Hi exper
ent
crrried o.it 'Itb the
.lauc:n and
cor 1&do,
oloyient of oenicil1i-irn
that the destroyir
o' tr cils on tes crwi1sm hs
Ct ion
ro connection whatsoever
with their Oon$. ent of pehYols. It is indUferont wbether
the oils ontat much or little or nothiu. t 11 of these
"tear
cida." The s ion of' coal tsr, deprived of the acids
on those 'uni we
roe t1se as strong a that of zinc
39
ohiorido.
idenachur (tr eit.
)
1e,er' wi th pro os1v
r
tar at 1
o dry rot £Uy:i
'artu.
uazt itic of
d eoc to the wod
(rlt
onijn,
n) a. th
licr
uijctd b
e oil
th eu1s1or
1909, flo, 77)
o1.poz'uz
ioin soda soap,
uivtz1rt a & prcnt tar. oil.
the
ez2rtrrt thod t ht
lvr fit
e
tion
wen they tk u
7
.
pro t C
t tb.e slr n
c
oil uret
* ntnefo1
whIch b.ud
trs.ck br 16
of hi h boi1in,
eouritr.
In th railwa
a trace of detcrioraton by
g.;CtCi wiah coaIed
o t t n U rtly
snd thowc
ydrocrbons containi
net thr pheno
car'bcns.
roc, l92. pe h50,
etr.jnatto. r tt loxl.cI.ty of
(35),
od Prer'va-
tiwez
...s WOrk
tOX5
flV
4ve the
avt.tves, and r.pbs at ovti
ohs. in 1sct 1n the re-
as cQ'iuoted cjy wood flour
.ctnts .f vrIo p
ctini
djfi'nt
xic ;stri.l ae
to be
o1lr (o&1 t.r dij3.btes) boti
21i0 ei' * 20 dereee
at partiou1r
tnt t
ltiv tnori In toxicity of oil.
t;0
no. I after extractIon of acids and baae
2) which 1 a clear do ntrat.cr. o te
value or neutral hydrocer!,o"
lorest Products Lahortor
rcr,
pa:re 216.
known as oil no.
pre. scr'c.tive
,
Fr'c. 1914,
(17)
port dn1 wIth
This
ct.11
o:ei.
were ueed for obserration ¶or 4 f , 1,
specirrens of pi1ir were treU ted v
by re-distiUin a ood .rrue 0P ot1 tz
follows:
Fraction
I
0-205
H
250-295
ft
U
Above 320
"
II
n
U
ft
Tr
ai cile
1aphtIia1ene oils
ed c1
nth.rac3ne oil
In addition, a coal tr creorote
t
1cbec n ;;:rR
creosct were used. Pi1'
1914, examined 3anwry, 1916. with t!.. f
F'rictIon
Very zevre ttt.e b tur10
-lt:
Very severe ataek by toredo
H
ft
LL
T'V
U
ft
T
.kter
Coal tar creooto
,
Acids
The
:'c:tc
Te., C
,
t£
1'h
1i
, i.
.-ase .ck
tac1 b; tc3'o
Sllit attack b toredo
Modiuri
Pr'.c t I oa1l
ourd
Sligilt attack by torodo
Pr
tie.1iy
oLnd
zarUflOr, k. T.:
"Removal of Tar
koxioity,u md. nd Eng. Chom. 22:
167,
l9O. (9)
ncurd. i.yroc,ubono were round to be fully as ofve
tto per
coipounUs or the siue distillation
'4'
ran-e, while the tar bases wro found t
tiVClj 1t:htl7t t;ox:c
The
only comar
b
i;
uthor
slrahl6 e'foct of tht, preevo of trr aci
1'-. crecr
)e tr
oil aro not due to th h1i frra
acids, themselves4li
c1rnitz, Tenry, ond Bui, Str
Coal Tar Creosote wtth oec1ai
a arren Nor-to,d.c Oil." lid.
rx1 A.jon o
i.tcrice of
tferee
(hi)
The authore, cltinn. the
the presence of a barren or nc".
772, July 1932w
t:
ions of Batenian. Nowotnr.
study toward the etab)J.
it o;r the
Oi &
toxic oil in eo1 tar creosote. Te
of t)3ir
't.ces
reoe,
ret1.y ix thtr toty to oo
ork is cited: 8Tn coal tar
varyth
AlthOULh t;rre may be certain sibtaneis
ci
n
r
ro-
flote whicli ar esent1.alir rn-to,c1'.
ainount
of non-toxic substn
h
c't
io 1. 'e ntr. id.
o-clled hrren 011 cannot nror1
n.15erc. as
non-toxic to wood detro1nç fur::i. Ah
trtions of barren oil do not e lete1rrY:ft the:tr
growth, even relativ
snail aountr c,rt.
ctd o7Jc
i
.
ei.focts."
The niethod in thIs e
t.
L2
oil Into
frctc.e, fro
whIch 8 other prepratIons were
iaGe. ir.1v ore of -hee vxIli bo
here r. cr-tr to
;e enr.i trE!i.d,
nlriadv bo.. o11e to t!- !1'!. toxicit
of the iraeuon ciatil1In-r below 213 deree
Watht
this fractior 1trnteiv for 3 hour
w.th 30 'ercent uUuric
d a 15 ernt olii.
hydrox1de a
rrovin a whte rtr' l
1a
ich
forn& on eoolin did not 'retiv chnre
tx1 Ci71
0Atteflt.ion
In the
papers the utho rxlnt o
Phv
Char'ltschoff (J
C'ieir.
who "thowed th.. althou.c'h th pno1 rtd ii'
.uite toxic, theIr ore senc
the it ept
l')12)
corn-
far orooe h tl
pouzd eecurir, !n co
creae
e vcrk of
i.. e'eoote
n1
1:tht
'.nwerr o
pper :t,s
Dehnst,
to
ny
355_;, 1928
iem.
ti.at Dehnst co l3e
t;r
tre t.oicty
8ote to
Coiorbora c1ell
th
oi t
tar
t
anthracene, the olla bofl1n below 2
water $oluhle prodnets.
t;
reo-
r-'].-r thar:od by
ra1.ne, raw
er C, rr
Sc1 ,z, Vn So
Xarter (k2)
in their studIes of t.,p14t ad
he
Pur
tar creoote oil ext cted.frr yc3 oi
('oid
rvce forn th.t the oreoote extracted froi
e vricu zones of te tie examthed: "No conitent
iier:nce, ere
rent in the tar acid content of the
etrcte creosote, In man:r c2se. the t.r ,'cid content
of te creoeot9s extracted froii the outer oehalf inch of
th tie wc
or hIther th.n tht of the erorete cxtrctec. fror. ore 2 and
(Thit arourt;cd to roii 0
porc'rt to 1. perce ) yet the ant horn oirt ont that,
"ire of the iost irterestlnr facts browtht out by the
study' of the toxicity of the extracted creocotea i the
per1od
of
I,
1'
comparrtivcly low toxIcitT 01' the creoeote ex pcfe from
the oiiter one-half Inch of both tiee." In th cre there
eem to he lIttle correl,ition between tr cith' ?nd
'.,
nd Rowell, Di', L.
Dicu'stcn from floor
Proc. 1925,
Poole
ties troted wIth an oIl. of
(L)
troie'n r;F
108.
houc of 11n nd1catIn
ionr life from 1911 to 1925-no tioc re!noved froa the trck.
rf f
ahovo refereneoa or the work o'
better known woi'ker2 in t.he fIeld would cern to utff the
followiw; eorLcllutons:
1. The pr enee of tar rclde In creoeote oils
not
ncceaarI1y be an Index of the toxicity.
2. The phenols £o;ind
creosote, although
initiaU.y toxic, 'Ic not tend to stay ifl place iifter the
s put r4t;o srvce ovcr long periods of tthe. No
cubt. this t bc .use theIr 301Ub11117 In water s ;eneDal
ly
and tht.
otlin2; poInt somewhat low
The reva1 of tar acids wid biss £ .L (' coal tar
creosote co not preoiablj affect ts tox.cIty
4S
Creosote extrrotioris, after long, r'rIüde
and In
rvice,
pILe oi ther tar acid content, are IUely t
how
coapara rively low tox1c qualities.
cu:7.c
Prevjou
Of
tars ire deiendent on
tt the alIohtic or
vcr.l f.ctcr
turttci
ocL::hc.:T:
hr h.;b tir..:ro
ic jycLro-
carbons
L&.t'L.
ir t1 Case Of
yjf3.
osote
yield
pro.eice
with the
;hon that the
cr h
01'
J$t3i .iiøwn
..OLU1d
cci
the niontoxic
amounts
LL
I
10 or unsaturated
Xn otzsr words,
petroloutn oils ean he chei
coal tar
1&tO,IO3
:LC
the more ;nx
!cit.crs
01.
ketroicur c
to un"I nd
ood
troleum 011
tnd
or r
rici'.i.
5o
:re rot toxic
of It-c.
;5fl
ventt
lc'e
. or
(26) petroleum dilutenta for creosote oil have been used by
Vt1YOaOS ror treatin; ties and other purposes. The Use of
these dilutents has been mainly for the purpose of redciflg
th cost of tno treating fluid. The use of a 50-50 mixture
is quite a coninon ciution Lor treating ties and of course
when 50 pe-roent £u]. oil i a&iod, the oot i& reduc&i
natertally.
The additiorLs of potrolen oils will also reciucts tb6
toxicity becu8e they therelves are not tOXIC. SOL1LitZ
(It.0) conclide& that with the suraplea of crtosote tested, a
50_t50i.ixture will reunce the toxi1ty l/'(th arid. a 5-75
tue wIll reduce tht; OXiity 1/25th, etc :in adciltion
to the disadvantage or lower toicities o these nixturee
i also the tact that the mixtures will not penetrate the
o readily becausu of the hiEher V
mixt'ire.
wood
CO5it
o
th6
it has ben found, hosvem, that the nxturC has a
tendency to reduce cbock1ui
of the trctc iatriai because
c of the c.o( rnins in an oily condition and
prevots rapId chan:es in the surface fbi L5 content.
thc
rJ
I6
PART III.
Physical Properties of Each of
Creosotes
ste4
in order that a cOion round mlpht be had. for evaluatin the ability of oil tar creosote to act as a wood preservative, some of the physical properties of this oil will
be conpared to a standard Grade I coal tar creosote. These
properties include the specific ravlty, distillation,
viscosity, penetration, absorption, volatilization by heat,
leaching by water and the flash point.
Js 1-3ateman (8) points out, uThe similarity of wattr
as tar creosote and coal tar creosote makes it seem very
probable that in general the hydrocarbons i'oun in the
highly aromatic water ;as tars are the sare as those found
in coal tars. Benzol, toluol, xylol, naphthalne, phenan
threne, and uiethyl anthracene have been idonti led. The
most notable Ufferonce between coal ta creostes ar water
gas tar creosotes is the almost complete absone of tar acids
and tar bases in the latter and their presence in considerable amounts in the former. ecause of the la k of these
materials, the odor of water as tar creosotes is more oily
than the odor of coal tar creosotes.
'Tho chemical properties of water gas tar oreosotes are
in general the sane as those of coal tar creos 'tee from
which the tar acids and tar bases have been re.ved. Only
a very small proportion is reacted upon by caustic soda or
dilute mineral acids. Concentrated sulphurIc acid forms
many suiphonic acids which are identical with the suiphonic
acids produced from coal tar creoaotes.
"Because of the £reat similarity between water gas tar
creosotos and coal tr creosotes, the physIcal properties of
one material would in general be the seine as those of the
other. The same solvents can be used for both."
Color. 011 tar creosote resembles water gas tar creosote, but as has already been shown, there is more likilhood of a :reater percent of aromatic hydrocarbons in the
oil tar creosote because of the higher cracking temperature.
The ol]. tar creosote was found to be a greenish brown color,
remarkably free of any sludge or precipitates. The color
imparted to onderosa pine sapwood blocks was decidedly an
oily green.
The coal tar sample used was found to be a very blackish bro, Considerable amounts oi suspended iiaterial,
which in the solution dave the appearance of free carbon,
was found to be present. The color imparted to Ponderosa
pine sapwood blocks was almost coal black.
Both oreosotea carried the familiar tar odor.
No great difference in the character of the odor could be
determined. If anythIng, the oil tar creosote had a more
penetrating aromatic odor than the coal tar creosote.
Odor.
8
SpecIfic
Specific
rivIty
rav1ty determlnationt3 were made (18) of the
two creoote8 at difieront temporaturee.
Results are
ehoi in the following table nd accompanying graph.
Oil Tar
Cr000te
Coal Tar Creosote
Secif5.
1.037
1.07?
1.070
1. 02
3. 01
l.0b14.
25.0
33.0
142.0
1.057
Temperature-specific
Ofl the
ravity relationships are plotted
o11ow1ng graph and are essentially straight hues
over the ordinary range of temperatures.
It will be noted that the epecific gravity at
Is approxinately 1.02, slthtly lower than the
specifIcations :hIch call for a
38°
.LP.A.
pecUic gravity of not less
than 1.05, or a difference ol' .01.
This lower gravity may
be compensated for In part by the nature of the percentage
of the h1;her boIlIng fractions In the distillate.
DIstil1atons
The £oh1ing distillations made by two different
laboratorle8 according to standard procedure aee fain
closely In the results.
As will be noted upon examination
of the graph, the aecurnulatjve distI1].tIcn up to 270 Is
approximtely the same for both samples of creosote.
0,
Above
however, the oil tar creosote shows to be higher boil-
'49
ing. Front 315 to 355 there Is
difference Gf about 1O Ui
t
the curves for oil tar and coal tar creosote sampler examined.
This difference in the distillation rane shows up in
the volatilization tests, particularly in the watch glass
tests, viz., the big ter boiling oil showe less volatiUzation.
Distillation of the sernple of coal tar creosote supplied by the Pope and Talbot Lwn.ber Company and the oil tar
creosote suppliod ty the Portlsnd Gas and Coke Coipany were
made by the Iepartnt of Chemical iinoerinF, of the
Oreion State ColleL
(18).
The results follow:
Coal Tar Creosote
Fraction
No,
Temperature
Do . C.
% by Weight
0-210
210-235
235-270
270-315
315-355
6.69
6.17
26.17
23.82
23.00
Residue
above 35
over
7
Par Acids
0.0:3
0.221
O.L17
0.729
0.000
Acoumu-
aye
6.69
12.b6
39.05
62.b5
85.65
100.02
50
osote
Gasco
Frac t Lon
No.
Tempera
Do
0210
210-235
235-270
270-315
315-355
iiC iidue
above 355
2
by Weigh
over
10.77
lb
I
21.96
17.38
20.98
30
.r icids
Aecxriu3. at I ye
0.0
0.0
0.103
0.157
0.0
0.107
4.,77
i_c
36.39
51..27
75.2
99.
0.367
061 flee
the tai acid deterznination uporA the email fractons is not too accurate, it wac decided to make determinatonz on the mtles thomseive& without distillation.
The coal tar creosote ave 3.62 and the Gaco tar creosote
0.36 percent by weic;ht of tar acids. Note that the determinations on Gasco ehockect the totals of the fractions
while the deternilnatlon on the coal tar creosote was appreciably hiher
hi2 is due to the fact tht.t .he coal tar
material 1;cnds
form an emulsion when treated without
distillation an.d the residual tar oils which do
nt satis-
factorily seprito build up volume which apears as tar
acid. I bejive the value of i.31.. percent to be represon
tative since the Gasco iaterIa1 checked so closely
The following distillations were iade in the laboratory
of the Portland
and Coke Company (L.3). In general they
check rather c1oo1y with those ade t the State College.
Water,
by Vol.
batter insoluble
i
Benzol
ecific Gravity,
33/15.5
011 l'ar
Creosote
(Li
Coal Tar
Creosote
Sec1fioatione
26
ot over 3%
0.01%
0.3%
Not over 0.5%
1.019
1.062
Not less thai
1.
-t
Not over 5%
Not over 25%
Distillation
up to 210
to 235
to 270
5% Wt.
15.1
37.3
to 315
to 355
Residue
52.1j
72.7
26 .a
1.1
Las a
Coke Re&idue,
0.11
Tar Acids, % by
None
of Original
Volume
:c$
1.0
60.8
81.5
17.0
1.76
Not over
None
VO1ati1ity--WOod Block Tests
i:n order to determine the relative resitanco of the
preaervttve to volatIlization after bein injected into
wood, nd to reteriIne the effect of this volatilizatIon on
fungus growth, four wood blocks, prepared a described
under atholoIc1 Study, were prepared with each of the
fo11owir, 'eeervatIvoa:
oa1 tar creosote 100%
011 tar creosote - 100%
Untreated control
Each set oi these blocks wxs placed in the oven and
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52
held at a temporature of 160° F. for
bou
they :erc reiiovd iimd weihod. They were
the oven and left for another 214. bour t
at which time
placed ifl
am
e tamo ternp&ra-
tixre, removed and weighed. The percerAt loss in weight was
then eomputec. oi t basis o' the original i;ht in order
to
the ec:arac1ve. volatIlIty of the preeervatives
under examination.
The temperature of 160° F. was used for
th1 test on the b
described b Hubert (2I) for the
maximum temperature lIkeli to be found as a direct result
oi
GXhJ5UL
to
riys.
he
xaiziiriat1or of
!al1owIr
table and urvaa shows
that the oil u.r cxosote as used in t.hese teit is of
about th szi;e volitiUty
the sazple of coal tar creo-
sote tested.
The blcc1s thus treated were later used in Kolle flask
tests to determine the effect of volatility of toxicity.
No attack by the fun,us was noted.
-
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53
ample
Proserva-
Wt.
% Lost
up
left
214 lire,
of
Free.
tivo taken
Wt. in Grams
after
in
Creosote
2.90
l.62
b&0
?_!9 77
1.52
Ii
I .b
loft
after
S
56.0
1.1402
5? '2
1.563
41.8
1.287
2.896
3.191
3.348
2.697
Ave. 3.033
1.52
1.89
2.15
1.629
1.796
47.5
0,5
1.405
1.701
1.576
,
in
48 hrs.
1.2??
1.19
1.27
ye. 2.727
Coal Tar
Creosote
% Lost
214. hz's.
214. lire.
Oil Tar
Wt. of
Free.
3. . l2
.14.52
53..
52.2
53.6
a
.0
.0
51 1
L
Precedin table shows the result of volatility tests
on wood blocks preserved in the usual fashion and placed in
an oven at 160 degrees P. f or 48 hours. Weihts taken at
the end of 24 and 14.8 hour periods. It was assumed that the
moisture in the wood blocks was almost entirely evaporated
after 24 hours at 160 degrees I. The calculated oven dry
wei.hts were threicre used as the basis for computing the
percentages expressed.
In order to further evaluate the two samples in respect
to their resistance to vo1at1ization and to check the results ol the wood block tests of volatility, watch glass
tests were de according to the following procedure:
Twenty cc of the preservative fluid, as nearly as could
be measured with a burette, calibrated in tenths of a
was measured out into open glass dishes which had previous
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been carefully weic.hed. The weight of the fluid and container wzs then taken and recorded. The four diehea were
then pi.ced in a drying oven at 160 degrees I:. and left for
2I. hours. At the twenty-four hour period the dishes were
weighed and replaced in the oven. At the end of another
hours the weihts were ain taken on each
our
samples arid the percentages computed. The reu1te are in
the followlrzr thbie and ;rahs
Wt. of fluid Wt. of fluid
in ;rama behi
ms at
tore placIng end of 21g. bra.
050
Vt. of fluId
in rama at
Loss
end of 18 bra.
In oven
Oil tar
creosote
20.869
6.97
S
15.37
21.03
15.898
25.09
Coal tar
creosote
21.20
17.
18.39
Leaching Tests with Water
Leaching tests wore made under conditlous similar to
those used by Tubort (2i). Ponderosa pine sapwood blocks
iore cut to a size of x 1 x 2 inches so that the blocks
could be subsequently used in Kollo flask teats. The
blocks were conditioned in a desiccator over a saturated
neutral salt solution until they had reached an equilibrium
of 12.2k% moisture content. Six blocks were selected,
weihed and then trtod in the way as described under
Pat o.icid 3tudy with the following:
No. of ilocks
Preservative
2
Coal tar creosote 100%
Oil tar creosote
1O
Untreated controla
as soon as the excess preservative had been removed
2
b
placing the treated block8 on clean b1ottin. paper, the
weight of each block was again taken and recorded.
The
blockz treated With the same preservative were then placed
toethei in cuart jars, and clear tap water
run Into the
jars t the rate of 20 changes per hour. The blooke remained submered. in the water near the top of the jar and
were held th that. position by the hose which eupplied the
water. A].1 blocks were subjectec to this uthod of leachIn .thr a riod of 114. days except that on the fourth, ix
eihth, eleventh, and thirteenth day the blocks were removed ad 1aod In. the atmosphere o the laboratory az
left to stand for a period of eiht hours. after which they
were returned to the water leaohin.: process. It was thought
that In this way the alternate wetting and drying would more
nearly approxLnate service conditiona.
At the ed of the leachjn irooesa the blocks were
dried at .room temperature for 18 hours and replaced in the
desiccator uritiJ. they had reached an equilibrium moisture
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content. This was verI'led b the *tIht of tho untre.ted
control blocks. After reachin' e tlibriuci the blocks re
again vghed and the amount and percent o :he preservative
lo8t iurin;; th ieachin; process w found as shown in the
fol1owir table
Preservative Ori4nal Wt.of FInal t. of
rreaervative ?resorvat1ve
Oil tar creosote 3.020
2 175
3.060
Coal tar crooto
3
3. Ob
Untreated ontrol 0.000
Lost
Ave.
LOst
27.98
2.20
.55
0.000
The aocompanyin bar chart also shows the relationship
of each of the preservatives zo tested to the percent of
wei;ht lost. it will be noted that there Is no strIkin
diLXcrce between any o the preservatIves testc. The
coal tar creosote shows a sli:ht sdvantae In the m.ttor 0
resistance to leaching.
The leachcd. blocks were then placed in Kolle fltsks
cultures and incubated. Tb results are shown later lfl the
report.
Penetration and Jbsorption
PenetratIon nd absorptIon are &rected by several
factors such as tenperturo of he liquid, vIscosity of a
liquid, pressure used In the applicatIon ai1 the tIa wider
57
treatment.
In the initial invetigat1ons of oil tar creo-
sote it wa round that the oil flowed freely into the wood.
an Initial study 01 the penetration, two short piecee of
2 x 6 Pond&rosa pino were sawed from the acine board one
ece wa sot on end in
inch of coal tar creosote and the
other s on end in - inch. of oil tar creosote and allowed
to stand for tvonty minutes, After exposing to the air of
the laborto' for two weeks, the pieces were 8plit 1on;
tudinafl and the end penetration noted. The average depth
of penetration parallel with the ;rain was 1.25 inohee for
the coal tar creosote and 2.5 inches for the oLl tar creosote. These penetrations are shown in plate 2. It was
believed that this was a Lair measure of the comparable
penetrat1g ability of the two croosotes tested. Iowever,
it was deexned dvisbje to continue the study of penetration and absorption wider eoiercja1 pressure treatjnE
oono.it ions.
Thirty-one Dour-las fIr postc ware selected and treated
at the pilot lant of the Pope and Talbot Lumber Uompany
creosotin2 plant !.n 3t. Helene, Ore;on. The lo of the
treating operation is as follows:
57A
S
PLATE NO. 2
End penetration of coal tar creosote (left) and
oil tar creosote (right) on 2 x 6 Ponderosa
pine during 20 minute dipping period.
R. H. Rawson
TREATMENT REPOkT
Oreon State Col
FO1
ON
CLIMNi !
OUR NO.
0
Started,
Date
St. }
trr
Li.
PLANT
N
RE?OiT NO.
RECORD OF J3ATH
9/20/39
Hr.
5:50 p.m. Endec., Date
Hours in Bath
Hour
TEMLAURE
At Start 190 De
Maxirnwi
190
At End
190
Started 7?30
VACUUM
in. Vaouuzi
Max.
A1 ?5U:. o:. I1ITIAL VCUJ
Ended 8:30
Lbs. Ins.
Hours
OIL PRJ.SCUhL
started 9/21/39
r.
9:1i5
PhE.TJRES
At Start
At End
tir.
85
Inded 9/21
kJours under pressure
LPATflES UNThiR PFSURE
At Start
5 lbs.
130
At End
"
135
155
Maxiniuui
1
EXPANSION BATH
Started 9'21/39
Pr. 1l:i.5
Ur. 9;15
ours IA
£nded 9/21/39
Bith
2
TE:FLA TIJRES
During Expansion Bath
At start
13
20
208
Maximum
At End
des.
"
N
"
N
FINAL ViOUUM
Started 12 N
ax. inches
Ended
1 P41.
TOTAL TIJJING TLE
o. Poe. Dimension
Total 1. hre, 00 mtn.
Zin. Inches
:Lrs.
19
nth LIn.or Bd.
4x14.
210
Portland Gas & oke Company oreosoe used
31
this material.
Cubic
175
treatment of
59
14" x 14"
T4iD
5'O" POSTS
ITh GAG0 C ..00'E
Piece VO1W2IS Green Treated Moi8ture Gain Gain CorrecNo.
in
Weight weight percent
#/F tion in
cu.ft. In
;rore
#/CF
in #
P.- 1
0.627
0.589
23.50
F- 2
P.- 3
0.b27
2i..5T5
P.-
0.60d
0.60d
0.627
14.
P.- 5
p
6
F-
7d
F- 9
P-b
P-Il
P-12
P-13
P-114.
P-15
P-16
P-17
P-18
P-19
P.-20
P-21
P-22
P-2
P-2i
P-25
P-26
P-27
P-2o
P-29
P-30
P-31
36.85
18.750
20.500
24.750
26.125
25.625
2b.000
20.875
23.125
26.750
0.608 21.75
214.000
31.14.6
0.608
0.692
25.;75
23.500
26.375
140.15
0.6Li. 29.25
0.590 23.5O
20.25
30.250
25.250
25.625
23.000
22.000
214..375
2d.72
36.02
35.13
33.26
32.52
0.590
0.60
0.590
0.622
0.590
0.599
0.617
0.570
0.627
21i.125
25.750
-
214..U75
214.000
23.000
0.627 20.75 23.500
0.609
35.19
32.27
29.31
-
36.5
37.51
22.500 25.000
14.9.36
29.29
30.70
29.32
29.00
28.77
32.o2
0.625 22.75 26.500
0.590 2!i..250 2.O0O
0.627 23.500 2.750 39.68
22875 25.375 37.05
O.671j. 22.125 22.250 2i.5
O.614.b
0.636
0.599
0.627
21.125
22.500
26.125
27.750
.500
d.L.000
26.000
27.250
b.500
32.3o
32.99
28.21
32.63
Tota113 715.503 779.500
7.014.
7.37
O.L.
1.750
1.875
2.375
2.375
1.250
1.125
2.97
I.55
3.75
5.21
31U
5.o1.
2.750
2.000
3.000
2.625
2.500
3.625
.750
1.250
2.500
3.125
2.b75
3.500
1.125
.750
4.11
.90
3.5
3.39
63
6.66
3.91
t.22
7.714.
LL.03
t$..011.
2.01
1.91
5.57
5.65
i.0
7
.29
!.14,6
14.73
5.51
t.7b
3.30
6.di
7.8
14.19
14.11
2.97
7.L
5.80
1.27
1.99
p.82
4.614
p.00
i.52
8.80
8.oZ4.
5.88
10.03
9.70
2.71
3.50
5.50
1.68
3.93
7.35
7.95
20
3.09
3.09
2.65
'1.20
5.79
-
.81
614. 000
Avero
After
0.U2
6.86
.o25
22.750 53.96 2.625
20.625 2.375
22.000
20.000
3,.51
2.625 i..19
1.500 2.5w.
1.625 2.59
2.125 3.50
2.b25 L.32
2.000 3.1
2.125 3.50
26.000 *.03 2.500
25.750 27.000
23.750
20.125
32.114.
Net
Gain
in
18.22
3.35
14.27
7.62
0
loh *e'e plaoed In the Ore
Thee po
Cc11e;e School of
oretr7 Tent ;round,ave retatned n
avri;e tborpt.ir of
rervgtIve per
i.iI&tton
thriiL
o
7.E62
ceci1
cub1c fOtj
zi itte
;
ter,t.Cn r.(r
i:
jvt.
t
h&.
-rr;
tzOOt
£z
,:t .r
.
t
Points
1
2
3
$
C;r(r
6i
The .enetration was then measured midway between the
corners as fo11ow:
B
A
C
D
Th
Incisor nurks showed a penetration
appr x.imate
ir fo -tctis of an inch f'ron the surtaoe.
Post 28
A
POiflt 1
Point 2
.65 inches
.65 inche8
.75
.85
.6o
C
.6o
"
D
80
"
Avo. .70 inches
Point
Point
.55 inches
.55 inchee
"
.93
'
.80.
"
.6o
t
.70
"
U
.725 inches
.712 Inches
.60
.65
.725 inches
?oLt. 26
A
.60 inch
.80
C
D
"
nches
U
25
.30
Ave. .71.2 inches
.75
inchos
.80 inches
U
U
.80
.65
.712
U
.70
.75
nchea
.737
Inches
.70 inches
'OST NO. 26
The section here
Treated with oil tar creosote under commercial conditions.
shown corresponds to the desinated points mentioned in the table. Point 1
is at left, reading 2, 3, and L, left to right.
POST NO. 28
The section here shown
Treated with oil tar creosote under commercial conditions.
corresponds to the designated points mentioned in the table. Point 1 is at left,
reading 2, 3, and L, left to riht.
20
)40
TEMPERATURE -
30
RELATIONSHIP FOR WOOD
PRESERVA.T lyE SAMPLES
50
VISCOSITY - TEERATTIRE
70
80
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6
PART IV
Patholo1cal Stufl
4
0
'
oion of
;
-
tr;:ino t.1e e1;i.y& oxicit
o
tr crco. .e -ocaur6 .n roi1t
Uie .oilow1n;;
:re 1
IL
iiJ. e LTcind
ri
o:d'xoted. ir
x'jt
;e10
of
O
c.ciret.ve
tie tu
In ut
dirEh10
Oortfl c: :frc
t in
Lrle ciocription
tUt5.
L&d.
taorou..n. a
ohs wa oø mid.
Tc,redure were follcwsY. in
the f1rt.
eeonC sri(k L.X1c.
order to e-
iao r:laiive ox1c1Li.a, idter
C.iral
otict1n,.., tac
firEt
virie. Into to
S6ri6E or cInt1c:
tiLl0
and oil
cisjon
C.
tuc
,iic
coo
ooi.J. t:
The procedure cf ;he
iou1t therfor6 £11cw
tahuit.tjon ol r ulti a found
01
Selection
0
iiethod
In
.rhIn for a natifc;ory netbod c dctcrmfl.
the to 1c:t of t )r orvit1ve
well az the abilIty o
Lic pr: CrViYO te reist 1athi and volit.i1izat.on +
the wooC
ire .t.dIed.
thc
di.ii atioi4 ie
0
nerul xothcc'.
e of tioe
uecn
65
widely u8ed for the deterL!11nnion of the toxic point o
preeervativea. This iethod, known also ts the irnerioan
method, ha oeen the basi8 for niost of the toximctric
dterination' i'taie bT Amerien nvtictor. Humphrey
ite lly. 3om
&rd 'lemin (2S) detcribc thiø method
variaton as to the type and oreparat ton o riedia are usd
v ti tor, but all nix the preervat.1v
b u11orent
wi.th the
nd inoculate wIth the desireä Uin
edi
The other ethods, 1ioi as the *od bloek method, or
the 1rope.Lfl ithod i qufte neralIy ue br t'ie Europ
ixvetiz.tor. It i
1ai;ed s Punt (26) o1nts out that
It more nurcesirable
tLie iocd. 1ock ethod i.
thieh wooá will dcy ir
CdiLjn.
ly eas:
wood
flabu, .daiph (35) oncliccs
eriian nd 'asso;hoc. i thc bit.ter oi the to
block
p.
*
elates (L17) ci the li Telephone 1hor.tori ia u:e a
oc1.,
31itV1fl:,
ni
cod DIOCk
c_Ia1 ad
superior totn; t;ar or petri diSh ritiOd Ytfieid,
iur
,rodurc th
alw ujc tr 0
L1
n-.
(2?) ciecrihe the :i'1 :n&;hod. f
Lo voct block iethod. u5rt (2t4) h
toc with eelient .ozu1ts.
O
S:Inc ttc wziod block nethod in olle .1aSa 8L
be heli In hih fa,or b iuropean Lnve8tt;ators, has become
ror
loc
1nereasIn1y Important in tthe United States, nd has becomø
a generally accepted procedure (3) aon worers in
66
United States, it was concluded that this method would be
most logical and most productive for present nd Iiture
comparisons of data. It has been estimated by some workers
that the procedure followed in this study may give results
comparable to 25 years
service. It follows, therefore,
that in lieu of service esta, this procedure is the best
one available for obtaining not only the toxicity but also
the action ci' a preservative over a period of time.
Selection of Wood for the Host
In order to conply with standard procedure, 'ondorosa
pine sapwood was seleoted as the wood to b impregnated
with the preservatives and subsequently subjected to the
action of fungus. The pine aapwood was obtained from
Shevlin-lflxon Company, Bend, Oregon.
Ill of the samples
used in the first study wore from the same board, the wood
of which showed a specific gravity o±' .506 and 29 rings per
inch. Since Ponderosa pine is generally considered nondurable, especially the sapwood, it waa believed that this
material uld represent about the worst condition in respect to the effect of the inherent durability of' the wood
to show in te results. Also It was believed that by selecting all of the naterIal from one 12 foot board, all
samplea would have equal properties, thereby eliminating
several variable factors.
67
Preparation of Wood
jiee
The wood was allowed to season for one year in a
heated room. The moisture content reached by this seasoning was approximately 10 percent. The 2 x 6 12 was then
ripped and planed to ii" x 2" from which inch sections
were cut by means of a band saw.
Conditionin of Samp1e
In order that all of the amp1e blocks be of the sane
moisture content, both for determining the moisture content
on the oven dry basis as well an for e1iinating the factor
of ununhfox'm moisture content at the time of iinprenation,
350 sample blocks were placed in a desiccator over a Batu-
rated solution of sodium chloride end left to stand for
four weeks. It was found that by this procedure a uniform
moisture content of 11.97 percent was obtained. Moisture
content was found by weighing every tenth block and placing
in a drying oven at ioL. deress C. until no further loss in
weight or the sample could be detected. The percentage was
then computed on the oven dry basis, and this percentage
uned for computing the oven dry weight of the impregnated samples.
Selec ion 21: Fungus
After examinir:; the work of a number of investigators
who have dcne considerable work on toxicity of wood pre-
6
ervativee, and upcm the recommendation of Dr. iluber
Lensitee trabea and Poria incraseata were selected as the
two organisms with which to work. The basis for this
selection was the fact that both of these fagi arc quite
generally found in actual service conditions, both react
well under laboratory conditions nd both have been previously used in experimental work. In spite of the fact
th5.t the strain of Fomes annosus, known as Madison 517,
ha been more widely used tn experimental work than the
two selected, it is seldom found under general service
conditions.
Cultures o± both fungi were obtained £ror the Forest
Products Laboratory, adtson, ieconsin.
Preparation of ilaaks and Med1
The malt agar media was prepared by the following
formula: (U.S.D.A. u.11etin 316)
1000 cc distilled wato
25 grams Dlfco malt extract
15
rama agar
f the prepared media was poured into
each Kolle flask. The flask plugged with cotton end the
asks then sterilized in an autoclave under 15 pound.e gauge
of steam for a period of 20 minutes. The flasks were then
cooled and inoculated with the desired fungus. The fungus
260
wa allowed to grow for i4 days under incubation at
One hundred
69
at which time most of the flasks had developed a mat over
the entire surface of the aar nedia. A few flasks inoculated With Porla incrassata required slightly longer
for the funus mat to completely cover the surface of the
media. All contaminations were rejected arid. new media
prepared for the contwitnated flasks. At the end of the
two weeks incubation period most of the flasks were ready
to receive the preserved wood blocks.
Treatment of Wood Blocks
The wood blocks were taken from the desiccator and
weighed on a delicate triple beam balance. A number of
weights were checked on the analytical balance in order to
eliminate any error. Since the weights checked almost
identically, this method of wehirig was used, After the
weihte were taken and recorded, the same wood blocks were
immediately placed in a jar fitted with a coparatory funnel and hose outlet for a vacuum pump. The desired number
of blocks were placed in the jar, covered with glass beads
and the top of the jar sealed. The vacuum pump was then
started and a vacuum of 2.2 inches of mercury draim for a
pex'iod of thirty minutes. The preservative of the desired
concentratIon was then ict into the jar without breaking
the vacuum after whIch the wood blocks were allowed to
stand In the preservative for thirty minutes. After im-
7Qi
pregnation the blocks were removed, placed on
eS rods
and allowed to drain and stand for 2L. hours in the labora-
tori after which the blocks were replaced in the desiccator
'or 72 hours before weighing the second time. The second
*e1.gbin was, of course, for the purpose of determinin the
amount of preservative taken up in each case.
In order to t the lutions, Stoddard Solvent was
used as the non-toxic oil. Jill percentages re expressed
in percentages of wai,ht. The spcif to rvit of each
material used was deteriiined rind from these specific
ravittes the number of nil required of each substance was
computed.
The followin concentrations were used:
N
Pr t
cal Tar Creøeote
cc reosote
100.
0.
11.16
57
93
2.22
1.78
1.
1.
1.187
.2
.1
CC solvent
0.
67.3
110.27
117.7
92.5
95 .7L.
273.0
397.9
39
:;28..1
1499 .i4
5
1U5
499.7
After conditionin, weibing, impre3nat1orL, and aain
conditj.onin and wetghin the samples wero placed in the
Kolle flasks, Two impregnated samples were placed in each
tlak, and in most cases a third block of untreated wood
was placed In each flask to act as a control. Transfer of
wood blocks to the flasks was made in a strile tranafr
roorn In order
avoid contsmlnation. The 3 millimeter
class rods which were placed on top of the funu mat to
receive the wood blocks. The untreated blocks were
stcrilized in boilIng, water before placing In the flask.
The imprenated blocks were not sterilized because it was
thought that If the concentration of Preservative was not
sufficiently etron to kill any fungus spores hioh ml t
be on the surface, neither would it kill or Inhibit the
fungus to which it was exposed. The laee rods wero used
in order that the wood blocks would not pick up an oxcessive amount of moisture from the agar, which would in-
hibit the growth of the Thrius. Also, the sirface of the
wood betr free rom the agar weuld. better accommodate the
growth of the fungus on all six sIdes of the block.
Four wood blocks were iiprnated with each of the
concentrations listed on the preceding page, two blocks
being placed In the flask with Lenzitcs trabea and two
blocka In £lak with Porta Inerasata.
Re suits
After incubation for a perIod of eL;ht weeks at 260 0.,
the blocks that were exposed to Lenzites trabaa were removed
7
from the flask. The blocks e,osed to Poria inorassata
were rwovsd £ron the flask at the end of the tenth week.
iie surface myceliuu, if any, was brushed off and the
blocks p1aeed in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and
allowed to $tanO. untIl no further loss in weiht could be
tected, In order to allow for volatility during the incubatior period the following, procedure was used: 20 unattackcd blocks were used for the basis:
Ori1na1 Preserved Weiht - oven dry weight equals
weibt of preservative.
Finished Preserved Weight
oven dry weiçht equals
weight of pros rvat1ve
at conclusion of tests,
Oriina1_weight of preservative
ins1 weiht of
preservative x 100 equals Original weIht of
preservative
Percent of Prese vative &5L
*
i!z Time in Kolle Li
This percntne of loss was then applied to each
treated block to make the necessary correction for vola-
tility.
The moisture free weight of the wood blocks as found
as described above was then ueeã as kh5 basis for computing
the percent of weight lost from the wood blocks, The per-
centae is based on the igina3. weight ci the block before
it was placed in the Kolle flask.
73
The reu1ts are 1ven in the fo11ow1n tables
aoconipanying gx'apha:
Table showing loss in weight of individual sample
blocks impregnated with different ooneentz'ations of
Coal Par Creosote after incubation period of 8 weeks
with Lezites trabea.
714.
C OflCOfl
Sam-
trat ion pie
percent
Computed Adjuatod oiatur Percent Ave.
Oven Dry Oven Dry Free Wt. Loss in % Loss
e1ht
Wei;1it
14. 2
L..6o1
::
B
i4..673
C
J4..3t33
1.289
B
)4.909
C
.6 0
A
.702
c.6
B
x.
B
1i.75
C
A
.562
AWet
.119
B
c
A
B
C
A
B
14J14.0
k.bil
.11
.01
14.1160
- .700
14.601
'J wt 14.722
A
B
11.565
De3iccat ion
iter in- .eih.t
ion
9.0
:31
L.69a
1.30
I..921
3.39
.2
3.i
3.14.8
.1
l4..31
3.51
.t.
3.72
3.89
3.32
3.37
.02
3.05
.1
3.
3.145
3.fl
3.11
l. .3
3.95
3.67
.2
28.0
26.
22.
293
32.3
8.5
29.3
.2
20.5
i8.i
52.
15.9
-
2
:2
19 .
2.1
9..
-
31.7
31 .7
22.
23.14,
z8.i.
*1
25.9
8.
12.3
1. .2
32,14
29.1
17. 2
øztr
q ;o povcI uoqnou
zoj iTM
o uovjueouoo
pu aooa1xo
tp& peu?oxdwT ueq ait
ooq
GTdU2 tPPTP'T JO TT9Lt
UT
U*OT(9
t4IZ
rceso.
Atvo.
Conn- 3ui- Ccmittd idutcd .Io5..eture
tratton plo Oven Dry Oven Drl Free Wt. Loss in % Loss
e.It
perccr-it
100
eLt
iVtor in- e1iat
6.31
6.30
cubat Ion
6.
6.
Ij.7
144
A
A
B
.621
C
.0
A
B
1i..14.38
iJ
1k17
tJ2
C
A
B
t. .0
.66
C
23
90
A
B
C
J.779
)..9l3
A
B
.33
t.z4
C
14.5w
A wet
:.I09
l.L35
I.788
.6
3.22
3.7
1.7c
12.6
31.2
6.0
2.L.
5.3.
L.O0
2o.0
9.6
29.5
1.14.
20.1
17.
___
3.05
.00
.1
14..93
A
B
). 15
.779
A
.59.
3. ..
L4..586
.l8
B
14..622
C
.66
.530
A wet
B
C
.
20.3
14.923
.00
C
2
3.9L.
3.66
2.62
3.53
B
wet
J6i6
Benzol added to solvent.
.27
3.14.7
,
3.
2..1
27,5
21)..9
io.2
20.1
2o.
L,
:4itfl}t tiJtL
Ir
lTr
:
t
I[UI.F
tT
.
T4
:
.
.
.:
S
r
14I
I
:
J
I
L
-.
E
.
::4
4
i4
.
.
I
.
.
:
L4
llt
1
1
:I.j
I
+LL
iiiEI
4tflt
4
I
-4
ii
l-t--J
'
-
I.i_
-j
j4'it
r
-
I
-_T_4-1
_1-.tl1
-.
t;
-
-
Ttr IT
tt t
.
:
f
------- j
r
;
lIf+
.
4
F
r
1
ft
hL
.
-
5
............... -I11-.
.
_
I,.
-
I
-f
1-
I
t
U
- .......... .........
h4
-- .:,t
I
Jt1l
t
-
F
.1
I
l
I
L
I
I
1
I
1
11
I
1
II
1
Ii
.. . IL
-
II
1
I
t
r
I.
II
-
I
Ii
H
I1LIL*I1
Ij
LLL
III
I
4
I
I
5
I{
ii
frf
IL
4JI
T
h
IJjj
:
77
Table show1n lose In weight ot individual sample
blocks that have been impregnated with ttferont
concentrations of Oil Tar Creosote aftor an Incubat.on period of 8 weok with Lenzites trabea. C
is control.
8
Concen-
Sam
tration pie
percent
100
Computed Adjusted Moisture
Oven Dry
Weight
£
14496
B
11..b31
C
Oven Dry Free Vet.
Weight
after in-
oubation
6.27
6.57
Percent Ave.
Loss in % Loss
Weight
6.0ti
6.
0
5.07
A
11
.1
A
.507
60
138
5
L.5Ij1
.7b0
.2].
346
3.165
3.16
.67
26
'3
8.08
30.ii.
28.9
28.9
21.2
23.3
2.0
2 .2
lb .6
354
20.9
13.2
:L7_.7
22 1
15
3.13
19.2
27.7
.23
23.1
1.
Table sowin& loss in weight of individual sample
bloks that have been iipren*tcd with different con
ceritritjons c Qil Par ereoaote after an incubation
of
weeka with ?oria incrassata,
a
p.0.
*
21.8
23.7
2.68
wet 14.90
wet 5.93
2.
lt?.L1.
.2
i8.o
3.71.4.
2.81.
3.d6
3.51
2i.1.
3.35
2
3.2
39,
17.
18.6
16.14.
18.1
3?'
14.i473
.52]. !3
2
3.66
3.55
19.L.i
2.1
.00
3.75
14.65 14.
i4.4L9.
1
4..702
i.7I3
C
B
A
0
t)
A
.,
.5
(I
B
A
C
B
A
2
10 k.
1.3t7
I
14..??
1.
.k96
L
t.to
.0
.5.
51.
.20
.
26
14.780
..
319
.1
1.6
i4..51
1.b2
7
14.b22
14.562
1..14O6
____
.
t.52
,1
d
5.2314.
.10
5.10
.i5
.;
c
I
A
a
.Li9
14..
).it
14.767
.390.
5.106
-*
A
c
B
A
12
13
t.5O3
A
C
5.71
6.09
eubation
Los %
Ave.
Wetht in- stter
in Loss Wt. Free
5.62
5.88
Weight
Dry Oven
J,..290
L616
ei>ht
Dry Oven
Percent Moisture Adjusted Computed
B
A
100
percent
pie tration
Sam-
Concen-
8i
Table showin
the perot
wood lost when exposed to
or weight of entreated
8
weeks incubation with
rungus in Rolle flasks.
Leriite, tbci.
Cri. Wt.
4
t!oi thre
Content
Control
Flask
Flask I
B.
or1a jtcrasat,a
Computed
oven dry
wt. of
wood alone
Dry Wt
at end o
8 wksperiod
% to
second Serioc of Echo Flask Test
Check
Obietiy
The objeetive of this series of tetts was to deternine.
rnori - ._,
c.rat1ve toxIitr :.1 thc t'vo creozotes
st tho i2h.bitin
t
de bi.se
ound that the
S
:.
nuib er r
nc..r the inhibit In. poInt were not fff'1ternIr1n;
curate reu1t, It wu Iso ntc
dent for
8ry to ci'ck ih
non 01 t soavtt
the frit series
of tz becu& it
sound. t:t t ;dturo of ptroiewii.
solvent uci aromt1 creosot, orrned piecipitte almost
t:
m
co:L
(IeosOto and within
a rw dis with te oil tar .rcoaote1
l'i'ocedurc
rt!n chan.
serits
L.st8 in
procedure were lollowoc. in the sCCOr.
ter to oorp1y with he standard pro-
CEdUre (33)
Since t.hce chzn;e sccd declrable the ooedure
the second serIe
:iven in brief fo
l iln dried onderoa pine bJ.ocs, 1-3/8 x 2 inches
cross section by 14. inch in thickne; ero teed.
2, Blocks onctioned for 21 dáy in a desiccator over
a saturated solution 01, sod1w broiide &t a te:aper.ture of
23 degrees C.
!.
was
of pressure a ct minutes 30 of period a for' exhausted
attached. were line vacuum and funnel tory
flask
The
sepaz'a- a hieh to fLsk pint one a In placed were blocks
i1 weighing, After Blocks. Test of Impregnation 6.
benaci. of' action the study to order in blocks control four
used was Benzol
100
'S
treatir in
5,
Creosote
'S
10
percent 5
used: were concentrations
foflowing the tests 1eehin and volatility For tests. city
straight for used were concentratIons These
toxi-
'S
6
6
3
ht I we
oil
and
0
Creosote percent 1
concentrations: following the g.ive to
basis the on benzo3. with diluted were creosote tar
Preservative, of Preparation 5.
tar coal
Both
taken. be to eamples of
number greater a allowed also This incrassata. Poria than
creosote the to resistant more was apparently it since
used was trabea Lenzites fungus, one Only series. first
the in as prepared fungus test
and ed1a Culture 14..
gram. 1/100 nearest
the to weighed em blocks the conditioning, After 3.
83
inches of mercury. after e austing, the treating solution
was admitted to the flask through the separatory funnel wtthout breaking th vacuum and the solution allowed to stand
for 20 minutes. The flask was filled to capacity in order
that all blocks be completely covered with the aolution.
The blocks were wei.ed imnediately after being removed
from the tre&ting solution.
Reconditionjn. The treated blocks were p1aed
on glass rods n(i drIed 114. days in the laboratory air after
which they ere replaced in the desiccator over the Sodi
bromide solution and allowed to stand fez' 7 daya. The blooi
were then removed from the desiccator and weighed.
IncubatIon. 10 of the lii, blocks were placed In
1<olle flasks on 1/8 inch glass rods. The fungus in the
kofle flask had grown for a period of over two weeks ana
f'med a mat over the surface of the media, The four xemaiming treated blocks were placed in kolle flasks over
sterile agar, Th blocks will hereafter be referred to as
reference blocks, and In the tabulations, will be marked .
The flasks were then placed in an incubator at 26 degrees C.
for 61. days. Seventeen conditioned untreated blocks were
also incubated With the lungue to serve as ccntrol blocks.
E d of toat. At the end of the incubation period
the blocks were removed, the surface brushed free of myceliurn and oven dried.
The oven dry weight was recorded,
85
10.
Computatiora
The coiputaticns wirE made in accordance with the roilowing proportion £oriu1a
Weight of reconditioned
treated referenco blocks
:
Weight of reconditioned
:z
treated blocks
Oven Dry Weight
reference
o
blocke
ThIs computation gave the computed oven dry wei&:ht
the treated blocks as they were before submission to the
test fungus.
Knowing the computed, oven dry
weight
of the treated
blocks, the percent weight loss of th.o blocks due to fungus
attack was then computed as follows:
Computed Oven
eight
Actual Oven
Dry Weight
100
es in
°1L
Computed Oven Lry Weight
Results,
These are shown in the tabulated form
and also in graphic form by plotting percent loss In weight
over concentration.
Resistance to VolatIlization
Twenty-eight blocks were treated with a 5% and
also 28 blook
were treated with a 10% solution of creosote
in Benzol,
The treated blocks were dried for iii. days In the
laboratory air on glass rods, replaced In the desiccator and
conditioned s n item 2 for 7 days
The blocks were then
weighed,
The test blocks were ex,osed to a eimerture of
1600 F. for 214. hours, The blocks wero
ain reconditioned
icr 3 days a under itent 2. Four reference blocks were oven
dried and weighed. Ten of the blocks were incubated with
lenzite trabeas as in item 8. Computations as in item 10.
15. Results. Shown in tabular and graphic form.
114.
Resistance to Leaching by Water
6. Using the blocks subjected to the volatilization
test (Item 114.), 114. treated blocks were placed in a one quart
container, a vacuum drawn for 15 minutes and the vacuwai
broken wIth 1000 cc. of water. The water was then changed
every hour for 7 hours the f irt two days, and every day for
the remaining three days. The water was drained oft' at the
end of each day, leaving the blocks in the closed flaak for
the 16 hour period. At the end of the fifth day the blocks
vero dried for a period of four days in the laboratory air,
and then reconditjone for seven days as under item 2. The
z'etoronoe blocks were rorgoved, oven dried, and weighed.
The remainder of the blocks were incubated as in Items 8
end 9.
17. Results.
Shown in tabular and graphic form.
To fo1iow1n tabulations show the prors of the In-
dividual sirple blocks from the tIrre they were first weihed
from the c1czsiCcator lter bein condItioned, to the time the
blocks
roved ro the oven ind the percent loss in
eLht Qt e olocks calculated,
first 8 tables concern tne toxicity tests made on
blocks treated iidth 1, 3, 6 and 8 percent solutions of the
creosote in benzol. The £ol1owin 4. tablc show the prorss
of the blocks treated with 5 and 10 percent solutions of
creosote in berizol. The first i11. blocks in the 5 ar 10
percent tables were used for volatility tests nd those
numbered from 15 to 28 inclusive were subjected to the
leachin tests as well as volc.tIlIty.
The last table shoes the prorezs of the untreated
control blocks and the benzol treated control blocks in the
same manner.
c Eenzol
3.72 cc Creosote
Coal Tar Creosot 1% Solution in Benzol
Block Orijna1 Wt .Aftr uet wt.
;o. Condition- Treating
end
ed welaht
0
io.L6
10.20
C om.put ed
Weiht
2
% Lose
,. .
I
2.10
1.92
10
8.2
rd.
1.1
t.i8 R
.80
10.58
l0.0
Aver.
Oven
Oven Dry Dr
I..a8
Aver.
It . 555
50.0
50.0
60.2
R
14..23
cc Berizol
3.b7 cc Creosote
Oil Tar Creosote jLg1ution in Benzol
Block Or1jnai
No.
t .Aiter Wt
Condition- Troatinj
ed weight
0-1-i-x i.53
0-1-2
L53
0-1-3
Ij. .22
0-1-5
Aver.
L.6o
1.59
10.12
1O.5t
10.07
end
8.23
5.32
5.58
Conputed
Oven
Oven
Weight
14.. 18
1i .1
3.89
10.2
2.71
2,90
2.6
i4.27 K
10.36
lj.20 N
Aver.
235
35.1
3O62
32.1
oc 3&zo1
11.62 cc Creoaote
IL37..
J2ritpt 3So1u
Biock Oriix- t.ter Wt.After
No.
a? con
cit1ond
0-3-1
0-3-2
0-3 -
t.
.23
7
25
Ii. .275
0-3i,..215
0-3.32
0-3-7 4.21
0-3-b I.175
0-3-9
.27
0-3-10
0-3-11 14LL1
0-3-12
16
0-3-i
0-3-114
0
Aver. L.2075
in
Wet pit. Corn- Oven % Loss
End puted r
Ovon
wt.
Li.2a
14.31
reRt1n Condtt;IonI.
7.05
7.89
7.
7. bb
1;
7.67
7.60
7.29
7.12
7.23
7.7I
7.Li.7
7.00
7.5t.
275
4.30
L..265
14.23
lj..20
i. .31
lj.. 18
Pry 7t
5.22
10.00
2].
5.02
5.39
5.10
2.62 32.6
31j..
3.89 2.52 35?
3.
9
3. 5 11.1
6 2.70 ci.8
3.85 2.12 I5.5
3.82 2.15 143.7
3.92 2.50 6.2
3.SO 2.141 36.5
08 2.66
14..00R
14.06
3.78 R
3.72 R
.91 R
1.238
3.'i525
Moleture Content * 10.7% ari 11.05%
1137.L
cc Benzoi
ii.i6 cc Crooaote
Coal Tar Creosote 3 Solution In &no1
Block Orlln- wt.After Yt.After Wet Vt. Coin- Oven
No.
al on- Treating ConditIon- E.d puted Dry
ditionlug
Oven
Wt.
ed t.
Dr it.
0-3-1
C-3-2
C-3-
L.3t
C-3-Li
L.21
.30
C-3C-3-o
C.3-7
C-3-d
0-3-9
JI.
7.00
7.L9
7.51
7.26
7.5d
1..39
L.14.55
L.22
14..36
7.z
Li.30
7.23
14..235
7.14.0
14.29
t.225
C-3-lO !i.]4
li,3
C-3-11 L.50
C-3-12
C-3-1 14.4b
C-3-14 L.i1
Aver. i.355
7.13
7.61
7.70
7.51i.
7.b7
7.23
Moisture Content
14..1
2.31
5.37
2.59
5.67
8.2
l2.c,
5.00
3.2
I'j5
7
.00 5.60
3.85 2.148
13..0S
t. 5
.1
!75
9.69%
tnd ii.6%
---
2.
14.07 R
.03R
.07 R
03R
14.05
38.8
17.6
37.3
15.
21.7
i1.5
10.0
35.3
37.0
9'
1423.9 cc Benzol
23.2 cc Creosote
011 Tar Creosote 6% Solution in Benzol
Block Origin- Wt.After
Wt.After Wet Wt. Corn- Oven % Lose
al eon- Treating ConditionditiondWt.
No.
7.9.
7.7b
7.14.7
7.35
7.9
7.bO
1.66
.l0
LR
1.62
R
14..93
32 R
14.765
Aver.R li..736
7.71
7.L14.
3.214.
End.
Dry Wt.
5.814.
L.b2
14.i6
1.725
5.19
5.00
.3O
b.60
6.37
9.20
6.22
6.00
14.J6 386
14.l9 3. 8
14.00
Lt.O3
14.17
L.O3
3.L6
3.blj.
3.7b
9.
9.
3.30
Ii.27 3.95
'
14.69
12.
I
1.3 3
14.91
.63
14.'JO
1..27
8.oi
.00
4. (
14.50
4..
ij,.82 Aver.Ovon Dry
1.3L7
f.JC.
3.3.5
3
795
o.00
11.2
9.9
14.39
- Reference Blocks
Moitture Content
10.27 arm. 10.147%
Stae also M.C. on 5 oil tar 10.914%
R
Dry
Wt.
Oven
14.635
Li6
puted
92
14.1I..8
cc Benao3.
31.0 cc Creosote
01]. Tar Creo teLolut ton
Block 0ri1n- t .Afte
t .id'tor Wet W
No. a]. con- Treating Condition- End.
ditlonI
ed Wt.
_8_ i
0-8- 2 IL.i
0-8- 3 b(J.i2
0-8- 5 IL.1L2
0-80-8-.
0-80-9- 9 I.21
0-8-10
0-8-il h31
0-8-12 1..i75
0-b-13
0-8-14 1.305
7.53
7.00
7. .5
7.21
r7 7
Z5
51
i .)I
3.9
5,37
7
7.
(. 4L'
722
IL
?.35
14.
7.6
14.06
14.0
.bi
06
)ry
t.
3.86
3.
ti.i
4.3
7.3
0.0
3.6
2.2
4.00
3.714.
.9
7
*
Ave. 4.i25
8- 4 4.
% Loas
Oven
Oven
LL.02
5
7.1413
Corn-
puted
1I-
.185
5
7.10
n Bcnzo3.
:
3.99
7.35
Moizture Content
4.465
10,09%
4.04
and 11.0%
3.92
2.9
I
Q
14114.8
29.76
Coal Tar Cráosote
oc
c
enzo1
Creosote
Benzol
SOlUtiOfl
Oriin- Wt.After Wt.tter Wet Wt. Corn- Oven % Loss
al cor- Trettn Condition- End ptcd 'Dry
ditionOven
ing
t.
B1oo1
No.
541 Wt.
- _._t
c-8-2
c-3- 3
14.22
708
0-8-11
14.32
1i4.
7 .1O
7
lj.
0-8-13
7.147
7.19
#3
c-8- 6
c-C- 7
c-C- 8
c-a-
C--12
-
7. 73
c-b- 14
c&10
_____.____
14
-
14.57
14.315
La2
h.7
14.33
14.36
r
7.214
7 15
7.35
7.10
-
------0
-r-
..8145
37
.30
.56
0
14.,68
4.1435
Dry Wt.
9
14.
5.05
03
14.15
14.01
5
.95
6.5o
6.
5,25
.22
14.31
30
01
09
14.I6
14.21
7
-I
14,01. R
.32 1
14. .52
Aver.
4oisture Cortent
14
30
14.1 135
10.38%, 10.88%, 10.5% apd 10.03
1.14
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.0
914
123.9 co. Benzol
.3 cc Creosote
Solution in Benzol
Coal Tar Creosote
0ri;in- t.After t.Aftex' et Wt. Cornal eon- Trttin Coniiti.on- End ptei
Citio:(?ven
1n,
Block
No
Oven
LOF8
6
0.0
J.J
0.0
U .0
0.0
bry
wt.
ed
7.09
7.6
x-6x-6-
x-.
x-o
I;
t
x-6x-6X-6- 9
-c-lU
7.19
7.17
6.76
8.23
7.2
14..3
14.L.3
!.146
L.39
.ii
Li.92
Z.5i
9.55
13.3L
ii.6o
13.16
54;7
b.6
7.03
3.87
3.99
F..
1.oe
L. .01
3.93
3,97
3. 9b.
l5 I7
3.97
3.92
X
.31
(ib
7.314.
'-I'
.20
96
kd1.
7.3°
ji,er. I.37
107
4
0 .0
0.0
0.0
95
1262.6 cc Benzol
58.]. cc Creosote
OiTr Creosote 5% SolutIon
Block
No.
0rIna]. c.o
t .kftcr it .After
CcnUtioz
Ing
ditioned Wt.
1+ .36
0-5-
O5- 9
0-5.40
0-5.41
0-5-12
0-5-1'
0- 5-1.
.h 9
U.C1
Oven
6.07
6.82
6.60
13.12
Dry
it.
2. 5
146.5
.7
.2
3.9;)
2/
6.00
00
Oven % Lose
2.35
2.77
11.00
7
32
8. L9
7.27
kth
i.675
'7 iJ.J
,:ç
r( r,-.
0-- 15
0-5-16
(.jL
L4.
(.
!
7.80
7.66
7.23
7.87
7.80
7.85
7.85
11.Th
1.2
IL. 00
13.614.
14..].
14.. 05
1i.8
14.30
1a.2
7
0-5-1
0-5-1
0-5-20
0-5-21
-22
0-5-2
0-5
0-5-25
0-5-26
I..59
.36
14.30
1...4i
I.515
14.51
6.13
13.50
13.10
13.75
11.50
3.92
5.50
3.
t.i4
2. b7
9b
00
08
00
3.
3.95
3.93
14.,11
1.07
14.07
.00
5.88
2.2
18.7
8.1
30.7
1.2
00
21.6
0.7
1.7
1.7
7.63
'-;
0--5-29
ind putd
ii.6
6.6
7.61
7.70
v'r. L6i6
O-5-2U
Wet Wt. Corn-
;vt
0
L.64
erizol
7
12
7.79
7.I7
L.23
14.1
3.914.
ver.
Moleture content - 10.81%, 10.99%, and 12.16%
10.914%
ioi1..6 cc Benzol
96.89 cc Czeoeote
011 Tar CrGosote 10 Solution In B3n.o1
Block
On
a).
o.
1n- St.;Jtr
con- Tn
di.tOfled Vt.
t.Aftw
t1n Uond1tion-
0-10
0-10- 2
0-100-100-10,
.p
t t. Cornind pued
Oven
try
Oven
wt.
8.55
79
l0.5
7.c0
19
)
25
.11
s.-,
L.
Q.59
-
.00
0-10o 10
92
.75
1.2
50
.00
12.79
10.70
9
0-10-10
0-10-11
0-ic-ia
I
00
--
22 2
o
7
-
0-)
i4.I0
1-
0.-1C-15
0-10-16
-ic-r'
o-ic-ié
0-10-19
I.66
.6o
;.565
LL.
.58
0.1O-0
O-.LO-1
0-10-22
.O6
I.i6
o-io-
!.66
0-10-2L.
h.26
0-10-25
0-10-26
1.29
0-10-2''
o-io-a
Aver,
7.63
.5].
7.93
7.22
O.O3
75L
7.6
7.33
7.L0
Lt.611.
1.66
7.02
.1..6
7.50
)4
IoIturo tontent
5.61
L.75
L35
)4.55
i6
J.6o
.10
i.77
6.05
9.19
7.32
.24
jO
10.52
9.70
10.10
7.55
!.L4
14.20
L .17
L2
L.21
14.2d
i.22
86
L.00
1.2
L4.02
3.5
2.
2.
i.77
14 .70
12.7%,
io,1.
and
11.02
12.0
17
I2
3
2.65
L.29
3.90
21
I.23
L!.I1
1
0.0
.0i
L.5?
L .0
3.0
37
31.7
97
1262.6 cc Benzo3.
55.7 cc Creosote
oal Tar Creosote
Block Origin- Wt.Arter
al con- Treiting
No.
dit ioned Wt.
7.75
2
14.
.32
1
2
6
14.149
35
.21
Aver.
x-6-i
x-.8-].
x-8-19
x-8-20
x-8-22
8-2
-8-2
x-8-2
x-8-2
x-8-z
x-8-2
Aver.
Wt .After
oncU. tion-
ing
14.35
2
14.55
22
.5
8
14.147
14.833
87
14. .726
End
3.91
3.92
77
14.21
14.13
2
2
12.52
9.5
7.90
7.38
12.31
5.00
5.30
14.14
7
7
11.00
7.70
721
7. 7
wt.
4
2.67 36.1
2.80 33.14.
3.148 12.5
2 00
2.95 33.1
3.00 23.2
3.0 21 1
7
00
Oven % Los
puted
Oven
Dr Wt
11.8
.00
1,
L..2i
3.98
27
2
.9
7.77
7
7
0
7.72
14.39
82
80
14.205
et Wt. Corn-
14.51
7. 3
14.85
14.31
n Benzol
3.997
9
7.8
7 2
7.147
?.)ii
7.32
7.59
7.30
7.16
7.32
7.71
7.32
7.05
7.35
14.87
9.00
14.21
14.38
9.17
9.52
7.52
11.62
8.22
6.72
28
.7
1.55
14.89
14."
14. .14.7
612
6..ti
363 17.5
p391
3.1 3.00 21.
3.96 2.8 3
3.91 2.149 3b
3.00 27
Lj.114
p.8. 3.31
14.1.0
3.00 2
3.60 18.1
14d.o
3.00 27.0
IL.1I
14.140
14.14.3
14.3
03.
14.3225
98
1116.1 cc Bonsai
102.3 cc Creosote
Coal Tar Creosote_1
Solution in Bonzol
Block Ori4n- Wt.&Vtor WtJ.fter
No.
al con- Trsatin Oonditionditioning
ed
X-lO- 1
X-10- 2
x-lO-.
x-10-.
x-1O-
k46
7.814.5
-TI
19
x.-1O-.
X-10- 9
x-10-lO
x-10-11
X- 10-12
X-10-].
x-10-
8.00
8.:iJ4.
.30
7.58
7.78
7.31
x,-.10-1
X-1O-].7
X-1O-18
X-10-19
X-10-20
X-10-21
X-10-22
X-10-2
X-1O
X-10-2
X-10-2
X-10-2
X-10-2
Oven
..53
6
.b0
Dry
14.66
k.73
5,05
14.
14.72
14.905
14.63
5.09
b.01
14.775
14.73
14.55
.00
7.146
14.76
14.55
X-l0-1
t. Corn-
5.20
5
7.
7c
0
8
7.77
7.b3
7.69
7.14.3
8.0t3
13.68
12.18
b9
7.59
7.57
7.77
7.6].
8.23
8.17
5J
5.07
14..60
14.55
14.71
65 7.5b
Aver.
Moisture Content
14,ii
14.60
14.6
14.6
8.00
14.11
14.10
14.7].
14..91
3.80
3.73
5.05
3.76
3.57
5.39
14.214.
1.07
14.251
5.89
.31
.00
U.
740
0. 2
7.2
7.55
k.i&
14.2
2
7.5
9.7
14.6
14.41
14..2!.
14.13
14.21
14.15
2.7
2.36
2.29 14.7.14.
3.00 31
3.52 17.
2.72
2.53 39
3.16 23
.8
10.214%,
11.9
18.3
20.6
3.16 22.
3.13 26.
10
14.87
12
331
14. .30
14.02
14.69
Wt.
li.25
12
.51
7.25
p.00
L.81
t.
14.21
14.27
14.5
14.27
14,37
27
14.614.
14.9,
Dry
1
1O.3(
14.76
14.. 5
14.65
Oven
d putod
t.
56
05
x-10x-10-
Wet
14.295
11.79%, and. 10.65%
I
9
GON:B C
i;t t.
Ooudttl.on
Copute4
Oven
Oven Dry
21.1
1
20.7
.9
2.36
10.76
oiture
B-i
2
28.9
on tent
1O.9
14.7
423
2.57
2.
2.
.935
B-6
4295
14.29
:oiture
*
3.]
14.33
fltnt.
16
32 3.
38 0
33 35
L
4.22
20.14.
25.
14.039
21M7
23.2
626
oiCture Contor.t-
a.6
'9
9
10
CROL
Wet
t.
Cornputed
Oven tr
Oven
L7
*
3.2
.9
0.0
Aver
t C tt
* Six weeks
U
ntW2t
100
Results
The results of the second series of toxioit- tests are
ivsn in the following tables. The results of' the first
series are not tabu1atec because it was decided that the
first sorits was inconclusive duo to insufficient sampl1n.
The percent;e iitch are ider1ind have not been considered s true samples be&use of probable exerimenta1
error, either the xplcs had taken up too urih moisture
from the aar, were dried out durinb the L.eubation period,
or bad deviated Loo I &r from the mean.
101
Summary table showing the percent loss in weight of
wood blook8 treated with, different concentrations of
creosote md subsequently exposed to Lenzites trabea
for 61 days.
011 Tar Creosoted Sarnples
Corcentration of Treatin
Block No.
1%
5.1
30.62
32.].
3%
6%
32.6
11.2
9.9
13.5
9.7
9.8
3.8
35.2
1.b
5.5
2
Mean
1
o1utiona
37.03
2.2
1.1
14.3
.1
7.3
0.0
3.6
2.2
0.0
12.3
12.16
3.7
Coal Tar Creosoted Sam lea
0.0
50.0
60.2
0.0
38
0. 0
17.
o. o
37
15.
1.7
5
10 0
9
3
10
Mean
7.57
*
0.0
5.7
Jf
0.0
0.0
1
2
/
The above data is also shown on the aecompanyin graphs.
The results of the first or orientation series is also shown
on the same graph.
............
.U.........
...........u.....u........
.
uuu.UUU7:I;
...u....I .., ii- ...uU .....
ii r u.uuu
I '.UI..,.I,n3I.J.l,,.
.
EEEEEE!
I.
I
___.__
._.__.......
_____._.__...m...
___.___._._
___.___._._.U.....
I}Ulpu
-
i...
ll.a...
.uU.U.0
l.p....
lt.i iU...
--------------..
_______---_______-----p --U
IU_________
-
U
U UUUUUSIU UUUUUU
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U
OIGNAL BLOCK
0-1-3
100 % BENZOL
tREATED CONTROL
0-3-1
0-3-9
0-3-6
0-3-3
3 % SOLUTION OF OIL TAR CREOSOTE
BLOCKS TREATED
0-6-9
0-6-3
0-6-1
BLOCKS TREATED WITh 6
0-8-9
0-8-6
0-8-3
BLOCIS T'3AT.
SOLUTION OF OIL TAR CRCLC/E
I
8:
SCLUTION OF OIL TAR C
T
SECOND SERIES
LOoK5 AFTER EIGHT WEEKS INCUBATION
REPRESENTATIVE OVEN DRY
WITH LENZITES TRABEA IN KOLLE FLASKS. BLOCKS NOT SUBJECTED TO
(Key no. below each block corresponds
VOLATILIZATION OR LEACHING.
I I S
S.
Sl
I.
C-'-'
ORI GINL BLC:1(
C-')-'
C-3-3
BLOCKS TTib
3
COIU.
CLAL T
X-6-7
ITH 6
BLOCKS
C-1-3
C-3-9
::-6-6
-5
COiI1 .UL
U11T
SO UTION OF COAL TAR
-s-'-,
SECOND SERIES
REPRESENTATIVE OVEN DRY SAMPLE BLOCKS AFTER EIGHT WEEKS INCUBATION WIT
LENZITES TRABEA IN KOLLE FLASKS. BLOCKS NOT SUBJECTED TO VOIATILIZA
TION OR LEACHING. (Key no. below each block corresponds to correspond
ing key no. of the block in the indicated table.)
102
The results or the second series of tosts on volatilizatS.on and leaching are shown in the following table.
Table showing the percent lose in weiht of treated
wood blocks after volatilization at 160 decrees F.
in the oven for 21 hours and subsequently incubated
with Lanzites trabea for 8 weeks.
5%
01]. Tar
Creosote
Solutjon
5.3
7.0
1.
31i. 6
35.?
Coal Tar
Creosote
5%
olutjon
12
1.
23.2
27.3
33.].
.2
6.2
i6 .5
Lost
Mean 36.7
Oil Tar
Creosote
lO% Solution
0.0
0.0
Coal Tar
Creosote
10% Solution
2.6
1
1
2
2.8
9.7
11.9
12.6
l&
22.2
3.1
5.92
.3
20.6
23.1
16.56
(Saple above the horizontal line rejected on the
basis of erimenta].
error, i.e., snp1es varied
too reat1y from mean due to hi'h moisture content
of sample durIng Incubation or doaSloation of
sample durin, incubation.)
The above reu1s are shown in the accompanying Bar
Char ;.
aoh horiorita1 division on the chart indicates
one
anip1e.
103
Table shoeing the percent lots in woiht of treated
wood blocks after volatilization at 10 degrees F.
for 21i. hours, 1eachtn with water 1or 5 days, and
subsequently Incubated with Lenzites trabea for a
period of 8 weeks.
Oil Tar
creosote
5% Solution
0.7
1.2
1.7
1.7
2.2
Coal Tar
Creosote
5% solutIon
Oil Tar
Creosote
Solution
114.k
1
2
27.0
27.5
Coal Tar
Creosote
10% Solution
0.0
17.6
1.2
22.
1.9
23.
3.0
26.8
It.6
31.9
2.3
12.0
l7d.
51.
3k.8
.8
Lost
Mean 27.65
28.71
37.26
33.Ii8
(Samples above the horizontal line rejected as
shown above.)
The above rosulte are thown
Chart.
in
the a.companying
Each horizontal division on the chart Indioat.s
One 8arnple.
H1
t
-L
r
ittt
r
I
tLfi
r
4i4
tH
Tr1
I
r
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41141
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i
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-
f1't4HI
ittt
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0'
±trr
¼f
-
4
4
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ir.i_4 t
r
FTI4i14_.
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f- f.
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_14
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;LV-r-L I!!!
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If
103
O-.-1
0-5-6
VOITILITY TEST BLOCKS TiL
0-10-1
0-5-8
AITH 5) SOLUTION OF OIL T R
0-10-3
0-10-4
VCL.TILITY TEST BLKS TREATU .JTH 1(Y
0--17
0-10-20
0-10-22
T
T o'1
0-10-6
SOLUTION OE OT:
0-5-18
U TEST RL(XKS TE:TE
0-5-10
C
0-5-19
0-5-22
OIL T..R
TO:!
0-10-23
i1TU 10. LuLUTIOfl 0
OIL T
SECOND SERIES
REPRESENTATIVE OVEN DFLY SJAdPLE BLOCKS AFTER EIGHT VJEEYS
INCUBATION WITH LE1ZITES TRABLA. BLOCKS VOLATILIZED AND
LEACHED AS INDICATED. (Key no. of blocks corresponds to
XB-2
IT
'
5,
X].O-3
I
-
X-8-13
i
TREATrD WITh I
x-1O-5
c!rE
X-8-20
SOLUTION OF COAL T..R C.
X4020
Y.4019
£iLOCK
COLUT'ION OF COAL TAR C
X-8-19
T:T BLOCKS TREATED RiTE 5
-
X-8-1O
SOLUTION OF COAL TAR COCrE
XiO-4
TROT BLCXCKS TREATRD WITH 1O
XC-17
I
a'
X-8-4
BLOCKS T
X-1O!Z
COLUTION OF COAL Tk
SECCii SERIES
REPRESENTATIVE OVEN DRY SAMPLE BLOCKS AFTER EIGHT WEEKS
INCUBATION WITH LENZITES TRABEA. BLOCKS VOLATILIZED AND
LEACHED AS INDICATED.
(Key no. of blocks co1responds to
key no. in tables.)
:21
happening. likely
asa
workers
other by established been has stimulation ThIs eolution.
dilute the f action stimuistlng the to attributed be may
lso percent greater the concentrations low the At blocks.
control ntre&ted the in loss bhe exceeds treated so samples
rbø In decay throh lost wood of percent the fact In cent.
per- 3 than ieee of concentrations with treats were blocks
the wh ungus i the of atao the in fer.nce d nificant
no I there that shows
the of exain1naton hn
creosote. tar
coal the than oils boiling high of percente higher a has
creosote tar oIl the that tact the with correlated be can
volatilization to resistance Thie creosote. tar oil the of
favor in point a definitely I volatilization to resistent
more Is creosote tar oil the tn.at ftct The significant.
become would differences these If dotxbt'ul is it ditionE
eon- treating .00zr;erctal Under application. commercial cal
practi- any beyond oIl creosote tIle of ilutione with made
ar studie these that retembered be must It conditions.
service under place in stay to likely less is
toxic more
eoiewhat be nay creosote tar coal the althouth that second,
and creosote, tar oil the than .reater slightly s creosote
tar coal the of toxicity initial the that first, aCta:
indicates data the of otion the An
sinificarLt
da
two
Discussion
105
shown by the data the inhibiting point starts someplace between the 5 and 6 pexoent eonoentrttions. in the
absence of complete
ta It was assined that an inorase in
concentration between 3 anc 6 p&rcent o1utioris would have
a proportionate effect on the percent loss in weiçht of wood
due to fungus attack. t the six percent oncentratjorj the
oil tar creosote lost, on the average, 12.16 percent as
against iJ.3 percent in the case of the coal tir tree.ted
sanples.
Lxa!rtn9tion oL the trte blos showed dstirA Le decay
in the 6S coal tcr treated blocks, While the remaining 5
showed no loss. Three of the samples at this conceitration
were eliminated b,cauee of excessive zoisture content at the
end of the test. In the 6% oil tar creoeote. blocks there
was one saip1e, namely no. 7, which 2howed an eioeaslve lee.
Although this block was out of line with the reatnder f
the iock at this coneentrtIon it was inlided in b±ie average because it was bh.ougbt desirable to get as aeere a test
se ossible in evi1uating the two oils. This in spite of
probable error.
Aeccrdirig to the data presented here the average loss
in the coal tar cx.eosoted blocks, ua.n an 8% solution was
more than the avore loss In the wood blocks treated with a
6% solution oi coal tar creosote. A recheck o the computations and of the oven dry weights was made without cbanIng
the results. 1owever, if the ztandard error of he averae
is oonsideret tbe aparent discrepancy is reduoed to .55
percent which t an error that could be attributed to vanstions in moisture content due to Insufficient tit6 in the
deticcator after trting.
Fowever, the standard procedure
Was rollowd throughout, The blocks treated with the 8 prcent olut.ion of coal tir creosote showed no apparent disintegrati4n due to dec&y.
An exe'iination o the blocks treated with an 8 solution & oU tar creoso shred blots no. 1, 2, and 6 to be
detirttely attacked by tie iunua. i'orie o r&te other blocks
gave ny surfrice noiction o deca.
In the blocks uhjcote. to 1,ne voiatIl.ztation tests,
there appe.rs to be i
ni1ieant iiferenoe In their resistane to decay.
The gver.e roent lOSS in the blocks treated with a
ten percent solutIon of cl tar was Lound to oe 5.92 as
agdist an averao iOS of 16.56 ercent in the blocks
treated with a 10 percent solution of coal tar creosote In
analyzing these data oine of the ssmplea were rejected on the
same basis ar nent±ord rcviouely, nanely, moisture conchtions or probable error. The rejected sap1tt are shown
lone with the accepted samples on the bar chart in the uncoloreri pot1.oi of the chart. There appeared o be no siitleant difference in the samples treated with a 5% solution
107
of Oil tar creosote
coal aj' creocte.
thoee treted with u 5% solution of
leachj.i, tte ri the u3js of the accepted
n)lea, the diferce, .f riy, Lpears to be in favor of
hi
the co.L tr creosote. The basis ol rejectn these eunple38
oiiewht eztpirica1 but ii' it is &ssuXflfid that the maxiniun iose (or Lhe severe ondjtionsi shouiL. overn, trie
baste £or the rejection is 30un. It was lound, on
wa
basis thai; i;he oil tar creosoted eaniple 1t 37.26 percent as a;ainst a lost of 33.148 or te cobi tar oreooted
ztip1ee, 4 di ererica o.L 3.(
eroent. it is believed that
this diiicreriee i riot s1gnificnt. Hoevr, it all of the
samples were to be sed in computing the avra'e, the averae
poroent loss in the oil tar would be 15.19 and in the coal
tsr 32.37.
insofar as leaching is concerned one i.ht reason, on
the basis o tbee results that It otid he better to treat
with a 5 solution Instead of a 10% solution. One of three
posiiilIti mi.it account for this apparent discrepancy:
1. Insuf.Ioicnt saplin. 2. Improper interpretat:ton of
the results.
ii6 stlinulatin effect of some part Df the
creosote oil wiIc was presenL 1I SuiiiOicXt quantitis In
the 10 percent treated blocks but not In stuxicient quantity
in the 5 pErcent treated bicks to cause active stimulation
to the funua. The maximum 1os of 38 percent in the un-
txeatod cortrcl blcik
rcr.t tr ti
b1ock
tiOTL of coal tr
1bttcr ze w
co:t1pare'. to the
ximm loss ol
trtc.d with tie ten proent soluwould I
e to believe th&t the
t x:ob.b1e
thr
tudy
',ouid be deciralo it ordei to c1arit this point.
It ts vory I tereting to note that in all cases in the
hat the uax1iurn Ic s ' e z in
volatilize tion nd leathing
chg
Q
Efltr tio
appear in th coal
ar crcu
bloc.s.
bisis of these reult it ap;ear that the oil
tr creosote ulId I eotu
not x)erior to th ccMd.
On t
4
tar
;ttdied in its abi1it to act as a wood
pe$rvtivL. Tha is on t;h basis than a ood presrvat1e LL.U5 not on1r be toxic but have the ab:tlit to zta:,
in
osot
l&
under
up1t
crice conditia,
FAItT V
or4c lIon
An examination of the literature regErdin the
beno.icja1 action of tar acIds arid tar ba
in creosote
oil to be used as a wood prservjtive leads one to bel1ve
that their presence rrj not be essential for a lor: l
i.ni:. preservative. This opInion Ia subetsrt1atd h thc
patholo:icai st i.s in Iart IV of this pyGr,
The comarak?le volatility tests e:iow th.e fol1w-
ing signiiicant points
On
is basis of the Kolle fl.task tests a;'net
the tes furnus Lenzite trtbea, the oil tar oreceo ted blocks proved to be superior to the cos].
tar creosote.
The percent of the weiL;ht oi creosote lost
frcsu wood blocks ;reated wIth the whole oreoso
oil was found to be approximately the same In both
oreosotes tested.
The percent of the weight of creosote tact
irom open dish volatility te te
found to be
appreciably more in the Case 1' coal tar cresote.
3. The comparable leaching
te, based o, the percent
of wei;;ht of creosote oil lost from impregnatcd w aoä bloeks
showed no significant difference in the two creosote oils.
On thc bi.is o.. Lob flask teit
inL t:e test ui
Lcnzi
t;.bo. lC bi11: bunt LiVrrenccs
iterzined.
:Lcii on the to,1c qt ltio is not er.tir
.
lar but It i ulived t!t he coxicluiors, Lsed on
the tezt xii:le, arc. conEeratjve, urthcr tests would be
desirable to elari1 t?ii point.
iziitiaI rjcjj oi the c.
croso
tie
e bvt higher them t oJ. tr creoiii.iibit-tn, puint io the ro:th of Ln1tz
trao. a.crs c b; lij;ht1r in ce o n tiht prc.nt
trtLi; olutior icr bh 0115.
11tin;-.; et
coal ;r oco per to be lihtLy reter tim t
uC
oil t&i ca O5Ot3
te 6
oco clock
:atcd
pereent con ntrt1ozs. £ne d1lution were izde
icr tc purpose o tcyin,; the re.tive toxietes.
li'ã tnt the iiier concentrtior'.....used In corr-
It 1t3
rnereirl tr trwn.s cui
ive deqaate p;'otocti.on br nni
years
rom a
pcno
iy
tht. saip1
oL woo<.
ihon ;hat tne oIl tai creosote
PEM$J36 OOc penetrtin. qualities. ood penetration was
St)CUie vhe Lou
1r
.jth the il ,ar
uricoj ocjj onuit1ons. The vscosty 01
t2 OoOte 'is I Uth i o lower tun tho r'pl ob co3.
tr tcod iu1s
eo1i1 true at room teperature
..
on
-
i c' tr
eto'
Thta
ton of
op]. ir t
6.
The dl tar
ren 'or:1r1
r
o
wd ftcr
the
po ese
CreOOtE
trtr
11 o
nts r.f the .k' r1;Y Jc' Pvc
fcr rte I crnte
1t&nty
enoe
roces.
th require
t- tton pcfi-
A
rtor of
..t.h th
cocl ttr ovi1n,
o
d1Epc-
th.c
apeci1c :ravity difTfr-
01.,
1
hi!'j
petro..e
used in tb rack1
oil riduB,. producs a tr ''h1ch ontain
h1h
fltQ.O
7
turc
'oiat1c
)1
ctroc
t
)O
c'itio..
sItoi by lLtrt
very
*
oatic
toxiz th
are
oote poaoe
blievcc' th.. the oIl tir
1o
iiost
tetod.
ea
a
ti
,cd vood )rer rv1;i iie. It
the tan&rd rade 3. coi tr ereocLe
r
rernt.
to1
s 11k1
tc vcl
r
pent tire
a
c
ualt e
and
.
LOUd.
.:t can
10
.t.i
ec11iy ay.
1-' 1
foD
cOi.U1DtiOfl,
It
chLtcrjrtjcz
9.
o;
r
o ciai
In
Pacific OOP
bcLt
)1ac
te3. th
further tud.y o
he deirrbi j;
Of
the icik
,4_._
tLL
1bUlt$ ol' this tudv. ! 3t
4.3. j.
11d ot
reveal ny co arabic tests by t1e iColls £lk method.
-
U2
A
t a su eted tht tud1ei whi&a ou1d
the rev1tanee o o51 tar creosoted wood to
martha borei' na t:rm1ts wo1d be deE:rab1c
ettLdjes voa1d he in t..e nature of &ubt:.t.t1r
.
be'xse
'it boen
,', (;. '-
hcw
t
Tse
,vixio
oIl t.r rsot ose
n;1el:r eourL to
oai. tar
113
Literature Cited
Allerman, Gallert. uant1ty and character of Creo8Ote
in well preserved timbers. United States Department
of Agrcu1ture Forest Service Circular 96.
American ood Preservers' aociation. Appendix.
A.W.P.A. Proc. 3ith annual meeting. 392-kOl, 1938.
American Vood Preservers' Association. Manual of
recommended practice.
Cresol. Discus1on from floor, A.W.F.A. Proc. 22nd
annual meeting. 100-111, 1926.
Bateman, Ernest. Vhat light creosote oils have done
in wood preservation. A.W.P.A. Proc. 16th annual
meeting, L4-55, 1920.
rnest. Note on the toxicity of mixtures of
creosote and petroleum oils. A.W.P.A. Proc. 20th
Bateman,
annual me etiru.
131j- i1..0, l92L..
Bateman, Ernest. Theory on the meohenimii ol' protection
of wood by preservatives. Experiments with hydrocrbone.
,.P.A. Proc. 19th annual moetin. 136-114.5,
1923.
Coal and water gas tar ereosotee;
their properties and methods of testing. United States
Department ofAgr1cu1tue Bulletin no. 1036, Oct. 20,
1922.
Batoman, Ernest and R. ;ech1er. Theory of the mechantam of protection of wood by preservatives; part VII:
Some experiments on the toxicity of inornc salts.
A.W.P.A. Proc. 23rd annual met1n. 14.1-146, 1927.
10.
Some toxicity data and their practical
signlficanèe. A..P.A. Proc. 33rd annual meeting.
i-ioI, 1937.
Bateman, Ernest and Carleton Honntngson. A theory of
the mechanism of the protection of wood by preservatives; part VI: Toxic principles oi creosote. A. ''.P.A.
Proc. 21st annual Inqetin. 22, 1925.
Part V: urthsr work on hydroQarbons.
LW.P.A. Proc. 20th annual m3eting. 33-37, 19214..
13.
11$..
15.
Carewell, T. 3, and H. K. Naaon. Properties and uses
of pentachiorophonol., Inch & Engr. Chem. Vol. 30, 622,
Juno 1938.
Curtin. Leo Patrick. Chemical reactions of wood rotting fungi. A.W.P.A. Proc. 2I.tb annual meeting.
82-88, 1928.
Downs, C. R. and A. L. Deane. Conposition of water gas
tar. J. tad. &
henz. VI, 366, 1911i..
i6. Fisher, C. H. Composition of coal tar and light oil.
United States Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Bull. 112, 1938.
17.
Forest Products Laboratory Progress lkepo:
Proe, 10th annual meeting. 216, 191Ii.
18.. Gleason, Goo. ?.'., Prof. Obem. En.r., 0roon State
College. Consultation end correspondence. 1939.
1. Discussion and coents from floor,
19. Hartmsn,
A.W.P.A. Proc. 19th annual meeting. 1923.
Hatfield, Ira. Further experiments with chemicals suggested as possible wood preservatives. A.W.P.&. Proc.
28th annual meeting. 1932.
Hatfield, ha. H. S. Shumard, and 3. 1).. Fleming.
Fungicidal method for determining the relative value
of chemicals intended as wood preservatives when wood
blocks are uniformly thpreated with the chemicals.
Mimeograph. Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Loiie, Mo.
March , 1938.
Heiphonstins P. K. Jr., A.W.P.A. Proc. 3tth annual
meeting. 36-39O, 1938.
Hubert, Ernest E. Consu1tion, 1939.
2I.
The preservative treatment of miliwork.
md. & Engr. Chem., Vol. 30, no. 11:
-1250, November
23.
1938.
25. Hunt, Gee. ii . Correspondence, 1939.
26. Hunt, Gee.
and Garrat, George A. Wood Preservation.
McGraw lUll Book Co., First Ed., 1938
115
Hunt, Gee. L and T. E. Snyder. An international termite exposure teat. A.W.PJ. Proc. 314th annual meeting
1938.
Hunphrey, C. J. and Ruth M. Fleming. The toxicity to
£uni of various oils and salts, particularly those
used i wood preservation. United States Dept. of
k4ri,CultUre Bull, no. 227.
Lark-in, &. E. Corents on work of atems.n and HennIngson: The toxic principles of creosote. From floor of
A.W.P.A. Proc. 21st annual meeting. 31-37, 1925.
Lunge, George. Coal Tar nd ammonia. 11±th d.
B. Van Nostrand & Co., 1916.
onaanto CheLnjcal Co., Santophert 20, physical and
chemical data. Jimeograph. The Monsanto Chemical Co.,
St. LouIe Mo,, 1939.
National Lumber Msnuiactuiers' Association. Charting
the American lumber industry. 1937.
33,
N.DMIA.
kthod of testing oil soluble preservatives
for toxic properties using wood b1octa uniformly im.'
pregnated. Mimeograph, Unpublished.
Pooler, F. S., Dr. A. 4. Howell and Geo. M. Hunt.
isoussjon iroin floor, A..P.A. proc. 21st annual
meetIr. 108, 1925.
Rabanus, Adolph.
Toxiinetrlo examination of wood
servativee. AW.P.A. Poe. 29th annual meeting.
1935.
-3
Reev, Charles S. The deterrIrtat1ori of the toxicity
of wood preservatives.
ing. I2-50, 1928.
S't. Reynolds, R. V. and
AJ,P.A, Proc. 2Lth annual meet
. ii. Pierson,
rorest proaucts
statistics o$' the PacIfj Coast States. United 8tatea
Lept. of Ariculture Statistical Bull, no. 65, 1938.
38.
Richards,
eighteen
. Audrey.
The comparative resistance of
c1ea of wood destroying fungi to zinc
chloride. &.W.P,A. Proc. 21st annual meeting. 18-22,
1925.
u6
39.
14.1.
R.
1bode
an eases
1930.
i.. and I. T. Gardner. Removal ol tar acids
Cham. 22. 167,
id toxicity. md.
Scbmitz, flenr. The toxicit7 to wood destroying fungi
of coal tar creocote, petroleum and coal tar creosote
and coal t&r creosote anc coal tar mixtures. .k.W.P.A.
?rèc. 29th annual meeting. 125-139, 1933.
3ohmitz, ilanry and Stanley Buckuian.
oxic action of
coal tar creosote with special rererence to the existence of a barren non-toxic oil. md. & Ençr. Chem.
vol. 214W: 772, July 1930.
Sehmitz, Icnry, lLrmann von Sobrenk and Alfred
Tae quality and toxicity of coal tar creosote extracted froi red oak ties after 1on periods of
service, v.ith special reference to the decay resist-
Karnmerer.
ance of treated wood. 4LW.P.A. Proc. 33rd annual
neoting.
J4.3.
11J.
14.5.
1..6.
t7.
1937.
Schwarz, S1mund, chemist, Portland
Consultation, 1939.
and Core Co.
&pielman, Perey Edwin. The constituents ot c
1 tare
Loniaiis Green & Co., 19;
Teesdale, C. H. Vo1ati1zation of varIous fractions
of creosote after their Injection into wood. United
States Dept. o:C ArIcu1ture Forest Service Circul!r 188.
Oct. 17, 1911.
von Schrenk, Hcrnann. Si;nificance of toxicity detcriiiinationz from a practical standpoint. A.W.',A. Proc.
29th annual meeting. 114.0-1614., 1933.
aterman, Robert E., John Leutritz and Caleb M. Hill.
Chenica1 studies in wood preservation. md. Engr.
hern. Analy. Ed. June 15, 1938.
ood, Galen. 3eta naphthol as a wood preserver.
22nd anra1 meeting. 100-103. 1926.
117
APPENDIX A
Statistical
uJ1
In order to determine the slope of the curve as well
as deteraiiriirt tilS probablo accuracy of the data, the curves
were balanced and the standard deviation, probable error,
and standard error of the average computed.
An exaiination of the toxicity curves for the first
series of tests aa'Inst both Lanzites trabea nd Poria inerassata will reveal the absence of significant data above
the 1% concentration point. It was decided therefore to
use the data above 1 merely as control points for the
samples ketweon 0 arid 1% concentration.
It should be explained that the standard deviation is
a measure of the toupin of the &tples and of course the
emallr the cieviaiori the greater ía the probability that
the thta represents an accurate averaj:;e.
Tho probable error as computed from the standard deviation indicates that aporoximtely 68 ti
out of 100,
any random sample taken under similar conditions will f1l
either below or above the true averae, within the limits
indicated by the computation.
The standard error of the averaØ ieans that no matter
how many sariplee are taken, the ve
f all of the samples
taken will not move, either above or below the present average, more than the wilts indicated by the computation.
UO3AGç PWS
ZV C
iput;
Qx! ptç
X
L
UOTMCt p.v3pTxn
6
8a
0t
000t
0000
0000
9c
0,0
000
900*
it -
6
to.11
6irc
L
uo1TA1
9tZOUUO)
t
qpu
%zt TTO aOJ
UOM4
auçti
9(T.Zy
Statistica Ana1rji or Coal
rj9
a ainst Lenzitos trabea
Creoaote
Deviation2
7.
20.25
26.01
0.0
1.60
27 01;.
59.29
13.69
6.7
15.21
.814
6.00
2145
andard Deviation
Standard Error
14.19 X .67145
*
2.726
standard Error of Avera..e
*r
'C
1. ii6
Note;
Tho aimp1es vt .05%
onontration 1thoih plottod
were not used In the avere becauee the media had
dried out and. hence were not caractoristic samples.
One sam1e eaeh at .3 ad .6% concentration were not
used because they had obviously picked up moisture
from the aar and hence were not chc.racterjstjc
samples.
120
8tatiettcai Analyi for Coal Tar Creo8o
aainet Poria thcrassata
Devttion'
Deviation
-1i6
2
1
- 9.3
:
2
86.L9
38.1.
1.5
2.25
i6.ôO
2.7
8.0
7.29
6h.00
".7
22
z6 .
StGndard Deviation .
23 3
!. 6
$tandrd Ex'ror
.67I.5
t.8
3.25Th
Ztandard rror of Averae
3,32
Note:
Three zanip1e zthoired only comparatively
Ennall 1.
in wei,;ht due to mole ture
oon3to
nd .encc were noi used in
the average.
Statistical £naiyzie 'or 011 Tar Creosote
against ?ox1a norassata
Deviation
Deviation
11.2
125.L.
- 10.0
- 7.0
100.0
I.9.0
- 6.5
3.9
.
*
1.21
2.0
2.Q
.5
/ 1'.o
.2
.1
310.96
256.00
72.25
.3
)J3.Lç.9
--
, l.0
1.0
1.0
1007.38
tandard L'eviat ton
a /0O7.
1
15
3 .19
Standard.
rror
x 8.19
5.5
Standard Ertor oi Avcrae
Statistical ana
for tht curves, thc second series
of tests of the toxicity of reooe iinst Lnzitt..a
trbea.
Oil T
Dovlitt
Deviation
.2
-
Coal Tr Creosote urve
Creosote Curve
T)eviation
Deviation2
-
.6
.7
1.0
.09
.09
.29
1.00
- 1.0
- 1.6
- 2.2
- 2.5
- 3,1
10.56
10.56
10.56
10.56
10.56
2.56
2.56
11
11
6.2
9.61
l0.2L
2
8
- 3.8
.
1.10
1.21
1 .141
1.2i
.9
.0
1.9
2.2
10.00
22.09
- 5.2
2. 5b
27.0
.09
.1
'..3
1.. 014
6.00
1 21
159.17
Stardard ]L)eviation
12.25
22.09
62.L].
2.63
91L.. 09
15b7
Standard Error
Stardard rror of
510.10
Standai'. 1'evtLon
Standard
rror
05
.05
Standard Error of Average
Avera:c
6
. I&i-
.67t.5
IO
*
727
123
APkENDIX B
esol-Creoot and Pentaeilorophenol Creosote Solutions
The Addition of Crer lie Acid and Its i;riiioance
In order to ucet all of the reiirements el the teats
for tar acid content s set up by the rrio.tn ood kreaervera' Assoctation iP. their requirements .or creosote oil, it
has b'en sue&;ed .hat crecol, probably bettor knoicn as
cresyllc acid, be added to the 1 tar c;oosote.
The addt10
ereent by we%:t of eresol would
still make the aauf ture of the oil r ereoote po3ible.
As
e been shown,
owovor, by Gellerman arid Sohmitz end
Rhodez, the prerice 01 creylic acid. ;u not be one of the
mair.. attrIbutes of creosote oil.
It
propcsed, theeiore, to nake a series of comparble deter, nt1.ons between t.
'a1tit. oiL tr creo
sotea and oil tr creosotea with the dditiOri of 5 percent
cresy].c Id, the results of w:ich re shon at the end of
this report.
Past experIc wIth creyslic acid added to petroleum
fuel oil to I
S proprietary 2rerJative rnown as
"Cresoil" have not teen too ncou.raFd.i'-, (i2,1.r). :towev.r,
It itrst he ointed out that in the first poe, petroleum
fuel oil Lv alnost entirely of 9.rf In composition and In
iteei$ not toxic. Oresol, on the other hard, bein, n ro-
iJ4
iiat1c would have oh&t 5Je: t cn.rt;:t4LIcs
ieibi1ity with the par.atf'ine a compared
oir
ted 1th miscb1i1ty wIth other
wou1c. affect 1t
with what
arontto8. "ro:itc are nore
iL1 with &romaticz
than with praii
(18). It theretore i'o11ow that cro1
in rxt'zre with e aromatic oil tar cre:.ote would be sore
likely to pcsses
ua1ItIes than If riixed with
ptro1dum fuel o
the. ce .it.h Creol."
I orcicr
cily show t o o.Ition of c
eol, t ro1iowin, xcr
from Spiclr
(Wi.),
oereial CrOO1 OXt CreEy11C acid containl3 the Loliowinp: isoner
Is omer
?ercent In
BoiliriC Point
I.0
35
25
191
çommezcIa1 Cresol
Orthooresol
Par c
Dog. C.
202
itaC38O1
2
The structure of cresol, C7flO, is shown by the follow-
in arrnement
Orthocrc o1
M3tacxteo1
Paracreso].
C
H
The specific gravity of the creso uee icr acbiixture
with oil tar croo1e for
he p'.:.rpoaei ol
study was I oux
5
to be 1.O2I at 22 deg. C, Supply furnished by Van Waters
and RoEore, Inc., industrial chemists, Seattle, Washington,
and Portland, Orep,on.
Dr. i{ubert (21) used p-creol n his tudes on the
preservation of 11111 work.
Althouh 25 chemIcals and 18
proprietary preservtIves were tested. the It dld not
dude e1t-x coal tr creosote or water ga tar creosote.
In orier to arrive at any co-iparabl
sIa for these creosote ot1s uiore ork, such as this present tiidy, was found
to be needed. Huberttz findjns on -crro'. r'v&n here
for t.ie ;urpoe 01
onstrat1rip. the effc vcrAea of
8tXi&;ht p-orsoi us a preservative.
Toxicity in
k.olle flask method)
Full troatmen
Percent
loss
in
ft
ft
Untreated;
Volatility (itr expo n, to 1 0 de.
Zor i8 hoirs
and 2 £rionths in lasc):
Full treatiien
Untreated:
Leaching b watert
Full rc
ut
Untreated
Percent loss
In 'i
if
H
b .b
52.8
?ercent
lcaft r;
II
tii ba3,
0
U
t would seem that the 1echirt effect
cater on -creol was imich more efreotive in reducing tI
todcity tan tit hLzh temperature.
1a6
*.
The Additions of Fentachlorophenol and
The work of Dr, Hubert (
)
lts Sijnifioance
and others have demonstrated
the effotIvenese ,f organIc chenice1s in rineral eolvants
It it is true that
or:anio substances in mixture (as shown
ZehI, 14) have a Lo:icity equal to the iunnat±on of each co
ponent then entach1orophi,1 added to a creosote should be
C qu.1
tlw
Lntifl of tb.e toxicIty of both ttie creosote
and te pentcoro.heoi.
The work of iteinsn does not
wholly are
:itn that at ZehI, but he concludes that the
toxicity is .reter taan th& each is. used alone, also when
one or;anic aid ne inornic or a niixtu.re of two inorganIc
subtnca are uae, eh1 found that the effect of the toxic1tr
0reater tci the umatIon of to components of
the mixture. It follows, therefore, that pertachlorophenol
(C6J15011) added to oil tar creosote would be very likely to
have a toxicjt
than %then each wa us.td separately.
It h beon howii by Batean and Baechler (9) the killpoiit
chloroohenoi j .002 &inst ,Om8 ft]flOCU8s
hI t an
low oouoentrtjon when oors.idering the
solubilty Cf ti. o aical. he oiubi]1ty5.e reported
(31) to b 0.0011,. jrcent at 20 dec. . The solubtilty fact-
or pite th lc 1lt1lity, renorte(1 C not measura)1e at
25
L. (32), :iw the high toxIcity lends strnifioanoe
to te uo of ;
LOhiorophenol as a wood pzeservative tuidor
any ar.c1 all c.orLdIt1or.
has also bo oi i.ond tnat enta-
L27
ohiorophenol is readily
soluble in oil tar oreosote.
Sohwaz'z (I.3) reportr a maximum volubility of 140 percent and
it ba been fourd in the laboratory that 2ji to 5 percent
re not difficult to obtain at room ttmQerature.
probably done more eoor.t invcstia
Thhert (21.)
tve inek on 4h
ciencal in zolut±or. t.hn any other
solutior
i' t
ution,
workr4
ye 8 t
1r
nwrLber oj, precervativs used in his ir
Lachlorophenol wa
rated as the hest are-
$ervati\'t ort .he asts oi toxci.t; (aar and wood) vol-
tility, leaoh1n aid cost. Other p
ratin: weie; 2 tetrcüorophenol; 3,
and
b., pheiiyl mercury olete.
kJin,ç
rui
hu3Lt'3
;Iie
(i.
rvat1v.n odr of
p-tert - Lutyl.ihenol;
investiat!ons it WZU3 OOfl"
ciudeci thM. ponach1orophenol would be the best of svral
ch
c&1
o ue in iixture with oil tar creooto
fox producing a ):e3ezvative oi hi:h oxicity and vermnnce
t
reaso
VoIatilitZ Tes; on vood iSlock
Tote,
those dtribd previously under
wood block VOIL t11i;y testa, ere ace using the folloin
cc.i
O
s 'vtiee
1,
011 t&x .osote - 95%; rtol - 5%
2.
;11 t
;i'otote - 9?-;
y.;;loiIenol
8
The followin;: table how the results 0 volatility
tests on wz'od. blocks preserved in the usual fashion and
p1cie
in an over t 160 deR.
for 14.8 hours. Wej.;
via s
tcen the end of t.he torty.-e
hour period.
asrc. that ths nicd :tur in t,c wood 1os ws entti'ely
evaported ±tr
o',
Tho 3a11ated
C U8C1 as a bas..s for cOlt)ut-
.
i' the percrita:
Pre or -.
v&tive
taken
iJ.
.dra1 b
Oil T
Ceo3ote
1 2.5%
Pontae nioro-
011 Tar
Creoc3te
/5%
Creso].
.t..of Pxe
rv' tive
lt[ t iifter
2I
s.
2 Z3Z
.
2 013
2 090
1 982
2 .051
Yt.ot Pro-
2h hr.
ct after
n
142.2
36.2
2
2.501
2.365
Lost
j.1
1.339
3.
126
i.o6
1.270
1.225
!4. 0t
37.14.
32
follo.. L. .ph how ti
ws1ht 1ot
te volt11ization
r
..
.
foii t.je
i.1e dove.
ost
rvat:ive
1.096
1.191
1.185
1.320
53.3.
52. p
2
906
3. 2 52
1.3.
3. 03
percentae of
od ai comptted
.:.
.
.
a
a
---- a
.
.
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rçrI0/ ctr,
o.
Leaching teets wore made according to the procedure
described in the nain report to ascertain the coarative
ro&i8tmce to lt1ri ci ie two o1uttone creoote plus
erooj. .arI creoc.
1u pect&ichloropI'.eho1. 'ht reu1tE of
t:doe tect Z'e *s frfloç
iii:1
Wt. of
evtIe
1
Hiai t,of
LD
rtosz,t
5;; Oreo1
2.1
2.173
:reoot
ci.i 'r
Lost
25.75
2
2.155
2.5, ertachio'o phenol
Tie
e:?.
Lo&t
Pre'ervative
2.1417
2
tlie copuriaon oi tho
)ar
ctae of weiyit .1oit
t
&-i1
by water.
5
Table showing the loss in weight o wood block. when
treated with varyin. amounts or Pentachiorophenol in
solution with Stoddard 3olvent and exposed to incubation for 8 weeks with fungus.
Lenzites traboa
Table
Preservativo
Pentachiorophenol
Wable B.
*
Sam-
pie
Qrtg.Wt.of Wt.atter Computed Wt.at
Treating Oven Dz7 end ot
12% Block
Weight
Poria Inerassata
ted in oven
3.6% lOSS
42.5% loss
8 weeks
132
Table showing the percent 01' weight of wood lost
when wood was treated with 1% oil tar croote
plus % Pentachiorophenol and exposed to Poria
incrassata for & weeks in olle flask. 0 is
treated control.
Sample
Oven Dry Wt.
(Computed)
A
Adjusted Oven
Dry Weight
JJt. at end
of Test
6.6
t..851
5.319
B
15.9
C
3
Table showing the percent of wei;ht of wood lost
when wood was treated with 6% oil tar creosote plus
1/10 of 1% ?antacblorophenol end exposed to Lenzitee
trabea for 8 weeks in Kolle flasks.
Sample
A
B
Oven Dry Wt.
(Computed)
I.351
5.119
* Dried in oven
Adjusted Oven
Dry Weight
1..1460
228
Wt, at end
oTest
IJoo*
5.20 *
133
Pablo showing the effect of an inoubation period
of 8 weeks on the retention of preservative in the
wood sample blocks after the prezerved blocks were
exposed to leachIng by water. Io attack on proorved blocks. C is untreated control.
Pro so,,-
vative
Sorn
Ori.Wt. Wt.atter Yt.after Computed
TreatIi; Leacbin Oven Dry
pie at 12%
Moisture
Content
100% 011 A
Tar Creo- B
sote r. C
trabea
Oil iai'
A
Creosote
5% Cresol C
L. trabea
Oil Tar
5. o65
5
5
Creosote
2.5% Pen- C
5 327
Coal Tar
Creosote
L.73
tachiorophenol
L. trabea
5.22
B
5.751
100%
L. trabea
Untreated A
B
alone
7.60
7.822
1.869
1.686
1..26l
8.098
7.62
7.193
1..90l
8. 31
S.i35
7.59
1.8 6
7.63
6.935
1.659
8.31
5.02
01
i..952
at end
Wt.of wood of 8 wks.
8.1i45
5.149
Dry Wt.
6
7.75i
.512
6.1
6.08
3.56
1..7e,8
t.222
.901
5.01
Period
1172
6.56
5.76
5.0
3.65
2.97
Thble showin: the percent of weight of uuirsated
wood lost when eosed to 8 weeke incubation with
Lunus In Kolle fisaka.
A.
Lenzltea traiea
ple
Pre aer-
vative
Orig. Vt.
at 12%
boI a turc
C onterit
Control
Fliak2
11ak
A wet
5.000
B
5
Computed
Oven Dry
wt.
at End
Xt. of Wood of 8
Alone
Period
5.81
9
.29
Ioria incra
114.2
32.7
k.8l8
3.14.8
.
riiO a
25.14.
32.1
15
Table showjri
effect of incubation period of B
wees on the retention of preservatIve in the wood
ip1e biocie. After the blocks were exposed to
i6o dee, F or 13 hours, No attack on treated
block8.
Pre3ep- Sam Orig.Wt.
Vative pie at 12%
&rd
.after Wt.after Computed Dry t.
eat11Z 1O° for Ovon I:ry at nd of
b hra. t. on incubation
Wood
011 Thr
Creosote
A
B
i00%
L.trabea
5.20
5.088
5,39
011 Tar
Creocote
b 10
8.o
.220
.900
5%Crr'
1one
14..33
5.935
5.639
5.26
!.t302
b..6o
L. trabea
011 Tar
Creosote
2.5% Pentaob.icrophenol
5.85
3.89
3.05
5.76
5.46
3.03
L.trabea
Coal Tar
Creosote
100%
I4. trabe
013. Tar
Creoso to
100% P.in-
crassata
Oil Tar
Oresol ?.
lncraasata
Oil Tar
Creo. 5%
A
T3
0
A
B
Creo.2.5%
Pentach3.or-C
opheno]. P.
Incras sata
Coal Tar A
Oreo.100% B
- ineras- C
ata
i.923
5.295
5.505
5.00
5.012
5J.o6
8.191
7.998
5.00
5.33
5.627
7.70
3
6.15
1.87
5.99
5.72
753.
5.013
3.23
Table showinp effect oi incubation perIod on the
rtetion of pre ra,jva in i;L wood aule blocks.
B1ocs treated with oil tar creoo
iid vryirig
aiounts of Creol id incubted with
trabea for 8 weeks. No attack on treated blocks.
Pre s trvat I ye
Crecol %
Ort.Wt
Lt 12%
oI stur
Conteri
wt. rt
Impre na-
Co!nputed
Oven t)ry
Actual %t.
t Cfl(i of
tlo:i nd Wt.ol' iood InCubt;j1
esIccator
A1on
PerocL
6.60
Table siie a above except that sample blocks were
exposed to Poria iorasata. N attack on treated
blocks.
* Untreated
6.06
6.20
0
6
6.1
6.55
6.65
oi 6.
6.147
.21
2
.691
.6i6
119
*6
14.736
73
6
7.
16
0 .8
8.00
7.19
7.71
7.
2 k.
1.602
&L0O
5 14.
.06
Ii.,563
*
5.239
A
B
B
.1.
A
..600
*
5.28
r66.
025
A
A
B
13
.82
.140
A
5.096
2.5
A
5
blocks.
treated In att.ck No incrassata.. Pori to exposed
were b1oks amp1 that except above as same Table
5
Period
Alone
Ion Inoubat ood t..oi
Lry Oven
c.f End at
/t. Actual
Computed
_mixtuxe
de3icoator ontent J
and tion
ture
na- e impr
after
Wt.
12%
.tMoItSam-0ri;.Wt
in phen.c].
tachiorotive
Preserva-
trabea. Lenzites with weeks 8 Incubated when
blocks treted on attack No Fentachlorophenol. of
amounts varin anu creosote tar o1 zIth trected
1ocks
blocks. niple ''ood the n rvt.ve pro ot
on incubation of effect ehowIn Table
retention the
137
ATED WITH 6 CREOSOTE
Right, Oil tar creosoted blocks
INITIAL TOXICITY TZS u1 BLuKS
Left, Coal tar creosoted
blocks 9 and 10
Untreated Control
Blocks
14, 5, and
6
Benzol Treated Control
Blocks
3ECONL) SIHIES
VOLATILITY TEOTS ON BLOCKS TREATED WITH lO CREOSOTE
Right, Coal tar creosoted
Left, Oil tar creosoted
blocks L, 5, and 6.
blocks 1, 2, and 3.
JEACHING TESTS ON BLOCKS TREATED N lIE 1u u ouir.
Right, Coal tar creosoted
Left, Oil tar creosoted
blocks 15, 16 and 17.
blocks 21 and 22.
SECOND SELIES
PJTOTOGRAPHIC EIEIT OI RULTS
EEC OND SLRI ES
LEACHING TESTS ON BLOCKS TREATED WITH 10% CREOSOTE
Right, Oil tar creosoted
Loft, Coal tar creosoted
blocks 23 and 2L.
blocks 23 and 2L1..
SECOND SERIES
6%
OIL TAR CREOSOTE
)4% OIL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATMENT
THEA TMENT
FIRST SERIES
6%
COAL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATMENT
L% COAL TAR CREOSOTE
THEA TMENT
GROWTH OF LENZITES TRABEA ON PINE BLOCKS IN KOLLE FLASKS
AT THE END OF THE EIGHTH WEEK. (Lower block in each
flask is an untreated control.)
6%
OIL TAR CREOSOTE
t% OIL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATMENT
TREATMENT
FIRST SERIES
I
6%
COAL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATMENT
L%
COAL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATMENT
GROWTH OF PORIA INCRASSATA ON PINE BLOCKS IN KOLLE FLASKS
AT TIlE END OF THE EIGHTH WEH
(Lower block in each
flask is an untreated control.)
PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBIPS O 1EULTS
FIiiS1
IL3
--100% OIL TAR CREOSOTE
.1% OIL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATLENT
TREATIVEN T
FIRST SERIES
1!
100% COAL TAR CREOSOTE
THEA TMENT
.1% COAL TAR CREOSOTE
TREATI'1IENT
GROWTH OF LZITES TRABEA ON PINE BLOCKS IN KOLLE FLASKS
AT THE END OF EIGHT WES, SHO1TNG EXTREMITIES OF FIRST
TEST SERIES.
(Lower block in each flask is untreated
UNTREATED CONTROL BLCKS ON CULTURES OF
PORIA INC 1ASSATA FOR A PEII OD OF 8 VEEZS.
UNTREATED CONTROL BLKS ON CULTURES OF
LEN ZITES TRABEA FOR A PERIOD OF 8 WEEKS.