Effect of Maturity Stage on the Nutritive Value
of Native Grass Hay
M. R. Rao, L. H. Harbers, A. M. Latschar,
and E. F. Smith
The evaluation of pastures by esophageally fistulated
steers requires artificial rumen techniques to determine
d i g e s t i b i l i t i e s o f g r a s s e s . To develop a regression curve
between data obtained by an artificial rumen and those from
a grazing animal, we conducted a series of metabolism studies
and artificial rumen trials using native prairie hay from
the Flint Hill area cut at three maturity stages.
Twelve Angus steers (average weight, 642 lbs.) were fed
ad libitum quantities of hays harvested in June, July, and
S e p t e m b e r i n a f a c t o r i a l l y d e s i g n e d e x p e r i m e n t . Sodium
c h l o r i d e a n d w a t e r w e r e a v a i l a b l e f r e e c h o i c e . Animals were
maintained on each hay 14 days before being put into metaThen a 7-day collection period followed a
bolism crates.
7-day adjustment interval.
Results and Discussion
Compositions of the three hays are given in table 4.
Nutrients that decreased with maturity were crude protein,
neutral detergent fiber, ash-free neutral detergent fiber,
acid detergent fiber, and calcium. Cellulose and lignin
increased with maturity, while hemicellulose, crude fiber,
and nitrogen free extractives remained equivocal.
Digestibility coefficients (as %) are presented in
t a b l e 5 . Nutrient digestibilities were generally highest
for June hay, lowest for September. With certain exceptions
(nitrogen-free extractives, hemicellulose, calcium) September
hay was poorer than July hay.
Steers maintained a positive
nitrogen balance on June and July samples, but not on the
September hay.
Calcium and phosphorous balances (table 6 ) cannot be
interpreted as nitrogen balance is because of different
metabolic pathways; however, Ca & P balances indicate when
Calcium
additional mineral supplementation is needed.
Excreequilibrium was maintained except on September hay.
tion was relatively constant so maintenance of equilibrium
was related to intake. The steers were in negative phosphorous
balance on June and September hays but maintained phosphorous
6
equilibrium on July hay. Phosphorous was below the animals'
requirement for all hays, so all should produce a negative
phosphorous balance, but that was not the case. The negative
phosphorous balances may be partially explained by the differences in Ca:P ratio. Positive phosphorous balance was
maintained only with July hay when the Ca:P ratio was 2.75:1.
Phosphorous ratios seem to be more important than phosphorous
level. An excess of either calcium or phosphorous decreases
absorption of the other because insoluble tricalcium phosphate
is formed. Other minerals, not evaluated, such as magnesium,
manganese, iron, and zinc also interfere with phosphorous
absorption.
Average daily dry matter intake was 13.30, 11.83, and
10.07 lbs., on June, July, and September hay, respectively.
Animals maintained positive nitrogen balance on June and July
hays even though calculated digestible protein values were
low (table 6).
Intake is usually lower in cattle confined to metabolism
stalls than those penned or in a pasture.
Increasing daily
intake in stalls likely would not change digestion coefficients.
Table 4 .
Nutrient composition (dry matter) of native hay
cut in indicated month.
June
Hay Cut
July
September
Dry matter, %
Crude protein, %
Crude fiber, %
Ether extract, %
Ash, %
Nitrogen-free extract, %
94.70
5.52
32.98
1.99
6.46
47.74
94.83
4.50
36.21
1.48
6.40
46.16
94.93
3.43
34.69
1.68
7.68
47.43
Neutral detergent fiber, %
Ash free neutral detergent fiber, %
Acid detergent fiber, %
Organic matter, %
*Cellulose, %
*Hemicellulose, %
*Lignin, %
79.06
78.02
65.00
88.24
47.69
34.50
10.78
78.12
75.43
54.77
88.33
48.23
33.86
10.17
72.03
71.24
54.48
87.25
51.09
34.66
12.45
Nutrient
0.420
0.102
4.19
Calcium, %
Phosphorous, %
Ca:P ratio
*Expressed as percent of cell wall.
7
0.289
0.105
2.75
0.359
0.090
3.98
Table 5.
Digestible nutrient content and nutritive value
index of native hays cut at three maturity stages.
Constituent
June
Hay Cut
September
July
Dry matter, %
Organic matter, %
Crude protein, %
Crude fiber, %
Ether extract, %
Nitrogen free extract, %
62.61
60.15
2.44
23.60
.81
33.90
51.84
50.27
2.01
23.66
.58
27.08
51.00
51.53
1.12
21.04
.84
27.42
TDN, % (as fed)
TDN, % (dry)
Nutritive value index (dry)*
58.44
61.72
43.48
51.24
54.04
35.05
48.72
51.33
28.35
*Standard forage value = 70.00
8
Table 6.
Nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous balances and
nutrient digestibilities of hays fed to steers.
Constituent
June
Hay Cut
July
Dry matter, %
Organic matter, %
Crude protein, %
Crude fiber, %
Ether extract, %
Nitrogen free extract, %
66.11
68.17
44.27
71.55
40.94
71.02
54.67
56.85
44.60
65.34
39.57
58.67
53.73
59.06
32.69
60.66
49.73
57.82
Digestible energy, %
Neutral detergent fiber, %
Acid detergent fiber, %
Cellulose, %
Hemicellulose, %
65.91
71.56
56.72
59.05
52.04
53.97
71.05
77.23
60.59
69.27
63.94
69.18
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Ca intake, gm.
fecal Ca, gm.
urinary Ca, gm.
Ca balance, gm.
21.50
17.40
.07
4.07
15.54
15.17
.05
00.32
13.60
15.69
.07
-2.16
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
P intake, gm.
fecal P, gm.
urinary P, gm.
P balance, gm.
6.05
11.56
.02
-5.53
5.73
4.68
01
1.07
3.31
3.96
.01
-0.66
Daily N intake, gm.
Daily fecal N, gm.
Daily N absorbed, gm.
Daily Urinary N, gm.
Daily N retained, gm.
N retained of absorbed, %
52.79
27.32
25.47
14.14
11.24
44.10
39.97
24.65
15.32
7.67
6.66
50.00
9
September
25.51
19.16
6.75
7.01
-0.26
Negative
Voluntary Intake of Cattle on Range:
Esophageal and Hand Clipped
Forage Samples Compared
M. R. Rao, L. H. Harbers, and E. F. Smith
To determine the nutritional value of an animal's diet,
it is necessary to know the amount of each kind of feed
consumed and its digestibility. A problem in range and
pasture nutrition is accurate assessment of chemical and
Little detailed information
botanical composition of diets.
on nutritive value of range and pasture forage is available.
Esophageal fistulae in grazing animals permit dietary
samples to be taken and more accurate measurements of
Diet samples of
nutritive value of the forages consumed.
animals grazing Flint Hill range have not been studied.
(1) an evaluation of esophageal
Reported here are:
samples, ( 2 ) t o t a l f e c a l o u t p u t , (3) dry matter and nutrient
intake, and (4) in vitro dry matter digestibility of
esophageal samples.
Experimental Procedure
Eight 8-month-old Holstein steers weighing 550 pounds
Two each were allotted at random to four pastures
were used.
They were tamed and managed
of approximately 60 acres each.
The
carefully for easy handling during sample collection.
steers were fitted with cannulae three months before the
experiment started, and were trained to carry fecal collection
bags.
Five digestion trials were run during June, July,
Total feces were
August, September, and October, 1971.
collected for 48 hours before the esophageal collection.
Animals were fasted overnight and esophageal samples were
collected the next morning, transferred to a deep freezer,
and stored until used.
Esophageal and feces samples were analyzed for dry
matter, organic matter, ether extract, ash, crude fiber,
Cell
a n d K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n b y t h e AOAC ( 1 9 6 5 ) m e t h o d s .
wall constituents were determined by procedures Goering
and Van Soest described (Agriculture Handbook 379, USDA,
1969).
10
Discussion
The proximate analyses of esophageal and hand clipped
forage samples are given in table 7 and cell wall constituents in table 8. The average crude protein content
was higher in esophageal samples during all five months
(6.94 vs. 4.29%), as was ash content (10.12 vs. 8.24%).
Average crude fiber and NFE were lower in esophageal
samples (28.22 vs. 30.69%; 42.96 vs. 44.96%). Considerable
experimental evidence confirms that the plants the animals
select influences crude protein and crude fiber content
consumed.
Cell wall constituents were lower in esophageal samples
The in
than in hand clipped samples (48.49 vs 54.66).
vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearance (IVDMD
and IVOMD) data for esophageal and hand clipped forage
Percentages of IVDMD and IVOMD
samples are in table 9.
were higher in esophageal samples than in hand clipped
samples (47.32 vs 44.16 and 48.49 vs 46.34).
Animals on pasture selected diets more digestible than
hand clipped forage samples.
The forage the animals selected
was higher in crude protein but lower in crude fiber, NFE,
and acid detergent fiber.
Studies to estimate total intake
during different months are continuing.
11
Table 7.
Chemical composition percentages of pasture samples obtained by esophageal or
hand sampling techniques.
Ash
Crude
protein
Crude
fiber
ES
HC
8.32
7.61
8.84
5.84
28.53
28.99
44.00
45.71
2.36
2.47
92.07
90.63
83.75
83.02
July
ES
HC
9.58
8.06
8.35
5.36
30.13
30.19
40.96
42.62
2.39
2.33
91.43
88.57
81.85
80.50
August
ES
HC
10.22
8.66
6.23
4.01
30.98
30.91
42.04
45.75
1.982
2.29
91.46
91.64
81.24
82.97
September
ES
HC
11.87
8.54
6.16
3.91
24.88
29.74
44.56
44.19
3.46
2.36
90.94
88.73
79.07
80.18
October
ES
HC
10.62
8.25
5.12
2.37
26.76
33.65
43.27
46.57
2.41
1.88
89.39
92.79
78.76
84.48
Time
Type*
June
*ES
=
esophageal
sample,
HC
=
hand
clipped
12
Nitrogenfree extract
sample.
Ether
extract
Dry
matter
Organic
matter
Table 8.
Cell wall constituents of pasture samples obtained by esophageal or hand sampling
techniques.
Percentage of organic matter
Neutral
Neutral**
Acid
detergent
detergent
detergent
fiber
fiber
fiber
% of cell wall
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Time
Type*
June
ES
HC
83.23
76.45
80.37
73.77
46.69
51.14
39.58
33.20
46.88
50.62
8.11
9.16
July
ES
HC
87.82
80.48
84.40
77.70
47.75
52.87
39.33
34.29
54.63
48.94
7.76
8.76
August
ES
HC
84.64
78.81
81.21
76.16
51.17
53.06
32.32
32.64
49.01
48.99
10.80
9.29
September
ES
HC
78.75
80.93
72.36
77.16
45.64
56.54
31.04
29.70
48.17
49.44
12.96
10.09
October
ES
HC
81.50
85.75
77.64
82.35
51.23
59.71
28.33
30.34
48.68
49.72
9.07
10.12
*ES = e s o p h a g e a l s a m p l e , H C = h a n d c l i p p e d s a m p l e .
**Ash free basis.
13
Lignin
Table 9.
In vitro dry matter and organic matter
disappearance (IVDMD and IVOMD) of esophageal
and hand clipped forage samples.
Nutrients
Type
IVDMD
IVOMD
June
July
August
September
October
ES
HC
50.44
47.34
52.87
48.48
42.04
41.65
45.27
42.03
40.79
38.82
ES
HC
51.79
50.11
53.78
50.24
44.45
42.65
44.79
43.02
43.61
42.01
ES = e s o p h a g e a l s a m p l e s , H C = h a n d c l i p p e d s a m p l e s .
14
E f f e c t of Feeding I n s e c t i c i d e t o C a t t l e
on Growing and F i n i s h i n g R a t i o n s
L.
H.
H a r b e r s , C. W.
L . L.
P i t t s , K. F . H a r r i s o n
Tucker, and E . F. Smith
A c o n v e n i e n t method t o c o n t r o l f l i e s i n c a t t l e manure
i s a d d i n g a n i n s e c t i c i d e t o t h e r a t i o n . The c h e m i c a l p a s s e s
t h r o u g h t h e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t and e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l s f l y
l a r v a e i n t h e manure.
I t may a l s o i n f l u e n c e a n i m a l p e r f o r m a n c e .
W e added a n i n s e c t i c i d e a t 50 p.p.m.
t o a h i g h roughage
growing r a t i o n and t o a n a l l - c o n c e n t r a t e f i n i s h i n g r a t i o n and
measured p e r f o r m a n c e by g r o w t h , f e e d i n t a k e , and f e e d
e f f i c i e n c y i n steers and h e i f e r s .
For t h e h i g h roughage r a t i o n 10 steers were d i v i d e d i n t o
two e q u a l w e i g h t g r o u p s and f e d a b a s a l r a t i o n of c o r n s i l a g e ,
r o l l e d m i l o , and soybean meal ( s e e table 33 for r a t i o n compos i t i o n ) . The steers were i n d i v i d u a l l y f e d t w i c e d a i l y w i t h
f r e e a c c e s s t o b l o c k s a l t and w a t e r f o r 56 d a y s . F i v e w e r e
c o n t r o l s ; f i v e r e c e i v e d t h e i n s e c t i c i d e * hand mixed a t t h e
bunk.
Twenty- four h e i f e r s w e r e f e d a n a l l - c o n c e n t r a t e f i n i s h i n g
r a t i o n . They w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r g r o u p s by w e i g h t and
f e d a m i x t u r e o f 96% whole c o r n and 4 % p r o t e i n supplement
( s e e t a b l e 36 for r a t i o n c o m p o s i t i o n ) . Two g r o u p s were
c o n t r o l s ; two g r o u p s r e c e i v e d a s u p p l e m e n t c o n t a i n i n g t h e
same i n s e c t i c i d e .
Each t o n of p e l l e t e d supplement c o n t a i n e d
2 2 7 0 gm o f a 5 0 % premix o f t h e i n s e c t i c i d e (50 p.p.m.).
All
a n i m a l s had f r e e a c c e s s t o w a t e r .
One c o n t r o l and o n e t r e a t e d
g r o u p had a c c e s s t o b l o c k s a l t ; t h e o t h e r s g o t o n l y sodium
t h a t o c c u r s n a t u r a l l y i n f e e d s t u f f s . Animal p e r f o r m a n c e
was d e t e r m i n e d by g a i n , f e e d i n t a k e , and f e e d e f f i c i e n c y .
High- roughage d a t a are i n t a b l e 40. Rabon(R) had no
s t a t i s t i c a l i n f l u e n c e on a n i m a l p e r f o r m a n c e , b u t it t e n d e d
t o lower g a i n s . The n o n s i g n i f i c a n t t r e n d of g r e a t e r f e e d
e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p may h a v e r e s u l t e d from
d i f f e r e n c e s i n w e i g h t between t h e two g r o u p s b e c a u s e f e e d
i n t a k e a s a p e r c e n t a g e of body w e i g h t w a s n e a r t h e e x p e c t e d
f o r i n d i v i d u a l l y penned a n i m a l s ( t a b l e 40).
The lower a v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n of a n i m a l s f e d t h e
insecticide
i n whole c o r n d i e t s was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
*Rabon (R)
Calif.
k i n d l y s u p p l i e d by S h e l l Chemical Co.. , San Ramone,
Calves weaned in the pasture separated from their mothers
by a double fence lost weight while those trucked 6 miles
gained weight after the first week. Fewer calves that received
electrolyte became sick and they required fewer treatments per
sick calf than was true for calves that received water.
58
Table 4 5 .
G r a i n r a t i o n f o r 140- day t e s t o f w e i g h t g a i n e d by
b u l l s i n test.
Rations
Rolled o a t s , l b s .
Steam f l a k e d m i l o , l b s .
Soybean m e a l , l b s .
Dehydrated a l f a l f a , l b s .
Trace m i n e r a l s , l b s .
Vitamin A , l b s .
Aurofac 1 0 , l b s .
TDN c o n t e n t , %
Crude p r o t e i n , %
Table 4 6 .
Response o f b u l l c a l v e s t o i n d i c a t e d r a t i o n , 140- day
test.
Rations
A
No. o f b u l l s
Average a g e g o i n g on t e s t , d a y s
A v e r a g e w e i g h t g o i n g o n test, lbs.
Average w e i g h t o f f t e s t , l b s .
ADG on t e s t , l b s .
Lbs. g r a i n / l b s . g a i n
C
B
7
8
9
235
519
810
230
467
863
234
497
872
The Charolais breed included three domestic and seven French
bulls, The eight Simmental bulls included five available
commercially in 1969, and three bulls that the Canada
Department of Agriculture had imported for research. The
Limousin bulls were the six available commercially after
early July, 1969. The South Devon bulls were sampled from
a commercial importation made early in 1969, and the Jersey
bulls were selected at random from two artificial insemination
organizations.
Because the number of progeny per sire is relatively
low, general releases of information on individual sires is
not released.
Calving difficulty scores presented in table 47 for twoyear-old females and table 48 for three-, four-, and five-yearold females were assigned to each calf at birth using this
scoring system:
1.
Score
No difficulty
-
2.
Little difficulty
-
3.
Moderate difficulty
-
4.
Major difficulty
-
5.
6.
Caesarean birth
Posterior presentation
-
Description
Calves unassisted; however,
sometimes necessary to
straighten head and/or
front legs.
Assistance by hand, but
no jack or puller used;
assistance sometimes not
required.
Assistance with jack or
calf puller; some difficulty
encountered even then.
Calf jack used and major
difficulty encountered;
usually 30 minutes or
more required to deliver
calf.
At weaning, steer calves with adjusted weaning weights
three standard deviations below the mean (nine head) were
removed from the study, The remaining steers were placed in
the feedlot by breed of sire group (replicated with two lots
per breed of sire) to obtain data on growth rate and feed
efficiency. Weaning weights (table 49) were adjusted to a
steer basis and to a four- or five-year-old cow basis. The
adjustment factors were developed from these data and were
as follows:
One s t e a k w a s removed from e a c h c a r c a s s a t t h e 1 1 t h r i b
f o r W a r n e r - B r a t z l e r s h e a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . The s t e a k s were
cooked a t 350°F t o a n i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f 150°F. A f t e r
c o o l i n g f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 m i n u t e s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e ,
one- half i n c h c o r e s w e r e removed f o r s h e a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
S t e a k s w e r e removed a t t h e 1 0 t h r i b from f o u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
c a r c a s s e s p e r b r e e d g r o u p p e r s l a u g h t e r d a t e (168 c a r c a s s e s ) ,
cooked a t 350°F t o a n i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e of 150°F, and
subjected t o t a s t e panel evaluation f o r tenderness, flavor,
j u i c i n e s s and o v e r a l l a c c e p t a b i l i t y by t r a i n e d t a s t e p a n e l i s t s
(table 55).
Data f o r c a r c a s s and m e a t t r a i t s were a n a l y z e d by l e a s t
s q u a r e s p r o c e d u r e s f o r u n e q u a l s u b c l a s s numbers u s i n g a model
t h a t i n c l u d e d e f f e c t s o f a g e o f dam (two-, three, four-, and five-year-olds);
b r e e d of s i r e ( s t r a i g h t b r e d H e r e f o r d and
Angus, Hereford- Angus r e c i p r o c a l c r o s s e s , J e r s e y , South Devon,
Limousin, Simmental and C h a r o l a i s ) ; b r e e d of dam ( H e r e f o r d ,
Angus); t i m e of s l a u g h t e r , and b r e e d of s i r e - b r e e d of dam-time
of s l a u g h t e r ; and b i r t h d a t e was i n c l u d e d a s a c o v a r i a t e t o
a d j u s t f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n a g e of c a l f w i t h i n s l a u g h t e r g r o u p s .
Thus, t h e l e a s t - s q u a r e s means f o r t h e c a r c a s s and m e a t t r a i t s
a r e a d j u s t e d f o r a g e o f dam and t o 415, 443 and 471 d a y s of
age f o r t h e t h r e e s l a u g h t e r groups.
Postweaning a v e r a g e d a i l y g a i n and a d j u s t e d f i n a l
w e i g h t f o r b o t h steers and h e i f e r s w e r e a n a l y z e d by l e a s t
s q u a r e s p r o c e d u r e s u s i n g t h e same model e x c e p t t h a t b i r t h
d a t e was n o t i n c l u d e d a s a c o v a r i a t e .
Postweaning growth, p u b e r t y and pregnancy d a t a on t h e
h e i f e r s i n t h e f i r s t c a l f c r o p are p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 5 6 .
The h e i f e r s w e r e k e p t i n d r y l o t from weaning t h r o u g h t h e
a r t i f i c i a l i n s e m i n a t i o n b r e e d i n g p e r i o d (November 1 7 - J u l y 7 ) .
T h e i r postweaning ration was 50% corn silage and 50% grass
s i l a g e f e d a d l i b i t u m . The a d j u s t e d 400-day w e i g h t i s based
t h e a d j u s t e d 550-day w e i g h t i s based on a
on a f u l l w e i g h t ;
shrunk weight.
D a t e of p u b e r t y , d e f i n e d a s d a t e of f i r s t o b s e r v e d
s t a n d i n g e s t r u s , w a s d e t e r m i n e d by c h e c k i n g a n i m a l s f o r
Body w e i g h t s w e r e t a k e n e v e r y 28 d a y s
estrus twice daily.
from weaning t o t h e b r e e d i n g p e r i o d and a g a i n when t h e
b r e e d i n g p e r i o d t e r m i n a t e d . H e i f e r s were i n s e m i n a t e d o n l y
a f t e r s t a n d i n g f o r vasectomized b u l l s o r o t h e r h e i f e r s .
F o l l o w i n g t h e a r t i f i c i a l i n s e m i n a t i o n b r e e d i n g s e a s o n (May 24J u l y 7 , 4 5 d a y s ) , h e i f e r s w e r e p l a c e d on p a s t u r e f o r a 26-day
n a t u r a l s e r v i c e b r e e d i n g p e r i o d . The p e r c e n t a g e o f h e i f e r s
r e a c h i n g p u b e r t y by 1 5 months and t h e a v e r a g e a g e o f t h o s e
t h a t reached puberty a r e f o r h e i f e r s observed i n e s t r u s u p t o
t h e end of t h e a r t i f i c i a l i n s e m i n a t i o n b r e e d i n g s e a s o n o n l y ;
t h a t may have r e a c h e d
t h e p e r c e n t a g e p r e g n a n t i n c l u d e s heifers
p u b e r t y and b r e d d u r i n g t h e 26-day n a t u r a l s e r v i c e b r e e d i n g p e r i o d .
season, 92& of all crossbred heifers were pregnant versus 74% for straightbred cattle. A
higher percentage of the Jersey and Angus-Hereford reciprocal crosses were pregnant than
for other breeds.
71
Table 47. U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Germ Plasm Evaluation calving d i f f i c u l t y summary, 1970 calf crop, 2-year-old
females.
Calving d i f f i c u l t y score
Breed
o f sire
Breed
%
o f dam
No o f
calves
Hereford
Angus
Hereford
Angus
Average
25
44
69
Angus
Hereford
Hereford
Angus
Average
Jersey
N
1
2
3
No.
%
8 32.0
29 65.9
37 53.6
2
1
3
8.0
2.3
4.3
1
0
1
37
50
87
16 43.2
34 68.0
50 57.5
3
1
4
8.1
2.0
4.6
Hereford
Angus
Average
27
44
71
19 70.4
41 93.1
60 81.8
South Devon
Hereford
Angus
Average
15
33
48
Limousin
Hereford
Angus
Average
Simnental
Charolals
Average
A l l Sire
Breeds
No.
1.4
13 52.0
14 31.8
27 39.3
1
0
1
1
1
2
2.7
2.0
2.3
17 46.0
14 28.0
31 35.6
3 11.1
2 4.6
5 7.9
1
0
1
3.7
5 33.3
12 36.4
17 34.9
37
27
64
Hereford
Angus
Average
%
No.
4
%
.
No.
o
%
4.0
No.
5
%
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
5 13.5
3 6.0
8 9.2
1.8
4 14.8
1 2.3
5 8.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2 13.3
1 3.0
3 8.2
2 13.3
2 6.1
4 9.7
5 33.3
17 51.5
22 42.4
1
1
2
6.7
3.0
4.9
0
0
0
1 6.7
4 12.0
5 9.4
4 10.8
8 29.6
12 20.2
1
2
3
2.7
7.4
5.1
2
2
4
5.4
7.4
6.4
26 70.3
15 55.6
41 63.0
3
0
3
8.1
1 2.7
0
1 1.4
3
1
4
16
17
33
2 12.5
8 47.0
10 29.8
0
1
1
5.9
3.0
1
1
5.9
3.0
8 50.0
5 29.5
13 39.8
6 37.5
2 11.7
8 24.6
0
0
0
1 6.3
2 11.7
3 9.0
Hereford
Angus
Average
21
22
43
4 19.0
6 27.3
10 23.2
2
0
2
9.5
4.8
0
1
1
4.6
2.3
11 52.4
15 68.1
26 60.3
3 14.3
0
3 7.2
1 4.8
0
1 2.4
3 14.3
3 13.6
6 14.0
Hereford
Angus
Average
178
237
415
58 32.6
138 58.2
196 45.4
13
8
21
7.3
3.4
5.4
7
7
14
3.9
3.0
3.5
84 47.2
81 34.2
165 40.7
14
3
17
4.0
6
%
No.
Dead a t
o r shortly
a f t e r birth
1.4
4.1
7.9
1.3
4.6
2 1.1
0
2 .6
13
18
31
9.1
5.8
2.3
1.2
8.1
3.7
5.9
7.3
7.6
7.5