HPSCGA20:
ScienceandMedicineacrossMedievalWorlds
CourseSyllabus
2015-16session|DrBillMacLehose|w.maclehose@ucl.ac.uk
CourseInformation
ThisseminarstudiesthetransferofscientificknowledgefromtheancientGreco-Romanworldtoan
ArabiccontextfromtheninthcenturyonwardandaWesternChristiancontextfromtheeleventh
centurytotheeveoftheRenaissance.Wewillexaminehowandwhycentresoflearning,suchas
AlexandriaandBaghdadorsouthernItalyandSpain,broughtbothcontinuityandchangetothe
scientifictradition.Bystudyinggeography,astronomy,physiology,contagiousdiseases,and
pharmacology,wewillexplorethewaysinwhichMuslim,JewishandChristianviewsofknowledge
influencedeachotherintheformationofascientificmethodandspiritofinquiryintothenaturalworld
basedonapaganpast.Howdidthedifferentsciences,suchasmedicine,geography,astrology,and
mathematics,connectwitheachotherandwithphilosophyandtheology?Wewillalsoconsiderthe
WesternspreadofscientificknowledgeoutofthelearnedLatin-speakingworldtoabroaderaudience
throughtranslationsintotheEuropeanvernaculars.
Theprimaryobjectiveoftheseminaristoprovidestudentswithanextensiveoverviewofscienceinthe
medievalArabicandLatinworlds,viewedfromacomparativeanalyticperspective.Weshallapproach
thetopicfromaninterdisciplinaryangle,addressingmedievalscience,technologyandmedicinefrom
historical,sociologicalandanthropologicalmethodologies.Byanalysingtechnical,literaryandvisual
sources,wewillexplorethemedievalunderstandingsofmicrocosmandmacrocosm,thehumanbody
andthenaturalworld.
Basiccourseinformation
MoodleWeb
site:
https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=22932
Assessment:
Researchessay,5000words
Timetable:
www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/hpsc
Prerequisites:
Nopre-requisites
Requiredtexts:
Norequiredtexts
Coursetutor:
DrBillMacLehose
Contact:
w.maclehose@ucl.ac.uk|t:02076792929
Web:
www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/sts/staff/maclehose
Officelocation:
22GordonSquare,Room3.2
Officehours:
Monday,11-12;Friday,11-12
HPSC
2013-14sessionemail
Schedule
UCLWeek Topic
6
Reorientatingthehistoryofscience
7
Date
11Jan
9
Transmissionofscientificknowledge:East 18Jan
andWest
Thebodyconsidered:Anatomyandtheuse 25Jan
ofcorpses
Sex,desireandphysiology
1Feb
10
Magicandalchemy
8
Activity
Sa’idal-Andalusi;
Lindberg1991
Meyerhof;Guyde
Chauliac;Burnett
Park;Savage-Smith
Decoitu;Trotula;
JacquartandThomasset
8Feb
Linden;Olsan
11
ReadingWeek
15Feb
12
Blurredboundaries:Religionandscience
22Feb
Lindberg1995;
Condemnations;Perho
Saliba;Maimonides;
French1994
Woodward;Gaudio;
Beeston
Gimpel;Saliba;Villard
online;al-Jazarionline
Horrox;Touati;Dols
13
Astronomyandastrology
29Feb
14
GeographyandtheImageoftheWorld
7Mar
15
Artisans,architectureandartillery:Medieval 14Mar
technologies
Epidemicsandinfectiousdisease:Medieval 21Mar
responses
16
Assessments
Summary
Description
100%
Assignments
Researchessay
Deadline
Wordlimit
Outlineand
preliminary
bibliographydue1
March2016
(formative,require); Finaldraft:5000
Finaldraftdue24
March2016
(summative,required)
The research essay will consist of a topic of the student’s choosing (pending the instructor’s
approval) which fits within the parameters of the module, i.e. between approximately 500 and
1500 AD, and related to the history of science, technology and medicine of the Islamic and
Christianworlds.Itconsistsoftworequiredparts:thefirstisaformative,unmarkedoutlineand
HPSC
2013-14sessionemail
preliminarybibliography,andthesecondisthefinalversion.
EssaysmustbesubmittedviaMoodle.
In order to be deemed ‘complete’ on this module students must attempt both the
outline/bibliographyandtheresearchessay.
Criteriaforassessment
The departmental marking guidelines for individual items of assessment can be found in the STS
StudentHandbook.
Aims&objectives
Theassignmentwillallowthestudenttoworkwithbothprimaryandsecondarysourcestostudyatopic
ofhisorherownchoosing.EssaysmustbesubmittedviaMoodle.
Inordertobedeemed‘complete’onthismodulestudentsmustattempttodeveloparesearchtopic(to
beapprovedbythelecturer),abibliographyandwriteananalyticalessayof5000words.Thestudent
mustalsomeettheUCLguidelinesforattendance.
Readinglist
Week1:ReorientatingHistoryofScience
Sa‘idAl-Andalusi.ScienceintheMedievalWorld:“BookoftheCategoriesofNations.”Austin:Universityof
TexasPress,1991.(selectionsonmoodle)***
Lindberg,David.TheBeginningsofWesternScience.Chicago,UCP,1992.Chapter1.***
Week2:TransmissionofScientificKnowledge:EastandWest
Meyerhof,Max.‘SultanSaladin’sPhysicianontheTransmissionofGreekMedicinetotheArabs.’BHM18
(1945)169-178.***
GuydeChauliac,Surgery,selectionfromGrant,SourceBook.***
Burnett,Charles.‘TheCoherenceoftheArabic-LatinTranslationProgrammeinToledointheTwelfth
Century.’ScienceinContext14(2001)249-88.***
‘FromNoahtoGalen’(unpublishedtext,classhandout)
Jacquart,Danielle.‘TheInfluenceofArabicMedicineintheMedievalWest.’InEncyclopediaoftheHistory
ofArabicScience.Ed.RoshdiRashed.London,Routledge,1996,3vols.
Young,M.J.L.,J.D.LathamandR.B.Serjeant.Religion,LearningandScienceinthe‘AbbasidPeriod.
Cambridge:CUP,1990.
Gutas,Dmitri.GreekThought,ArabicCulture.London,1998.
Peters,F.E.AristotleandtheArabs.NewYork:NYUPress,1968.
Pormann,PeterandEmilieSavageSmith.MedievalIslamicMedicine.Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversity
Press,2007.
Plessner,Martin.‘TheNaturalSciencesandMedicine’,inTheLegacyofIslam,ed.JosephSchachtandC.E.
Bosworth,Oxford:ClarendonPress,1974.
Rosenthal,Franz.TheClassicalHeritageinIslam.TransEmileandJennyMarmorstein.Berkeley:University
ofCaliforniaPress,1975.
Savage-Smith,Emilie.‘Medicine.’InEncyclopediaoftheHistoryofArabicScience.Ed.RoshdiRashed.
London,Routledge,1996,3vols.
Southern,R.W.‘FromSchoolstoUniversities.’InTheEarlySchools:TheHistoryoftheUniversityofOxford,
ed.JeremyCatto.ClarendonPress,1984.***
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Chenu,M.-D.Nature,ManandSocietyintheTwelfthCentury.LesterK.Little,trans.ChicagoUniversity
Press,1968.
Crombie,A.C.RobertGrossetesteandtheOriginsofExperimentalScience,1100-1700.ClarendonPress,
1953
French,RogerandAndrewCunningham.BeforeScience:TheInventionoftheFriars’NaturalPhilosophy.
ScholarPress,1996.
Joannitius,Isagogue,tr.H.P.Cholmeleyas‘TheGalenicSystem’inE.Grant,ASourceBookinMedieval
Science,HarvardU.P.,1974,pp.705-15.
Lindberg,DavidC,ed.ScienceintheMiddleAges.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1978.
Shank,Michael,ed.TheScientificEnterpriseinAntiquityandMiddleAges:ReadingsfromIsis.Chicago
UniversityPress,2000.
Siraisi,Nancy.MedievalandEarlyRenaissanceMedicine.Chicago:ChicagoUP,1990.
Week3:TheBodyConsidered:Anatomyandtheuseofcorpses
Park,Katharine.‘TheLifeoftheCorpse:DivisionandDissectioninLateMedievalItaly.’Journalofthe
HistoryofMedicineandAlliedSciences.50(1995)111-132.***
Savage-Smith,Emilie.‘AttitudestowardDissectioninMedievalIslam.’JournaloftheHistoryofMedicine
andAlliedSciences50(1995)67-110.***
Meyerhof,Max.‘IbnAn-Nafis(XIIIthCent.)andHisTheoryoftheLesserCirculation.’Isis23(1935)100-20.
***
Park,Katharine.Women’sSecrets:Gender,GenerationandtheOriginsofHumanDissection.NewYork,
ZoneBooks,2006.ch.2.
Conrad,LawrenceI.‘UsamaibnMunqidhandOtherWitnessestoFrankishandIslamicMedicineintheEra
oftheCrusades.’InAmar,etal.eds.Ha-Refu’ahbi-Yerushalayim(MedicineinJerusalem)1999,pp.
xxvii-lii.
Corner,GeorgeW.AnatomicalTextsoftheEarlierMiddleAges.Washington,D.C.,CarnegieInstitution,
1927.
Mitchell,PiersD.MedicineintheCrusades:Warfare,WoundsandtheMedievalSurgeon.Cambridge,CUP,
2004.
O’Neill,YnezViole.‘TheFunfbilderserieReconsidered.’BHM43(1969)236-45.
Savage-Smith,Emilie.‘ThePracticeofSurgeryinIslamicLands:MythandReality’,inEmilieSavage-Smith
andPeregrineHorden(eds)TheYear1000:MedicalPracticeattheEndoftheFirstMillennium.
SpecialvolumeofSocialHistoryofMedicine,2000,13.2:307-321.
Week4:Sex,desireandphysiology
Delaney,Paul.‘ConstantinusAfricanus’‘DeCoitu’:ATranslation.’TheChaucerReview4(1969)55-65.***
Green,MonicaH.TheTrotula:AMedievalCompendiumofWomen’sMedicine.Philadelphia,UPennPress,
2001.(selections)***
Jacquart,DanielleandClaudeThomasset.SexualityandMedicineintheMiddleAges.TransMatthew
Adamson.PrincetonUniversityPress,1988[Frenchoriginal,1985].***
Maimonides.OnCohabitation.InMedicalWritingsofMaimonides.
Laqueur,Thomas.MakingSex:BodyandGenderfromtheGreekstoFreud.HarvardUniversityPress,1990.
Ch.2,DestinyinAnatomy.
Cadden,Joan.MeaningsofSexDifferenceintheMiddleAges:Medicine,ScienceandCulture.Cambridge:
CUP,1993.
Gil’adi,Avner.Infants,ParentsandWetNurses:MedievalIslamicViewsofBreastfeedingandTheirSocial
Implications.Leiden:Brill,1999.
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Green,MonicaH.MakingWomen’sMedicineMasculine:TheRiseofMaleAuthorityinPre-Modern
Gynaecology.Oxford,OUP,2008.
Lemay,HelenRodnite.Women’sSecrets:ATranslationofPseudo-AlbertusMagnus’Desecretismulierum
withCommentaries.Albany,NY:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,1992.
Musallam,B.F.‘TheHumanEmbryoinArabicScientificandReligiousThought.’InG.R.Dunstan,ed.The
HumanEmbryo:AristotleandtheArabicandEuropeanTraditions.Exeter:UniversityofExeter
Press,1990,pp.32-46.
Riddle,John.ContraceptionandAbortionfromtheAncientWorldtotheRenaissance.Cambridge,MA:
HarvardUniversityPress,1992,pp.108-143.
Solomon,Michael.TheMirrorofCoitus:ATranslationandEditionoftheFifteenth-CenturySpeculumal
foderi.MedievalSpanishMedicalTextsSeries29.1990.
Week5:Magicandalchemy
Linden,StantonJ.,ed.TheAlchemyReader:FromHermesTrismegistustoIsaacNewton.CUP,2003.
(selections)***
Olsan,Lea.‘CharmsandPrayersinMedievalMedicalTheoryandPractice.’SocialHistoryofMedicine16
(2003)343-66.***
Savage-Smith,Emilie.MagicanddivinationinEarlyIslam.TheFormationoftheClassicalIslamicWorld42.
London:Ashgate,2004.***
Bacon,Roger.RogerBacon’sLetterConcerningtheMarvellousPowerofArtandofNatureandConcerning
theNullityofMagic.Tr.T.L.Davis.1923.
Flint,ValerieJ.‘TheEarlyMedieval‘Medicus’,theSaint–andtheEnchanter.’SocietyfortheSocialHistory
ofMedicine2(1989)127-145.
Kieckhefer,Richard.MagicintheMiddleAges.Cambridge:CUP,1989.
Maxwell-Stuart,PG,ed.TheOccultinMedievalEurope,500-1500:ADocumentaryHistory.Palgrave
Macmillan,1999.
McVaugh,Michael.‘TheHumidumradicaleinThirteenth-centuryMedicine.’Traditio30(1974)259-83.
Newman,William.‘AnOverviewofRogerBacon’sAlchemy.’InHackett,J.,ed.RogerBaconandthe
Sciences:CommemorativeEssays.Leiden:Brill,1997,pp.317-36.
Pereira,Michela.‘AlchemyandtheUseofVernacularLanguagesintheLateMiddleAges.’Speculum74
(1999)336-356.
Schwartz,Dov,BatyaSteinandDavidLouvish.StudiesonAstralMagicinMedievalJewishThought.Leiden:
Brill,2007.
Zambelli,Paola.AstrologyandMagicfromtheMedievalIslamicWorldtoRenaissanceEurope.Ashgate,
2012.
Week6:BlurredBoundaries:Religionandscience
Lindberg,David.‘MedievalScienceandItsReligiousContext.’Osiris10(1995)61-79.***
Condemnationsof1277.Onlineresource.***
Perho,I.TheProphet’sMedicine:ACreationoftheMuslimTraditionalistScholars.Studiaorientalia74.
Helsinki:FinnishOrientalSociety,1995.***
Arbesmann,R.‘TheConceptofChristusmedicusinSt.Augustine.’Traditio10(1954)1-28.
Bartlett,Robert.TheNaturalandtheSupernaturalintheMiddleAges.TheWilesLectures.CUP,2008.
Ferngren,GaryB.ScienceandReligion:AHistoricalIntroduction.JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2002.
Grant,Edward.GodandReasonintheMiddleAges.CUP,2001.
Lindberg,DavidandRonaldL.Numbers,eds.GodandNature:HistoricalEssaysontheEncounterbetween
ChristianityandScience.UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1986.
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Lindberg,David.'ScienceandHandmaiden:RogerBaconandthePatristicTradition.'Isis(1987)518-36.
Yoshikawa,NaoeKukita.‘HolyMedicineandDiseasesoftheSoul:HenryofLancasterandLeLivrede
SeyntzMedicines.’MedicalHistory53(2009)397-414.
Ziegler,Joseph.MedicineandReligionc.1300:TheCaseofArnaudeVilanova.Oxfordrd,ClarendonPress,
1998.
Week7:AstronomyandAstrologyinsociety,science,andmedicine
Saliba,G.‘TheRoleoftheAstrologerinMedievalIslamicSociety.’Bulletind’étudesorientales44(1992)
45-67.***
Maimonides.LetteronAstrology.InAMaimonidesReader,IsadoreTwersky,ed.
French,Roger.‘AstrologyinMedicalPractice.’InGarcía-Ballester,Luis,RogerFrench,JonArrizabalagaand
AndrewCunningham,eds.PracticalMedicinefromSalernototheBlackDeath.Cambridge:CUP,
1994,pp.30-59.***
Tester,Jim.AHistoryofWesternAstrology.Woodbridge,Suffolk:BoydellPress,1987.***
Dallal,A.AnIslamicResponsetoGreekAstronomy.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1995.
Duhem,Pierre.MedievalCosmology:TheoriesofInfinity,Place,Time,VoidandthePluralityofWorlds.
Ariew,Roger,trans.Chicago:UChicagoPress,1985.
Goldstein,Bernard.'TheoryandObservationinMedievalAstronomy.'Isis(1972)39-47.
King,David.A.AstronomyintheServiceofIslam.Aldershot:Variorum,1993.
Saliba,George.AHistoryofArabicAstronomy:PlanetaryTheoriesduringtheGoldenAgeofIslam.New
York:NYUPress,1994.
Saliba,George.'GreekAstronomyandtheMedievalArabicTradition.'AmericanScientist90(2002)360-67
Shatzmiller,Joseph.‘InSearchofthe“BookofFigures”:MedicineandAstrologyinMontpellierattheTurn
oftheFourteenthCentury.’AJSReview7(1982)383-407.
Smoller,LauraAckerman.History,ProphecyandtheStars:TheChristianAstrologyofPierred’Ailly,13501420.PrincetonUP,1994.
Zambelli,Paola.TheSpeculumAstronomiaeandItsEnigmas:Astrology,Theology,andScienceinAlbertus
MagnusandHisContemporaries.KluwerAcademic,1992.
Week8:Geographyandtravelaccounts
Woodward,David.‘Reality,Symbolism,TimeandSpaceinMedievalWorldMaps.’Annalsofthe
AssociationofAmericanGeographers75(1985)510-21.
Gaudio,Michael.‘MatthewParisandtheCartographyoftheMargins.’Gesta39(2000)50-57.
Beeston,A.F.L.‘Idrisi'sAccountoftheBritishIsles.’BulletinoftheSchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies13
(1950)265-280.
Al-Idrisi’smapoftheworld:http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3200+ct001903))
Edson,Evelyn.‘WorldMapsandEasterTables:MedievalMapsinContext.’ImagoMundi48(1996)25-42.
TheTravelsofIbnBattutah.TimMacIntosh-Smith,trans.Picador,2003.***
MarcoPolo.TheTravels,RonaldLatham,trans.Penguin,2004.***
Russell,JeffreyBurton.InventingtheFlatEarth:ColumbusandModernHistorians.PraegerPaperback,
1997.***
TheTravelsofSirJohnMandeville.C.Moseley,trans.Penguin,2005.
UsamahibnMunqidh.TheBookofContemplation:IslamandtheCrusades,PaulCobb,trans.Penguin,
2008
Eagleton,Catherine.Monks,ManuscriptsandSundials:TheNaviculainMedievalEngland.Brill,2010
Harvey,PDA.TheHerefordWorldMap:MedievalWorldMapsandtheirContexts.BritishLibrary,2006.
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Al-Idrisi.Lapremièregéographiedel’occident.Flammarion,1999.
Kline,NaomiReed.MapsofMedievalThought:TheHerefordParadigm.BoydellPress,2005.
Mittman,Asa.MapsandMonstersinMedievalEngland.Routledge,2006.
Wright,JK.TheGeographicalLoreoftheTimeoftheCrusades:AStudyintheHistoryofMedievalScience
andTraditioninWesternEurope.Dover,1965.
Zadeh,Travis.MappingFrontiersacrossMedievalIslam:Geography,Translationandthe‘AbbasidEmpire.
Tauris,2010.
Week9:Artisans,ArchitectureandArtillery:MedievalTechnologies
Gimpel,Jean.TheMedievalMachine:TheIndustrialRevolutionoftheMiddleAges.PimlicoPress,1992.
***
VillarddeHonnecourt.Sketchbooks.***http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt
TheBookofKnowledgeofIngeniousMechanicalDevicesbyIbnal-Razzazal-Jazari.DonaldHill,trans.
Dordrecht:D.Reidel,1974.
North,John.God’sClockmaker:RichardofWallingfordandtheInventionofTime.HambledonandLondon,
2007.
Bork,Robert,WilliamW.ClarkandAbbyMcGehee.NewApproachestoMedievalArchitecture.Ashgate
2010.
Grant,EdwardandJohnMurdoch.MathematicsanditsApplicationtoScienceandNaturalPhilosophyin
theMiddleAges.2010
King,DavidA.InSynchronywiththeHeavens:StudiesinAstronomicalTimekeepingandInstrumentationin
MedievalIslamicCivilization.Vol1:TheCalloftheMuezzin.Brill,2003
Partington,JamesRiddick.AHistoryofGreekFireandGunpowder.Heffer,1960.
Varisco,DanielMartin.MedievalAgricultureandIslamicScience:TheAlmanacofaYemeniSultan.1994.
White,Lynn,Jr.MedievalTechnologyandSocialChange.London:OUP,1962.
Wu,NancyandWilliamW.Clark.AdQuadratum:ThePracticalApplicationofGeometryinMedieval
Architecture.2002
Week10:Epidemicsandinfectiousdiseases:medievalresponses
Horrox,Rosemary,trans.TheBlackDeath.Manchester,UofManchesterPress,1994.(selections)
Touati,François-Olivier.‘ContagionandLeprosy:Myths,IdeasandEvolutionsinMedievalMindsand
Societies.’InLawrenceConradandDominikWujastyk,eds,Contagion:PerspectivesfromPreModernSocieties.Aldershot:Ashgate,2000.***
Dols,Michael.‘TheComparativeCommunalResponsestotheBlackDeathinMuslimandChristian
Societies.’Viator5(1974)269-87.***
Arrizabalaga,Jon.‘FacingtheBlackDeath:PerceptionsandReactionsofUniversityMedicalPractitioners.’
InPracticalMedicinefromSalernototheBlackDeath,pp.237-88.***
Carmichael,Ann.‘UniversalandParticular:TheLanguageofPlague,1348-1500.’InPestilential
Complexities:UnderstandingMedievalPlague,VivianNutton,ed.MedicalHistorySupplement27.
London:WellcomeTrustCentrefortheHistoryofMedicine,2008.
Cohn,SamuelK.TheBlackDeathTransformed:DiseaseandCultureinEarlyRenaissanceEurope.London:
Arnold,2001.
Demaitre,Luke.LeprosyinPremodernMedicine:AMaladyoftheWholeBody.Baltimore,JHUP,2007.
McCormick,Michael.‘Rats,Communications,andPlague:TowardanAncientandMedievalEcological
History.’JournalofInterdisciplinaryHistory34.1(Summer2003)1-25.
Rawcliffe,Carole.LeprosyinMedievalEngland.Woodbridge:BoydellPress,2006.
Stearns,Justin.InfectiousIdeas:ContagioninPremodernIslamicandChristianThoughtintheWestern
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Mediterranean.Baltimore,MD:JohnsHopkinsUP,2011.
ReferenceliteratureonmedievalscienceintheIslamicandChristianworlds:
Thefollowingisabrieflistofintroductoryandreferencematerialsthatmaybehelpfulinpreparingforthe
essays:
Lindberg,DavidandMichaelShank.TheCambridgeHistoryofScience,vol.2:MedievalScience.Cambridge
UniversityPress,2013.
Grant,Edward.ASourceBookofMedievalScience.Cambridge,MA,HarvardUP,1974.
Freely,John.LightfromtheEast:HowtheScienceofMedievalIslamhelpedtoshapetheWesternWorld.
2010
Goitein,S.D.‘BetweenHellenismandRenaissance–Islam,theintermediateCivilization.’IslamicStudies2
(1963)217-33.
Lindberg,DavidC.TheBeginningofWesternScience:TheEuropeanScientificTraditioninPhilosophical,
ReligiousandInstitutionalContext,600BCtoAD1450.Chicago,UCP,1992.
Kren,Claudia.MedievalScienceandTechnology:ASelected,AnnotatedBibliography.Garland,1985.
Long,Pamela.ScienceandTechnologyinMedievalSociety.NewYorkAcademyofSciences,1993.
Pines,S.‘WhatwasoriginalinArabicscience?’InScientificChange,ed.A.C.Crombie,pp.181-205.New
York:BasicBooks,1963.
Saliba,George.IslamicScienceandtheMakingoftheEuropeanRenaissance.
Turner,HowardR.ScienceinMedievalIslam.Austin:UniversityofAustinPress,1995.
Wallis,Faith.MedievalMedicine:AReader.UniversityofTorontoPress,2010
Whitney,Elspeth.MedievalScienceandTechnology.Greenwood,2004.
Courseexpectations
Studentsareexpectedtoattendandparticipateintheclassmeetings,aswellattemptthe
essayassignment.Seethestudenthandbookformoreinformation.
Importantpolicyinformation
Detailsofcollegeanddepartmentalpoliciesrelatingtomodulesandassessmentscanbefound
intheSTSStudentHandbookwww.ucl.ac.uk/sts/handbook
AllstudentstakingmodulesintheSTSdepartmentareexpectedtoreadthesepolicies.