ge of
Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
SEASOAR Observations
During a COARE Surveys Cruise, W921 1 B,
12 December 1992 to 16 January 1993
by
R. O'Malley, P.M. Kosro,
R. Lukas, A. Huyer
Oregon State University
MARILYN POT; S F.s El i LIBRARY
19%
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
and
JIMAR, University of Hawaii
1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822
Data Report 156
Reference 94-2
May 1994
SEASOAR Observations
During a COARE Surveys Cruise, W921 1B,
12 December 1992 to 16 January 1993.
R. O' Malleyl , P. M. Kosro1 ,
R. Lukas2, A. Huyer'
l College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
2 Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research
University of Hawaii
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, HI 96822
Data Report 156
Reference 94-2
May 1994
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Cruise Narrative, W9211 B
3
CTD Data Acquisition, Calibration and Data Processing
19
Seasoar Data Acquisition and Preliminary Processing
19
Seasoar Conductivity Calibration
20
Post-Processing of Seasoar Data
38
Data Presentation
40
Acknowledgments
40
References
41
Seasoar Trajectories
43
Ensemble Profiles of Seasoar Temperature and Salinity
113
N2S
S2W
114
W2E
E2N
147
SBN to 5 ° North Latitude
176
133
161
Vertical Sections of Temperature, Salinity and Sigma-t
N2S Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
S2W Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
W2E Temperature
Salinity
183
184
203
222
241
255
269
283
297
Sigma-t
311
E2N Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
325
340
355
Vertical Sections of Temperature, Salinity and Sigma-t (Cont'd)
SBN to 5' North Latitude Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
370
376
382
Appendix A:
Time Series of Maximum T/C Correlations and Lags for Seasoar Tows 1-9
389
Appendix B:
T-S Diagrams from CTD and Seasoar at Start and End of Tows 1-9
409
SEASOAR Observations
During a COARE Surveys Cruise, W9211B,
12 December 1992 to 16 January 1993.
Introduction
An international Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE)
was conducted in the warm-pool region of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean over a
four-month period from November 1992 through February 1993 (Webster and Lukas,
1992). Most of the oceanographic and meteorological observations were concentrated
in the Intensive Flux Array (IFA) centered at 1'45'S, 156000'E. As part of this
experiment, the R/V Wecoma conducted three survey cruises; each cruise included
measurements of the temperature, salinity and velocity distribution in the upper 300 m
of the ocean, and continuous meteorological measurements of wind, air temperature,
humidity, etc. Most of these measurements were along a butterfly pattern that was
sampled repeatedly during the three COARE Surveys cruises, W9211A and W9211B,
and W9211 C.
Coordinates of the Standard Butterfly Pattern were chosen to measure zonal and
meridional gradients across the center of the IFA, spanning the profiling current meter
array, while avoiding moorings and stationary ships without frequent deviations from
our track (Figure 1). The standard coordinates of the butterfly apexes are:
1°14'S
156°06'E
2°26'S
SBW 1 °50'S
SBE 1°50'S
156°06'E
SBN
SBS
155°30'E
156°42'E
and sampling was done sequentially along the track joining these four points, i.e. along
a meridional section (N2S) from SBN to SBS, a diagonal section (S2W) from SBS to
SBW, a zonal section (W2E) from SBW to SBE, and a diagonal section (E2N) from
SBE to SBN to complete the pattern. Along this track, we measured the upper ocean
temperature and salinity by means of a towed undulating Seasoar vehicle (Figure 2)
equipped with a SeaBird CTD system, while underway at 7-8 knots. CTD casts were
made at the beginning and end of each tow, primarily to check calibration of the
Seasoar sensors. Water velocity along the ship's track was measured by means of the
ship-borne acoustic Doppler current profiler.
This report summarizes the Seasoar observations from Wecoma's second
COARE Surveys cruise, W921 1B. It also provides a cruise narrative, and a brief
description of the data processing procedures.
2
I
I
1.0'S
1.5'S
2.0'S
SBS
1
1
155.50E
156.00E
1
156.50E
i
157.00E
Figure 1. The Standard Butterfly Pattern in relation to the moorings of the
COARE Intensive Flux Array.
Figure 2. Sketch of the Seasoar vehicle used during W9211B.
3
Cruise Narrative, W9211B
Wecoma departed from Guam about 0200 UTC, 12 December 1992, and
proceeded to Pohnpei, arriving at 1130 UTC, 15 December. Additional members of
the scientific party embarked, and Wecoma departed again at 2200 UTC the same day.
A transit to 5° N, 156° E followed, where a series of 1500 meter CTD casts were to
begin. These casts would proceed into the IFA, with a spacing of every 0.5 degrees in
latitude. See Table 1.
After arrival at 5 ° N on 16 December we made our first CTD cast (Station 1,
Table 1) with an SBE 9/11 plus CTD with dual ducted temperature and conductivity
sensors (Table 2). This first cast was approximately two nautical miles north of an
ATLAS mooring (TCIPO mooring 09, also designated WMO 52008). We then
proceeded south along 156° East longitude, obtaining 1500 meter CTD casts every 0.5
degrees in latitude. At 2° N we were near another ATLAS mooring (TCIPO mooring
10; WMO 52011), and after the 1500 meter cast (Station 7) we moved to within about
0.5 nautical miles of the ATLAS for a 200 meter cast. We then continued heading
southward along 156° E. After we completed the final cast of this sequence at 2° S
(Station 16) we did another 200 meter cast near the ATLAS mooring within the IFA
(TCIPO mooring 22; WMO 52012) (Figure 1). We then proceeded to our first Seasoar
deployment and sampling pattern along the Standard Butterfly Pattern.
The Seasoar vehicle was equipped with an SBE 9/11 plus CTD (SN 0258) with
dual ducted temperature and conductivity sensors (Table 2; Figure 3). The maximum
wing angle settings of the Seasoar are adjustable (Figure 4) and affect flight
performance. We preceded the Seasoar deployment with a 500 meter CTD cast
(Station 18), and the Seasoar was deployed for Tow 1 at about 0830 UTC, 19
December at 1 ° 50' S, 156° 6' E (Table 3). Tow 1 began at 0908 UTC heading
southward toward SBS, and continued along the Standard Butterfly Pattern in the usual
direction (Table 4). This was a short tow, less than 24 hours, ending on 20 December
at about 0230 UTC. During the last four hours of towing the Seasoar was handling
well, with no adjustments to its control signal needed. A cable fault, however, made
the pressure signal drop out, and we slowed the ship for recovery while on the west-toeast section. A 500 meter CTD cast followed upon recovery.
While the Seasoar cable was being reterminated we continued towards SBE,
taking 800 meter CTD casts with a spacing of approximately seven minutes of
longitude (Stations 20, 21, and 22). Station 22 was at SBE, and preceded the Seasoar
deployment for Tow 2.
The Seasoar was deployed for Tow 2 at about 1240 UTC, 20 December at 1 °
47' S, 156° 41' E at the start of the east to north line. Tow 2 began northwestward
.P
Table 1. Summary of CTD stations during W9211B.
Station
Date
No.
Time
Latitude
Longitude
Cast
Depth (db)
(UTC)
Wind
Dir.
Wind
Atmos.
Spd. (kts)
P. (mbar)
15
Bottles
Notes
1009.0
4
2 miles north of ATLAS mooring
1
16 Dec
14 33
05° 01.7' N
156° 01.4' E
1500
080
2
16 Dec
19 32
04° 30.1' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
075
16
1008.3
3
3
16 Dec
23 46
04° 00.0' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
070
22
1009.1
6
4
5
17 Dec
03 59
03° 29.9' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
070
18
1006.2
5
17 Dec
08 17
02° 59.8' N
156° 00.2' E
1500
070
16
1007.4
4
6
17 Dec
12 10
02° 30.0' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
085
12
1008.8
5
7
17 Dec
16 14
02° 01.9' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
095
13
1006.8
4
8
17 Dec
18 11
02° 00.7' N
156° 01.2' E
200
218
11
1007.3
0
9
17 Dec
21 20
01° 30.3' N
155° 59.9' E
1500
055
2
1009.1
4
10
18 Dec
01 16
01 ° 00.0' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
270
7
1008.3
6
11
18 Dec
05 27
00° 29.9' N
156° 00.1' E
1500
250
7
1006.2
4
12
18 Dec
09 24
00° 00.4' N
156° 00.0' E
1500
255
6
1008.9
6
13
18 Dec
13 32
00° 30.0' S
156° 00.0' E
1500
220
7
1007.5
5
14
18 Dec
17 42
01 ° 00.0' S
156° 00.0' E
1500
220
6
1006.5
6
15
18 Dec
22 15
01°29.1S
156° 00.6' E
1500
215
9
1008.5
5
16
19 Dec
03 04
02° 00.0' S
155° 56.0' E
1500
270
5
1006.4
5
17
18
19 Dec
05 09
01°59.2'S
155° 54.7'E
200
240
5
1005.8
0
near ATLAS mooring
19 Dec
07 10
01' 50.0' S
156° 06.1' E
505
---
0
1007.1
3
prior to Seasoar deployment (Tow 1)
19
20 Dec
04 38
01° 50.0' S
156° 20.3' E
505
310
14
1005.8
2
after Seasoar recovery (row 1)
20
20 Dec
07 06
01 ° 50.0'S
156° 27.7' E
800
310
20
1007.2
3
21
20 Dec
08 46
01 ° 49.9' S
156° 35.2' E
800
320
19
1008.5
3
22
23
24
20 Dec
10 14
01 ° 50.0' S
156° 42.1' E
800
315
22
1009.1
3
prior to Seasoar deployment (Tow 2)
23 Dec
17 13
010 20.5' S
156° 12.9' E
800
290
13
1005.5
4
after Seasoar recovery (Tow 2)
23 Dec
18 50
01 0 16.9' S
156° 09.9' E
500
310
10
1005.6
3
0.5 nm from ATLAS mooring
near PROTEUS mooring
Table 1 (continued). Summary of CTD stations during W921 1B.
Station
Date
Time
Latitude
Longitude
Cast
Depth
No.
(m)
Wind
Wind
Atmos.
Bottles
Dir. (T)
Spd. (kts)
P. (mbar)
(#)
307
11
1005.3
4
at SBN
Notes
25
26
23 Dec
2003
Ol ° 14.0' S
156° 06.0' E
500
23 Dec
21 20
OP 12.0' S
156° 01.1' E
250
303
13
1007.2
3
3.5 nm N of PCMnorat
27
23 Dec
23 01
01* 12.0' S
156° 01.1' E
250
325
11
1007.5
1
3.5 nm N of PCMnorth
28
29
30
24 Dec
0011
01 ° 13.4' S
156° 01.1' E
250
320
10
1007.5
2
24 Dec
01 21
01 ° 14.0' S
156° 06.2' E
800
340
12
1006.9
6
Seasoar deployment - Tow 3 (SBN)
26 Dec
03 24
01-59.3-S
155° 36.5' E
800
290
22
1006.2
5
Seasoar recovery site - Tow 3
31
26 Dec
05 21
01 *
54.9 ' S
155°33.0'E
500
290
21
1005.3
5
32
26 Dec
07 45
OP 50.0' S
155° 30.1' E
500
300
16
1007.2
4
3.5 nm S of PCMwe.t - new sensors
33
26 Dec
09 16
01 ° 44.5' S
155° 30.1' E
250
315
12
1008.4
3
2 nm N of PCMwest
34
35
36
26 Dec
12 21
01 ° 58.0' S
155° 52.3' E
1500
300
16
1008.8
6
2 nm NW TOPEX/Poseidon mooring
26 Dec
17 00
OP 50.0' S
155° 30.0' E
800
300
18
1006.2
5
Seasoar deployment site - Tow 4
29 Dec
05 53
02° 07.0' S
156° 06.6' E
800
313
18
1006.3
4
Seasoar recovery site - Tow 4
37
29 Dec
07 25
02° 10.9' S
156° 05.9' E
500
330
18
1007.0
3
38
39
40
29 Dec
08 37
02° 16.0' S
156° 06.0' E
500
335
9
1008.0
3
29 Dec
10 02
02° 15.2' S
156° 02.4' E
250
295
20
1010.1
3
2 nm east of PCMsouth
29 Dec
12 31
02° 00.0' S
156° 06.0' E
500
170
6
1010.0
3
Seasoar deployment site - Tow 5
41
02 Jan
04 41
010 36.7' S
156° 28.7' E
800
325
24
1007.5
6
recovery Tow 5 - deployment Tow 6
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
04 Jan
08 26
01° 55.0' S
156° 06.0' E
800
1010.1
5
recovery Tow 6 - deployment Tow 7
07 Jan
23 41
01°50.9'5
156° 42.2' E
1500
---
0
1011.3
6
recovery Tow 7 - deployment Tow 8
09 Jan
23 31
010 40.8' S
156° 05.3' E
1500
040
6
1011.2
5
Seasoar recovery site - Tow 8
10 Jan
01 55
01° 45.5' S
156° 06.0' E
300
175
19
1009.5
0
cast to fill in N2S section
10 Jan
02 57
O1 ° 50.0' S
156° 06.0' E
300
variable
4
1009.0
0
cast to fill in N2S section
10 Jan
06 11
010 50.0' S
156° 42.0' E
500
320
4
1007.6
3
Seasoar deployment site - Tow 9
12 Jan
2010
05° 01.9' N 1
1560 08.0' E
800
047
18
1009.7
6
Seasoar recovery site - Tow 9
1
t'
6
Table 2. Instrument and sensors used for CTD, Seasoar, and underway salinity
sampling, W9211B, and date of most recent manufacturer's pre-cruise calibration.
System (Instrument)
Pre-Cruise Calibration
Sensor
SN
P
50130
05 Mar 92
Ti
27 Mar 92
27 Mar 92
T2
1367
1369
1030
1041
1364
1366
C1
1018
C2
1021
P
50506
23 April 92
P
39017
07 Nov 89
Ti
1364
1366
1018
CTD/rosette
(SBE 9/11 plus, SN 0256)
(Stations 1-48)
(Stations 1-31)
T2
Cl
C2
Ti
(Stations 32-48)
(modified 2 Dec 92)
(modified 2 Dec 92)
17 A pr 92
24 Apr 92
06 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
06 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
16 Sept 92
16 Sept 92
Seasoar
(SBE 9/11 plus, SN 0258)
(Tows 1-7)
(SBE 9/11 plus, SN 2843)
(Tows 8-9)
(Tows 1-3)
T2
C1
C2
Ti
(Tows 4-9)
T2
C1
C2
06 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
06 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
16 Sept 92
1021
16 Sept 92
1367
1369
1030
1041
27 Mar 92
854
830
10 Aug 90
29 Nov 90
27 Mar 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
17 A pr 92
24 A r 92
5-m Intake (MIDAS)
(entire cruise)
T
C
(modified 2 Dec 92)
7
Pump
T-C sensor pair
with duct (inside nose)
CTD
Inlet
Outlet
SeaSoar body outline
Figure 3. Schematic of the plumbing of the ducted T/C sensors inside the Seasoar
vehicle. Primary sensor inlet and outlet ports were on the starboard side of the Seasoar
nose; secondary sensor ports were on the port side.
Top of upper side rail
Wing axis to trailing edge: L =15.0"
sin u=(U- 1.75) /L
sin d = (D + 1.75) 1 L
L =15.0"
Figure 4. Schematics of Seasoar wing angle settings. During Tows 1 through 5, the value
of D was 13/4" and U was 8", yielding an up-angle of 25° and a down-angle of 14°.
During Tows 6 through 9, D was 21/2" and U was 73/s', yielding an up-angle of 22° and
a down-angle of 16°.
00
Table 3. Summary of Seasoar tows, W9211 B. Deployment and recovery information taken from first and last recorded data, respectively;
underway start time is when Wecoma increased speed for towing, and underway stop time is when Wecoma decreased speed for recovery.
Tow #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Lat
Date / time
19 Dec 92
20 Dec 92
24 Dec 92
26 Dec 92
29 Dec 92
02 Jan 93
04 Jan 93
08 Jan 93
10 Jan 93
08:25
12:41
02:38
19:15
13:33
08:08
10:03
02:51
07:12
1°
1°
1°
1°
49.9' S
48.0' S
13.5' S
49.7' S
2° 00.4' S
1°
1°
1°
1°
38.6' S
55.4' S
50.2' S
50.0' S
Recovery
Underway
Deployment
Seasoar
Lat
Lon
02:32
1° 49.9' S
156° 19.5' E
23 Dec 92
16:02
1°
15.0' S
156° 14.8' E
47
26 Dec 92
03:07
10
59.4' S
155° 37.5' E
56
29 Dec 92
05:35
2° 06.6' S
156° 06.5' E
84
02 Jan 93
03:42
1°
33.3' S
156° 29.5' E
44
04 Jan 93
05:41
1°
55.9' S
156° 10.4' E
83
07 Jan 93 23:16
1°
52.1' S
156° 41.8' E
43
09 Jan 93
23:00
1°
41.8' S
156 °
59
12 Jan 93
19:48
5° 01.3'N
Lon
Start
Stop
Hours
156° 06.3' E
19 Dec 92
20 Dec 92
17
20 Dec 92
09:08
02:27
20 Dec 92
23 Dec 92
72
13:20
14:05
24 Dec 92
26 Dec 92
03:46
02:15
26 Dec 92
29 Dec 92
20:17
04:26
29 Dec 92
02 Jan 93
14:15
02:30
02 Jan 93
04 Jan 93
08:46
04:33
04 Jan 93
07 Jan 93
11:12
22:34
08 Jan 93
09 Jan 93
03:20
22:09
10 Jan 93
12 Jan 93
07:49
19:03
156° 41.2' E
156° 07.1' E
155° 30.0' E
156° 06.1' E
156° 30.9' E
156° 06.4' E
156 0
42.1' E
156° 42.7' E
Date / time
04.9' E
156° 07.4' E
9
toward SBN and continued along the Standard Butterfly in the usual direction (Table
5). After completing one full butterfly we went off section in order to test various bias
settings for the Seasoar controller (starting at 0417 UTC on 22 December). At 0553
UTC we returned to the butterfly pattern near our point of departure, and continued
towing for another day and a half. A cable fault brought about another Seasoar
recovery at 1405 UTC on 23 December during an east-to-north section. A 500 meter
CTD cast (station 23) followed the recovery.
While the cable was being reterminated, CTD Stations 24 and 25 were taken to
complete the east-to-north section. We then did three shallow (250 m) CTD casts
(Stations 26 - 28) near PCM-North (Figure 1), and returned to SBN. An 800 meter
CTD cast (station 29) preceded the deployment of the Seasoar, beginning Tow 3.
The Seasoar was deployed for Tow 3 at 0240 UTC, 24 December at 1 ° 14' S,
156° 06' E at the start of the north-to south line. Tow 3 began southward toward SBS
and continued along the Standard Butterfly in the regular direction (Table 6). A few
hours after the start of the tow, the acquisition system locked up, and was restarted,
resulting in a data gap of 80 seconds duration. Towards the end of the second day of
towing, the Seasoar stopped responding, and simply undulated at about 60 meters
depth. All signals appeared normal, and we swapped controller units. This had no
effect, and we commenced recovery procedures. Recovery showed that the Seasoar
had lost its rudder. During recovery there was an air-tugger failure, resulting in the
Seasoar hitting the deck hard, damaging the body. All sensors were inspected; no
damage was apparent, but it was decided to swap the conductivity and temperature
sensor pairs with the CTD/rosette sensors. The Seasoar body was repaired and a
fluorometer was bolted in place in an attempt to improve the Seasoar's hydrodynamics.
After the Tow 3 recovery of the Seasoar, an 800 meter CTD cast was taken
(Station 30, Table 1). While the inspection of the Seasoar was taking place, we
continued along the section (towards SBW) and took a 500 meter CTD cast (Station
31). The temperature and conductivity sensor pairs from the CTD/rosette system (SNs
1367, 1369, 1030 and 1041) were then swapped with the sensors from the Seasoar
(SNs 1364, 1366, 1018 and 1021) (see Table 2). CTD Station 32, near PCM-West
(Figure 1) was the first CTD station following the sensor exchange. We moved closer
to PCM-West and did a 250 meter cast (Station 33). With repair work continuing on
the Seasoar we steamed near the ATLAS mooring and did a 1500 meter cast (Station
34). We then proceeded back to SBW for the CTD cast preceding Tow 4 (Station 35).
The deployment for Tow 4 took place at about 1915 UTC, 26 December at the
beginning of the west-to-east section (SBW). Tow 4 began eastward and proceeded
along the Standard Butterfly Pattern (Table 7). We continued using the alternate
Seasoar controller unit that was connected at the end of Tow 3. The tow proceeded
10
Table 4. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 1 of W9211B. Positions
of these waypoints are:
SBN (1 ° 14' S, 156° 06' E);
SBS (2° 26' S, 156° 06' E);
SBW (1° 50' S, 155° 30' E);
SBE (1- 50' S, 156° 42' E).
The begin time represents when the Wecoma increased speed after deployment of
the Seasoar; the end time represents when the Wecoma slowed speed for recovery.
Begin/End
19 December
20 December
SBN
0908
0227
SBS
SBW
1355
2019
SBE
Table 5. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 2 of W9211 B.
20 December
21 December
22 December
Begin/End
SBN
1320
1945
SBW
SBE
0516
1217
2048
0000
0827
0417
0553
23 December
SBS
1653
1405
Table 6. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 3 of W9211 B.
Begin/End
24 December
25 December
26 December
SBN
0346
1138
0215
SBS
SBW
1323
2026
2120
SBE
0455
11
Table 7. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 4 of W921 1B.
Begin/End
26 December
27 December
SBS
1238
2225
SBW
SBE
2017
28 December
29 December
SBN
2209
0526
0532
1450
0426
Table 8. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 5 of W9211B.
Begin/End
29 December
SBN
1415
30 December
31 December
SBW
SBE
0846
0124
0018
0826
0922
1602
SBS
1721
1607
2358
1 January
2-January
1715
0007
Table 9. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 6 of W9211 B.
Begin/End
SBN
SBS
SBW
2 January
0846
January
4 January
1349
1224
2316
2343
0637
0433
3
SBE
Table 10. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 7 of W9211 B.
Begin/End
4 January
January
6 January
7 January
SBN
1112
1336
2123
5
2234
SBS
SBW
1532
2311
2230
0728
SBE
0639
0603
1354
1443
12
Table 11. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 8 of W9211B.
January
9 January
8
Begin/End
SBN
SBS
0320
2209
1017
2017
1842
SBW
SBE
0250
1139
Table 12. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 9 of W9211B. SBC
(center) is the point where the N2S and W2E lines cross, and is located at:
SBC (1- 50' S, 156° 06' E).
January
11 January
12 January
10
Begin/End
SBN
0749
1756
1903
SBS
SBW
SBC
(center)
1316
13
until 0426 UTC on 29 December, when a cable fault brought about the end of Tow 4
while on the north-to-south section. Recovery took place, and an 800 meter CTD cast
followed (Station 36). The Seasoar cable had broken cable strands again, and this time
the cowtail was broken. The cable was cut back to obtain clean wire prior to
retermination, and Samson braid was fitted over the cable near the Seasoar, in an
attempt to reduce cable strumming.
While the Seasoar' s cable was being worked on, we continued the section
southward, taking 500 meter CTD casts (Stations 37 and 38). We then moved closer to
PCM-South (Figure 1) and did a 250 meter cast. We then steamed about seven nautical
miles north of where Tow 4 ended and did a 500 meter CTD cast (Station 40) prior to
Seasoar deployment.
The deployment for Tow 5 took place at 1333 UTC on 29 December at 2° 00' S
and 156° 06' E, along the north-to-south section. We headed towards SBS in the
Standard Butterfly Pattern (Table 8). This became one of our longest tows (at three
and a half days) but the Seasoar had very poor flight characteristics, with numerous
stalls and frequent need to switch to manual override on the controller unit. While on
the east-to-north section we were unable to get the Seasoar deeper than 240 meters, and
we decided to recover it. An 800 meter CTD cast (Station 41) immediately followed
recovery.
After 80+ hours of flight, there were some loose bolts on the wings that
required tightening, along with the usual need to replace fairing that had been damaged
or lost. We also decided to change the current wing angle configuration to improve
flight characteristics. The wing angle values were measured both prior to and after
changing the pushrod settings, and are summarized in Figure 4. We also switched back
to our original controller unit, the one that had been in use for Tows 1, 2, and 3. The
turnaround time on this recovery was very quick, since no cable retermination was
required. We directly proceeded with the Seasoar deployment. The CTD cast at the
end of Tow 5 (Station 41) would also be used for the beginning of Tow 6.
The deployment for Tow 6 started at 0808 UTC on 02 January at 1 ° 50' S and
156° 42' E. Wecoma headed northwestward towards SBN and initially followed the
Standard Butterfly Pattern (Table 9). Flight performance and handling was much
better, presumably due to the change in wing angle settings. It was not uncommon to
go several hours without having to adjust the controller settings. We arranged to do
parallel north-south sections with the Noroit, a French ship that was doing long Seasoar
north-south sections along 156° E as part of the COARE project. In order to join the
Noroit, we broke from the Standard Butterfly, and proceeded from SBW to SBN on 03
January. The Noroit met us at SBN and we proceeded to SBS obtaining parallel
Seasoar sections. We then turned at SBS and continued back to SBN, getting a second
14
parallel section. The Seasoar was then recovered to allow transfer of equipment and
personnel from the Noroit. After the Seasoar was recovered and the Noroit transfer
complete, we did an 800 meter CTD cast (Station 42) in preparation for deployment of
the Seasoar for Tow 7. CTD Station 42 would serve for both the end of Tow 6 and the
beginning of Tow 7.
The deployment for Tow 7 began at about 1000 UTC on 04 January at 1 ° 55' S
and 156° 06' E, at the start of the north-to-south section. The Standard Butterfly
Pattern proceeded as usual (Table 10) and the Seasoar flew well in general. On 06
January at about 2149 UTC we may have hit floating debris, as the cable strain meter
gauge went momentarily off-scale. The next day, while covering the west-to-east
section, we realized that the Seasoar's pressure sensor was no longer functioning
properly; it apparently had acquired a five-meter offset at the surface. Later analysis of
the data showed that the pressure sensor had already started to malfunction prior to the
possible impact with surface debris. We slowed the ship for Seasoar recovery after
getting to SBE. A 1500 meter CTD cast (Station 43) followed the recovery.
The offset in the Seasoar's pressure sensor was due to a failure of its digiquartz
temperature sensor (Figure 5). Our means to remedy this was to remove the entire Sea
Bird 9/11 plus unit and put in our spare (which was mounted in the bow of the ship). The temperature and conductivity sensors would come off the damaged 9/11 plus unit
and be reattached to the spare. This was done, along with some minor fairing repair,
and the Seasoar was ready for deployment about an hour after Station 43 was
completed. Station 43 would be used as the CTD cast ending Tow 7 and beginning
Tow 8.
Deployment for Tow 8 began at about 0250 UTC, 08 January at 1 ° 50' S and
156° 42' E. Starting at SBE we then proceeded towards SBN along the Standard
Butterfly Pattern (Table 11). This tow was not of long duration, however, as a cable
failure occurred before the end of the second day of towing (we had not had a cable
failure since the end of Tow 4). Failure occurred while traversing the north-to-south
section, and we slowed the ship for recovery. A 1500 meter CTD cast (Station 44)
immediately followed recovery.
While the cable was being reterminated, we proceeded southward, taking two
more 300 meter CTD casts (Stations 45 and 46) and completing the north-to-south
section up to the midpoint of the line (where the east-to-west section crosses the northto-south section). At that point we then headed for SBE in preparation for exiting the
IFA and doing a 700 kilometer cross-equatorial section. A 500 meter CTD (Station 47)
preceded deployment.
15
25
93/01/07
L
20:00
-10,
5
10
20
15
25
30
T1 temperature
Figure 5. Hourly data plots of the pressure sensor's recorded internal temperature
(digiquartz temperature) verses external water temperature (as measured by Ti).
The plot for 93/01/05 shows a typical hour prior to failure of the digiquartz sensor;
93/01/06 shows an hour with failure in progress; and 93/01/07 shows complete
failure.
16
50' S
Seasoar was deployed for Tow 9 starting at about 0710 UTC, 09 January at 1 °
and 156° 42' E. We proceeded westward towards SBW until reaching the
intersection of the north-to-south section at about 1315 UTC, and then headed
northward (Table 12). We passed SBN at about 1800 UTC and continued northward,
taking us out of the IFA. The tow continued along 156° 06' E until reaching 5° N,
when the Seasoar was recovered at about 1950 UTC, 12 January. CTD Station 48 was
completed immediately afterward. We then ceased operations and Wecoma proceeded
to Guam, arriving there at approximately 1700 UTC, 16 January 1993.
In all, we completed nine Seasoar tows during W9211B, for a total towing time
of 505 hours. The overall Seasoar sampling included 19 occupations of the N2S lines
(12 complete; 7 partial) and 14 occupations of the W2E lines (12 complete; 2 partial)
(Table 13) and 14 occupation. of the S2W (13 complete; 1 partial) and E2N lines (11
complete; 3 partial) (Table 14), along with single W2N line and a 700 km crossequatorial section.
Underway measurements were made continuously through most of the cruise.
These include: Acoustic Doppler Current Profile measurements of water velocity
relative to the ship and accompanying GPS position data (contact Eric Firing et al.,
Univ. of Hawaii); temperature and salinity of water at 5 m depth and 2 m depth
(contact Clayton Paulson, Oregon State Univ.); near-surface salinity of water pumped
from a buoyant hose (contact Gary Lagerloef, SAIC); and a broad spectrum of
meteorological observations (contact Clayton Paulson, OSU) including sonic inertial
dissipation (contact Jim Edson, WHOI).
Members of the scientific party included Brian Wendler, Mike Hill (both
Wecoma Marine Technicians), Michael Kosro, Robert O'Malley, Fred Bahr, Pip
Courbois, (all from Oregon State University), Roger Lukas, Craig Huhta, Rich Muller,
Reka Domokos, Sophia Asghar (all from University of Hawaii), Alexander Soloview,
Dimitri Khlebnikov (both from Moscow, Russia) and Anatoli Azjannikov (from St.
Petersburg, Russia).
17
Table 13. Times (UTC) of meridional and zonal sections of the Standard Butterfly
pattern. All N2S sections were southward along 156°06'E from SBN
(1 ° 14'S) to SBS (2° 26'S), and all W2E sections were eastward along 1 '50'S
from SBW (155°30'E) to SBE (156°42'E). Number in parentheses indicates intake of
preferred sensor T/C sensor pair was on port (1) or starboard (0) side of Seasoar)
N2S (SBN to SBS) along 156°06'E
W2E (SBW to SBE) along 1°50'S
(0)*
2019, 19 Dec to 0227, 20 Dec
(0)*
1945, 20 Dec to 0516, 21 Dec
(0)
1217, 21 Dec to 2048, 21 Dec
(0)
0553, 22 Dec to 1653, 22 Dec
0346, 24 Dec to 1323, 24 Dec
1138, 25 Dec to 2120, 25 Dec
1238, 27 Dec to 2225, 27 Dec
(0)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0000, 23 Dec to 0827, 23 Dec
2026, 24 Dec to 0455, 25 Dec
2017, 26 Dec to 0526, 27 Dec
0532, 28 Dec to 1450, 28 Dec
(0)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0018, 30 Dec to 0846, 30 Dec
0826, 31 Dec to 1715, 31 Dec
1602, 01 Jan to 0007, 02 Jan
(1)
(1)
(1)
0908, 19 Dec to 1355, 19 Dec
(1)*
1415, 29 Dec to 1721, 29 Dec (1)*
1607, 30 Dec to 0124, 31 Dec (1)
2358, 31 Dec to 0922, 01 Jan (1)
2209, 28 Dec to 0426, 29 Dec
1349, 02 Jan to 2316, 02 Jan (1)
1224, 03 Jan, to 2343, 03 Jan (1)
2343, 03 Jan to 0433, 04 Jan (1)*
1112, 04 Jan to 1532, 04 Jan
1336, 05 Jan to 2311, 05 Jan
2123, 06 Jan to 0728, 07 Jan
1017, 08 Jan to 2017, 08 Jan
1842, 09 Jan to 2209, 09 Jan
1316, 10 Jan to 1756, 11 Jan4
(1)*
1746, 11 Jan to 1903, 12 Jan
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)*
2230, 04 Jan to 0639, 05 Jan (1)
0603, 06 Jan to 1443, 06 Jan (1)
1354, 07 Jan to 2234, 07 Jan (1)
0250, 09 Jan to 1139, 09 Jan (1)
0749, 10 Jan to 1316, 10 Jan (1)*
(1)*
1 Includes an 80 second data gap from 05:43:40 through 05:44:59 UTC, 24 December
2 Section run northward from SBS to SBN, rather than SBN to SBS
3 Section runs westward from SBE to SBW and turns at mid-point to begin transit to north
4 Section starts at midpoint between SBS and SBN and runs northward to SBN
5 Northward transit from SBN to 5° N latitude along 156° E longitude
* Indicates a partial section
18
Table 14. Times (UTC) of diagonal sections of the Standard Butterfly pattern: S2W
between SBS (2°26'S, 156°06'E) and SBW (1°50'S, 155°30'E); and E2N
between SBE (1050'S, 156°42'E) and SBN (1°14'S, 156°06'E). During most E2N
sections Seasoar was kept below a 30 meter depth for about 12 km.
E2N (SBE to SBN)
S2W (SBS to SBW)
1355, 19 Dec to 2019, 19 Dec
0516, 21 Dec to 1217, 21 Dec
(0)
(0)
1653, 22 Dec to 0000, 23 Dec
(1)
1323, 24 Dec to 2026, 24 Dec(1)
2120, 25 Dec to 0215, 26 Dec (1)*
2225, 27 Dec to 0532, 28 Dec (1)
1721, 29 Dec to 0018, 30 Dec (1)
0124, 31 Dec to 0826, 31 Dec (1)
0922, 01 Jan to 1602, 01 Jan
(1)
2316, 02 Jan to 0637, 03 Jan
1532, 04 Jan to 2230, 04 Jan
2311, 05 Jan to 0603, 06 Jan
0728, 07 Jan to 1354, 07 Jan
2017, 08 Jan to 0250, 09 Jan
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
l This section runs from SBW to SBN
* Indicates a partial section
1320, 20 Dec to 1945, 20 Dec
2048, 21 Dec to 0417, 22 Dec
0827, 23 Dec to 1405, 23 Dec
0455, 25 Dec to 1138, 25 Dec
0526, 27 Dec to 1238, 27 Dec
1450, 28 Dec to 2209, 28 Dec
0846, 30 Dec to 1607, 30 Dec
1715, 31 Dec to 2358, 31 Dec
0007, 02 Jan to 0230, 02 Jan
0845, 02 Jan to 1349, 02 Jan
0637, 03 Jan to 1224, 03 Jan
0639, 05 Jan to 1336, 05 Jan
1443, 06 Jan to 2123, 06 Jan
0320, 08 Jan to 1017, 08 Jan
1139, 09 Jan to 1842, 09 Jan
(0)
(0)
(1)*
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)*
(1)*
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
19
CTD Data Acquisition, Calibration and Data Processing
All CTD/rosette casts were made with an SBE 9/11-plus CTD system equipped
with dual ducted temperature and conductivity sensors. CTD casts were made to
monitor the calibration of the Seasoar data, and were therefore generally made before
and after each Seasoar tow, with as little delay as possible. CTD casts were also made
to complete Seasoar sections which were stopped short, and to collect a cross-equatorial
section from 5' N to 2 ° S during 16 - 19 December 1992 enroute to the IFA. Lastly,
CTD casts were made near existing moorings to help cross-calibrate COARE's multiple
data sets. Maximum sampling depth was 1500 meters on the cross-equatorial section,
and minimum sampling depth was 250 meters near moorings. Table 1 summarizes the
CTD casts, and Table 2 indicates the sensors used on the CTD/rosette system.
Raw 24 Hz CTD data were acquired on an IBM compatible PC using the
SEASAVE module of SEASOFT version 4.015 (Anon., 1992); temperature and
conductivity data were recorded from both pumped sensor ducts. At most stations
salinity samples were collected for in situ calibration of the conductivity sensors; CTD
values at the sample depth (calculated from the most recent manufacturer's pre-cruise
calibration) were recorded both by pressing the F5 key at the time of rosette firing and
manually on the station log sheets. All samples were analyzed at sea on a Guildline
Autosal salinometer that was standardized with IAPSO Standard Water P-119 at the
beginning and end of each batch of about 24 samples. Calibration of the conductivity
cells were examined for CTD casts 1-31 for each set of sensor pairs, as well as for
CTD casts 32-48 when a different set of conductivity and temperature sensors were
present in the rosette. Preliminary calibration analysis was done at sea, and suggested
a slope and offset correction needed for the conductivity sensors. Final analysis and
processing of the CTD casts was performed by University of Hawaii, and is available
from R. Lukas.
Seasoar Data Acquisition and Preliminary Processing
Raw 24 Hz CTD data from the Seasoar vehicle and GPS position and time data were
acquired by an IBM compatible PC, which also set flags to mark the collection of salinity
samples. The raw data were simultaneously recorded on optical disk by PC and on a Sun
Sparc workstation. The PC displayed time series of subsampled temperature (both sensors),
conductivity (both sensors) and pressure in real time; it also displayed accumulated
temperature data for 6-8 hours as a vertical section (color raster). One-second averages of
ship's position, CTD temperature (both sensors), conductivity (both sensors), salinity (both
sensor pairs), and pressure were calculated on the Sparc workstation, using the most recent
manufacturer's calibration (Table 2). Flags were also set to indicate missing positional GPS
data. For each tow, the preliminary salinity for each sensor pair was calculated using a fixed
20
offset between temperature and conductivity, and a fixed value for the amplitude and time
constant of the thermal mass of the conductivity cell. These preliminary values were only
used for at-sea quality control and initial examination of structure; post-processing is required
to obtain final salinity values. Time-series and vertical profile plots of the one-second data
were made at the end of each hour. The 1-second preliminary data were used to calculate the
average temperature and salinity data in bins extending 3 km in the horizontal and 2 dbar in
the vertical, and these gridded values were used to plot vertical sections for each leg of the
Standard Butterfly pattern. Sections were made to show the entire depth range covered by the
Seasoar, as well as sections which displayed only the upper 100 dbar and its finescale
structure.
Seasoar Conductivity Calibration
Salinity samples were collected once per hour from a throughflow system in
Wecoma's wetlab from 1600 UTC, 16 December 1992 until 2200 UTC, 12 January 1993.
This system pumps water from the seachest at a depth of 5 m in the ship's hull, through a
tank containing SBE temperature and conductivity sensors; samples are drawn from a point
just beyond this tank. The 120 ml glass sample bottles were rinsed three times before filling,
and closed with screw-on plastic caps with conical polyethylene liners. Samples were further
sealed by wrapping parafilm around the base of the cap. Samples were analyzed at sea on an
Autosal salinometer, usually within 2-3 days after collection; the salinometer was
standardized with IAPSO Standard Water P- 119 at the beginning and end of each batch of
about 24 samples. Time series of these hourly salinity samples and time series of the
preliminary Seasoar data from the 3-7 m depth range (Figure 6) show very similar variations.
Also visible in Figure 6(d) is a period of large surficial stratification, starting near the end of
Tow 6 and continuing through the first part of Tow 8, during a period of rain and low wind
strength.
The quantitative comparison between the salinity samples and the Seasoar data would
ideally have Seasoar measurements at the same location as the Wecoma when the water
samples were collected from the throughflow system. Because the Seasoar is towed, its
position lags the Wecoma's in time, and that lag is estimated by the time it takes to traverse
500 meters at eight knots (approximate towing cable length and ship speed respectively). We
then select the nearest Seasoar value that is within +/- seven minutes of the lagged matchup
time of the water samples and is also within a depth range of 3.0 to 5.5 m. For each salinity
sample, we calculated a bottle conductivity at the measured temperature of each Seasoar
sensor duct, and then compared this sample conductivity to the directly measured conductivity
from the same sensor duct. During good conditions, only pairs with very large differences
were eliminated from the comparison; during periods of surficial stratification, pairs were
eliminated when there was low confidence in the quality of the matchup. Because of the
Tow 1
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Figure 6(a). Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's intake -at 5 m (squares), and of preliminary
near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and secondary sensors
(lower panel), for each Seasoar tow of W9211B: Tow 1 (left) and Tow 2 (right) of W9211B.
Tow 3
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Figure 6(b). Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's intake at 5 m (squares), and of preliminary
near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and secondary sensors
(lower panel), during Tow 3 of W9211B.
Tow 4
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near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and secondary sensors
(lower panel), during Tow 4 (left) and Tow 5 (right) of W9211B.
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Figure 6(d). Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's irtake at 5 m (squares), and of preliminary
near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and secondary sensors
(lower panel), during Tow 6 (left) and Tow 7 (right) of W9211B.
Tow 8
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Figure 6(e); Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's intake at 5 m (squares), and of preliminary
near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and secondary
sensors
(lower panel), during Tow 8 (left) and Tow 9 (right) of W9211B.
26
swapping of sensors from Seasoar and the CTD/rosette system, Tows 1 - 3 and Tows 4 - 9
were analyzed separately.
The sensors that had been in the Seasoar for Tows 1 - 3 were moved to the CTD for
casts 32 -48. There was some chance that the sensors had been affected by the rough
recovery at the end of Tow 3, which initiated the swapping of the sensors. If the sensors
were fine, however, incorporating the CTD data would allow for calibrating the conductivity
cells over the full range of the Seasoar flight path, instead of just having surface data.
Analyzing the CTD data using only near-surface water samples (above 40 decibars) for casts
32 -48 yielded essentialy the same multiplication factor as that obtained from the Seasoar data
in Tows 1 - 3, and so the two sets were merged. We also incorporated Seasoar data for the
same sensor pairs from W9211A (tows 1 and 3). Using the surface Seasoar calibration data
and the CTD calibration data, we calculated the best fit line to the bottle conductivity data
from the sensor conductivity data (Figure 7). The resulting slope and offset values were used
for reprocessing the data for Tows 1 - 3:
conductivity sensor 1
conductivity sensor 2
= 1.000513
slope = 1.000617
slope
offset = -0.00192
offset = -0.00225
Use of the above slope and offsets resulted in standard deviations of 0.004 PSU for both
sensors (sample size of 100 for sensor 1; sample size 130 for sensor 2).
Initial analysis of the shallow (3 to 7 m) Seasoar data for Tows 4 through 9, using precruise calibrations of Ti and T2, showed an offset between Ti and T2 (Figure 8). We
reprocessed the data with the post-cruise calibration values for Tl, and we continued to use
the pre-cruise calibration values for T2 because it had no post-cruise calibration due to
subsequent sensor failure during the next leg of COARE (W921 iC). There was a depth
dependence in the temperature offset between the two sensors, obtained by examining the
median difference between the two sensors at the top and bottom of the Seasoar flight path
(Figure 9). Since Ti was processed with the most recent calibration, Ti was taken as the
standard and we applied a slope and offset to T2 to match its values with Tl. The slope and
offset used in reprocessing T2 for Tows 4 - 9 were:
temperature sensor 2
slope = 1.000209
offset = 0.0034
The conductivity data for Tows 4 - 9 could now be analyzed using the post-cruise
calibration of Tl, and the pre-cruise calibration of T2 corrected using the slope and offset just
described. Analysis assumed the conductivity could be corrected by multiplier alone, with no
offset (Table 15). We found no significant difference between the slopes of the individual
and the combined tows, and reprocessed Tows 4 through 9 with their combined slope shown
27
r
2.
......................... ..+ ..........
...............
+
+
++
conductivity sensor C1
serial number 1018
+
...........
Tows 1 - 3
1.5
++
+
1
i+
..............::............F ..; ................ ............... ...............
++F
44-
0.5
........ .......:.............. ....... ... ......: .....
0
+
+
........F..............:................} ............... :.
......+ ....ai .......
+
..........
++
+
3
..... _. ...
+
++:
+
++
.......:........+.1......
+ -IF
4
3.5
5
4.5
Sensor Conductivity (S/m)
5.5
6
Figure 7(a). Plot of conductivity residuals for C1-calibration data and best fit line to the'data.
3x1U
...........................
2.5
conductivity sensor C2
E
serial number 1021
Tows 1 -3
2
................
.............. ................
......................
+
+++4
-0.5
-1
3
*F.
...
+
+
+
+
_Iw
....+...............................................
..........:a ...............
r ++
+
/
+
+
+
+J
............... ................
++
.................+..........
+
+
.. +........................
3.5
4
4.5
5
Sensor Conductivity (S/m)
5.5
6
Figure 7(b). Plot of conductivity residuals for C2 calibration data and best fit line to the data.
The best fit line illustrates the need for both a slope and offset correction. The zero intercept
of the line was then used as the offset in the regression of the sensor data to the bottle data.
28
0.031
-1.5
-1
0
-0.5
M' "fI*'t' I
-J1 It
0.5
M1L Mt «Il*
1
iTf$MrMrWlgItS
1.5
2
2.5
if. + 1rriMiYi!!'F'il1
0
Tow 5
average delta-t = 0.0056
365.5
1
1.5
2
366
2.5
366.5
3
367
3.5
367.5
368
4
4.5
368.5
5
Julian Day
Figure 8 (a). Initial (near surface) temperature differences between Ti and 12 for
Tows 4, 5, and 6.
'
29
0.03
-0.02
-0.03
7
7.5
8
9.5
10
10.5
8.5
11
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
Julian Day
Figure 8 (b). Initial (near surface) temperature differences between Ti and T2 for
Tows 7, 8, and 9.
30
........... +.-i
4.5
3.5
t
................................
0.5
5
10
15
20
25
30
TI (degrees)
Figure 9. Median Tl-T2 values for for the maximum and minimum one degree bins
of Ti during Tow 4 and Tow 9. These temperature bins represent the shallowest and
deepest Seasoar positions where the dive rate was near zero for extended periods.
These end points indicate a consistant slope and offset correction required to match
Ti and T2 together over the course of Tows 4 through 9.
31
in Table 15. Note that surface stratification was most extreme during Tow 7 (see Figure 6d)
where only one calibration value was used from that entire tow.
The sensors that were in the Seasoar for Tows 4 - 9 came from the CTD when the
sensor exchange took place, and had been used for Stations 1 - 31. The Seasoar and the CTD
calibration data could not be merged because of the Seasoar's use of temperature calibrations
described above. In order to verify that the temperature and conductivity calibrations applied
to the Seasoar data were consistant with the CTD data, we recalculated the CTD calibration
data using the Seasoar calibrations for sensor pair two. If the Seasoar temperature and
conductivity calibrations were sufficient, then the CTD data should show no need for
additional correction. After use of the Seasoar calibrations there is still a slope and offset
present in the CTD data , but there is minimal impact over the range that the Seasoar samples
(Figure 10). Correction of the remaining slope and offset would change the Seasoar salinity
values by less than +/- 0.002 PSU and is considered within the tolerance of the data.
Applying these calibration factors to the Seasoar data before recalculating salinity
allows us to compare the corrected Seasoar salinity values from both primary and secondary
sensor ducts to the sample salinity. The time series of the differences (Figure 8) show
reasonable agreement between sample and near-surface Seasoar data for both sensor pairs for
the duration of Tows 1 through 9. In general, largest sample-Seasoar differences occur when
the surface layer is stratified, so the standard deviations of the salinity differences (Table 15)
primarily reflect sampling errors rather than instrumental noise.
Table 15. Conductivity multipliers (ml and m2) for primary and secondary sensors, determined
from comparison of near-surface Seasoar data with 5-m intake samples. All entries were solved as
multiplier-only corrections, and assumed no offset. The last entry shows the results of merging the
data for Tows 4 - 9, and these correction factors were adopted for reprocessing the Seasoar
conductivity data. Also shown are the average and standard deviations of the salinity differences
between the sample values and the corrected Seasoar data.
Slope
Tow
N
4
21
1.000517 1.000519
5
25
1.000547 1.000554
6
7
9
1.000547 1.000554
1
1.00055 1.000572
8
5
1.000438 1.000474
9
19
1.000514 1.000528
4-9
80
1.00052 1.00053
m1
m2
Offset
Average
S1
S2
Std. Dev.
S1
S2
bl
b2
----------------------
---
0.000
0.000
0.005
-------------------
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.005
0.006
-0.001
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.001
----
----
-0.002
-0.001
-0.001
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.004
0.000
32
0.01
++
4+F `
cl)
O
to
0.008
0.006
++
+
E 0.004
0 0.002
E
E
0
++
-0.002
-0.004
_--
++
'" +H-4-
+ \+
+
+
+
, y\
\b .
CrA,
++
+ + ++
-0.006
+
-0.008
-0.01
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Conductivity (mmhos/cm)
Figure 10. CTD residuals (casts 1-31) using Seasoar temperature and conductivity
corrections for T2 and C2. Inside the range of Seasoar operation, correction
according to the regression line would change the salinity values by no more than
+/- 0.002 psu.
33
0 0.06
N
I
I
Ca
co 0.04
ID
E 0.02
eo
0
CD
-0.02
-0.04
tow i pair 2
-0.06
353
353.5
354
354.5
355
355.5
ti0 0.06
356
356.5
357
co w0.04
E0.02
C3
M
0
-0.02
-0.04
to
-0.06
355
355.5
356
356.5
357
357.5
358
358.5
359
356
356.5
357
357.5
358
358.5
359
0 0.06
0)
rn 0.04
E 0.02
CO
0
-0.02
c
CO
-0.04
tow 2 pair 2
-0.06
355
355.5
Julian Day
Figure 11 (a). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for both primary and secondary sensor pairs
during Tows 1 and 2 of W9211B.
34
Julian Day
Figure 11 (b). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for both primary and secondary sensor pairs
during Tow 3 of W9211B.
35
CO
C? 0.04
E0.02
CO
CO
0
U
C
m -0.02
-0.04
7@
tow 4 pair I
.
.
361.5
362
-0.06
361
.
362.5
363
363.5
364
i.
364.5
365
o
0 0.06
CO
rn 0.04
m
E 0.02
N
CO
0
tow 4 pair 2
361
-1.5
0 0.06
361.5
362
362.5
363
363.5
364
364.5
365
-1
-05
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
365
365.5
366
366,5
367
367.5
368
368.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
365.5
366
366.5
367.5
368
368.5
CO
Ca
rn
ID
Q.
0.02
cc
CD
tow 5 pair 2
364.5
365
367
Julian Day
Figure 11 (c). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for both primary and secondary sensor pairs
during Tows 4 and 5 of W9211B.
36
tow, 6 pair 2
0
oos
4,
CO
n 0.04
m
E0.02
Ca
S
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
4:5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
Julian Day
Figure 11 (d). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for both primary and secondary sensor pairs
during Tows 6 and 7 of W9211B.
37
0 0.06
0
CO
cn 0.04
m
r= 0.02
cis
CO
0
"0.02
tow 8 pair 2
-0.04
-0.06
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
0 0.06
CO
can 0.04
CD
E 0.02
-0.02
-0.04
'c
tow 9 pair 1
-
a -0.06
9.5
10
Julian Day
Figure 11 (e). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for both primary and secondary sensor pairs
during Tows 8 and 9 of W9211B.
38
Post-processing of Seasoar Data
Salinity data derived from SeaBird ducted temperature and conductivity sensors are
subject to errors from three separate sources (Larson, 1992). These sources are: offsets
between the C and T values; heat transfer between the water flowing through the system
and the mantle of the conductivity cell (a thermal mass adjustment); and accounting for the
different response times of the temperature sensor and the conductivity cell. Corrections
for these all improve the precision of the calculated values, and, of course, sensor
calibration improves the accuracy. For ducted Seabird sensors, the simplest corrections
involve a single offset to align the C and T values (typically 1.75 scans) and use of a
recursive filter to adjust for the thermal mass of the conductivity cell (Lueck, 1990) where
the recursive filter has an associated amplitude and time-constant. While this approach
works well with CTD/rosette casts with a maximum descent rate of one meter per second
from a stationary ship , it was not sufficient for a Seasoar towed at eight knots with climb
and dive rates that sometimes reach three meters per second (or higher).
The primary difficulty appears to be that the water moves through the ducted system
at a variable rate. This is explored in detail in the W9211 C Data Report by Huyer, et: al.
(1993). Where the simplest case has a single offset between T and C, the Seasoar data have
different offsets between each ascending and descending profile, and the offsets vary within
each individual ascent and descent. However, the amplitude value (used in the thermal mass
correction) is proportional to flow rate (Lueck 1993) and is thus also proportional to the
offsets. Variable TIC offsets and scaled amplitude values are the primary post-processing
steps to our Seasoar data. While we have fixed the time constant in the thermal mass
correction, it too is apparently proportional to flow rate (Morison et al., in press).
We incorporated our temperature and conductivity corrections determined from
either in situ calibration or post-cruise calibration in a new configuration file for each tow.
All sensors used the latest pre-cruise calibrations, except for temperature sensor 1 used in
Tows 1 - 3, which used a post-cruise calibration. Temperature sensor 2 (Tows 1 - 3) also
used in situ correction factors to match it to Ti. The conductivity correction factors
determined from the in situ calibration data (Table 15; Table 16) were also incorporated in
the configuration files for each tow.
The next step is to compute lagged correlations between temperature and
conductivity for each sensor pair, separately for ascending and descending profiles, and
separately for three depth ranges: 50 to 120 dbar, 120 to 180 dbar, and 180 to 240 dbar,
provided the segment contains at least 72 scans. Cross-correlations are calculated after
detrending both temperature and conductivity by first-differencing the 24-Hz data.
Correlations are calculated for conductivity lags of -12 scans to + 12 scans; the maximum
correlation is almost always >_ 0.85. The fractional value of the lag at maximum
correlation is determined by fitting a parabola to the cross-correlation values. The resulting
39
time series of the optimum primary and secondary sensor pair alignment offsets (E1 and 2 )
for each tow are shown in Appendix A. Lag values greater than 12 and other outliers
(obtained occasionally for data segments lasting < 10 seconds) were not used in processing
the data.
The edited values of the alignment offset were applied sequentially in reprocessing
the 24-Hz T/C data. To reprocess data from depths shallower than 50 m, we used the
value determined from the associated (ascending or descending) 50 to 120 dbar layer; for
data deeper than 240 m, we used the E value determined from the associated (ascending or
descending) 180 to 240 dbar layer. Short segments with unreasonably large lags were
processed with the lag obtained for the succeeding data segment.
To correct the 24 Hz conductivity data for the thermal mass of the conductivity
cell, we used the standard algorithm with a fixed value for the thermal anomaly time
constant (z = 10 sec), and variable values for the thermal anomaly amplitude depending on
the alignment offset:
a1=0.03
al = 0.03 + 0.030i/2.75)
if 1 <_.0
if 1 > 0
a2 = 0.03
if t2 <_ 1.75
a2 = 0.03 + 0.03(02-1.75)/2.75) if 2 > 1.75,
where the subscripts denote primary or secondary sensors. Note that 1.75 scans was
already removed from the data for the primary sensors by our deck-unit, but not for the
secondary sensors. The corrected and realigned 24 Hz temperature and conductivity data
are used to calculate 24-Hz salinity, and these are averaged to yield 1-second averages
stored in hourly files.
One last post-processing adjustment was required for the end of Tow 7, when the
digiquartz temperature sensor began to fail (Figure 5). Since the normal digiquartz signal
is very close to constant, a substitute temperature value was inserted to replace the erratic
digiquartz values. Starting at 23:00 UTC on 05 January 1993, a value of 25 degrees C
was inserted for the internal temperature of the pressure sensor, and corrected about 48
hours of data to their proper pressure values.
The reprocessed data from both sensor pairs were plotted to determine which pair
provided the better data for each Seasoar tow. The secondary sensor pair (sensors on the
port side) were consistently better for the combined ascending and descending profiles for
the majority of the tows. The secondary pair was chosen as the preferred sensors for Tows
3 through 9. However, the primary sensor pair (starboard side) gave the preferred sensors
for Tow 1. Tow 2 was unusual in that the primary sensor pair gave better combined
ascending and descending profiles at the start of the tow, but the secondary pair was doing
40
better by the end of the tow. The primary sensor pair was eventually chosen as the
preferred sensors for Tow 2.
Data Presentation
Successive hourly files of the reprocessed one-second average data were joined and
clipped to yield a single data file for each section of the Standard Butterfly Pattern (Tables
13 and 14). Final processed data files contain unfiltered GPS latitude and longitude;
pressure; temperature, salinity and sigma-t from the better sensor pair; date and time; and
an integer representing flags (to indicate collection of a water sample from 5-m intake
(thousands digit set to 1), missing GPS data filled by linear interpolation (tens digit set to
1), and to indicate port or starboard intake for the T/C sensor pair (ones digit set to 1 or 0,
respectively)). We present consecutive figures of the Seasoar trajectory (time series of
pressure, latitude and longitude) along each section. We also present summary figures of
all of the 1-second data for each of the four standard sections as follows: ensembles of
temperature profiles (both ascending and descending), salinity profiles (ascending profiles
only), and T-S diagrams (for ascending profiles only). Vertical distributions of the
temperature, salinity and sigma-t along each section were plotted using Don Denbo's PPlus
program with a vertical grid spacing of 2 dbar and a horizontal spacing of 1 nm, and with
a value of CAY= 5 for the smoothing parameter (combined spline and laplacian filter).
For the temperature sections, we used both ascending and descending data for all tows. For
the salinity and sigma-t sections, we used only ascending data for all tows.
Acknowledgments
COARE Survey cruises on Wecoma were undertaken jointly by scientists from the
University of Hawaii (R. Lukas, P. Hacker, and E. Firing) and Oregon State University
(A. Huyer, M. Kosro and C. Paulson). Seasoar watchstanders on this cruise included -personnel from both institutions (Roger Lukas, Craig Huhta, Sophia Asghar, Rich Muller,
and Reka Domokos from UH; Mike Kosro, Bob O'Malley, Mike Hill, Brian Wendler,
Fred Bahr, and Pip Courbois from OSU). We are deeply indebted to Wecoma's Marine
Technicians: Marc Willis, Brian Wendler, Mike Hill and Tim Holt; this work would not
have been possible without their skill and dedication. We are grateful to Nordeen Larson of
SeaBird Electronics for his advice on installing the SeaBird sensors in the Seasoar vehicle
and on data processing principles. Sophia Asghar analyzed most of the salinity samples.
Our COARE Survey cruises were supported by the National Science Foundation through
its Ocean Sciences Division and by NOAA's Office of Global Programs under TOGA.
411
References
Anonymous, 1992. CTD Data Acquisition Software, SEASOFT Version 4.015. Sea-Bird
Electronics, Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA.
Huyer, A., Kosro, P.M., O'Malley, R., and Fleischbein, J. 1993. SEASOAR and
CTD Observations During a COARE Surveys Cruise, W9211 C, 22 January to 22
February 1993. Data Report 154, Reference 93-2, College of Oceanic and
Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 325 pp.
Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Millard. 1983. Algorithms for computation of fundamental
properties ofsea inter. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, 44, 53 pp.
Larson, N. 1992. Oceanographic C7D Sensors: Principles of Operation, Sources of
Error, and Methods for Correcting Data. Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., Bellevue,
Washington, USA.
Lueck, R. 1990. Thermal inertia of conductivity cells: Theory. J. Atmos. Oceanic
Tech., 7, 741-755.
Lueck, R., and J. J. Picklo. 1990. Thermal inertia of conductivity cells: Observations
with a Sea-Bird cell. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 7, 756-768.
Morrison, J., R. Andersen, N. Larson, E. D' Asaro, and T. Boyd. In Press. J. Atmos.
Oceanic Tech.
Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992. TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere
Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 73, 1378-1416.
43
SEASOAR TRAJECTORIES
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TRANSIT
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JAN 12
20
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02
03
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10
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11
12
13
14
15
16
JAN 12
TRANSIT
17
18
19
20
21
113
ENSEMBLE PROFILES
OF
SEASOAR TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY
n2s19dec.up.data
W9211 B n2s19dec.data
f
I
I
I
I
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
n2s19dec.up.data
I
30
l
0
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
'22
50 25 -
100+
X20
n.
E
a)
I200 15
250
,21
I
300
10 I
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
-11 - F,
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
10
36
I
I
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2s20dec.data
n2s2Odec. up. data
n2s2Odec. up. data
30
50
25
100
200
15
250
300
10
10' J
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s22dec.up.data
n2s22dec.up.data
W921 1 B n2s22dec.data
_(J_
0
30
-22
50
25
100-1
200
15
250
10
300
10 T'
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5-
36
W921 1 B n2s24dec.data
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
n2s24dec.up.data
L-
1
t
1
1
1 " J
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
n2s24dec.up.data
I
I
1
1
1
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
I
1
or
50
r/r r/
d
1
1
I
I
1
1
I
V2
rr.
rrr
25
100
U
°
200
15 250 -
//
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
..
35.5
36
n2s25dec.up.data
n2s25dec.up.data
W921 1 B n2s25dec.data
30
0
'22
50
25
100
200
15`1
250
300
,!ww
10
I
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
i
11
-fi-
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
10
36
-
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2s27dec.data
n2s27dec.up.data
n2s27dec.up.data
0
30
'22
50
25
100
00
200
15
250
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s28dec.up.data
n2s28dec.up.data
W921 1 B n2s28dec.data
30
0
-
'22
'23
50
25 t
Il'
100 -
D
150
co
0
200 -
15250
I
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s29dec.up.data
W921 1 B n2s29dec.data
n2s29dec.up.data
0
30
I
.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
11
1
1
'22
50 -
100
0
200 -1
15250 1
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s3Odec.up.data
n2s30dec.up.data
W921 1 B n2s3Odec.data
30
0
--
I
I
I
I
-' '22
=`
50
25 100
200
151
250
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
10 -t -r
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s31 dec.up.data
W921 1 B n2s31 dec.data
n2s31 dec.up.data
30
-V
50
25
100
i
ro 20
4)
E
I-
200
15
250
1
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
I
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
10 -fi-,-r-,33.5
34
,
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
7-1
35.5
36
n2s02jan.up.data
W921 1 B n2s02jan.data
n2sO2jan. up. data
I
30
,
,
,
I
I
,
I
.
.
I
'22
'23
50-1
25
100
200
11,1
15
111.
-1
250
,21
300
'
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2sO3jan.data
n2sO3jan.up.data
n2sO3jan.up.data
0
30
'22
50
25
100
20
200
15
250
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
1
1
1
1
1
1
s2n03jan.up.data
s2n03jan.up.data
W921 1 B s2n03jan.data
I..
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
1
'22
3
50 -1
-
25-1
100
U
-
Rs
a
150
a
200 i
15
250
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2s04jan.data
n2s04jan.up.data
n2s04jan.up.data
0
30
' -2
50
100
U
co
0_
200 -1
15
250
r
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2sO5jan.data
I
0
n2sO5jan.up.data
n2sO5jan. up. data
I
I
30
50
100 -
200
250
300
10'
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2sO6jan.up.data
W921 1 B n2sO6jan.data
n2sO6jan. up. data
30
50
25
100
cri
200
15-
250-
10
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2sO8jan.data
n2sO8jan.up.data
n2s08jan.up.data
30
0
'22
/-23
50 25
100
20
200
15
250 -
10
300
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B n2s09jan.data
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
1
I
1
1
1
n2s09jan.up.data
n2s09jan.up.data
1
30
50
25
100
c'
200
15
250 -
300
10
10 °
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s10jan.up.data
W9211 B n2s10jan.data
n2s10jan.up.data
II,,,,I,,,
30
-22
50
25 100
20
E
I.11
200
11
151
250
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w19dec.data
s2w19dec.up.data
s2w19dec.up.data
30
50
25
100
200
250
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5
35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w21 dec.data
s2w21 dec.up.data
s2w21 dec.up.data
0
30
50
25
a_
200 -
250 -
300
10
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w22dec.data
s2w22dec.up.data
s2w22dec.up.data
30
'22
25
20
E
15
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
I
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w24dec.up.data
W921 1 B s2w24dec.data
s2w24dec.up.data
LI
30
1
I
1
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11
26
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15 -
11
250
300
I
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
T
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w25dec.data
s2w25dec.up.data
s2w25dec.up.data
0
30
'22
50
25
100
"5 20
a)
200
15
a
250
.11
300
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
'
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w27dec.data
s2w27dec.up.data
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
s2w27dec.up.data
1
1
1
1
1
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20
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m
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,
15
250 -1
300
10
10
25
15
20
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w29dec.data
s2w29dec.up.data
L
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s2w29dec.up.data
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50
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15
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250 -1
10
300
10
20
25
15
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w31 dec.data
1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
s2w31 dec.up.data
s2w31 dec.up.data
N
1
30
50 25
100-
200
15
250 -
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 B s2w01jan.data
s2wOljan.up.data
s2w01 jan.up.data
30
'22
' 23
50-1
25
i
100
00
200
15
250
. -gym
300
10
15
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w02jan.data
I
0
I I.... .11
1
1
1
s2w02jan.up.data
s2w02jan.up.data
1,
30
'22
50
25
100 1
200 -1
15
250 -
300
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w04jan.data
0t
1
I
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
s2w04jan.up.data
s2wO4jan.up.data
1
30
23
50
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100
r
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20
2
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E
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200 -1
-
15-
26
-
250 -
-
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
10
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w05jan.data
....I
0
s2w05jan.up.data
s2wO5jan. up. data
..I
30
'22
50
25
100 -
U
200 15-1
250 -
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w07jan.data
s2w07jan.up.data
s2wO7jan. up. data
30
0
'22
11,
50
25
100
200
15
250
10
300 -1-10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B s2w08jan.data
,,,
0
s2w08jan.up.data
s2w08jan.up.data
1.
I
30
50 1
25
100 -
200 -
250 -
11
2
300
10 -1-^
I
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 B w2e19dec.data
w2e19dec.up.data
w2e19dec.up.data
0
30
25
100
200
250
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e2ldec.up.data
W9211 B w2e21 dec.data
w2e21 dec.up.data
30
50
25
100
b-_
200
250
300
10
1011
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 ' 35
35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e23dec.up.data
W921 1 B w2e23dec.data
w2e23dec.up.data
I_,
30
50
25
100
200
15
250
'
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e24dec.up.data
w2e24dec.up.data
W921 1 B w2e24dec.data
wJ
0
1
1
1
r
30
1
-
-
-' 23
-
50
25 -1
rZ. G
r-
r
100 co
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D
200 15
250 -
10
300
101
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e26dec.up.data
W921 1 B w2e26dec.data
L_L_,__L_L_ :
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
w2e26dec.up.data
1
1
1
1
1
30
' -'22
1
50 -
-
25 -
i
100 -
00
ca
26
0
Q
200 -
15250 -
300
10
11'
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e28dec.up.data
W921 1 B w2e28dec.data
w2e28dec.up.data
0
30
50
25
100
E
H
200
,
15
,
250
r
300
10
10 f
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
1
36
I
I
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e30dec.up.data
W921 1 B w2e3Odec.data
w2e3Odec. up. data
I
30
I
,
,
'22
1{
50
25
100
200
15
250
10
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e31 dec.up.data
W921 1 B w2e31 dec.data
w2e31 dec.up.data
30
50
25 -1
100
,-,
0
0
11
200
15
'
250
300
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
I
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 B w2e01 jan.data
w2e01jan.up.data
w2e01jan.up.data
30
'22
,-'I
501
25
100 -
U
0
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20
a
aEi
0
200 -1
F11
5
1
250 1
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300
III
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34 " 34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
I
35.5
36
W921 1 B w2e04jan.data
w2e04jan.up.data
w2eO4jan.up.data
0
30
50 25
100
' 25
' 26
200
15 -j
,
Y
250 hr
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B w2eO6jan.data
w2eO6jan.up.data
w2eO6jan.up.data
0
30
'22
50
25
100
20
200
15
250
300 -i10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e07jan.up.data
W921 1 B w2e07jan.data
w2eO7jan.up.data
30
0
50
25
100 -
20
200 15
250
'I
300
10
15
'
lo,
10
i
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
I
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B w2eO9jan.data
w2e09jan.up.data
w2eO9jan. up. data
L
0
50
100
200
250
I III,
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
1
35.5
T
-f-
36
W9211 B w2e10jan.data
I
I
I
I
I
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
w2e10jan.up.data
w2e10jan.up.data
L
50
100 -1
200 -1
250 oil
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n20dec.up.data
W921 1 B e2n20dec.data
e2n20dec.up.data
.
30
.
I
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
50
25
100
20
200
15
250
lo,
300
10
10
1
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n2ldec.up.data
W921 1 B e2n21 dec.data
I
0
I
I
l
I
l
i
1
1
I
i
l
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
e2n2ldec.up.data
11,11 .11111li.11111111i,4
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
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25
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V
11
0
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11
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11
1.
11
26
200 -1
15
250 -
10-
300-fi'11;
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
V
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
I
I
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B e2n23dec.data
e2n23dec.up.data
e2n23dec.up.data
30
0
'22
50
25
100
CO
a
a
E
o_
15
250
10 -1---
300
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinityl (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n25dec.up.data
W921 1 B e2n25dec.data
e2n25dec.up.data
I
0
30
r
r
50
/-r
25
-
rA
100 U
°
i)
-
25
20
CL
E
I200 -
151
2
250 -1
i
10
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
L
0
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I
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I
I
I
.
.
I
I
I
I
e2n27dec.up.data
e2n27dec.up.data
W921 1 B e2n27dec.data
.
30
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I.
1
.
I. I 11
I
1
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25 t
100 11-1
0
a>
I200 15
250
300
10
10
25
Temperature (° C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n28dec.up.data
W921 1 B e2n28dec.data
....
0
I
I
I
.
e2n28dec.up.data
,
.
30
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.
I
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,
I
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.
I
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50
25 -
-
100
V
ZGJ
20
200
15-1
/
If
/
250 -
1
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B e2n30dec.data
IIIIIIII
0
e2n30dec.up.data
e2n3Odec.up.data
II II
30
'22
50
25
100
200 -1
151
250 -
10 -ice
300
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
I
34
I
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
I
35.5
36
W9211 B e2n3ldec.data
e2n3ldec.up.data
e2n31 dec.up.data
30
50
25 100
U
200
250
10 -
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
I
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n02jana.up.data
W921 1 B e2n02jana.data
u
111111,1111111
I
e2nO2jana.up.data
II iI,
30
50
25
i
100
20
E
t200 -I
15
250
10
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
I
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B e2n02janb.data
e2nO2janb.up.data
e2n02janb.up.data
III
30
'22
14,
50 t
25
100 -
/26
200
15-1
250 -1
-I-
300
10)
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B w2n03jan.data
w2n03jan.up.data
w2n03jan.up.data
0
50 -1
11
100
200 -1
151
250 -
10 -I-^
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n05jan.up.data
W921 1 B e2nO5jan.data
e2n05jan.up.data
0
30
'22
50
25-1
100
L
U
0
20
a)
CL
E
200
15250
.11
10
300
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B e2n06jan.data
1
0
1
1
I
1
1
e2n06jan.up.data
e2n06jan.up.data
1
30
1
I
_
1
1
1
1
11t
l
l
11
-22
501
25
100-
20
E
200 -
250 -
10
'
10
300 -t--
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2nO8jan.up.data
W921 1 B e2nO8jan.data
e2nO8jan.up.data
w
0
30
'22
50 25
100 co
200
250
300
10
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 B e2n09jan.data
e2nO9jan.up.data
e2nO9jan.up.data
,,,
0
I
30
I
I
501
25
100 -
20
E
200
15
250
300
10
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Transit from SBN to the equator along 156.1 ° East longitude
W921 1 B transit-a.data
transit-a.up.data
transit-a.up.data
30
'22
50
25
100
20
200
15-1
250
300
10
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35
35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Transit from the equator to 1 ° North latitude along 156.1 ° East longitude
W921 1 B transit-b.data
I
0
I
I
transit-b.up.data
transit-b.up.data
I
30
//22
23
50
/
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/ '2A
/
100 1
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U
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.
X20
150
cn
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/
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v
200
ro
fy,
15
250 -
,
f
Il
lo,
+/
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Transit from 1 ° North latitude to 2° North latitude along 156.1 ° East longitude
W921 1 B transit-c.data
transit-c.up.data
.II
0
I
I
I
I
II
30
transit-c.up.data
.
.
i
.
I
.
.
I
I
,
I
,I
I
50
25
100
200
15-1
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300
_I
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I
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25
Temperature (°C)
15
10
I
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
1
33.5
.'
I
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Transit from 2° North latitude to 3° North latitude along 156.1° East longitude
W921 1 B transit-d.data
transit-d.up.data
transit-d.up.data
LI
30
0
I
I.
1
I
,
,
,
,
I
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25 -1
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0
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15
250 7
300
10
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Transit from 3° North latitude to 4° North latitude along 156.1 ° East longitude
W921 1 B transit-e.data
transit-e.up.data
transit-e.up.data
30
0
'22
50
25
100
200
151
10
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35
35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Transit from 4° North latitude to 5° North latitude along 156.1 ° East longitude
transit-f.up.data
transit-f.up.data
W921 1 B transit-f.data
0
30
'22
50
100
200
250
10
00
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
183
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389
APPENDIX A:
Time Series of Lag of Maximum T/C Correlation
for Seasoar Tows 1 - 9
390
Location of Turns
SBS SBW
1.0
0.8
a.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
r
0.8
-r-
a.
U
N
0.6
a 0.4
0.2
0
a
0.0
E
0
1.0
0
0.8
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.0
18.0
18.5
19.0
20.5
20.0
Day of December 1992
19.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
Leg 2 Tow 1, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
391
Location of Turns
SBS SBW
r
4
-r
0
-2
r
6
r
a4
N
W7 -4 --mFl3w
0a2
0
0
6
4
c
7
t
0
2
0
a
0
0
-2
T
8
4
A
0
18.0
I
18.5
19.0
20.0
20.5
Day of December 1992
19.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
Leg 2 Tow 1, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
392
Location of Turns
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE SBN SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE
r.
.
i,
0.0
1.0
9
R,o1
0.8
r44s :
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
E
0
1.0
:.,;
;its :.r + ,
-
0.8
Zs
e
0 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
A;t
n
- IBC
i MT.
4" `j.
w,y L
a'' p' ;^^ ..
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o 0.6
-a
N
L 0.4
D
a
0.2
0.0L
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
Day of December 1992
23.0
23.5
24.0
Leg 2 Tow 2, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
393
Location of Turns
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE SBN SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE
4
0
4
I
-2
6
d=_`
L2
a-
0
8
6
C
0
-0
c,j 4
0a
2
0
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
Day of December 1992
23.0
23.5
24.0
Leg 2 Tow 2, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
394
Location of Turns
SBW
SBS
SBE
SBS
SBN
1.0
0.8
a.
' 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
_
0.8
.
yr-:S
M
t;+
0.6
U
N
Q 0.4
0.2
L.
0
a
0.0
E
0
1.0
0
0.8
et
7*7.
el
ee&+
ee
0.2
0.0
1.0
©..
0.8
p
e
o 0.6
-a
I
el
64,
e
e
e
N
a
0.4
a.
0.2
0.0
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
Day of December 1992
26.0
26.5
27.0
Leg 2 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
395
Location of Turns
SBS
SBN
SBS
a
t
a 2
0
a
SBE
SBW
r
4
19
0
-2
6
°N
U
IL
1
00-2
I0
a)
a)
8
CD
0)
J0
c
A
0
6
0
0
4
i
0a
4e
2
0
0
23.0
23.5
24.0
25.0
24.5
25.5
Day of December 1992
26.0
26.5
27.0
Leg 2 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
396
Location of Turns
SBE SBN
1.0
a
SBS SBW
SBE
SBN
7
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
I
0.0
1.0
0.8
0
0
I
V-
'F
l
g
a'e
e
n
°eAe
el"
I
e
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
C
0 0.6
Q
0.2
0.0
26.0
26.5
27.0
28.0
28.5
27.5
Day of December 1992
29.0
29.5
30.0
Leg 2 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
397
Location of Turns
SBE SBN
SBE SBN
SBS SBW
4
2
L
0
O.
-2
6
Il
4
0
N
U
2
F0
a)
t
(D
6
1
T
I
a)
4
J
ee
o
2
e
a
nWe
e
e
L
ee
e
0
-2
I
I
8
T
e
2
e
01
26.0
I
26.5
27.0
II
I
I
27.5
28.0
28.5
Day of December 1992
I
I
I
I
I
29.0
29.5
30.0
Leg 2 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
398
Location of Turns
SBS
1.0
SBW
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBE
SBW
SBS SBW
-
.
KT
a
SBN
SBE
-
0.8
0.6
6 0.4
CL
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
a.
4-
U
0
N
0.6
0.4
a-
v
L
0 .2
a.
0.0
E
0
L
9C
0
v
N
i
i
O
0
1.0
174
Cf+'ss+
0.8
e
0
0.6
aa
.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
IF?ww` I
a
0.8
A
C
0
o 0.6
-a
N
-a 0.4
a
0.2
0.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Day of December 1992 / January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
399
Location of Turns
SBS
a
SBW
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBN
SBE
SBS SBW
SBE
.,o
L
P
L
It
a
-2
6
a4
N
..
`
L
a
ads
a2
17-
.,
1
0
10
6
4
C
I
3
0
o
..
aA:e
d::
_J
'
'a
--
.ten.
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2
A IA
e
e
0a
0
-2
8
6
C
.e
A
3
0
A
A
N 4
.L
0
a-
2
01
29.5
1
.1
30.0
I
I
30.5
.
I
31.0
I
.
31.5
I
I
I
I
1.0
1.5
I
I
2.0
2.5
Day of December 1992 / January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
400
Location of Turns
SBN
SBS
SBW SBN
1.0
SBS
.o.
a
t
0.8
a
0.6
e 0.4
CL
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
0
t
0.8
0.6
0
e
0.4
0.2
0.0
yam,..-
1.0
0.8
0.6
A
0.2
0.01
1.0
1
1.5
2.0
1
2.5
1
3.0
d
3.5
I
4.0
4.5
I
5.0
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
401
Location of Turns
SBS
SBN
SBW SBN
SBS
4
a 2
L-
0
a.
0
-2
6
r
I
4
0
e
A
e
k
e
2
L
0
a
a.
16
I
0
-2
r
8
6
C.
4
0
c.4 4
00.
19
2
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
402
Location of Turns
SBS
SBW
SBE
SBS SBW
SBN
SBN
SBE
SBS SBW
1.0
0.8
a
0.6
a
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
v0
0
a
N 0.6
0.4
CL
0.2
L
0
0.0
E
0
L
1.0
C
0
0.8
0
m
0
U
a
r
r-
0a
a
A
A
A
C
o 0.6
n
vLa 0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
lofte
0.8
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0
T-7-7-
'I-
mom
e
e
e
e
e
vo
0.6
a0.
0.4
N
0.2
0.0
A
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 7, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
403
Location of Turns
SBS
SBE
SBW
SBN
SBS SBW
SBE
SBS SBW
SBN
4
l
a
2
7 L
p.o
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v
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L
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0.
n
I
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6
a4
N
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0
0
8
6
2
0
8
6
C
0
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I
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a
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a
aa
i
I
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I
2
0
A
o
e
In
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 7, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
404
Location of Turns
SBN
SBS SBW
SBN
SBE
1.0
0
0.8
0.
3 0.6
0
0.4
0.
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
a
a.
0
0.6
a
E
0
1.0
0
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0
0.4
a.
0.2
0.0
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
Day of January 1993
10.0
10.5
11.0
Leg 2 Tow 8, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
405
Location of Turns
SBN
SBS SBW
SBE
SBN
4
a-
.04-
Tit
3
13
a
-2
0
0
8
d
1
A
2
7.0
A
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 8, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
406
Location of Turns
center SBN
1N
EQUATOR
2N
3N
4N
1.0
0.8
CL
0.6
a
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
--
0
a
'
0.8
N 0.6
a.0.4
0.2
0
0.0
E
0
1.0
%H
:..
0
0
L
0
(>
9
0.8
C
o 0.6
0 0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
vo 0.6
N
L 0.4
v
a
0.2
0.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 9, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
407
Location of Turns
center
SBN
EQUATOR
1N
2N
3N
4N
a
a
L
6
0
8
a
poo
.o. y
=:j,v m
0
1
8
r°
0,
9.5
,I
10.0
10.5
-
a
I
I
11.0
j
11.5
I
1
12.0
I
12.5
1
13.0
13.5
Day of January 1993
Leg 2 Tow 9, 50-120 db (plus) 120-180 db (square) 180-240 db (triangle)
409
APPENDIX B:
T-S Diagrams from CTD and Seasoar
at Start and End of Tows 1 - 9
1$
27
I/I).
411
deploy.tow2 & CTD station 22
30
r2A
Seasoar
25 -
x= CTD
0
15 -
11
10
Z
33.5
34
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
412
recover.tow2 & CTD station 23
U
0
E
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
413
deploy.tow3 & CTD station 29
I,
34
I
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
414
recover.tow3 & CTD station 30
30
23
Seasoar
25 -1
xx. CTD
2A
0
15
.11
T
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
41s
36
416
recover.tow4 & CTD station 36
U
O
10
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
417
deploy.tow5 & CTD station 40
30
Seasoar
25
x CTD
151
11
2A
10-f33.5
34
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35
35.5
36
418
36
419
36
420
36
42,
36
422
recover.tow7 & CTD station 43
30
-'
2
Seasoar
CTD
25-1
U
0
a)
cu 20
a)
11
11
15
11
.11
11
10
1
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
423
deploy.tow8 & CTD station 43
i
30
Seasoar
25-1
__= CTD
15 11
10
33.5
34
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
424
36
425
deploy.tow9 & CTD station 47
a)
az
E
a)
H
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
Ct
26
75
27
34
ii),