Bridge Manual - Part I - May 2005
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BRIDGE MANUAL
PART I: DESIGN GUIDELINES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: BRIDGE SITE EXPLORATION
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
SURVEY FOR BRIDGES ..............................................................................................1 - 1
General............................................................................................................................1 - 1
Bridge Grid Survey .......................................................................................................1 - 1
Bridge Detail Survey .....................................................................................................1 - 1
Additional Survey for Bridges over Railroads...........................................................1 - 2
Survey for Stream..........................................................................................................1 - 2
BORINGS FOR BRIDGES ............................................................................................1 - 2
General............................................................................................................................1 - 2
Boring Plan.....................................................................................................................1 - 2
Definitions.......................................................................................................................1 - 3
Depth and Location .......................................................................................................1 - 4
Other Subsurface Exploratory Requirements ...........................................................1 - 4
Ground Water Observation Wellpoint .......................................................................1 - 5
Inaccessible Boring Locations......................................................................................1 - 5
Presentation of Sub-surface Exploration Data ..........................................................1 - 6
HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS...........................................................................1 - 6
Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 - 6
Hydraulic Design Criteria ............................................................................................1 - 6
Hydraulic Study Procedure..........................................................................................1 - 7
Design Flood Or Storm Selection Guidelines...........................................................1 - 10
Hydraulic Study References.......................................................................................1 - 11
SITE SPECIFIC SEISMIC EVALUATION ..............................................................1 - 12
General..........................................................................................................................1 - 12
Site Specific Seismic Evaluation Outline ..................................................................1 - 12
CHAPTER 2: PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
GENERAL ........................................................................................................................2 - 1
Purpose of Preliminary Engineering...........................................................................2 - 1
Goal of a Bridge Project ...............................................................................................2 - 1
Preliminary Engineering Decision Making Methodology ........................................2 - 1
Preliminary Engineering Phase Deliverables.............................................................2 - 2
CONTEXT SENSITIVITY AND AESTHETICS........................................................2 - 2
General Objectives ........................................................................................................2 - 2
Understanding the Context ..........................................................................................2 - 3
Bridge Aesthetics ...........................................................................................................2 - 3
NEW BRIDGE AND BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECTS ...............................2 - 4
General Objectives ........................................................................................................2 - 4
Bridge Type Selection Process .....................................................................................2 - 5
Bridge Manual - Part I - May 2005
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
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Appropriate Bridge Structure Types by Span Range...............................................2 - 6
Substructure Location Guidelines...............................................................................2 - 8
Superstructure Selection Guidelines .........................................................................2 - 12
Bridge Type Selection Worksheet .............................................................................2 - 14
BRIDGE REHABILITATION PROJECTS ..............................................................2 - 18
General Guidelines......................................................................................................2 - 18
Preliminary Structure Report....................................................................................2 - 19
Selecting Between Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement ..................................2 - 22
GEOTECHNICAL REPORT ......................................................................................2 - 23
General ........................................................................................................................2 - 23
Report Outline .............................................................................................................2 - 24
HYDRAULIC REPORT...............................................................................................2 - 26
General ........................................................................................................................2 - 26
Report Outline .............................................................................................................2 - 26
SKETCH PLANS...........................................................................................................2 - 27
Introduction .................................................................................................................2 - 27
Data Required for the Preparation of Sketch Plans................................................2 - 28
Preparation of Sketch Plans.......................................................................................2 - 28
Submission and Approvals.........................................................................................2 - 33
CHAPTER 3: BRIDGE DESIGN GUIDELINES
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.5
DESIGN CRITERIA .......................................................................................................3 - 1
Design Specifications.....................................................................................................3 - 1
Design Methods .............................................................................................................3 - 1
Live Load........................................................................................................................3 - 1
Bridge Railings/Barriers...............................................................................................3 - 2
Other Design Criteria ...................................................................................................3 - 3
FOUNDATION DESIGN................................................................................................3 - 4
General ...........................................................................................................................3 - 4
Pile Foundations ............................................................................................................3 - 4
Sheet Piling Design ........................................................................................................3 - 5
Drilled Shafts .................................................................................................................3 - 6
Gravel Borrow for Bridge Foundations .....................................................................3 - 7
Crushed Stone for Bridge Foundations ......................................................................3 - 7
Foundations on Ledge...................................................................................................3 - 8
Pre-loaded Areas ...........................................................................................................3 - 8
SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN ..........................................................................................3 - 8
General ...........................................................................................................................3 - 8
Walls: Abutment and Wingwall ..................................................................................3 - 9
Counterfort Walls .........................................................................................................3 - 9
Piers...............................................................................................................................3 - 10
Culverts.........................................................................................................................3 - 10
SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDELINES..............................................................................3 - 11
Dynamic Modeling ......................................................................................................3 - 11
Substructure Seismic Performance...........................................................................3 - 11
SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ................................................3 - 14
Bridge Manual - Part I - May 2005
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.9
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.9.4
3.9.5
3.9.6
3.9.7
3.9.8
3.9.9
3.10
3.10.1
3.10.2
3.10.3
3.11
3.11.1
3.11.2
3.11.3
3.12
3.12.1
3.12.2
3.12.3
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Composite Design ........................................................................................................3 - 14
Deck Slabs.....................................................................................................................3 - 15
Distribution of Loads on Stringer Bridges ...............................................................3 - 15
Utilities on Structures..................................................................................................3 - 16
Deflection and Camber ...............................................................................................3 - 16
Elastomeric Bridge Bearing Assemblies (Revised June 2007) ...............................3 - 17
Scuppers........................................................................................................................3 - 22
STEEL SUPERSTRUCTURES ...................................................................................3 - 23
General..........................................................................................................................3 - 23
Cover Plates..................................................................................................................3 - 25
Welded Plate Girders..................................................................................................3 - 25
Welded Box Girders....................................................................................................3 - 26
Splices and Connections..............................................................................................3 - 27
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SUPERSTRUCTURES ...........................................3 - 29
Standard Beam Sections .............................................................................................3 - 29
Materials.......................................................................................................................3 - 29
General Design Requirements ...................................................................................3 - 30
DESIGN PROCEDURES .............................................................................................3 - 31
Design of Adjacent Deck and Box Beam Bridges ....................................................3 - 31
Utilities On Adjacent Deck and Box Beam Bridges ................................................3 - 31
Continuity Design for Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridges ...................................3 - 33
Design of New England Bulb Tee Beams..................................................................3 - 34
INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGES ........................................................................3 - 36
General..........................................................................................................................3 - 36
Guidelines .....................................................................................................................3 - 36
Loads.............................................................................................................................3 - 36
General Design Requirements ...................................................................................3 - 37
Pile Design Methodology ............................................................................................3 - 39
Modeling - General......................................................................................................3 - 41
Final Pile Design ..........................................................................................................3 - 42
Integral Wingwall Design ...........................................................................................3 - 43
References.....................................................................................................................3 - 43
REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES...................................................................3 - 45
General Requirements ................................................................................................3 - 45
Options for Increasing Carrying Capacity...............................................................3 - 45
Fatigue Retrofits ..........................................................................................................3 - 46
ANCILLARY STRUCTURES .....................................................................................3 - 46
Pedestrian Bridges.......................................................................................................3 - 46
Temporary Bridges .....................................................................................................3 - 46
Sign Attachments to Bridges and Walls (Revised June 2007)................................3 - 47
BRIDGE INSPECTION................................................................................................3 - 48
Requirements for Bridge Inspection Access.............................................................3 - 48
Fracture Critical Bridge Inspection Procedures......................................................3 - 49
Bridges Requiring Special Inspection and Maintenance Procedures ...................3 - 50
Bridge Manual - Part I - May 2005
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CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
GRAPHICAL STANDARDS .........................................................................................4 - 1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................4 - 1
Standard AutoCAD Layers, Linetypes, and Lineweights ........................................4 - 1
Symbols...........................................................................................................................4 - 5
Text Styles, Layers, Lineweights, Heights, and Usage ..............................................4 - 7
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................4 - 8
PREPARATION OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ...........................................4 - 11
General .........................................................................................................................4 - 11
Organization ................................................................................................................4 - 11
SUBMISSION OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ...............................................4 - 16
First Structural Submittal..........................................................................................4 - 16
Second Structural Submittal......................................................................................4 - 16
Submission Of Mylars.................................................................................................4 - 16
REVISIONS TO CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ..................................................4 - 16
Approval Procedure....................................................................................................4 - 16
Revising Construction Drawings...............................................................................4 - 18
Distribution of Revised Construction Drawings......................................................4 - 19
CHAPTER 5: SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND ESTIMATE (Revised June 2007)
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
GENERAL........................................................................................................................5 - 1
SPECIAL PROVISIONS ................................................................................................5 - 1
General ...........................................................................................................................5 - 1
Payment Items ...............................................................................................................5 - 1
Preparing a Lump Sum Item.......................................................................................5 - 2
Schedule of Basis For Partial Payment.......................................................................5 - 4
QUANTITY CALCULATIONS ....................................................................................5 - 4
General ...........................................................................................................................5 - 4
Standard Nomenclature For Bridge Related Items ..................................................5 - 4
Guidelines For Estimating Quantities.........................................................................5 - 5
PREPARATION OF ESTIMATE.................................................................................5 - 9
General ...........................................................................................................................5 - 9
Unit Prices ....................................................................................................................5 - 10
Submittals.....................................................................................................................5 - 10
CHAPTER 6: SHOP DRAWINGS, CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES, AND OTHER
SUBMISSIONS
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
APPROVAL PROCESS..................................................................................................6 - 1
General ...........................................................................................................................6 - 1
Responsibility.................................................................................................................6 - 1
Approval of Shop Drawings.........................................................................................6 - 1
Approval of Construction Materials, Products, and Fabrication Procedures.......6 - 2
Telephone Calls from Contractors, Fabricators, and Suppliers..............................6 - 2
Bridge Manual - Part I - May 2005
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
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SHOP DRAWINGS .........................................................................................................6 - 3
Structural........................................................................................................................6 - 3
Traffic ............................................................................................................................6 - 3
Distribution ....................................................................................................................6 - 4
EFFECT OF CONTRACT DRAWING REVISIONS ON SHOP DRAWINGS.....6 - 4
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES..............................................................................6 - 5
General............................................................................................................................6 - 5
Erection of Structural Steel..........................................................................................6 - 6
Erection of Prestressed Concrete.................................................................................6 - 6
CHAPTER 7: BRIDGE LOAD RATING GUIDELINES (Revised June 2007)
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
POLICY ............................................................................................................................7 - 1
Purpose ...........................................................................................................................7 - 1
Definitions.......................................................................................................................7 - 1
Qualifications .................................................................................................................7 - 1
Field Inspection..............................................................................................................7 - 1
APPLICATION OF LIVE LOADS AND LOAD RATING INSTRUCTIONS.......7 - 2
Objective.........................................................................................................................7 - 2
Load Rating Software ...................................................................................................7 - 2
Live Loads, Methods, and Units ..................................................................................7 - 2
Special Instructions for Load Ratings.........................................................................7 - 3
Special Instructions for Arch Load Ratings...............................................................7 - 7
Special Instructions for Adjacent Beam Load Ratings.............................................7 - 9
Special Instructions for Corroded Stringer/Girder Web Load Ratings.................7 - 9
Guidelines for Recommendations..............................................................................7 - 11
SUBMITTALS................................................................................................................7 - 11
Calculations..................................................................................................................7 - 11
AASHTOWare™ Virtis File Submission ..................................................................7 - 11
Check of Calculations Submission.............................................................................7 - 14
Previously Rated Bridges............................................................................................7 - 14
REPORT .........................................................................................................................7 - 14
Format ..........................................................................................................................7 - 14
Report Distribution .....................................................................................................7 - 16
CHAPTER 8: SPECIAL PERMIT VEHICLE ANALYSIS GUIDELINES
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
POLICY ............................................................................................................................8 - 1
Purpose ...........................................................................................................................8 - 1
Definitions.......................................................................................................................8 - 1
Qualifications .................................................................................................................8 - 1
Field Inspection..............................................................................................................8 - 1
Undocumented Bridge Structures ...............................................................................8 - 2
APPLICATION OF LIVE LOADS AND LOAD RATING INSTRUCTIONS.......8 - 2
Objective.........................................................................................................................8 - 2
Live Loads ......................................................................................................................8 - 2
Bridge Manual - Part I - May 2005
8.2.3
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
8.5
vi
Special Instructions for Special Permit Vehicle Analysis.........................................8 - 2
SPECIAL PERMIT VEHICLE ANALYSIS REPORT..............................................8 - 3
Format ............................................................................................................................8 - 3
Submission and Processing Protocol...........................................................................8 - 4
EXISTING INVENTORIED ROUTES ........................................................................8 - 4
PRIVATELY OWNED AND OTHER AGENCY OWNED STRUCTURES .........8 - 5
2006-2008 UNIT PRICE GUIDELINES (Issued October, 2008)