SIMIIW LEE HANSEN
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
May 19!
APPRV1ti
Redacted for privacy
Head of Department of Fish and Qe Management
in Charge of Major
Redacted for privacy
Chaizmen of Scho( Graduate Coindt tee
Redacted for privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesis is presented
P7
y
/1, 1
manner, either large or smaU in scope.
Sincere thanks are due to:
Data presented in this
Arthur S. Einarsen, leader of
the Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, for supervision of
the field work, for suggestions and constant encouragement, and
for reading the rgh thesis draft and offering emggestion for
improvement; L. P. Schneider, assistant leader of the Wildlife
Research Unit, for field work supervision, for information and
encouragement, and for suggesting corrections of the thesis before
for help during the kidding season in 1954; Dr. J. N. Shaw and
Dr. Paul Alien, both of the Oregon State College Veterinary depart-
INTItODuC'rIc
.
.
5
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
S
.
.
.
1
Antelope Population Trend in the United States . . . . . . 2
Antelope Population Trend in Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . 3.
AceuracyofpopulationEstimatea
S
Review of Reported Kid Loss
FIELDPI)CErgJR
.
Stu4y Areas . .
. .
a
a
. ....... . . ..
in Oregon .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. -.
.
a
.
.
a
a
a
.
a
.
.
. .
. . . . , . . . . . . . .
Description of the Hart Mountain Study Area . .
Description of the Drake's Flat Study Area
Catching and Tagging of New-born kids .
a a
.
.
7
9
. .
9
11
a
.
.
a
a
15
19
a
.
a
a
a
a
a
.
a
a
a
a
a
214
.
.
.
.
.
25
.
.
.
.
Detexmning Production a a a a . a a a a a a a
Deteruaning Mortality Factors and Extent of Lose
Determining Losses fvom Herd Composition Data . .
Growth of Kids .
a
.
. .
. .
. . * . .
ObserVing Animals
a
a a a a
*
a a a a
CoUecting Blood and Viscera a a a a a
a
a
a
.
.
.
.
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
. 31
. 36
a 37
a 38
a aaa
.140
FINDINGS
New-bornKidsCaptured
a as...... a
a
Antelope KidProduction.
a
a a. a a aS .146
a
a
a *a .. a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Number of Mortalities Found
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Calculated Loss per Square Nile
.
.
.
.
a
a
Growth øf Kids
a
a
Percentage Loss Based
AgeofMortalities
a
a
a
Gai'cass Count
Ofl
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
.
a
a
a
a
50
a
52
a 53
Sli
.
.
a
.
.
Herd Contpssition
.
a
a
a
.
a
.
a
.
a
a. a a. a as...... a
Sex of Mortalities . a
Conditionof Carcasses
.
a 148
a
.
.
*
.
a
.
.
a
a
a
.
58
as...... a a. aa .59
.
a
a
.
a
a
a
a
.
.
a
a
a
a
a
a
.
.
.
60
a
a
a
75
.
87
CauseofMortalities . a.,.... aaa a... a a.714
Predation
*
a
Accidents . .
Miscellaneous
Discussion
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
a
S
S
a
a
a
.
a
APPfl)IX
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
.
.
a
.
.
.
. 91
.
.
.
...,..aa...a.a.a.a
flTfl!P
L TmtDA
J1uo.l
'JJW1J a
a
a
a ,, .80
.
.
SUAANDCONCLUSI0
a
a
a ....a..
DiseaseandParasites
-
a
a-
a
a
a
-.
a
a
a
S
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
92
.a98
a
.108
LISi OF LLUSTBA.TIONS
Figure
1.
Page
istimated antelope population for the United States
and Oregon as determined by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from 1937 to I93, exclusive of l9Z2,
l9Zd, and 19S, and for Oregon by Einarsen in 1937,
to l9)O and l91.3
2.
3.
1,
.
. .
.
b
Sketch showing location of the Drake's Flat and
Hart Mountain study areas . . . . . . . . . . * . .
.
10
A typical portion of the Drake 'a Flat study area
stiowing the expanse of sage brush penetrated by
fingers of grass as a result of a fi* in i915 .
.
18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
Shown is an observer after locating a yearling
buck carcass while riding horseback through the
Drake's Flat area. Motes were recorded, the lower
jaw and cannon bone were collected, and the rains
coveredwithx'ocks.......,.......... 27
.
Sketch of kid and adult doe heads showing the
difference In the distance from the end of the
izz1etotheeye
6.
.
.
,
. .. .
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
EstImated age of l2 kid mortalities found on the
Drake's Flat study area estimated to have occurred in
193 and 192 and previous years
7.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
*
A young kid, not more than one or two weeks old,
found after being exposed for one year, and recorded
as being intact . ..
. . . . . . . a
.
a .
a -s
8. A kid mortality which was found with the skeleton
intact after one year weathering .
*
a a
61
a
9. A kid, approximately two or three weeks old, found
several days after death. Most of the bones were
present and in their relative position but the carcass
had been moved about by carrioni.eating animals .
a
10. A female kid, about l months old, found over one
month after death showing a carcass which had been
disturbed very little . . a
a
a
a
s
1
:& .
e
p
61
.
62
62
Figure
12.
Kid mortality located short3y after death. The
entire head and four legs were attached to each
otherbyastripofthehide
,
13. Pictured are the only remains
.
.
.
.
.
.
a a....
63
that could be found
of a young kid. Only the upper half of the skull
and portions of the legs were present . . . . . . . .
61
]Ii. Another kid carcass which was incomplete. Note
the coarse texture of the ground which made it
very difficult to find animal tracks . . . . . . . . .
61
,,,
IS. An adult doe carcass on a, dry lake bed after
death
. .
. . . ... . .
,
..
6
16. A mature doe found about one year after death
a
65
17
.
Condition of kid and adult carcasses found on the
Flat and Hart Mountain study areas in 1953
andl95l&
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
18. A female kid, about 3 months old, collected on
Long Lake, Hart Mountain Refuge with the entire
head swollen
*
. . . .. . .
,
19
.
.
.
..
a
66
. 85
An adult doe found on Drake's Flat in 19Si with
a frActured middle cervical vertebrae . . . . . . . .
09
XXI. Average aonth1y awwfsll, crow c.pth, pipitation
greatest precipitation taiLing l.a
' one dar,
average nazls anci sindaun t
.rsthres fozreaeh
south recorded it the flush, Oregon wathcr station
in193andl9)4.
IV.
.
. . .
.
.
Method of eatisating age of antelope
, .. ,
16
,. . . .
28
orts1ities
On bSSLS of C*n1t ie and c.astea lthe
VIII.
.
.
.
ijtiaated shoulder hLtt of achlt doe and cid
antelope calculated troi
ccl. readings tan
during the swaatr Of 19!14 on i*ake' a Flat
. . .
. a
h9
U. Adult and kid sortaliti
found cr the Drce'e Flat
and Hart Mountain study areas during the SUrs
or l93 and l9li
.
. a
a . . a
* a
I.
Calculated kid and adult loss p.r square nile and
per cent loss on the Drake's flat and Mart -Mount.ain
streasinl93sndl9$I* ..
XX.
iL.1 arid ground herd ooipostion data for the
Drce' a Flat and Hart Mountin study areas and a
portion of the southern end of Mart Mountain rafuga
...a.,.a.,...
70
Siueiary of herd oonposition taken b: personnel of
the Oregon State G
Couion fron l95 throØt
1%h in the southeast region . . . .
a
. * . a . a
73
tskendtu1ng13and19%
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
. ........
Herd ooapoettton in California, flevada, and ZdclX
as reported at the ?ristate antelope neting , . a
Percentage gass herd increase, percentage loss,
and P5fl) Tiflt hard ftrease on the treke's
Flat and Hart Mountain study areas during lS3
azIl1.
a
aa. a. a a.. aa a a a a a
9J
INTRODUCTION
Oregcm State Game Cc&imis8ion, United States Fish and W1dB$e
Service, Wildlife Management Institute, Agricultural Research
Foundation, and Oregon State College cooperating.
To afford a better understanding :f the problem a brief review
Antelope Populaticrn Trend in the United States
An estimate of 17,000 in 1908 tar the Western United State8 was
given by Dr. T. S. Paimer (26, p. 427).
Frmi 1922 to 1924 an exten-
sive survey was conducted by the United States Biological Surrey.
Nelson (24, p. 3) reports this survey revealed the antelope population
in the United States to be approximately 26,000.
According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service estimates
the total population has been fluctuating fron 331,555 in 1937 to an
aU-tii
high since that date of 273,196 in 1953 (33).
trend is depicted in figure 1.
Fr
This population
the above it is obvions that
antel3pe numbers declined rapidly fron the 1800's to the early 1900's
and then rose :steajiily up to 1953.
3
tfrat piblished census was made by &tanley G. Jewett in 1915 and
1924 (12, p. 9 and. 24., pp. 46.-47).
1,800 and 2,000 respectively.
B. esthuated a total of about
These animals were located mainly in
Lake, Barney, and l4alheur counties.
in 1931 .Tewett estimated not
less than 5,000 antelope in Oregon (3, p. 74).
ginarsen (12 p. 11)
reports a population in Oregon of about 19,000 in 1939 with a
gradual decline until apprarimately 9,600 remained in 1945.
fron 1937 to 1953 which were derived .trcmi United States Pish and
Wildlife Service reports (33).
Of interest
is a
cc*nparison at Oregon
figures with the total population estimates for the United States.
Total population figures for the United States show a rather constant
rise t'ron 1937 to 19434
A gradual decline occurred after 1943 until
ii
2 5
H
2O
U)
c
z
4
U)
0
F 15
2
(I)
w
D
10
5
!7
38 1939 1940 1941
1943 1946 947 1948 949 l95. .5t
952 1953
YEAR
Figure 1.
Estimated antelope poDulation ror the United States and
Oregon as determined by the U. S. Fish and i1dlife Service lrom
1937 to 1953, exclusive or l9Li2, l9, and l9L5, and for Uregon
by Einarsen in 1937 to l9LO to l9Li3.
Accuracy of Pop1at1ou
attz2tates
mortality the that is belief
I.:-)tr7
gi
'1
(8). 19147 year the of exception
..a_-
vTr1i:
wo
1. figure in estimate lowest the on based ++Ca1cu1Ition
AntelOP&'. on infornation Mailable of Suary
entitled 1953 in CoinnissiOfl Gene State Oregon the by prepared
report speci1 a from 1952 through l98 years for obtaiied Data +
14148
14
330
181
2
191414
1,26?
1,119
695
19149
19145
929
799
1950
1,1422
1953.
568
380
1,075
1,133
19514
1953
1952
1939
1938
2142
175
1
292
2114
1
19143
19142
19141
19140
5114
1,378
399
3
5914
14
600
679
586
326
712
691
5
14
5
5
3
6
.
S
2,1471
Population+
of %
st.
Huntere+
of NuM'er
il1+
!ear
possible. is it as far so in situation the correct
to techniies asnagement apply and
eaase the learn to strive should
aarag.ra gana resource, natural a of guardians As
anillta3s.
of
nuer
ii
A, ma3ortti of the obser'vations made during both years of the
r.I1r
10
7
r,
i
a
/
&
a
f:
i"
/
/
/
\
/
/
VI
(
\LIAc
ORE GO4
C/
)FffiA
STUDY
AREAS
I
/17
Figure 2. Sketch showing location of the Drake's Flat arid Hart
Mountain study areas.
The study area is located on the GuazX plateau near the refuge
TT .1rc
JT
TIr "ç7,
1)d[.
r
'
IJTTX
'kt
TABLE II.
A1tE1LGE MONTHL! SNOWFALL, SNOW DEPTH, PRECIPITATION, GBEAThST PRECIPITATION FALLING IN ANY ONE flAX,
ANER&GE &AXDWM AND !4INIflJN AND MAIIMUM AND MINIMUM TPER&?UWS FOR EACH MONTH
BECOI)Efl AT THE RA!
Month
Snow FaU
inches
153
lan.
Feb.
March
April
June
July
Aug.
Sept,
Oct.
Noir.
Dec.
*14
14,5
13.0
16.5
14.0
8,5
2.5
0
0
0
T
11.0
13.7
3..O
2i.0
2.0
3.0
1.2
0
0
0
0
5.5
Total precipitation
$now Depth
inches
Max,
$53
$514
2
5
0
6
6
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
T
5
7
1
2
0
MOUNTAIN WEATHER STATION IN 1953 AND 19514 (314)
Teneratures °F
Precipitation
inches
¶Lbtal
$53
i514
.58
.93
-
.20
1.02 1.09
.56 .62
3.35 1.25
1.22 2.32
0
0
0
0
0
.83
.02
.72
5
1.06
1.25
.03
.16
.06
.65
.29
11.514 6.67
+ Daahes indicate data not availabLe,
Gnate
Day
$53
i514
Max.
Mm,
Ave. Max.
Ave.
?41n.
153
1514
$53
i514
$53
i514
$53
1514
57
59
62
50
22
'.9
1414.8
367
.18
.27
62
63
8
142.0
148.8
29.2
22.2
145.0
143.2
214,8
.26
.96
.2].
714
7].
70
26.5
30.2
21.1
25.8
20.2
28.0
33.3
.140
1.10
0
.03
.31
.01
.22
.37
.36
.114
73
95
91
90
85
55
90
93
51.5
52.6
63.0
53.0
77.1
76.9
59.8
56.3
.70
15
0
15
13
.16
.36
.513
-
.06
77
.313
.1?
60
55
U
13
21
23
27
314
30
29
15
68
35
29
21
9
60
8
814
-
14
4
139.5
141.9
69.14
66.9
82.2
76.6
70.2
314.8
142.6
314,8
142.8
li1.8
38.8
513.0
32.0
31.0
39.7
214.6
143.3
-
314.2
27.8
16.5
3$
In addition the faunal life was snpplemented by the presence
of several hundred head of cattle on portions of the study area
during the late spring and eumer months.
The Drake' s Flat Study Area
Figure 2 shows the location of the Drake's Flat study area
which consists of approximately 18 square miles
Drake's Flat is
a plateau overlooking Warner Valley on its west aide.
above sea level varies from around
Drake's F1
,O0O to
Elevation
feet.
Thus,
is from several hundred to about 900 feet lower in
elevation than is the Hart Mount a.tn study area.
The terrain is
rolling in nature and in most sites is 'very rocky with outcrops of
le4gee and surface rubble.
Severel dris traverse the area in a
north and south direction.
In general, weather is somewhat less severe on Drake' a Flat than
Hart Mountain.
The nearest weather data available for comparison was
obtained from the Plush station which is 12 miles from Drake's Flat
but is about 1,000 feet lower in elevation.
Table III lists the
monthly snow tall, snow depth, precipitation, and temperature recofrds
for l93 and l9. In all comparisons a alight adjustment should be
made due to the difference in elevation, 1 Th.e average raaximum and
average minimum temperatures would be somewhat lower on Drake' a Flat
with less precipitation and correspondingly more snow fall.
Maximum
temperatures are higher at Plush than at Hart Mountain while the mini
moms are usually one or two degrees up to eight degrees higher.
precipitation falls on Hart Mountain than at Plush,
More
Total precipitation
TABLE III.
AVERAGE MDNTHLT SNOWFALL, SNOW DEFrR, PRXIPITATION, GREATEST PRECIPITATION FAILING IN ANT ONE
DAT,
AVERAGE MAXIMUM AND MDWWM AND MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM T124PERATURiS FOR EACH W)NTR
RECO)Ei) AT ThE PLUSH, OREGON WEATHER STATION IN 1953 AND 19514 (314)
Month
Snoid'alI
inches
'53
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept,
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
-+
1.0
'r
T
0
0
0
0
0
'514
0
1'
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
-
Snow Depth
inches
Max.
'53
'514
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
53
-
514
Temperatures 0?
'53
514
'53
SLL
-
.22
-
56
614
-
8
18
614
-
tO
93
95
96
99
91
78
69
20
214
.17
.26
.143
.12
.2].
t$O
0
0
2.80
1.06
.88
.95
1,00
.37
.35
78
81
99
97
96
8
0
0
0
0
0
-
ndioate data not available.
.146
.67
-
.26
.214
0
0
0
0
.146
.39
.08
T
.17
.07
.1*3.
.2].
.214
.614
.55
.32
.32
.26
.57
6.20 5.65
Ave. Max.
'514
-
.9J
Mm.
Max.
'53
0
T
3
0
Total precipitation
+fluhes
Precipitation
inches
ta1
Greatest Day
05
.18
.30
63
58
-
32
140
142
314
22
18
15
'53
'514
141,14
10
-
22
57.14
18
28
39
38
22
13
6
59.9
69.1
88.5
-
81.7
81.7
614.5
514.7
141.6
53.3
18,8
63.2
714.5
71.2
88,1
80,1
75,3
65.0
57.0
Ave.
53
30,2
35,0
140,14
50.3
Mm.
514
23.7
28.2
2Li.6
33.14
39.0
39.9
50.7
149.2
14j.2
314.1
1414,9
35,0
26,0
29,14
37.0
31.2
1?
at Plush for l93 and 19S1 was approximately 6 and
tively.
The yearly average is around 8 inches.
inches respeo'
Snow d.epth did not
exceed two inches during either year at Plueh while Hart Mountain had
up to a 7-'inch inaxbmim,
Open water is quite plentiful throughout the year,
Two creeks,
McDowell and Twelve Mile, a spring, several stock watering holeø, and
a temporary runoff water in several draws furnish the water supply.
The flora and fauna of Drake's Flat are in my respects similar
to Hart Mountain but with several notable exceptions.
For instance,
a considerably greater amount of the total area is covered with grass.
According to local ranchers, a rim occurred over a part of the area
in 19i
which removed large expanses of sagebrush.
At the present
time the burned areas are reverting back to sage but are still predomin
at.ly covered by such grasses as cheatgrass, blusbunch, wheatgrass,
Idaho fescue, and stripa.
Figure 3 pictures a typical portion of the
Drake's Flat study area showing fingers of grass among the sagebrush.
A small, central portion or the study tract, which is flat and low
and well watered, Ia covered almost entirely with lupine, Lupixms ap.,
Antelope occurred in larger numbers on Drake' a Flat.
Bobcat
and coyote sign was quits rare in comparison to the Hart Mountain
area,
White-tailed Jackrabbits, Lepus townsendl. Bachnen, were
occasionally seen while the black.tailed jackrabbits were not *5
rnmterous.
Flat.
The number of sage grouse observed was very ]w on IL ike' a
Domestic sheep, cattle, and prses were present at various
intervals throughout the summer In their respective order of abundance,
,.,'
"'
Figure 3. A typical portion of the Drake's Flat study area showing the expanses of sage brush penetrateci by ringers of grass
as result of a fire in l915. Note that sage brush is sparsely
scattered in the burned over area. Bitterbrush, the darker
bushes, are seen to be scattered among the sage.
22
[*1!;
23
T!J e -x! rc.w
ii!J
and tag kids.
.
Bone aid was given, however, by the Hart 4ountatn
refugs staff. LU tagging was confined to the iTmediato vioinit
- _i
.
u
u1
U :
study area and the latter hail on the Drake's flat area. Mr. 0. V.
throughout most of the kidding season in l9I4.
!
r.-rr,iij
f T:
'1iJ
1
V!
T
I
t
iT
WflTk
i
k)
L'11
grrprITLT - x'.)r
i
until May 31.
!tE
1;kw.i
rw
t x'
2
A
2?
Figure 1. Shown is an observer after locating a yearling buck
carcass while riding horseback through the Drake* s Flat
area. Notes were recorded, the lower jaw and cannon bone
were collected, and the remains covered with rocks.
28
TABLE IV.
I;i'i U;
Canzxm o&
Length
0-].
2-6
7-U
0-179
180-159
190-198
12+
Length
0-2
3-6
0-39
1-9
10+
1. BaaedonI3ed1a
60+
TI.Y
T
.T1
1
. -t
current mortalitIes.
disturbed toe much.
if the carcass was fresh no difficulty was
encountered in sexing.
If the carcass was old the size of the born
core was the basis of separating sexes.
In adults,
es were easily
l
3rd Pe,lsr'
vJiP.-s.
0-1+
let Molar
ona cusp+
two cusps
2nd Molar
one cusp
two cusps
3rd Molar
one or two cusps
three cusps
+
Deeiduotii
++ Cusps above gum line
2-6
6-8
8-12
12-16k
16+
31
32
:,
P'\
/
.D -
Figure . Sketch of kid (top) and adult cioe (bottom) heads showing
the difference in the distance from the end of the muzzle to the
inches,
eye. This measurement on the kia represents about
attained at about 3 months of age, and about 13 inches on the doe.
Note also the roundness of the kid's head and flatness of the
doe's head. (Sketch by Jim Wickander)
;I*J
I Tk £
z;rI!II
1 - '!T.E!
T1ll!:j!ik )t
iJk!
-L.1E()i
T
i
[j
No.
1
Date
Sex
Twin Single
z
Age
Days
Weight
Pounds
F'
5
5/25
5/25
5/25
5/25
5/25
14
X
-1,,
8
8
9
12
6
5/26
F
x
2-3
8
7
5/27
5/27
F
5/27
5/27
14
M
ii
5/28
5/28
5/28
5/28
15
16
5/30
5/30
14
2
3
)3
8
9
10
fl
12
13
14
F
14
14
x
X
x
1
1-2
x
x
x
x
F
14
14
2-3
2-3
x
x
z
x
34
8 3/)3
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Length"
5 31)
6 1/2
101.5
17 1/2
1*0 p.m.
815 a.m.
835 a.m,
8:O a.m.
6 1/ti
6 1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
9
10
10 1/2
6 1/is
102.1
6 1/2
102,)3
15
20
6 1/li
Is-S
12
6 1/2
103.3
100.5
20 1/2
21 1/2
100.1
19 1/2
18 1/2
20
9 3/is
14
1
9
10
8
6
6
6
6
z
5/31
5-6
U 1/2
18
14
x
1-2
5/l
9
F
19+
x
1-2
5/19
7
20
F
*
1-2
5/23
8 1/2
+These three kids were tagged on Hart NGufltai.fl.
6
17
-
Is-S
34
Time of
Tagging
18
16
19
19
6
x
Shoulder
Height"
101.2
102.3
101.7
102.9
102.2
5 7/8
6 l/
12 3/is
9 3/is
14
Temperature
OF
2-3
2-3
1
x
Cannon Boz
6 1/1
6 1/2
6 1/Is
5 3/is
3.00.)j
103.3
103.6
a
9l5 a.m.
125 p.m.
3:30 p.m.
315 p.m.
620 p.m.
8,50 a.m.
7:20
7*30
7:I0
5:10
a.m.
a.m.
a.*.
p.m.
103.5
101.9
20
18
6:30 p.m.
6:IsS p.m.
103.0
lOLls
20 1/2
935
1014)3
102.3
a.m,
6:IsS a.m.
7:00 a.m.
6:0 a.m
I2
L
hi
to sear (12, p.126).
Table VU lists five years of siit recozds of
Tear
Singles
Sets of
twins
% Singles
1936
1937
1938
1939
19!O
62
118
99
131
111
97
39
91
6
128
72
65
3
66
63
3?
Tvins
62.
states, at least in the years w}25fl data were avail able.
TWThJ :
r
a:
in 19
?1I
N
IJI
easureents were estimated with the aid of milscal*
III
6/16
6/16
6/19
6/21
6/2I
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
6/21
3.5.
6/21*
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
6/21
6/21*
6/214
7/7
7/29
8/17
8/1.9
1,300
1,300
1,050
1,100
39 I/It
39 1/It
1*1*
1*6 i/h
So i/it
50 i/It
50 1/1k
1,200'
l,2O0'
1,200'
1,200k
1,200
So i/h
50 1/1*
1*3 i/h
1,20O9
1,250
1,320
1,580
1,390
37 1/2
13 3/h
38
ICL 3/h
Average
1*3.7
lIDS
6/21
2.5
6/21*
6/21*
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
6/21*
6/21*
6/21*
7/7
7/11*
7/11*
7/11*
8/23
8/23
7/29
8/19
i,200
1,200k
36
1,200'
1,200'
36
1*0 3/h
1,200'
1,2O0'
28 3/h
28 3/h
1,250
580
30
18 1/2
22 1/2
28 3/1
1*00
700
950
1,210
1,320
1,580
1,390
253/h
31*
IA
36 i/h
31 1/2
28 1/2
33
Average
IA
29.9
Distance measured but observations were tak8n on slope overlooking
Twelve Mile Creek so compensated by estimating straight-line distance.
divergent, indicate that the young of the year are stiU shorter than
Since the 1952 and older group includes mortalities for
re than
!TTW '1M
&lLj'
b '::-;
jE1r
fl
T'
W.z
1.5
rç'rr --j
j ,r
-y
for at least one year.
,
19514
1953
1952 &
older
;
iJi4*
s'
j
td
ri
I
I i_.i.ji U.
II1)tt
II
IIIII
II
j4JIJ
1
I
r
*jt
4,
tP
519
214
2
20
33
14
2
10
114
102535
3
6
9
13
Nv wr1i
to determine more aocurately the extent or loss sie it was beli.ved
impossible (see rigure 10).
No tags were recovered.
CalculatedLoss Per Square Mile
Ag. ot Moztalities
died in July or the first part of August.
TABT3 X.
Area
Tear
AII)LTS
No.
Drake's
Flat
Rart
Mt.
Loss!
Loss
Sq. mi.
1953
13
195I
5
.72
.28
1953
195k
2
.31
.15
KIDS
Ioss/
Sq. mi.
% Loss
No.
Loss
6.7
1.0
h.6
20
19
lh,6
20.7
6.6
10
14.8
2
.76
.15
23.3
8.0
L
% Loss
" 20
3*.4
5_$
7s
ACE
CLASS
N MQNrHs
Figure 6. Estimated age of 1j2 Ida nr'talities found on the Drake' a
Flat study area estimated to have occurred in 193 and 19S2 and
previous years.
$7
;>
habit of the bucks.
As a nile males tend to remain apart from herds
during the spring and suimer months.
Often only one or two bucks
accompany the evaaU groups of does and kids.
Also adult males are
inclined to move greater distances and move more.
It would be expected that bucks, even if
as
Due to these habits
numerous as does, would
spend less time on any particular unit of ground.
Condition of Carcasses
-
Condition of carcass was recorded as a possible aid in interpretatirig causal factors.
That is, carcasses found intact would most
likely indicat, death causes other than predation while carcasses
scattered or found incomplete might indicate predation.
As well older
carcasses would in all probability be scattered more widily than relatively fresh remains as a result of exposure to weathering elements.
Figures 7 to 16 show the condition of carcasses found during the study.
Figures 7 and 8 picture kid remains which bad weathered about one year
but were still relatively intact.
at the base of shrubs.
Such mortalities were often found
Kid mortalities found intact in the year that
they occurred are shown in figure 9 and 10.
Often the carcass had
been worked on by carrion-eating an.lmals (figure 9)
dIsturbed but little (figure 10).
or sometimes
A majority of the kid mortalities
found in the year they occurred had their ears removedfigure 10).
This has important implications in any ear-tagging program since the
number of tag recoveries would be greatly reduced.
In some instances only fragments of a carcass could be found.
Figure 11 and 12 picture kid remains consisting of the head, feet,
awl portions of the hide.
In a few cases only the legs and a portion
4ibLW,
figure 16 pictures a doe whith was estimated to hxve died in 193
(picture taken in 19). Both of these were in a relatively undis
turbed state,
A ma3ority of the kid
rta1ities occurring in 19
were found
!!rd Composition
Aerial and ground herd composition data for both study areas
6i
Figure 7. A young kia, not more than one or two weeks old, found
after being exposed for one year, and recorded as being intact.
Figure i. Another kia nrtáiity which was found with the skeleton
intact after one year weathering.
Figure 9, A kid, approximately two or three weeks ola, round several
days after death, Most of the bones were present ana in their
relative position but the carcass had been uved about by
carrion-eating animals,
Figure 10. A remale kict, about l- months old, found over one month
after death showing a carcass which had been disturbed very
little. Note the missing left ear.
63
Figure 11. Remains of a kid less than two weeks old found shortly
after death, Only the head, portion of one leg, and fragments
of the rib cage could be found.
Figure 12. Kid mortality located shortly after death. The entire
head and four legs were attached to each other by a strip
of the tiicie.
Figure 13. Pictured are the only remains that could be found of
a young kid. Only the upper half of the skull and portions
of the legs were present.
Figure Th. Another kid carcass which was incomplete, Note the
coarse texture of the ground wtiich made it very ctttTicult
to find animal tracks.
6
Figure 15. An adult doe carcass on a dry lake bed after being
exposed for approximately one week. Carrion-eating animaLs
had removed
abdomens].
flesh around the nose, lower mandible, and
area.
after
Figure 16. A mature c.toe found about one year
death. The
carcass for the most part was intact and relatively uniisturbed.
0
2
KID
ADULT
SCATTERED
KID
ADULT
INCOMPLETE
ADULT
I(ID
INTACT
Figure 17. Condition of kid and adult carcasses found on the Drake' a Flat and Hart Mountain
study areas in 19S3 and 19S1.
67
AERIA
H&
AND G1)UND HE!) CoMFOSITIO DATA FOR 'rp1 D'5 FLAT AND
)UNTAIN STUD! AIEAS AND A PO1flON OF THE SOUTRE
I2fl) OF
HART OUNTAIN 1GE TA1(E
r;j
T'
7/
8/12
8/17
9/9
om
8/3J
9/1
Ground
Ground
Aerial
Ground
Ground
Aerial
Ground
30
28
156
13
116
12
255
217
73
6/27
7/12
7/13
7/].9
8/1i
9/9
Aerial4
Ground
Ground
Aerial
Ground
Ground
Ground
Aerial4
Aerial
Ground
Ground
Ground
i') i-r
2(b)
2
21
?b
115(20)
221
219
9b
32
18
35
35
h8
22
26
16
229
182
29
3h
12
65
l0
27
15100
85:100
19:100
103:100
103:100
92:100
38:100
28z100
99:100
b3:100
113:100
81:100
26:100
21:100
2
Th100
35100
58io0
-
55:100
81:100
13
15
8
9
23
23(1)
13
30(3)
106
15(9)
9
6
29
26
23
16
9
9
-
1i6
]10
-
611OO
MOUNTAIN
- - 9
:53
19
102:100
3
12
6
- 31
llz:100
13:100
0:100
16:100
93:100
lh(?)
75
76
68
71
flL
110:3,00
33
26
H&1
1953
7/ID
7/20
8/6
8/17
8/20
9/10
LJHLNO 1..93 AND 19
12(5)
19(7)
12(i)
93
3
3.
891C0
11:10O
167:100
75:100
I6:10O
117:100
133:100
87:100
121:100
60:100
100:100
2:100
100:100
b9:100
96:100
61i:?OO
63 :100
70:100
1114s100
-
!-1!fli
1953
T/tb
8/10
8/17
941
Ground
Ground
Aerial
Ground
142(12) US
1481
-
7
9
88
36
76
13
32
22
2914
173
15
135
10
29(9)
22
140
149
-
- -
25
13(2)
68
128
101:100
145:100
33:100
140100
36:100
61:100
36100
59:100
1314:100
67:100
30:100
193:100
36:100
66:100
69:100
112:100
149100
59100
il00
19514
68
7/13
7/15
7/19
9/9
' U.
Ground
Aerial
Aeriar
Ground
Ground
122
87
2147 adu1ta'
39
-
132
57
29
147(214)
140
279
136
1614
S. Fisti and W1]4llre Sezi'iee p1anevith Unit
145:100
personrl
rJ
TABLE XII.
Coun-
19145 1946 1947 1948 1%
1950 1951 1952 1953
i95h
BUCKS PER 100 DOES
Crook
Deschutea
42
Lake
87
27
59
48
83
IU
69
32
58
7
32
83
50
37
59
40
44
145
40
33
59
91 100
63
56
45
38
38
33
71
43
35
52
50
27
50
77
63
48
41
44
35
Malbeur
AVERAGES
613
31
67
KXD PER 100 DOES
nr'
-L
I F b
.
_irs:_
h7
''w IS 'TT'
'#r
:rI
.
'!T!Z'FVW!i1 :.)Y'1II
case the In
èath. of cause the cietennining was study this in tasks
Wrtalities of Cause
112é100
126:100
11414:100
120:100
-
3 August
2V July
214 June
22 June
689
814:100
1409
1401
77:100
89:100
89:100
September3
b02
96100
13114 August
10-214 July
i5.2O June
72
73:100
81:100
129:100
ratio
Ud:Doe
126
92
1456
Classified
number
20 August
6 August
26 July
7, Ju1r
8,9
Data
Idaho
Nevada
California
State
XflI. TABLE
Pedat1on
16
J
JTg bjT.f
[.r
.
ii!1
fI T.J.
e
.
).'!
rçr,r
Some mention 8hould be rwie of predator
as found in the literature.
antelope relations
Most investigators in previous years
times can hare a significant influence on antelope popolation levels
(28, p.1O2; 12, p.7S, 79; S, p.313; 32, p.I4).
Udy states that,
'pr.datora, chiefly coyotes appear to have been an important factor
in Utah in retarding increase in small antelope herds".
on antelope by bobcats and golden eag3e a ha'
Attacks
berm reported occ*.
sionafly but they have never been considered a an important deci-
mating factor, (12, p.76, 80; S, p.31O-31; 2,
concludes that ".
p.l1B).
inarsen
under noresl conditions predation perhaps is
rarely a factor in determining survival (12, p.81).
On June 30, 193 an occurrence of several scoured (dyaent.x'y)
-
--I
1ntorotoxmia is ccmntonhi referred to sa oer'-eating disease"
_ iibt!TIsi
Figure 18. A female kid, about 3 months o]1, collected on Long
Lake, Hart Nuntain Refuge, on September 7, l95t. The entire
head of the kid was swollen causing the eyes to be nearly
closed. A pasteurella-like organism was isolated but it was
not possible to determine if it was a primary or secondary
invader.
L1I
Zinars.n mentions that pronghor'ns in Oregon have been particularly
free from psiultea (12, p.75).
r11
Figure 19. An adult doe found on Drake' £ Flat on June 13, l9!i
a few hours after death. Autopsy revealed a fractured middle
cervical vertebrae. From the condition and position of the
carcass it appeared that the doe had, for some reason, jumped
over the nearby sheep-proof fence anci tripped while doing
so. Note the open wounri on the right jaw and the active
condition of the udder. (Photograph by James 1). Yoakum)
perheps be e1ased se
slight curve.
Thua,
cept for inCreased chanpa of infection or pre-
Other facto*.
!Mi'
*1nly eheat grass.
the
Sose sage browse was present.
Possibly then,
e died and the young kid stayed in the close proximity as
solid food in an attampt to stay alive.
re is still the poasth1ity, however, that other does may
wired the identifteatisa was positive.
S
been in an unchanging state,
was not constant
A better uxerstanding of the aitu'
Percentage loss was taken from tabby 8
The
are possibly not identical of conditions prevailing in the whoie
ThBL X1Y.
Tear
Drake's
Flat
Hart
Mountain
-.
%1o83
%net
inc ass
214
2.3
1$.?
39.7
hi
29.9
37
128
ILl
2L2
193
k3.
195h
6
193
19$1I.
Lassen (7, p.328-329) in California reported that of 18 pregnant
on the basis of incomplete findings.
As well, there are probably many minute forces which are
difficult to detect but neTertheless have an influence upon population dysamios.
An interesting example is affor1ed by Sheltord
(27, p.S33-37) who suggesta that optimal solar ultraviolet radiation intensity is a zeproductive 8tlmulus for a short critical period
r.
,MsTM
:b
i!
ij
s:
!)
There is little doubt that more research need be undertaken.
xy:)'
Liuf
:-i:'.
t)T)t
)
in April or flay and what is the per cent of twins and single kids
r
external appearance of being in good state of health.
Criteria
used for judgirghealth were weight, temperature, appearance of pelago,
flesh condition, and apparent vigor.
In 1953 observations were of sufficient length to assign kids
13 per cent (21) nursed twins, and 2 per cent (1) nursed triplets.
This wa a production of 3J5 per cent.
Thn does on Dralce's FlatPrOdUced
kids and 10 prothiced twins (59). From the data coUected it appears
that kid production in Oregon is r*t as great as in other statat
least in the rears for which data were available.
Loss peraquare mile as calculated froii number of carcasses
found was 1.05 kids and 1.11 kids on Drake's Flat in 19514 and 1953
respectivel7.
On Hart Mountain the kid loss was .15 per square mile
in 19514 and .76 persquare mile in 1953.
. b!T17:&
Compared to loss per
.ij Irj
)! YEP .(I I
ITh
Lz
f.JTIEJ
total animals using each area was thought to be the
st practical
means of evaluating extent of uirtality in any ome year.
The summer
kid loss on Drake's Flat in 1951 aM 1953 was 20.7 per cent and 114.6
per cent respeotive1. Adult loss for the same years were, respeotie1y li4.6 and 6.7 per cent.
On the Hart Mountain area kid and
101
and adult losses were greater in i93 than in 19!. Kid leases amounted
to 8.0 per cent in 19IL and 23.2 per cent in 19!3.
LOSSeS of adults
were considerably lower than kid losses as evidenced by a L8 and 6.:
per cent mortality in l9lL and 193 respectively.
Data indicate that loss of kids was highest in May and June.
Of 19 kid mortalities found on Drake's Flat which occurred during
the spring and summer of 191, J2 per cent (6) were estimated to
include premature or kids less than one week old, I7 per cent (9)
between two and four weeks of age, and U per cent (2) were between
end 8 weeks old.
and June.
Of
Thus 89 per cent of the kid loss occurred in May
2 mortalities found on Drake' a Flat and estimated to
have occurred in 193 and 192 and previous years, 69 per cent (29)
died before reaching two months of age.
of May, June and July.
This includes the months
Seven or 17 per cent, in these same years,
fefl in the three to four month age class.
Morta].ities in the
to 6
and 7 to 8 month age class mnouhtad to 10 per cent (14) and four per
Of the 18 kid mortalities
cent (2) of the total loss respectively.
found on the Hart Mountain area,
9 per cent (10) were estimated to
have been about one month old or less at the time of death and. 11
per cent (8) ware from one to ftve months old.
On Drake' s Flat only 19 of the total (614) kid mortalities were
tdentified as to sex.
Females made up 68 per cent (13) and males
3.2 per cent (6) of these.
Adult mortalities consisted of 114 does,
2 bucks, and 2 unidentified as to sex.
The higher number of females
was probably ue to the small sample size.
The widesranging habits
cf the bucks and isolation from the main herds except during the
rutting season were presented as a possible explanation of the greater
number of female mortalities.
Differential mortality should not be
accepted as an explanation until more data is coflected.
Herd composition data revealed that kid loss was not excessive
compared to similar data cofleoted in other states,
On Drake's Flat
in 1953 kid:doa ratios showed a maximum loss of 36 kids per 100 does
whilø in 1951a the maximum loss was 11 kids per 100 does.
Maximum
kid loss per 100 does en the Hart Mountain area was about 30 kids
Since there was such
and 20-30 kids fox' 1953 and l951 respectively.
great variability in kid:doe ratios it is not believed that thar
can be considered sensitive enough to reflect anything but very
high losses.
Proportion of kids to does on the two study areas also compared
Montana ratios,
favorably with those reported for other states.
where the antelope are increasing, were on the average somewhat
higher than those found on either study area.
High kidtdoe ratios
prevaiied in 195I more than in 193, This indicated higher productivity in 1951k on the study areas.
More yearling bucks were observed in 195I than in 1953.
This
indicated a higher survival or greater production, or both, in 1953
than in 1952
The yearling buoka present in a herd would seem to be
a useful indicator of survival and productivity.
Herd composition data for the state were compared to that
obtained on the study areas
In both years the average number of
103
ida per 100 does was greater on the study areas than averages for
Only one recant mortality was definitely attributed to predation
.- !1fk )
1
w
lcIJ
- ifi -
i:i.i1
Two kids collected the latter part of June on Drake's Flat
which were suapected thaving enterotoxada. A yearling buck on
LTkT)vE1
tested for bxiioollosi
and leptoapirosis with all results negative.
cent of the total skeletal remains of adults found on Drake' a Flat
for the years 19S2 and previous, 1953, and l?lL respectively.
with a fractured cervical vertebrae and a young kid with ruptured
muscles in the upper hind limbs.
j'r' .E).
Also o1asod with accidents were
Ix
. Tj
r n
lack of nutrition as result of death of the the in June and July.
Finding of several apparently premature kid carcasses on
Drake' a Flat suggests that at least some prenatal mortality occurs.
A review of the data collected reveals that the loss of young
study area.
Percentage of net increase amounted to 19.? and 39.7
per cent on Lake' a Flat in l$3 and 1$S1 respectively.
Increase
for these same years was 11.1 and 214.2 per cent on the Hart Mountain
area.
Increases Ms as these should rosuit in a slight increase
1.
Antelope restoration:
Co].orado.
Project W-3uu'D.
Pittan-
Robertsóñ quarterly lh:3%. l9IL.
2.
Arnold, Lee W. The golden eagle end its economic status.
Washington, U. S. Government printing office, 19$Ii. $p.
(U. S. Fish and wildlife Service. Circular No. 27)
3.
Bailey, Venn. The ammiala and life sones of Oregon.
Washington, U. S. Government printing office, 1936. 1416p.
(U. S. Department of agriculture
North American fauna
no.%)
13.
Goldaby, Alice I. and D. F. Eveleth. internal parasites in
North Dakota antelope. Journal of parasitology. 130:
637-6138.
19513.
113,
Jackson, H. T. Bigsgama resoures of the United States. Wathington, U. S. Ciovermnent printing office, 191313. 56p.
(U. s. Fish anc Wildlife Service, Iseareh report no.8)
15.
Langdon, Cccii. Special report on antelope mortality, Burns.
Oregon. Stnte game commission, 1953. (Typewriiten)
16.
Leopold, A. Starker, at. al.
17.
Mason, i1is. Food habits and measurements of the Hart Noun's
tam antelope. Journal of wildlife management. 163S7389. 1952.
23.
Muth, 0. H. Control. of pulpy kidney disease (entero-toxnia)
of lambs. Journal of the American veterinary medical
The jawbone deer herd. Berkeley,
University of California, Museum of vertrate zoology
1951. 139p. (California. Division of fish and game.
Game bulletin
. 14)
association 1O3.131p-].147,
213.
191314.
Nelson, 1dvard W. Status of the pronghorn antelope, 192219213.
Washington, ii. S. Government printing office,
1925. 614p. (U. S. Department of agriculture. Department
bulletin no. 13136)
25.
Oregon. State game commission. Unpublished special report on
summary of available information on antelope, 1952. lOp.
(Typewritten)
26.
Baton, Frnest Thompson.
U. Hoofed animals.
133-780p.
Lives of game animals. Vol. 3, part
Now York, Doubleday, Doran. 1929.
107 a
27,
Sheirord, V. E.
The antelope population and solar radiation.
Journal of maa1oy 35:33'-538. 19.
28.
Skinner, M. D. The prong-horn.
10g. 1922.
Journal of aammalogy 3: ti2-
-
109) page on (continued
12
514
3.9
1
63
26
16
9
29
59
97
36
1419
16
6
70
314
-
23
1140
146
9
12
214
AVERAGE
3146
53
9
9
Aerial
Ground
Aerial
7/13
9/9
7/12
(12-7)
16
23
27
19
Ground
Ground
8/u
7/19
(6-9)
3
300
6
814
15
314
29
Ground
6/21
19514
NOIJNTAIN MAR?
(214)
25
116
156
1951. in used that to size
or O3r
comparative of area an on made was count
-
171
15
202
28
562
9
187
3.89
3.3
31
91
221
219
73
73
Not.:
1953
AVERAGE
(25-20)
21
213
FIAT
Totai
68
76
75
71i
73
Ground
Aerial
Ground
9/
8/114
ô/y
195I
DRAWS
Bucks
Unclassified
Kids
Doe.
Count
Date
195I ANI) 1953 IN COIJNTS COMPOSITION AERIAL
FJOH DETEI4INF]) AS ARELS STUDY k3UNTAIN HART
FLAT DRAICE'S THE ON PISENT ANT&OP OF NUT4B1?R AVER&GE
AN!) GThXJND
ANT)
A. TABLE
108
7/20
8/-6
/19
&VERA0
Grou
Ground
Ground
3
6
32
148
(22-i)
9
23
13
- 26
211
166
142
33
-
76
87
136
TI
bS3
1
91
NMTSL
TABLE B,
No,
Date
Found
Estimated Age - !4onths
Diastema2
Cannon Bone
0-2
0-1
2.6
3-6
0-179mm 180-189mm 0-39mm l%0'-5lmm.
Dentition3
KIDS
Drake's Fiat
Eat.
Age
Mon.
Sex
Carcass Condition
mt.
Inc.
Sca.
M
x
z
19514
19514
1
2
3
14
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
114
15
16
17
18
19
29
29
1-1
-
1M.1
7
1)4-1
1)4-i
F
-
30
-
/5
6/5
6fl
6/7
6/12
6/17
6/17
6/17
6/22
6/22
160
-
6/214
1O14
-
7/13
8/10
8/10
8/11
8/Il
8/18
160
160
26
28
9/11
9/11
165
120
-
1140
20
-
-
160
-
-
1)4-1
:1)41
175
1)4-1
1)4-2
39
314
193
-
-
1
p
1
1
-
29
186
p
P
1)4-1
-
1146
-
3pt.n
3PM-D
148
-
1)4-1
1
1
1)4-2
2
-
(continued on page 111)
x
7
-
_
lB
135
130
-
-
7
7
7
7
7
x
x
x
F
7
7
7
I
7
z
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
7
F
F
P
I
z
TABLE B. (continued)
No.
Date
Found
Estimated Age - Months
Cannon Bone
Diastema
0-1
0..2
2-4
3-6
0-179mm 1BO189mm
0-39mm 10-5limm
Dentition
]st.
Age
Mon.
Sex
1
1
2
1
11"
N
Caz'oaas Condition
Sea. Inc.
mt.
Drake's Flat - 1953
1
2
1953
7/13
8/12
19
3
5/D
1
6/6
5/26
6/1
6/12
6/16
6/18
6/18
6/22
6/22
6/22
6/22
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
114
15
16
17
18
19
20
152
183
162
152
-
165
144
-
I8
52
22
26
1146
161
1914
160
7/21
8/13
8/13
200
-
-
162
151
1M-2
I4-2
2M-2
3PM
144
32
39
5].
-
-
-
N
3-3
1-
I
9
114.2
23
IIM
2-3
114-2
6
-
(continued on page U2)
x
z
Z
x
x
x
7
x
I
x
z
1
F
x
x
z
I
1
114.2
X
x
1
1
1
9
3-3*
6+
I
6
114-1
51
13-3
1M2
J4-1
3?
212
-
1*2
190
1814
14/12
1-.
187
208
3PM
3PM
214
6/214
8/21
-
18
1145
-
-
F
x
I
6
N
*
TABLE B. (continued)
No
Date
Found
Estimated Age - Months
Diastema
Cannon 3one
0-1
2.6
0-2
3-6
0-179mm ltSO-189mm a-39mm 140-tmm
Dentition
Eat.
Age
Mon.
Sex
Carcass Condition
Sea.
Inc. liLt.
Drake' a Flat - l92 aM previous years
193
I
163
2
7422
-
3
/.j0
14
6/?
6/7
6fl
6/9
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/22
6/22
6/22
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
114
3$
16
17
16
19
20
21
6/214
6/214
6/214
7/13
7/21
7/22
7/22
182
17
188
136
17
-
-
-
-
1!L
23
122
139
22
1M-2?
3PM
3PM
-
ii
-
3PM
3PM
21
120
1140
36
26
1148
lI
-
-
1M-1?
-
2?
130+
-
177+
3$3+
170+
2M-2
3W
1146
-
-
3PM
1M-1.
32
1414
1M-2
(continued on page 113)
1
6-8
16
13-6
1111-2
111-2
1.2
P
P
1-2
2-6
1-2
3-6
x
9
9
F
9
1
9
x
x
x
x
1
x
9
7
F
1
F
9
9
9
9
9
1
1
9
N
x
z
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
L
TABLE B. (continued)
No.
22
2
21
2
Date
Found
7/26
6/10
8/13
6/12
Estimated Age - Ionths
Diastema
Cannon Bone
0-1
2-.6
0-2
3-6
0-'179mm 180-189mm 0-39mm
0-1jmm.
127+
-
3PM
27
173+
-
171
-
Dentition
-
-
Sex
12-6
F
Carcass Condition
Sea.
1.
3PM
29
Eat.
Age
Mon.
Inc.
mt.
x
x
x
x
Mart Mountain - 1951i
1
2
6/27
7/9
-
187
-
-
-
Hart Mountain
1
6/2b/S3
2
6/2l
3
8/20
9/8
S
6
7
8
9
10
S/21/51
5/23
6/13
6/16
6/16
7/10
-
137
-
19
200
193
206
-
-
11
36
56
x
04
1
124-2?
35
x
F
F
193
-
-
-
1
1-.2
p4-2
iM.2
1M-1
2)4-1
2
3*
0-1
3-6
3-6
3-6
1-2
6-B
x
x
7
7
7
7
x
7
x
7
1
x
x
x
x
7
7
x
TABLE B. (continued)
NO.4
Date
Found
Estimated Age - Months
Diastema
Cannon Bone
1-2
3-6
0-1
2-6
0-179mm ii0-189mm 0-39mm
Dentition
Eat.
Age
Mon.
Sex
CarosEs Condition
Sca.
Inc. mt.
bO-Slurnn.
Hart Mountain - 1952 and previous years
I
2
7/28/53
3
5/23
5/19
5/22
5/22
14
5
6
5/19/514
177
-
-
-
182
127
-
-
-
-
314
22
-
-
-
0-1
0-].
2-6
0-2
0-2
1!
x
x
x
x
x
x
ADULTS
Drake' a Flat - 19514
3.
2
3
14
5
6/12
6/33
6/17
7/21
6/18
-
-
-
67
69
2114
2114
2014
-
57
-
Ad.
Ad.
9 mt.
01-3
2W2
(continued on page US)
14-2*
2/3-1
IC
F
F
F
F
IC
x
x
x
TABLE B. (oontizmed)
No.
Date
Found
Estimated &ge
Cannon Bone
12+
7-U
190.198mm 200
DentittOn
Montits
Diastema
10
7..'.9
55-.59mm 60.
Drake's
1
2
3
Is
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
14/12
14/12
6/5
6/6
6/6
6/9
6/9
6/21
6/29
6/30
7/13
7/13
8/13
-
-
-
63
226
210
72
77
2214
73
2114
210
216
215
215
-
-
-
73
-
-
59
62
68
Sex
Carcass Condition
Scat
The. mt.
Tears
Flat-1953
8 tnt.
Full Dent,
Full Dent.
Full Dent.
314-3.
71
Eat.
Age
FUll Dent.
Full Dent.
3*1
x
I
I
I
I
I
7
1-1 1/3
1
I
F
F
F
F
F
x
x
z
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
F
1
7
F
14
F
x
x
1.1 1/)
Drake's Flat- 1952 and pzeiious years
1
2
3
14
5
7/13/53
209
232
6/5/514
6/6
6/7
6/7
-
-
193
22
63
-
62
61
314-2
214-1
314-1
(continued on page 116)
1
1-1 1/3
14
x
M
x
I
14
ø1
14
1- U/3
F
x
x
x
&
T*BLE B. (contiimed)
4
No.
Date
Found
Estimated Age - Months
Diastema
7-11
190.-198mm
6
7
8
9
10
6/214
7/9
7/22
Dentition
Carsion Bone
12+
200+
7-9
55..59mm
Tears
10+
Full Dent,
6].
216
3M'2
-
-
2214
-
314-2
Hart Mountain
1
7/10/514
2
7/1.2
220
-
-
Hart
1
6/18/514
2
6/23
3
6/23
14
7/20
-
2
6/15/53
9/2
3
7/10/514
-
7
i-il
1'41
1-1k
7
-
I
Full Dent
Full Dent,
I
215
76
Full Dent.
7
-
69
Full Dent.
7
-
-
-
x
x
14
1
x
x
x
x
M
x
x
Mountain - 1953
82
-
F
7
60
-
x
F
19514
215
220
Hart Mountain
1
Carcass Condition
Sea. Inc. mt.
60+
65
60
61
2U
7/26
8/10
Lex.
Age
2114
198+
Eat.
I
F
14
x
x
F
F
x
4
7
z
7
F
F
1952 and pre'vious years
-
I
x
x
117
1.
Placed into
cnth-age elassea by length of cargion bone
(metacarpal).
2.
Placed into month-age classes by length of diasteina (intez'-
dentary space).
3.
3PM-D: AU three deciduous premolara erupted; 1M not yet
tnt.:
lj.
Infundibula.
Scattered, incomplete, intact.