OUR YEAR
“e true voyage of discovery lies not
in seeking new landscapes, but in
having new eyes.”
Marcel Proust
Jonathan Grant, President
RAND Europe
jgrant@rand.org
RAND Europe is an
independent not-for-profit
research organisation. Our
mission is to help improve
policy and decision making
through research and analysis.
2007 has been an outstanding year for us. We
have carried out many challenging research
assignments across a wide range of issues – all
with the potential to affect the lives of citizens in
Europe. Our research has informed thinking in
areas as diverse as road and water charging, EC
‘healthy living’ initiatives, privacy implications
of new technologies, health research funding
and female migrant workers, to name but a few.
In fact, diversity is a theme which has run
through our year and also a quality that we
encourage and nurture within RAND Europe.
I believe our mix of clients, skills and research
interests, combined with our not-for-profit
status, uniquely equips us to provide European
policy makers with objective, high-quality
research to inform their decisions.
Diversity of experience
RAND Europe staff are an astonishingly varied
group, spanning 15 nationalities, 15 languages
and many different disciplines. This mix of
backgrounds and experience allows us to fit
our teams precisely to project needs – staffing
a French-speaking tax analyst, say, or an expert
2
on Swedish welfare systems. Our people are our
greatest asset; smart, dedicated and willing to
tackle any challenge. Give them a problem and
they will find an effective solution.
Intellectually nimble
The difficulty is working out what the next
problem will be. Europe faces many challenges,
including low fertility, an obesity epidemic,
new migration patterns and uncertain security
threats. We need to stay intellectually nimble,
and constantly push the boundaries of what we
know or think we know. We recently created
an Emerging Areas team to lead research in
areas of social significance, which we see as an
‘ideas incubator’ to anticipate emerging trends
and catalyse inquiry across different areas and
research disciplines. RAND’s own self-financed
research also allows us to get ahead of current
thinking on nascent or unpopular policy issues
that otherwise might not be funded.
Breadth + depth = superior insights
Diversity without analytical depth has little
practical value. We have reshaped our research
teams this year to focus and catalyse our
expertise in key areas, notably our deep sector
knowledge in transport, defence, healthcare and
biomedical science, and leading-edge skills in
discrete choice modelling, economic analysis
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES
Economics
Maths
Political sciences
Engineering
Natural sciences
LANGUAGES (other than English)
Social sciences
History
Other
and other techniques. e chemistry between
the teams is also important. I’m excited by our
ability to blend know-how in different areas and
disciplines to generate superior insights – for
example, combining health policy knowledge
and transport modelling techniques to build
a robust model of patient choice behaviour.
We have also combined defence and social
science perspectives to analyse whether prison
creates opportunities to indoctrinate potential
terrorists, adapted a medical research payback
model to a social science context, and modified
transport forecasting approaches to assess the
likely behaviour of water consumers.
Diversity of client work
We strengthened many client relationships, giving us greater insight into their needs. Many of
our most stimulating projects in 2007 came from
existing clients such as the UK National Audit
Office, Department of Health and Ministry of
Defence, and the European Commission (EC)
Arabic
Bangladeshi
Dutch
French
German
Greek
Hindi
Korean
Malayalam
Polish
Russian
Spanish
Swahili
Tamil
Directorate-General for Health and Consumer
Affairs. I am delighted that so many clients
continue to seek our support on new challenges.
Last year also saw us work with several new
clients, including the Carnegie UK Trust and
the Olympic Delivery Authority. We currently
have relationships with some 54 organisations
including UK and EC government agencies,
non-government organisations (NGOs), charities, foundations and private sector bodies.
Europe’s most trusted think tank
Over 60 years, the RAND Corporation has
built a towering reputation in the US for
rigorous, independent policy research. I hope
to see RAND Europe achieve the same impact
here. I like to think that we are increasingly
the first choice research partner for European
governments, NGOs and other policy makers,
providing them with objective, informed ‘new
eyes’ on the particular challenges of our region
– in effect, Europe’s most trusted think tank.
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Images: Opposite Joanna Anthony, Tom Crawley, Joanna Anthony, Tom Crawley
EVALUATION & AUDIT
Tom Ling, Director of
Evaluation & Audit
tling@rand.org
Tom’s research interests
include work on assessing
public policy for
pharmacogenetics and genetic
testing, the governance of
health research, and diversity
in public services. Prior to
joining RAND Europe, Tom
was Senior Research Fellow
at the National Audit Office
and Chair of Public Policy at
Anglia Ruskin University.
Increasingly, public services are to be shaped by
the needs of users, creating new demands for
providers. At the same time, the public sector
faces regular scrutiny through value-for-money
evaluations and performance audits, with providers expected to show the benefits they deliver
and account for the money they spend. is can
create problems of its own; as Peter Drucker
famously observed, “What gets measured gets
done”, and by extension, what is not measured
might be ignored.
e difficulty lies in knowing whether the
right things are being measured. ‘Performance’,
‘public benefit’ and measurement sit together in
complex ways and highlight issues such as fairness, cost savings and culture change. Our team
seeks to bring clarity and focus to these and
other questions. We provide our clients with
systematic, independent data and evaluation
to support policy decisions. We also work with
them to identify what will make the greatest
difference to outcomes.
Over the last few years RAND Europe has
developed a particularly strong working relationship with the UK National Audit Office (NAO),
and in 2002 we were invited to become an
NAO strategic partner. e NAO evaluates the
activities of many UK government departments,
and this allows us to support evidence-based
decision making across a broad swathe of public
“RAND’s commitment to objective
research and analysis parallels
our work, making for an effective
meeting of minds.”
Jeremy Lonsdale, Director-General Performance
Audit, National Audit Office
services. We are now working closely with the
NAO to establish best practice counter-fraud
policies and practices in the areas of welfare
and taxation (see case study, right). is work is
creating considerable interest internationally.
We are also using our skills to help not-forprofit organisations make evidence-based judgements. We recently completed a project with
the Papworth Trust, a Cambridgeshire charity
that supports disabled people to have greater
independence. e work helped to simplify and
focus management information systems on key
areas to support Papworth’s five-year strategy.
Ultimately our work succeeds when we
provide a clear practical framework for decision
makers who might otherwise drown in superfluous data. In the words of the poet:
Upon this gifted age, in its dark hour,
Rains from the sky a meteoric shower
Of facts . . . they lie unquestioned, uncombined.
Wisdom enough to leech us of our ill
Is daily spun; but there exists no loom
To weave it into fabric...1
4
1. Edna St Vincent Millay, ‘Make Bright the Arrows’, 1940.
TACKLING FRAUD AND ERROR
The UK Department of Work and Pensions
(DWP) administers a wide range of incomerelated benefits to a diverse population. This
complexity increases the chance of customer or
staff error, and may facilitate fraud. In 2004–05,
overpayments were estimated at £2.6 billion.
The NAO subsequently qualified the DWP’s
annual accounts for the 16th year running, citing ‘unacceptable’ levels of fraud and error.
RAND Europe was asked to benchmark
DWP performance internationally against other
social security agencies. is took some effort,
given different benefit structures, measurement
systems and definitions. e research changed
perceptions of the DWP’s performance, revealing that the UK had the best overall measuring
systems, and a lower total fraud and error rate
(2.3%) than other OECD countries with comparable data.
We are now working with the NAO to
design a portfolio for DWP of cost-effective
prevention, detection and deterrence systems
aimed at reducing overpayment to below
1%. e research showed that data-matching
and compliance visits are both cost-effective approaches. We are also helping DWP
to establish appropriate systems to measure
overpayment costs and isolate the impact of
different interventions. A further UK project is
underway to assess the performance of different
tax administrations in pursuing tax revenue
from the ‘hidden economy’. e World Bank
has also asked for our input on fraud and error
prevention in developing countries.
MAKING AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
We found that total fraud
and error rates range between
2% and 5% of expenditure in
countries where comparable
data is available. With an
overall rate of 2.3%, the UK
was, in fact, at the low end of
this spectrum.
Total fraud and error as a percentage
of benefit expenditure
2.3%
UK
3–5%
2.7%
NZ
CAN
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Images: Opposite Joanna Anthony, Lynne Saylor, Department for Work and Pensions
HEALTH & HEALTHCARE
Evi Hatziandreou, Director
of Health & Healthcare
evih@rand.org
Evi has a medical doctorate
from Athens Medical School
and a Dr.PH from Harvard
School of Public Health.
She has worked extensively
in the US, for the Centre
for Diseases Control, Office
of Technology Assessment,
BATTELLE and AstraZeneca,
and spent three years as
Deputy Governor of IKA,
the Greek Social Security
Administrator.
Healthcare systems across Europe are under
enormous strain as they seek to deliver quality
healthcare at an affordable cost. Demand is
growing due to factors such as ageing populations, the increasing prevalence of chronic
diseases, the obesity epidemic, drug and alcohol
abuse, and the rising expectations of patients.
There are still pockets of great deprivation,
even in more affluent countries, and significant
health inequalities. Technology innovation
and rising technology costs are making new
demands on budgets, while health authorities
are under increasing pressure to demonstrate
value from health expenditure.
e Health & Healthcare team provides
health policy makers with the objective,
practical data they need to make effective
decisions. e Director General of the World
Health Organisation recently referred to “the
strategic and persuasive power of evidence”. 2
Our goal is to advance evidence-based health
policy at both national and European levels.
At a national level, we completed a study
into GP prescribing behaviours for the UK
National Audit Office (NAO) to understand the
reasons why family doctors adopt – or ignore
– best practice guidance when prescribing. e
results will inform practical initiatives to increase
GP awareness of new treatments and provide
them with accessible cost information. We are
“RAND Europe offers a range of
approaches to support effective policy
development at a European level.
ese provide new ways to look at
complex problems and find creative
solutions to emerging issues.”
Jonathan Back, DG SANCO
also working with The Health Foundation,
an independent charity, on its ‘Engaging with
Quality’ initiative. is is a long-term project to
improve the quality of healthcare in both acute
and primary care, by fostering clinician-led quality improvements. RAND Europe is helping to
evaluate the impact of initiatives, for example,
ensuring that the right data is analysed, and that
effective systems are in place for sharing and
publicising effective practices.
At a European level, there is a commitment
to sharing data and best practice to improve
health and patient safety across Europe. We
are working on a number of EC initiatives
involving both public and private stakeholders
(see right). e EU’s recent adoption of Health
in All Policies (HiAP) also recognises the fact
that population health is affected by policies in
areas beyond the health sector – for example,
employment, school meals, urban design or the
application of new technologies such as wireless
tracking devices (see case study, page 15).
6
2. Address to the Regional Committee for Europe, Belgrade, 18 September 2007.
SUPPORTING A EUROPE-WIDE HEALTH AGENDA
We have conducted projects for DG SANCO
(the EC Directorate-General for Health and
Consumer Affairs) on a range of health priorities:
Healthy living. The EU Platform on Diet,
Physical Activity and Health brings together
stakeholders to compare initiatives to improve
the health of European citizens. RAND Europe
is evaluating members’ monitoring practices
across the spectrum of activity to identify possible improvements. In another project, we are
measuring the cost-benefit of various measures
to reduce alcohol consumption.
Food labelling. Information is vital for consumers buying food; for example, those allergic to
certain ingredients or seeking healthy choices.
RAND Europe has analysed the information
needs of different groups, and the impact of
content and format on consumer behaviour.
is work has influenced current thinking on
this topic.
Healthy Life Years. Common measures make it
possible to compare the effect of different health
interventions. One metric in use is the Healthy
Life Year (HLY). We are currently assessing the
prevalence and effectiveness of HLYs across
Europe.
Future scenarios. With the health landscape
changing so quickly, fixed assumptions about
the future are risky. RAND Europe has developed a set of alternative scenarios describing
feasible future policy environments. ese are
being used to test existing strategies and inform
new thinking.
KEY DRIVERS FOR CHANGE IN EUROPE
e futures project identified four
focus areas and key uncertainties
for each – e.g. what information
sources will be most trusted by
consumers? Will governments or
markets drive social and corporate
responsibility? How will globalisation affect standards? RAND
Europe used these to develop
three alternative future scenarios.
CHANGING
SOCIETY
GOVERNANCE
Accountability with
delivery in a multilevel world
Influencing
standard setting
and managing
risks
CONSUMER
CONFIDENCE
Communicating
knowledge, risk
and science with
citizens
GLOBALISATION
Multiple divides in
an informationdriven context
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Image: Opposite Joanna Anthony
MODELLING
Charlene Rohr, Director of
Modelling
crohr@rand.org
Charlene specialises in
building discrete choice
models to understand
consumer behaviour in areas
such as transport, health and
communication. She holds
an MSc in Civil Engineering
from the University of Alberta,
Canada.
8
One of the biggest challenges for policy makers
is anticipating how people will respond to new
interventions. In an ideal world, every possible initiative would be trialled and the effects
observed. In practice, policy makers often need
to make an informed guess – complicated by the
likelihood that some groups will respond differently to others.
Our goal in the Modelling team is to
replace guesswork with evidence-based prediction, drawing on our skills as mathematicians,
econometricians and engineers. By building
‘discrete choice’ models based on quantitative
data, we can forecast the choices people will
make when faced with specific alternatives. We
also use qualitative techniques to dig deeply into
the reasons behind choices, to really understand
why certain groups act as they do.
This year a major focus has been road
pricing, an important topic in the transport
policy debate given rising traffic levels and
growing environmental concerns. London is
one of a select group of cities with a charging
policy, which has provided us with real practice
to evaluate. RAND Europe has also worked
with West Midlands planners to develop a traffic
demand model for assessing the possible impact
of road pricing in the region (see right). We are
also working with the Department of Transport
to recalibrate the UK National Travel Model,
“RAND Europe provides customers
with extremely high level statistical
and modelling skills, along with a
professional manner that is second
to none... the level of service over
the past few years has been truly
outstanding.”
Soterios Soteri, Senior Economist, Royal Mail
which informs national policy on transport
demand.
We are finding new ways to apply discrete
choice techniques in other areas, building on
earlier work in the area of patient choice which
utilised RAND’s health policy expertise. The
Royal Mail has asked us for in-depth help to
assess the potential impact of competitor offers
on postal volumes and profitability. Also in the
postal sector, we are working with Postwatch to
assess whether current postal service obligations
meet the needs of UK citizens.
Understanding customer priorities is an
important issue for local utilities as well. We are
working with the Office of Gas and Electricity
Markets (Ofgem) and several water companies
to quantify the value that consumers attach to
different service options. e outcomes from
these studies will help to shape water companies’
investment programmes for the next five years.
ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF ROAD PRICING
Road pricing is high on the transport policy
agenda in the UK at present, as it offers a way to
reduce congestion and emissions while generating useful revenue to support other initiatives.
A number of local authorities are investigating
ways to combine creative local transport packages with road pricing. RAND Europe has been
providing analytical support to planners in the
West Midlands, a congested region with many
problems typical of major conurbations.
Transport policy for a large and complex
region contains many strands, including public
transport improvements, road schemes and
enhancements for walkers and cyclists. To assess
the potential success of a package we need to
predict how travellers will respond to each
component when road pricing is introduced
into the policy mix. Will they pay the charge
and continue to drive or alter their behaviour
by switching to another mode of travel, another
destination, or by deciding to travel at another
time? Some people may choose not to travel
at all. A key factor is sensitivity to travel costs.
Evidence from our work for the West Midlands
is that travel cost sensitivity varies substantially
across the travelling population, depending
on the reason for travelling, the income of the
traveller and the length of the journey. This
variation needs to be taken into account in
predicting the impact of road pricing.
COST SENSITIVITY – THE VALUE OF AN HOUR SAVED
12
10
Commuting
Other non-business travel
8
Value of Time (£/hr)
e figure shows how
much West Midlands
travellers are prepared
to pay to save an hour
of travel time (their
‘value-of-time’). is
figure varies significantly
according to income band
and journey purpose
for journeys of average
length.
6
4
2
0
Up to £9,999
£10,000 - £29,999
£30,000 - £49,999
Income band
£50,000 +
9
Images: Opposite Joanna Anthony, Lynne Saylor
DEFENCE & SECURITY
Hans Pung, Director of
Defence & Security
hpung@rand.org
Hans’ research interests
include industrial base
analysis, cost estimation, and
military personnel issues.
Before joining RAND Europe,
Hans served as an engineer
officer in the United States
Army and holds advanced
degrees in both Mathematical
Modelling and British History
from Oxford University.
10
e global security environment is unpredictable and volatile, characterised by emerging
asymmetric threats and complex emergencies
that require thoughtful, well-executed responses.
Increasingly, government and non-government
bodies need to share information and integrate
capabilities within and across borders to meet
these challenges successfully.
The RAND Corporation has long been
recognised for its expertise in defence and
security policy. The RAND Europe Defence
& Security team builds on that tradition by
providing insightful research and analysis to
policy makers in Europe and beyond, based
on a thorough understanding of local needs.
Where appropriate, we leverage the contacts and
knowledge of other RAND offices worldwide.
Our defence work for the year falls into
three broad areas: acquisition, personnel and
wider policy issues. Acquisition is an area of
growing importance, with governments increasingly concerned to ensure that they have the
right policies and skills in place to meet longerterm strategic needs.
This year we supported an independent
financial review (IFR) of the planned purchase
by the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) of two
new aircraft carriers. ese will be the largest
ships ever to be commissioned by the Royal
Navy. e IFR was a key component in gaining
“RAND provided the best-value
piece of research that we have ever
procured. ey actually answered the
question!”
Senior MOD Official
MOD approval for the project to proceed.
We also conducted a major study on UK
maritime skills, looking at the ability of the UK
industrial base to support future naval needs.
On the personnel front, we researched the views
of new recruits in the Armed Forces (see case
study, right), while our policy work included
a strategic review of small arms ammunition
needs and sources of supply.
Our security work has covered a comparably broad range of issues. is year we have
assessed domestic security needs for one of the
largest European events on the horizon, the
London 2012 Olympic Games. With governments increasingly concerned about terrorism,
we have analysed the security structures of
different European countries to gauge their
ability to respond to terrorist threats. We have
also combined security expertise and sociological perspectives to assess the role of prisons in
indoctrinating terrorists. Last but certainly not
least, we have been advising the EC on the
significant security opportunities and challenges
inherent in new technologies.
DETERMINING A REMUNERATION STRATEGY FOR RECRUITS
A key issue for any government with a volunteer
military is how to attract, motivate and retain
people in its Armed Forces. To inform its future
policy in this area, the UK MOD has launched
an effort to understand the motivations and
attitudes of personnel across all three service
branches on a range of issues relevant to recruitment and retention.
Following an earlier study of serving personnel, RAND Europe was asked to investigate
the perceptions and motivations of new recruits.
The project required us to create a series of
relaxed, confidential focus group environments
where recruits could give candid responses. We
combined this with a tightly structured agenda
and process to give consistency across groups,
drawing on a tested methodology developed by
colleagues in the US. We then applied rigorous
analytical techniques to identify and rank key
themes arising from the groups.
We found that recruits were generally
positive about their chosen occupation and the
prospect of a military career. Financial considerations were rarely the primary factor in the
decision to join up or remain. Family priorities,
quality of life, job satisfaction and career opportunities were at least as important in convincing
service personnel to stay for the long haul.
CAREER ASPIRATIONS AND SATISFACTION WITH REMUNERATION
New recruits were asked how long they
expected to remain in the Armed Forces,
and their satisfaction with pay levels. While
a majority of recruits indicated that they
wished to serve at least 11 years, the recruits
who were satisfied or very satisfied with pay
were considerably more willing to commit to
a long-term career (22+ years).
Participants satisfied/very satisfied
with pay
Participants dissatisfied/very
dissatisfied with pay
Intend to serve 0–5 years
Intend to serve 6–10 years
Intend to serve 22+ years
Intend to serve 11–21 years
Don’t know
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Images: Opposite Joanna Anthony, Courtesy of BAE Systems
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Steven Wooding, Head of
Science & Technology
wooding@rand.org
Steve’s research interests
are research evaluation,
science policy and public
engagement with science. He
also has a particular interest
in the quantification and
visualisation of qualitative
information. He has an MA
in Natural Sciences from
Cambridge University and a
doctorate in Cell Biology.
12
European countries invest billions in publiclyfunded scientific research. In the UK alone, the
combined research budgets of the Department of
Health (DH) and the Medical Research Council
(MRC) total well over £1 billion. Independent
and charitable research bodies contribute more
than a further £700 million.
e Science & Technology team aims to
understand how research benefits society and
give research funders the information they need
to spend their money effectively. Essentially, we
conduct research into research: putting scientists
themselves under the microscope to assess the
impact of their work in academia, on patients
and on society. By evaluating practice we can
help our clients to develop research strategies,
funding processes and performance measures to
achieve the impact they want, be that top-rated
international research or immediate impact on
patient care.
Last year the DH awarded RAND Europe
a five-year grant to become a Health R&D
Policy Research Unit. We are also collaborating
with the Health Economics Research Group
(HERG) and the Office of Health Economics
on a ground-breaking project to both value the
contribution of health research to the UK economy, and understand in more detail the caveats
of such an approach. is work was jointly commissioned by the Academy of Medical Sciences,
“I continue to be impressed by
the novelty and quality of RAND
Europe’s work.”
Professor Sally C. Davies, Director General for
Research and Development, Department of Health
MRC and e Wellcome Trust.
One important tool for quantifying
research impact is bibliometric analysis where
we have an ongoing collaboration with the
Centre for Science & Technology Studies in
Leiden. is approach gauges the importance
of a researcher or institution by analysing the
research papers they publish and the number of
citations they receive from subsequent research.
is year we have combined bibliometric and
qualitative techniques in an international study
of the outcomes of cardiovascular research
over the last 15–20 years in the UK, Australia
and Canada. We are also helping the Health
Research Board of Ireland to investigate the
economic impacts of work they have funded
over the last 15 years.
We also had the opportunity to extend our
research evaluation work into the social sciences.
Working for the Economic and Social Research
Council (ESRC) we adapted a biomedical
Payback model of research evaluation to assess
the diverse impacts of their ‘Future of Work’
research on policy making and knowledge.
MORE THAN BOOK VALUE
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0.8
2
0.4 0.1
0.6
0.1 0.1
0.8 0.2
0.3
0 0 1.2 0
0.2 0 1.3
4.5 0.4 0.4
0.8
0.1 0.3
0.1 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.1
0.4
0.4
0.4 0.4
0.8
3.2 0.4
2.8
0.2 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
4.9
0.2 0.2
0.4 0.5 2.6 1 0.5
0.6 0.3 1.4
0.3
1.1
0.4
0.7
1.4
0.3
0.4 0.4 0.5
0.8 0.1
0.1
0.5
0 0.1 0.4 0.3
0.6
0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.8
0.1 0.4 0.2
1.2
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4 0.7
2.9 0.9 0.3
0.1
0
0.9
0.2
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.2
1.3 0.8
0 0.3 1.3
1.3
0.3 2
0.1
0.3 0.9
2.5
0.2 0.5 0.9
0.2
1.1
0.5
0.5 0.3
1.6 1.2
0.4
0.2
0.9
2.4 2.4
0.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 1.2
0.3
0.3 0.3 0.6
0.4 0.4
1.6 0.9 0.1
0.4
0.3 0.1 0.3 0.5
0.6 2.5 3.1
0.4
2.6 1.9
0.3 0.6
0.2
1.1 0.3
0.1 0.8
3 0.1
0.1 0.3
0 0.1
0.1 0.4
0.4 0.1
0 0.1
0.8
0.8 0.8
1.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1 0.6
0.6 1.1
0.6
1.7
0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.8 0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.5
0.7 0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1 0.4 0.4
0.4 0.7 2.6
0.1
0.3 1.9 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.2 3.9 0.2 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 1.2
0.1 0.1 1.4
0.1 0.2 0.8
0.2
1.2
0
0.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0
0.2 0.2 0.1 0
0.4 0.4
2.9 1.4 0.7 1.8 0.4 2.2 0.4
1.4
0.3
0.9 0.3
0.3 0.3
0.4 0.5 0.1
0.1 0.3
0.8 0.3 1.9 0.8 0.3
2.9 0.3
0.2 0.4 0.1
0.7
0.5 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 2.7
0.1 0.5 1
1.1 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 1.6 2
27 0.2 3.1
0.6 1.3 0.6
0.6
4.5
0.6 2.6
0.6 0.6
1.3
0.6 0.6
0.6 1.3 0.6
1.3
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.1 0.7 0.3
0.5
0.1 0.5
0.4 0.3 2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.9
0.4 0.3
0.5 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.7 0.3
0.7 0.4
0.1
0.7 0.3 1.5
0.3
0.4
0.4 1.1
0 0.6
0.3 0.3
0.6 0.1
0.1 0.3 1.6 0.3 0.5
1.5
1.1
0.5
0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6
0.1 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1
0.3 0.1
1 0.1
0.2
0.2 0.4 1.3
1 0.1
0.5 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.3
1.5
1.5
1.5 1.5 3.1 1.5
1.5
0.2 0.5
0.2
0.2 0.7 0.2 4.2 0.5 0.7
0.5
1.4 0.4
0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1
2.1
0.3 0.4
0.2 0.7
1.2
1.2
2.4 0.2
0.2
0.8
0.8
1.7 0.8
0.8 0.8
2
2
0.8
0.1 0.1 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.4 1.5
0.3 1.1
0.5 3.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.3
1.6
0.3 1
0.3 0.3
0.7
3.1
0.3
1.4
1.6
2
1.2 0.2 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4 1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2 0.2
1.1
0.2 0.2
1.9
3.2
1.7
0.8 0.8
0.5 0.4
1.2
0.3
1.1
0.1 0.3
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.3 0.3
0.1
4.6 0.1
0.2 1.1
0.7 0.2
4.6
0.5
6.6
8.2 2
0.1 0.2
0.3 6.7
0.2
0.2
1 1 1
2.9 1
1
1.9 1
2.9
1
0.8
2.5
0.8
0.8 7.6 0.8
0.8
0.4 1.8 2.5 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 3.2 0.7 1.8 0.4
0.4 0.7
0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
1.3 0.5
0.5 1.3 0.2 0.4
0.3 1.3 2.1 0.3
1.6 3.4 0.3 0.5 1.6
0.3 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.1
3.1 7.7
0.8 0.8
0.8
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
1.1 5.7
1.1
2.3 3.4
1.1
2.4 4.9
2.4
2.4
2.4
0.6
0.6
5.7
3.4
1.1
1.6
0.8
1.6 1.6 0.8
0.8
1.2 3.8 1.8
0.9 3.8
1.3 0.5
0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.2 0
1 0.5 0.3 0.1
0.3
0.1
1.1 1.3 0.8
0.1
1.9 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.9 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.3
0
1.7
0.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 2.2 1.7
0.4 0.7 0.4
0.4 0.7
1.1
0.3 2.1 0.3
0.4 1.8 0.6
1.6 2 0.2
0.2 0.5
2.4 4.9
4.9
0.7 0.4 1.3 0.4 2.3 0.3 0.3
0.9 0.6 0.9 3.7 0.3
0.4
0.7
6.8 1.1 0.1
0.7 0.7 0.3
1.1 0.6 0.4 0 1.3 1.5 0.3
0.6 0.6
0.6
4.3
0.4 0.4 1.1 0.4
0.4
0.9 1.5 0.1
1.8 2.9 0.2
0.7 0.4 0.2
0.7 0.2 0.3
0.3 1.3 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.7
0.8
1.6
1.1 1.1 0.6
2.3
0 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.6
0.4 0.5
0.4
1
0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.1
1.3 0.5
0.1 0.4 0.5
0.6
0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.7 0.4 0.4 1.8 2.5 1.1
0.6
0.6
0.1 0.9 1.2 1
0.4
0.2 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.1 8
0.2 2.9
0.6
1.3
0.6
0.6
1.3
0.3 1.1
1.1 0.3
1.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 2
0.1 1.2 2.8 0.1
0.7
0.3 1.3 0.6 0.1
0.1
1.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.1
0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.1
0.1 0.6 0.4 1.6
0.2
0.2 1.1 0.9
0.9 4.4
3.1
1.5
0.5 0.7 0.2
0.5
0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3
0.1
1 0.7 1.5 3.2 0.2
0.8 0.8
2.5
2
2 4.1
2.8 1.3 0.1 0.1 1.3
0.3 0.3 0.3 1.9
0.8
0.3 1.4
1
1.2
0.8 0.4
0.2 0.8 0.2
0.2
0.2 0.7
0.2
0.2 0.2
0.4
0.3 0.3
1 0.5 0.3
0.2 0.1 1.6 0.2
0.1 0.1 1.7 0.1
0.3 1.1 0.9 0.3
1.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0 1.5 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.5 0.3
0.2
1.8
0.5
0.3
0.2 0.2 1.2 0.4
0.9
1.8 0.3
0.3 0.5 0.8
0.2 0.6 3.6
1.3 3.1
0.5 0.3 1.2
1.2 0.4 0.2
0.2 0.2 5.1
0.4
0.3 0.1
2.5 1.1 0.4
0.5 1.6
0.8 1.8 0.8
0.2 16
2.4
0.6 1.5 0.9
8.6
0.4 0.7
0.8 0.4
0.3 0.8 2.8
1.8 0.6
0.8
0.8 0.7 0.5
1.4 0.7 3.9
2.4 0.3 1.5
0.3 1.2
1.3 0.3 1
0.2 0.3 0.7
0.3 0.1 0.4
3.4 0.3 2.4
1.2 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.4
0.8
1.2
0.2 0.9 0.1
0.4
0.5
0.4 1.8
2.3
2.4
0.3 0.8
0.6
2.8
27
0.8 6.6
0.1 0.3 0.9
0.6 1.8
0.4
0.1 0.7 0.6
1.6 0.8 0.2
13 1.2 0.3
0.8 2.5
0.8
20
0.8
0.4 0.1
1
2.2 1.5 0.4
0.6 3.1 1.4 1 0.5
0.5 1.3 12 1.4 1.8
0.6 4.8 0.1
0.8
1.1 0.4 0.3 0.5
1.4 0.6 1.4 8
7.8 0.4
0.4 0.3
0 1.8 0.6
0.6
1.5 2.3 1.9
0.1
3.6
0.1 0.2 0.4
0.1 0.4
4.2
0.4
1.2
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.6
0.6 0.6 4.6
0.7 0.9 1.3
0.7 0.1 0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
1.2
0.6 0.6 0.2
0.7 0.4 0.4
0.9
0.3
0.3 0.9
0.4 0.2 1
1.1
3.2
3.2 2.6 4.5
1.5
0.5
0.6
0.3
3.2
5
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.4 1.1 1.8
9.2 0.8 0.3 0.3
1.8
0.3 0.6
0 0.5 0.4 1.8
0.9
0.2 0.8 0.1 0.4
0.1 0.4 0.7
0.7 0.3 0.5 0.4
3.1
1.5
0.2
0.7
1.9 0.4 1.7 0.3
0.7 0.5 0.7
3.2 2 3.2
2.2 8.1
0.3 1.4 7.5
2.7 7.2 2.7 0.4
0.5 0.2 1
0.4
0.2 0.2
1.7 2.3
1 1
0.6 1.1
1.4
1.4
1.8 0.3
0.6
1.5
0
0.7 1.8 0.4
0.6
0.3
0.3 0.4
0.7 12 1.5
0.8
0.9 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
0.4
0.6 7.7
0.5 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.9
0.2 0.6 0.4 0.5
0.2 0.2 2.2 0.2
1.9
1.3
11
3.3 0.8
0.6
0.7 0.3 0.3 1.1
0.8 0.1 1.2 1.7
0.6 0.3
1 0.7
0.9 0.9 1.5 1 0.3
0.8 1.1
0.2 0.2
0.6
0.1 0.9 0.9
0.5 0.3 3.6 0.2 1
0.7
0.9
3.1
1.5 3.2
0.4 0.1 0.9 1.3
1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5
0.8
0.8
2
0.4 0.1 0.1 2.4 0.2
1.1
0.3 0.5 2.2
0.3
0.3 0.7
0.8 1.6
0.8 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.4 1
1.2 0.5 0.7 3.6
2.4
0.4 0.2 0.4 3 4.7 0.4 3.2
0.6
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.6
3.8 1.5
0.1 0.1 0.3
0.1 1.8
0.5 0.3 0.3
0.9
0.2
0.5
1.1
0.5 0.3 0.6
1.6 9.8 0.1
1.5
0.2 0.7
3.5
0.7
2.5
1.7
2
0.8 1.4
2.4
0.3
2 2.4
1.2 0.6
0.3 1
0.4
0.9
0.1 1.3
1.3 0.2
0.1 0.2
2.1
1.5 0.3
0.5
4.2 0.4
15
1.4 1.2
1.4 0.3
1.1
2.9 0.1
0.1 0.3
1.2
0.8 1.9
2.5 0.1
0.2
0.4
33
0.8
1.6 1.6
0.6
1.2 1
0.2 0.4
0.2 0.7
0.3
0.6 0.6
0.2 0.2
0.7
0.9 0.6
0.8 0.3
1.6 0.1
0.9 0.2
3.2 1.3
0.9
0.9
2.6
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.2
1
2.8
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.2
0.5
1.2 0.5
0.8 6.6
2
2.1 0.3
0.5 0.8
2
6.8 0.4
0.2
2.9
1 1 3.8
14
0.8 5.1 3.4
0.7
6.8 5.4
1.1 1.3 3 2.7 2.7
8.8 0.8 1.3 2.7 2.4
0.8
3.1 11
4.5 6.8
4.9 2.4
0.6 0.6 2.9 0.6
0.8 3.9 1.6
6.3
6.8 1.8 2.9 0.3
1 1.3 3 3
0.6 2.5 2 1.5 3.2
0.3 0.8 0.5 1.2 1.8
0.6 1.3 3.2 2.7 7
0.9 3.9 5.5 1.8 2.6
0.5 2.6 1.8 0.8 3.6
4.5
2.5 6.6 1.2
0.5 4.6 8 2 1.7
1.1 3.9 4.7 1.4 1.1
0.8
9.3
1.4 5.3 1.6 3 0.4
1.1 1.8 1.6 2
4.9
0.7 3.1 5.3 1.6 4.3
0.3 3.2 7.5 2
12 2.5
0.5 4.8 3.9 2.5 2
0.7 6 3.9 1.3 4.3
4.3 1.8 1.8 3.1 2.5
8.3 1.9 0.8 3.4 3.4
0.9 7 11 1.6 3.8
3.3 7.3 4.7 1.7 5.1
8.1 4.5 2.1 2.1 2.7
4.1
0.8
2.3
2.1
0.9
2.2
0.7
12
5.3
0.7
0.3
3.8
2.1
0.4
6.4
3.2
0.3
3
3.4
2.4
1.8
1.3
4
1.9
5.7
1.5
4.4
0.9
2.2
0.8
21
11
0.8
0.6 3.4 8 1.1
6.9 6.1 3.6 2.8
2.8 7 7.9 2
2.1 2.9 1.6 4.7
1.2 4.6 2.4 1.7
3.1 8.6 2.5
0.1 2 5.7 1.6
0.7
6.8
5.9 3.1 0.9 2.2
2.3 4.3 4.7 4.3
1 5.4 5.4 1.3
1.1 2.7 0.9 3.1
1.3 3.2 1.9 1.3
0.6 3.2 2.6 8.4
18 5
3.6
0.5 6.4 6.4 1.5
1.6 4.7 4.8 2.4
1.4 3.9 7.6 2.5
0.5 0.8 1.5 5
1.4 2 2.4
0.9 1.8 3.7 2.8
23 6.4 1.3 1.9
0.3 1.8 7.8 1.8
3.1
7.7
1 2 5.9 5.4
0.6 4.9 2.7 2.7
0.7 1.7 3.2 1.5
0.8 2.5 2.5 4.1
2
0.4 5.3 4.9 1.5
0.3 0.3 0.3 2.4
0.3 3.4 8.2 1
37 16 0.8 1.6
1.4 6.4 6.8 0.4
7.2 1 1 6
4.7 3.9 1.7 2.6
2.5 2.5
9.9 2.5
1.6
2.4 1.6 6.3
10 4 5.7 1.1 2.3
3.8 4.8 4.9 2.7 1.8
2.5 1.9 2.1 0.7 2.1
2.5 1.9 2.4 2.8 4.4
1.2 1.6 0.4 2.3 3.1
6.7
0.6 4.3
1.1 3.6 0.6 1.2 1.2
0.7 0.4 2.2 3.2 10
3.1 0.6 4.3 8.4 1.9
3.5 2.9 4.8 5.7 3.2
3.5 2.4 2 1.8 1.5
1.8 0.9 0.2 0.7 2
3.2 2.6 1.9 5.8 0.6
1.3 0.6
0.6 0.6
0.6 3.3 0.3
2.7 3.7 0.7 2.3 2.7
3 1.1 2 2.3 3
3.9 3.6 7.9 2.6 2.2
5.3 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.5
0.8 3.4 3.1 2.8 1.2
2.1 3.1 2.3 1.1 1.1
1.1 2.5 4.3 1.1 1.7
3.5 2.4 3 0.7 1.1
1.5 1.5 6.2 7.7 1.5
1.2 0.2 2.5 7.1 4.9
2.7 2.4 5.9 0.1 0.9
4.6 5.1 1.2 7.8 2.7
0.8 1.7 5.8 1.7 2.5
2 6.1 14
6.5 2.9 3.3 1.5 1.8 1.2
1.1 2.2 0.8 2.2 2.2 4
2.4 4.4 6.1 2 1 0.3
2.7 1.6 0.8 2.7 0.4
6.2 5.5 4.7 3.7 1.8 1.8
0.7 0.5 0.2 2.2 1
0.6 0.6 8.8 1.9 0.6 0.9
4.4
0.3
1.6
0.8
2.1
3.9
1.2
0.8
4.3
5.4
7.4
23
3.6
9.8
4.9
2.9
1.1
3.9
4
0.6
3.4
3.4
1.9
2.2
1.7
0.8 0.8
7.4 3.4
3.6 4.4
7.2 1.7
5.6 2.5
2.1 1.7
2.5
1.9 2.7
5.4 1.4
1.2 3.7
1.6 3.5
3.7 4.5
2 7.9
1.3
6.5 3.2
0.6
6.1 6.2
1.6 3.6
2.6 4.3
3.1 1.8
4.4 2.1
3 2.9
2.5 1.3
0.8 5
6.2
0.7 1.7
0.5 4.6
5.6 15
12 0.8
2
1.7 3.9
4 1.6
4.1 2.7
2.1 3.5
1 2.4
4.3 2.4
1.8
0.8
2
1.7
5
0.6
1.6
2.9
4.4
1.1
13
4.7
2
2.4
4.5
0.9
1.8
5
5.5
8
8.3
0.8
1.4
1.5
33
1.7
5.5
1.1
3.6
2
2.6
0.9
0.6
2.7
4.3
2.5
1.2
4
1.1
2.6
3.2
0.6
3
2.4
1.1
2.4
1.5
3.2
2.9
0.3
9.2
1.5
0.9
1
2.5
4.1
1.8
1.9
3.4
0.8
5.7
2.4
2.7
1.3
1.8
2
3.4
0.8
1.5
4.5
1.4
1.4
6.4
2.2
1.8
3.7
1.8
3.3
0.9
2.5
6.8
1.3
2
5.1
6.6
2.4
3.4
2.7
2.1
3.6
1.6
1
10
4.6
2.3
3
1.3
0.6
5.8
15
2.6
4.4
0.6
3.8
4.5
2
5.5
1.1
6.2
3
1.4
0.5
12
2.9
5.9
0.4
3.4
6.1
3.8
5.7
2.4
0.8
25
1.8
2.8
3.3
4.3
3.7
3.3
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.4
6.6
0.6
0.5
4.7
2.3
11
1.1
1.5
4.3
4.9
3
2
2.2
33
2.5
1.6
0.6
4.7
2.6
4
3.6
4.7
0.4
3.4
3.1
1.7
2.7
5.1
1.9
6.6
1.1
3.2
2.6
5.3
7.5
3
5.2
1
1.5
3.7
2.3
6.8
2.5
4.1
2.8 2.2
5.1 0.8
1 1.7
14 2
0.2 2.1
20 22
4.7 1.1
13
3.4
14
8.4
5
15
13
4.9
5.7
10
19
2.4
7.5
4.1
3.9
5.4
1.2
5.1
5.8
2.8
0.4
12
8.7
2.9
4.9
5.6
3.2
1.4
2.7
3.1
10
5.3
3.3
3.2
3.3
1.9 5.8 9.6 3.8
1.7
2.5 6.8
0.7 0.7 13 1.8
2.5 9.1 36 9.6
2.9 1.6 8 5.8
4.6 8.5 8.5
1.1 1.1 8 3.4
12
17 2.4
22 0.6 6.3 0.6
8.5 7.8 10 6.2
13
5.6 4.1 3.2 5.6
11 11 2.8 10
6.5 14 4.3 13
9.2 12 6.9 15
7.4 11 3 8.1
17 2.2 3.9 4.9
7 13 3.1 12
2.9 6.6 7.4 8.3
3 8.5 10 8.6
30 0.7 5 1.1
0.3
16 0.8
1 0.8 8.1 2.2
2 20 12 7.9
3.3
6
2.1
3.6
4.9
1.8
1.1
11
11
7.5
9
2.9
2.5
2.7
15
8.6
3
4.6
8.1
2.2
5.5
5.5
6.4
7.7
5
8
3.8
3.8
3.8
2.7
5.8
16
5.7
3.9
4.3
5.4
2.3
1.8
3.5
14
0.9
2.7
3.6
6.3
2.6
5.2
4.7
5.8
3.1
2.8
5.6
4.4
6.7
2.3
2.1
3.1
5.7
1.5
19
0.8
5.8
8.7
2.3
4.8
11
6.5
7.4
0.6
2.9
0.7
2.2
4.4
3
0.9
3.2
5
5.5
5.1
4
8.5
5.3
21
6.7
14
0.7
6.2
5.4
5.9
4
3.2
3.2
9.9
6.8
3.2
4.9
6.6
9.5
8.9
4.5
3.7
1.5
10
1
1
0.8
1.7
5.7
6.3
4.1
2.5
3.3
13
12
13
8.7
5.6
1.7
3.1
3.2
1.3
11
3
3.7
5.4
3.1
4.7
13
7.2
4.8
9.8
5.3
3.6
2.9
30
5.1
3.3
2.4
5.9
1.5
3.1
4.7
5.2
24
5.1
2.4
4.6
4.1
0.8
12
27
2.3 2.6 4.8 4.1
3.2 5.4 1.1 5.4
4.4 2 10 3.4
0.4 6.6 2.7 0.8
2.5 1.8 2.1 2.7
2.6 4.1 10 1.7
0.9 8.8 9 0.9
University College London
University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
Kings College London
University of Manchester
Imperial College London Science, Technology & Medicine
University of Liverpool
1 6.7 2.9
1.7 5.9 4.2
1.4 4.3 10
3.4 3.3 2.3
1.3 2.4 2.9
3.1 1.5
2.3
3.4
2.4 4.9
9.7
5.4 2.3 1.6
University of Bristol
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
University of Birmingham
1
7.7
1.9 1
0.8 1.7 1.7 0.8 2.5
0.7 0.7 0.4 2.2 3.2 10
1 2 3.5 2.7 1.1 1
0.5 0.8 4.8 2.9 5 4.8
0.8
2.3 7.7 9.2
1.1 8 6.8
2.4
15
4
5.7 0.6 0.6
1.6
9.3 3.9 0.8
6.3 25
3.2 3.8 2.7 3.2 0.9 0.6
0.5 2.5 2.5 0.5 2.8 2.3
0.5 0.9 1 0.7 2.2 2.5
0.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.9 3.9
0.3 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.8 2
4.4 2.4 1.9 12 1.9 1.9
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.4 1.5 1.6
0.4 0.4 0.8
1.2 0.8
13 1.4 3.2 1.5 1.3 1
0.7 5.4 2.9 4.3 0.4 1.1
14 6.1 0.3 0.3 1.3 5.1
3 4.7 3.4 2 2.8 2
0.5 0.2
1.6 0.5 2.5
2.4
2.4 2.4
1.6 8.7 1.4 2.1 1.9 7
2.3 2 1.7 1.7 7.2 2.6
0.4
16
2 6.2 6.6 1.7 3.3 2.1
0.9 2.2 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.7
1.8 0.6 6.7
1.8
0.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 6
3.8 4.5 7.8 5.9 2.1 3
0.9 3.1 5.4 1.6 0.4 1.9
3.1 2.5 10 1.3 2.2 1.8
Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Trust
Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust
University of Nottingham
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Oxford Radcliffe
University of Leeds
University of Sheffield
St George's Healthcare NHS Trust
Barts and the London NHS Trust
Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust
University of Southampton
1.9 1
1 3.8 11
0.8 1.7
24 0.8 0.8 0.8
1.1 0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7 4.7 2.2 0.4 4.7
0.4 2.8 0.7 1.9
1.6
1.5 2.3 2.4 3.7
0.5 1.9
0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5
3.7 1.9 0.5 3.2
0.8
0.8 3.1 1.5
3.8
1.1
1.1 2.3 2.3 1.1 3.4
2.4 4.9
13
1.1
7.4 1.1
1.7
1.7
14
0.8 2.3
0.8 1.6 0.8
0.8
2.3 0.8 1.6
6.3
0.6 1.2 3.2 1.8
0.9 2.1
5.3 0.3 2.7 2.9
1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 2.3 0.3 2 0.5 7.5 1.8 0.3 1
0.4 0 0.8 0.4 2.8 0.3 0.7 9.7 0.4 2.3 3.1 0.4 1.2
0.4 0.1 1.8 0.3 0.3 3
6.1 2.2 0.4 1.3
0.2 0.4 0.9 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.2 3.8 0.9 1.3 1.4 0.2 1.1
1.1 0.9 0.7 1 0.2 14 1.6 0.6 1.1
3 1.8 1.2
0.5 0 0.6 0.4 4 0.5 0.7 16 0.2 1.3 2.6 0.3 0.8
0.4
17 0.4
0.8
1.7 2.5 0.4 5.4
1.5 2.3 2.5 1.7 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.1 1.5 0.3 1.2 2.9 1.5
2.2 0.7 0.4 0.7
14 0.7 0.4 2.5 0.4 0.7 1.4 12
0.8
2.4
0.3 2.7 0.3 0.3 1.1
1.2 1.4 1.4 0.6 0.8
2 2.6 6.7 0.2 1.2 1.8 0.4
0.7 0.2 0.5
0.5
0.2 2 0.2 0.5 14 0.2
7.3
2.4
15
9.8
2.4
1.3 1.2 1.6 1.9 0.4 0.4 2.1 1 0.7 1.3 1 1.3 2.5
0.3 1.4 0.3 0.3 4.9 1.1
1.1 3.7 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.9
0.4
0.4
2.1 1.1
0.7
1.3 4.8 1.2 0.5 0.8 0.1 3.6 2.9 6.6
1.2 1.3 3.2
1.3 0.5 3 2.5 4.2 0.3 1.6 7.7 1.8 0.7 3 1.3 0.6
0.6 3.7 1.8
0.6
3.7 11 1.8
1.5
1.1 0.8 0.4 16 2.3 0.4 1.1
1.6 1 2.6 2 3.1 3.7 1 1.8 2 0.1 1.8 0.7 0.6
2.2 0.8 1.3 1.3 0.4 1.5 1.5 4.7 0.8 0.2 1.4 0.4 2.3
0.3 0.9 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 3.3
1.8
0.7 0.1 1
33
5.8 0.8
0.8 1.7
0.8
0.8 4.7
9.4 5.5
1.6
1.7 1.1 2.9
0.6 1.1 0.6 2.9 0.6
2.3 1.7 1.1
1.6 2.4 1.1 1.7 0.8 2 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.5 2 1.7 3.4
2.1 0.4 2
0.7 0.7 1.1 0.4 1.7 1 2.1 4.9 1
0.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.5 1.2 2 0.2 0.6
0.2 0.1 0.9 0.5 2.5 0.2 0.8 6.9 0.3 2.8 1.6
0.9
1.2 1.2 0.6 2.5
0.6
0.6 0.6 1.2
0.6
0.4 0.5 1.3 0.4
0 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.7
1.1 0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7 4.7 2.2 0.4 4.7
1.2
1.5 0.3
1.2
1.5 0.3 0.6
12
1 8 0.6 2.2
0.5 3 0.1 4 0.9 1.8 0.9 1.7
1.7 0.7 1.6 1.1 11 0.5 1.3 9.1 2.8 0.7 3 1.6 1
1.8 0.9 4 4.7 0.2
0.2 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.9
0.6
3.8 0.6
0.6 2.6
2.6 0.6 1.9 1.9 1.9
5.2 3.2 0.6 0.6 1.9 0.6 1.3
1.3 0.6 4.5
0.3 0.3
2.5 0.8
1.7
1.9 0.5 1.5 1.1 2.4 1.2 1.8 6.5 3.1 0.1 2.7 1.9 2.6
3.6 2.4 1.7 3.8 0.1 2.2 1.5 0.1 4.6 0.4 1.6 3.8 2.6
1.3 1 1.9 1.3 0.1 5.6 1.9 1 1.8 0.1 5.7 0.4 1.9
0.3 0.6 1 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.7 3.6 0.4 1.5
0.5
0.5 0.4 0.2
0.6 0.4
1.1 3.4 0.2 1.1
0.6 2.8 1.1 1.8
1.8
0.4 1.3 1.6 2.6 2.8
0.4 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.7 0.1 2 1.3 0.4 2.1
0.7 2.3 2.1 0.8 6.5 1.9 0.9 0.9 2.7 0.1 1.1 1.6 0.2
3.1
1.5
1.5
3.1 12
0.7 3
3.2
3.7 0.2 5.2 2.2 1 0.7 1.7
2.7 1.5 0.3 0.6
16 0.9 0.1 1.3
1 0.8 7.3
2 2.4 2 2.4 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.2 2.7 1.5
1 1.7
0.8 0.8 0.8
2.5
0.8
1.7 0.8 2.5
2
2
8.2
1.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 0.4 2.8 2.3 0.2 5 0.2 2 2.4 1.3
0.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 3.2 0.3 0.5 2.4
3 9.1 0.8 1.6
0.3 4.4 3.4 7.5 0.3 2.4 2
5.4
1.7 3.4 0.7
0.4 0.8
0.8 3.9 1.6 4.9 0.4 0.2 1.6
5.5 0.2 2.3 4.1 0.6
0.2
0.2 0.5
0.2
0.2 1.2 1
0.5
0.4 0.9 1.3 0.2 8.4 0.2 3.4 1.1 0.2 0.4
0.4 1.7
University College London Hospitals NHS Trust
University of Leicester
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust
University of York
Cancer Research UK
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust
St Mary's NHS Trust
Central Manchester and Manchester Childrens University Hospitals NHS Trust
Institute for Cancer Research
King's Consortium
Addenbrookes
Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
University of Exeter
National Institute for Medical Research
Central Public Health Lab
University of London Queen Mary
Royal Marsden NHS Trust
South Manchester University Hospitals Trust
University of Surrey
University of Sussex
North Bristol Nhs Trust
University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust
Christie Hospital NHS Trust
Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust
University of Kent
University of Bath
2.3
South London and Maudsley NHS Trust
1.9 4.8
1.7
1.7 3.4 3.4
1.4
1.1 0.7 0.4
0.6 0.9 5.5 0.2 0.3 0.1
1.6
0.5 1.1 1.3 0.3
0.8 0.8
2.3 2.3
4.9
0.6
Brunel University
1.1
University of Keele
Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust
Nottingham City Hospitals NHS Trust
University of Warwick
Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Trust
Oxford Brookes University
University of East Anglia
University of Hull
University of Bradford
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.1 0.6
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.2
0.3
1.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.7
0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2
0.5
2.4
0.3 0.2
0.3
1.4
0.4
0.4 0.8 0.4
0.6 0 0.1
0.6
0.6
0.4
1.2 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
1.6 4
University of Plymouth
Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospital NHS Trust
University of Durham
Plymouth Hospitals Nhs Trust
0.4 0.4
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
2.3
2.4
0.6
0.5
United Bristol Healthcare Nhs
0.8
0.6
North West London Hospitals NHS Trust
1.3
Birmingham Heartlands & Solihull NHS Trust
West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust
University of London School of Pharmacy
Walton Centre for Neurology & Neurosurgery NHS Trust
University of Salford Manchester
Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust
Papworth
Sheffield Childrens Hospital NHS Trust
Birckbeck College London
1
0.8
0.7
2.3
0.7 0.1
0
2.4
0.1 0.3 0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0
0.1 0.1
1.7
0.2 0.2 0.1
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.3 0.6 0.9
0.3 1.2
1.8 0.8 0.3
0 0 0 0.1 1.8 0.3 0.4
0.1 3 2.1 0.3
0.2 0.1
0.1 0.6 0.2 0.7
0.4 1.9 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.2
0 0
1.3 0.1 0.1
0.4
1.7 1.7
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.3
0.2
0.1 0.2
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.5 0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2 0.2
0.2 1 0.2
0.4
0.1
0.6 0.1
1.8 0.9 0.9
0.6 0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
4.9
0
0.4
0
Oxford Mental Health
1
0.7
0.3
0.6
Chelsea & Westminster Healthcare NHS Trust
0.1 0.4
1.3
2.4
0.3
0.1
Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust
Royal Berkshire & Battle NHS Trust
1 3.8
0.7
0.2
1.1
0.1
North Staffordshire Hospitals Consortium NHS Trust
West Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust
Hampshire Partnership NHS Trust
University of London Institute for Education
Mayday Healthcare NHS Trust
Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Trust
Whittington Hospital NHS Trust
Cardiothoracic Centre Liverpool NHS Trust
Lewisham Hospital NHS Trust
South West London & St George's Mental Health NHS Trust
East London & the City mental Health NHS Trust
1
0.1
Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust
* GERONTOLOGY
* HEALTH POLICY & SERVICES
* NURSING
* PSYCHIATRY
* PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
* REHABILITATION
* SOCIAL WORK
* SUBSTANCE ABUSE
ALLERGY
ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY
ANDROLOGY
ANESTHESIOLOGY
BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS
BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
BIOPHYSICS
BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
CELL BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL
CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE
DERMATOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
EMERGENCY MEDICINE
ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL
FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY
GENETICS & HEREDITY
GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY
HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES
HEMATOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
NEUROIMAGING
NEUROSCIENCES
NURSING
NUTRITION & DIETETICS
OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
ONCOLOGY
OPHTHALMOLOGY
ORTHOPEDICS
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PEDIATRICS
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY
PHYSIOLOGY
PSYCHIATRY
PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING
REHABILITATION
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RHEUMATOLOGY
SPORT SCIENCES
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
SURGERY
TOXICOLOGY
TRANSPLANTATION
TROPICAL MEDICINE
UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY
VETERINARY SCIENCES
VIROLOGY
Homerton Hospital NHS Trust
Epsom & St Helier NHS Trust
e graphic shows
the number of highly
cited publications
for each institution
(columns) in each
research field (rows).
Increasing numbers of
publications in the top
20% of publications
worldwide are shown
by darker shading
from white to red.
Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust
MAPPING THE CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE
Queens Medical Centre, University Hospital Nottingham NHS Trust
The Department of Health’s new National
Institute for Health Research (NIHR) is
investing some £500 million over five years to
fund eleven new Biomedical Research Centres.
e intention is for these to be internationally
competitive centres of excellence, conducting
leading-edge research into new technologies and
techniques for improving health.
NIHR asked RAND Europe to help it
create a shortlist of NHS institutions which
should be invited to apply for Centre status. e
candidate institutions needed to be generating
a substantial volume of high-quality research
output; demonstrating world-class expertise in
University of Reading
the fields of health and biomedical research;
and have a strong track record of research
collaboration.
We identified the top 20% of publications
in each of 74 research fields by counting citation
numbers. We then looked to see how many of
these publications came from each institution.
Institutions with an average of 30 or more
papers per year were highlighted as candidates
for Centre status. We also measured levels of
co-publication, as an indicator of collaboration.
The project provided NIHR’s selection
panel with information on top performing collaborative institutions. It was a critical input to
NIHR’s funding allocation decisions.
13
4.2
0.4
12
16
6.9
1.1
12
2.3
19
9.1
6.8
12
9
9.6
7.7
12
12
31
2.5
9.6
4.2
14
6 8
3.4 9.5
1.1
9.3
16
8.6
4.9
14
8.8
10
3.2
15
6.7
9.8
6.7
13
8.4
4.1
14
9.7
12
11
2.6
14
53
30
0.4
11
9.3
6.2
27
7.1
11
1.7
12
18
13
9.2
19
14
10
18
3.1
6.4
3.8
10
4.1
10
5.2 11
1.6 3.5
6.5 7.1
18 0.8
5.1 11
6.5 1.2
15 12
6.3
4.6
9.3
14
8.3
16
12
14
1.8
5.6
4.9
6
8.8
21
1.3
12
9.9
2.8
6.3
4.6
15
9.7
10
3.9
6.2
5.9
3.1
3.4
9.1
13
Images: Opposite Joanna Anthony, Tom Crawley
EMERGING AREAS
Jennifer Rubin, Head of
Emerging Areas
jkrubin@rand.org
Jennifer specialises in crosscutting research in the social
sciences, in areas such as crime
and violence, immigration,
participation and community.
She has a PhD in Social and
Political Sciences from the
University of Cambridge, and
a first-class BA in European
Politics. Jennifer’s previous
work includes lecturing
and research in psychology,
sociology and politics.
14
Emerging Areas is a new RAND Europe team
with a remit to identify and research policy
challenges on the horizon, develop cutting-edge
analysis and perspectives on these, and incubate
new teams from emergent clusters of research
activity. We apply a multidisciplinary approach,
often working at the intersection of different
areas. Information Policy & Economics is our
first spin-off team (see case study, right). Some
highlights of our year include:
Crime & violence. Antisocial behaviour (ASB)
is a topic of growing public concern. Vandalism
alone is estimated to cost £1.3 billion a year
in the UK. The National Audit Office asked
us to review the costs and benefits of known
ASB interventions to help in assessing possible
initiatives. e work has led to further projects
on violent crime and community sentencing.
Democracy and community. e Carnegie UK
Trust is leading a major initiative to understand
the distribution of power and influence in the
UK and Ireland. We helped Carnegie to define
the scope and methodology for this work and we
are conducting one of the first case studies.
Immigration & demography. The European
Union has 20 of the 25 lowest-fertility countries
in the world. Drawing on our earlier work in
this area, we have assessed the possible value
of Assisted Reproductive Technology as part
of a population policy mix. On immigration,
“e Carnegie UK Trust is delighted
to collaborate with RAND Europe.
ey share our values as a learning
organisation, and we benefit
greatly from their extensive research
experience.”
Raji Hunjan, e Carnegie UK Trust
we have conducted a recent project on the role
of migrant women in the labour force for the
European Commission.
Education. From September 2008 UK schools
will be able to allocate places by lottery, to
promote equal access to educational opportunities. We have reviewed the international use of
such lotteries for the Sutton Trust. We have also
conducted research for the NAO on student
retention in higher education, and on potential
barriers and facilitators to the implementation
of forthcoming curriculum changes for 14–19
year olds.
Arts & Culture. We are analysing the impact
of a community-based arts intervention taking
place across the Cambridgeshire region. We
have also created a database of over 750 research
projects commissioned by the English Museums,
Libraries and Archives Council (MLA). In addition, we conducted an innovative qualitative
review of a selection of these research projects to
inform the MLA’s partnership strategy.
DOES EUROPE WANT RADIO CONTROL?
Changing information and communication
technologies (ICT) are creating new opportunities and challenges for policy makers, NGOs,
businesses and citizens.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
allows a wide range of information to be stored
on tags, such as tracking devices and identity
cards. It has potential benefits for governments
and business, for example, in inventory control,
logistics support, and combating counterfeiting,
smuggling and theft. However, RFID also raises
privacy issues – tags allow individual users to be
identified, while readers and transmitters can
operate over increasing distances.
With tag numbers forecast to multiply
450 times by 2016, the European Commission
is consulting widely on RFID policy options.
RAND Europe organised a series of workshops
with experts and stakeholders to understand the
implications of greater use. We identified several
areas where RFID could be beneficial, e.g. combating document forgery, speeding up public
sector processes and allowing greater integration
across different transport systems. In healthcare,
RFID could improve patient safety, offering
the potential to monitor patients throughout
their care, track blood, improve workflows and
reduce medication errors. However, privacy law
and guidelines will need review to ensure they
are flexible enough to accommodate new applications while providing adequate or sufficient
protection for individuals.
STAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON RFID
International organisation
60%
Telecommunications
50%
RFID industry
40%
Academic
30%
Interested citizens
20%
10%
International organisation
Telecommunications
RFID industry
Academic
l
e
ow
kn
ya
gr
n’t
Do
gl
on
Interested citizens
ee
re
ra
Ne
ut
Ag
Di
sa
gr
ee
Str
on
gl
yd
isa
gr
ee
0%
Str
An online public consultation
of 2,190 citizens and stakeholders asked whether ‘e
application of RFID offers
great potential for improving
the life of European citizens’.
We found citizens are more
sceptical about the potential
of RFID than industrial,
academic and international
organisation respondents.
Source: European Commission,
in cooperation with RAND Europe
15
Image: Opposite Joanna Anthony
THE RAND STORY
Approximately 1,600 people work
for RAND around the world. is
provides great depth of expertise.
For 60 years, decision makers in the public
and private sectors have turned to the RAND
Corporation for objective analysis and effective
solutions. e challenges include such critical
social and economic issues as education, poverty,
crime, and the environment, as well as a range of
defence and national security issues.
RAND has established a reputation for
leading-edge thinking and intellectual rigour
– we are proud of our Nobel Prize winners.
The Nobel Prize and RAND
irty-one Nobel Laureates have been affiliated
with RAND as employees or consultants. Two
were awarded prizes in 2007. Robert Lempert,
RAND Senior Physical Scientist, and Claudia
Tebaldi, now a RAND Senior Statistician, were
contributors to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. is panel was awarded the
Nobel Prize for Peace along with former Vice
President Al Gore in October.
HERE ARE SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF RAND’S 60 YEARS
2005: Building a Successful Palestinian State studies the issues surrounding the establishment of
an independent state
2003: Individual Preparedness and Response to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist
Attacks provides a strategy for how individuals can protect themselves in terrorist attacks
1994: Universal Access to Email looks at how to close the gap between information ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’
1986: Evaluating the Quality of US Medical Care: RAND’s medical outcomes study continues research going back to
the early 1970s involving one of the largest controlled social experiments ever conducted
1975: Controlling the Oosterschelde Storm-Surge Barrier is a joint effort between RAND and the Dutch government, leading
to the creation of the world's largest permeable dam
1964: On Distributed Communications conceives digital packet switching and the Internet data communications technology
1954: Selection and Use of Strategic Air Bases shifts the US from a first-strike to a second-strike posture
1949: RAND builds the JOHNNIAC, one of the first digital computers. In 1954, JOHNNIAC became the first operational computer with core memory
1948: Project RAND separates from the Douglas Aircraft Company, and becomes an independent, not-for-profit
organisation – adopting its name from a contraction of the term ‘research and development’
1948
16
1960
1970
1980
1990
2007
RAND EUROPE
In 1992 RAND Europe opened its doors to
pursue RAND’s mission on a global scale. As the
European Union grows, and European countries
face new challenges, RAND Europe has grown
and evolved to meet new needs, with the
Emerging Areas team, and our new Information
Policy & Economics team. We continue to provide local, national and pan-European decision
makers with our trademark products: objective,
high-quality research and analysis.
Looking to the future, our vision is to
double in size over the next five years and to
further diversify our work and client base. We
will continue to collaborate with our colleagues
in other offices to bring the best of RAND
to our European clients. As an independent,
not-for-profit research provider, we aspire to be
Europe’s most trusted think tank.
RAND EUROPE BUILDS ON THE TRADITION
2007: RAND Europe’s Brussels-based activity grows with the creation
of a new research team
2006: UK Department of Health designates RAND
Europe as a Health R&D Policy Research Unit
2004: RAND Europe undertakes a novel evaluation of the UK’s Arthritis Research
Campaign to inform funding decisions by comparing the value-for-money of
different types of grants, and identifying success factors
2004: Low Fertility and Population Ageing: A ground-breaking study
provides the foundation for a growing body of RAND Europe work
2002: RAND Europe’s working relationship with the UK’s National Audit Office is
strengthened by the establishment of a strategic partnership, renewed in 2005
2001-2005: UK Ministry of Defence commissions a series of studies to examine key
aspects of the UK's future naval shipbuilding programme
1999: RAND Europe’s pioneering work widens discrete choice analysis from
traditional transport issues to broader applications
1992: RAND Europe is established
1992
1997
2002
2007
17
MORE INFORMATION
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
James A. omson (Chairman)
President and CEO
RAND Corporation, United States
Publicly available RAND Europe reports can be
accessed at http://www.rand.org/randeurope/
publications/
Sir John Boyd
Retired Master, Churchill College
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman
Professor of War Studies and
Vice Principal (Research)
King’s College London, United Kingdom
Jonathan Grant
President
RAND Europe, United Kingdom
ISO certification
ISO is a network of national
standards institutes. RAND
Europe was awarded ISO9001
certification in 2007, in
response to client expectations
that professional service
providers can demonstrate
robust and high-quality
business processes.
18
Philip Lader
Chairman, e WPP Group
Former US Ambassador to the
Court of St James
Trustee, RAND Corporation, United States
Lord Renwick of Clifton
Vice Chairman, Investment Banking
JPMorgan Europe, United Kingdom
e Right Honourable Michael Portillo
Broadcaster and political commentator
Former Member of Parliament and
Secretary of State for Defence,
United Kingdom
(from January 2008)
Accounting for the future: International
examples
Addressing the uncertain future of preserving
the past: Towards a robust strategy for digital
archiving and preservation
An evaluation framework for “Foundations
for Living”: Supporting disabled people to live
independently in the community
Assessing indirect impacts of the EC proposals
for video regulation
Benchmarking of the use of personal advisers
in Jobcentre Plus
Bibliometric analysis of highly cited
publications of health research in England,
1995–2004
Creating the evidence base for the MLA
Partnership
Developing transport demand models: Stateof-practice tools to enable detailed assessment
of transport policy
Evaluating progress in tackling benefit fraud
Evaluating the uptake of the Healthy Life
Years Indicator – final report
German introduction of Single Farm
Payments
Interim evaluation of the Public Health
Programme 2003–2008: Final report
Intermediate evaluation of DirectorateGeneral Health and Consumer Protection
non-food scientific committees
Interventions to reduce anti-social behaviour
and crime: A review of effectiveness and costs
Isles of Scilly: Travel demand study
Motivations and attitudes of new recruits
regarding remuneration issues: Focus group
investigation and analysis
Policy and practice impacts of research
funded by the Economic and Social Research
Council: A case study of the Future of Work
programme, approach and analysis
Prescribing in primary care: Understanding
what shapes GPs’ prescribing choices and how
might these be improved
Remuneration and its motivation of service
personnel: Focus group investigation and
analysis
Responsibility in the global information
society: Towards multi-stakeholder
governance
Securing host nation success at London 2012:
Measuring success and building for the future
Security challenges to the use and deployment
of disruptive technologies
Student retention in higher education courses:
International comparison
e EU Platform on Diet, Physical Activity
and Health Second Monitoring Progress
Report
e PRISM model: Evidence on model
hierarchy and parameter values
Understanding patients’ choices at the point
of referral
Westbrook Centre
Milton Road
Cambridge CB4 1YG
United Kingdom
Tel.: +44 1223 353 329
Fax: +44 1223 358 845
Email: reinfo@rand.org
Web: www.rand.org/randeurope
19
OUR CLIENTS
OUR 2007 CLIENTS AND COLLABORATORS
ACADEMIC
Brunel University
Danmarks TransportForskning
Imperial College
King’s College London
Leiden University (CWTS)
Potsdam University
PUBLIC SECTOR
UK
British Library
Buckinghamshire County Council
Cambridgeshire County Council
Department for Transport
Department of Health
Economic and Social Research
Council
Highways Agency
Leicestershire County Council
Medical Research Council
Ministry of Defence
National Museum Directors’
Conference
Office of Gas and Electricity
Markets (Ofgem)
Olympic Development Authority
Postwatch
Transport for London
West Midlands Local Government
(Consortium)
Audit bodies
Cour des Comptes
National Audit Office
European Commission
Directorate-General for
Information Society and Media
Directorate-General for
Employment
Directorate-General for Energy
20
and Transport
Directorate-General for Health
and Consumer Affairs
Directorate-General for Justice,
Freedom and Security
Other
Centraal Plan Bureau
CVZ
Dienst Infrastructuur Verkeer &
Vervoer
Forfás
Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Ministerie van Binnenlandse
Zaken
Ministerie van Defensie
Ministère de l’Ecologie,
du Développement et de
l’Aménagement durables
Ministerie van Economische
Zaken
Ministerie van Verkeer &
Waterstaat
Ministerie van VROM
Régie Autonome des Transports
Parisiens (RATP)
Syndicat des Transports d’Ile-deFrance (STIF)
World Bank
ZonMw
FOUNDATIONS AND NOT-FORPROFIT ORGANISATIONS
Academy of Medical Sciences
Arthritis Research Campaign
Association of Medical Research
Charities
Bertelsmann Stiftung
Carnegie UK Trust
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
King’s Fund
Office of Health Economics
Papworth Trust
Real Instituto Elcano
Reumafonds
e Health Foundation
e Sutton Trust
Tommy’s the Baby Charity
e Wellcome Trust
PRIVATE SECTOR
ABP
Accent
Amazon
Ask.com
Atkins
British Telecom
Centra Technology
Deloitte & Touche LLP
eBay
Ferring Pharmaceuticals
GHK Consulting
Google
Halcrow
Microsoft
Mid Kent Water
Mott MacDonald
Northumbrian Water
NTP
Organon
Royal Mail
Scottish Water
Severn Trent Water
Significance
Stratec
Tetraplan AS
WIK-Consult
WSP Group
Yahoo
CP-531 (2007)
Spotlight team
Lynne Saylor, Head of Communications, RAND Europe
Business Literacy Ltd, Riverside, Cambridge