International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014
Wireless Controller for Ultra Low Power Cc430 Based Transceiver
K. Sasi Chandana1, Mr.A.Naresh2, Smt.S.Aruna3
1
2
Student, ECE Department, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
Scientist’D’, Instrumentation Department, NSTL, Visakhapatnam, India
3
Assistant Professor, ECE Department, Visakhapatnam, India
Abstract— Power Consumption is the main criteria now days in
any embedded application. The less the power consumed the
more the durability of the product. The main aim of the project
is to establish a Ultra Low Power RF link between two
CC430F6147 transceiver units, one Control Unit and the other
Application Unit
such that their power consumption is
maintained at less than 1 micro amperes and thereby making
the Application Unit durable for several years. Software
implementation includes development of protocols for controlling
CC430F6147 remotely and reduces power consumption such that
total circuit works only on micro amperes current. The Control
Unit controls the Application Unit by sending commands. This
include developing Embedded software in Embedded C to
establish Ultra Low Power wireless communication between
Control and Application units using the Low Power modes of
CC430F6147 Micro Controller.
Keywords— Low Power Mode, Wake on Radio, MSP430 Micro
Controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless technologies have been available for decades.
However, they tend to use significant amounts of power and
need specialized equipment to establish communications.
Some identified end products that may implement a low
power radio system, include cell phones, health and fitness
devices, home automation, heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning, remote controls, gaming, human interface
devices, smart meters, payment and many others. These
applications are all constrained by the following critical key
requirements: ultra low power, low cost and physical size.
The less the power consumed the more will be the
durability of the product. And less power consumption is very
essential in certain applications like implanting a device in
human body, so that the battery life of device will be more
and thereby reducing the need of replacing the battery
frequently by surgery.
CC430F6147 is Ultra low power microcontroller with
inbuilt Sub 1 GHz RF transceiver, making it suitable for
battery powered, long endurance and compact embedded
applications. Software implementation includes development
of protocols for controlling CC430F6147 remotely and
reduces power consumption such that total circuit works only
on micro amperes current.
II. MICRO CONTROLLER
The microcontroller used for the application in this thesis is
CC430F6147 (which is a MSP430 based Micro Controller)
which is a mixed signal microcontroller which can process
both analog as well as digital signal.
It has advanced features like:
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 True System-on-Chip (SoC) for Low-Power Wireless
Communication Applications
 Wide Supply Voltage Range: 3.6 V Down to
1.8 V
 High performance Sub 1 GHz RF Transceiver Core
The CC430F6147 is a microcontroller system-on-chip
configurations combining the excellent performance of the
state-of-the-art CC1101 sub-1-GHz RF transceiver with the
MSP430 CPUXV2, up to 32 kB of in-system programmable
flash memory, up to 4 kB of RAM, two 16-bit timers, a highperformance 10-bit A/D converter with eight external inputs
plus internal temperature and battery sensors, comparator,
universal serial communication interfaces (USCIs), 128-bit
AES security accelerator, hardware multiplier, DMA, realtime clock module with alarm capabilities, LCD driver, and
up to 44 I/O pins.
A. Low power mode
The Low Power mode feature is the major advantage of this
Micro Controller which is useful in achieving the low power
consumption. The CC430 is designed from the ground up for
low power. This includes both design and process
implementation. Despite this, the bulk of power savings is
realized by placing the CC430 in various power saving modes.
We first have to understand what consumes the most current
in the CC430. This breaks down as follows:
 CC430 CPU draws the most, proportional to the
frequency at which it is running.
 Clocks and Oscillators, especially high speed clocks.
 Modules and Peripherals
Saving power comes down to shutting off as many modules,
peripherals, and clocks as we can, for as long as possible
without violating the application time requirements. It is also
important to reduce the speed of the CPU as it can
significantly affect power consumption. The issue isn't always
what to turn off but when, and when to wake them up.To
enable low power the CC430 supports several modes, each
shutting off the CC430 more and more:
 Active Mode (AM) - Not a low power mode but
rather the mode in which everything is turned on,
except perhaps for some peripherals
 LPM0 - CPU and MCLK are shutoff. SMCLK and
ACLK remain active.
 LPM1 - CPU and MCLK are off, as in LPM1, but
DCO and DC generator are disabled if the DCO is
not used for SMCLK. ACLK is active.
 LPM2 - CPU, MCLK, SMCLK and DCO are
disabled, while DC generator is still enabled. ACLK
is active.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014

LPM3 - CPU, MCLK, SMCLK, DCO and DC
generator are disabled. ACLK is active.
 LPM4 - CPU and all clocks disabled
LPM3.5 and LMP4.5 are additional low-power modes in
which the regulator of the PMM is completely disabled,
providing additional power savings. Not all devices support
all LPMx.5 modes.Because there is no power supplied to
VCORE during LPMx.5, the CPU and all digital modules
including RAM are unpowered. This disables the entire device
and, as a result, the contents of the registers and RAM are lost.
Any essential values should be stored to flash prior to entering
LPMx.5. These LPM modes refer to the individual bits in the
Status Register. By setting and clearing the bits in the SR, one
can turn off CPU and clocks resulting in certain Low Power
Modes. Let's look at the power consumption profile of the
various LPMs:

Wake-on-radio functionality for automatic lowpower RX polling

Separate 64-byte RX and TX data FIFOs (enables
burst mode data transmission)
The CC1101 has built-in hardware support for packet oriented
radio protocols. In transmit mode, the packet handler can be
configured to add the following elements to the packet stored
in the TX FIFO:
·
A programmable number of preamble bytes
·
A two byte synchronization (sync) word.
·
A CRC checksum computed over the data field
C. Packet Format
Fig 2. Packet format
Fig 1.Power consumption profiles of various LPMs
At 1MHz, we go from 300uA down to less than 1uA by
switching to LPM3. This is what makes the CC430 such a
good microcontroller for low power applications. It can
survive for years on batteries. Low power modes allow us to
conserve energy, but we do pay a penalty for using them. That
penalty is the time it takes to go from a low power mode to
Active Mode. The deeper we go into low power modes, the
longer it takes to go to Active Mode. The primary reason is
that oscillators take time to come to a stable state.
B.CC1101
CC1101 is a low-cost sub-1 GHz transceiver designed for
very low-power wireless applications. The circuit is mainly
intended for the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) and
SRD (Short Range Device) frequency bands at 315, 433, 868,
and 915 MHz, but can easily be programmed for operation at
other frequencies in the 300-348 MHz, 387-464 MHz and
779-928 MHz bands. The RF transceiver is integrated with a
highly configurable baseband modem. The modem supports
various modulation formats and has a configurable data rate
up to 600 kbps.
Low-Power Features:
 200 nA sleep mode current consumption

Fast startup time; 240 µs from sleep to RX or TX
mode
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The format of the data packet can be configured and consists
of the following items
·
Preamble
·
Synchronization word
·
Length byte or constant programmable packet length
·
Optional address byte
·
Payload
·
Optional 2 byte CRC
The preamble pattern is an alternating sequence of ones and
zeros (101010101…) the minimum length of the preamble is
programmable. When enabling TX, the modulator will start
transmitting the preamble. When the programmed number of
preamble bytes has been transmitted, the modulator will send
the sync word and then data from the TX FIFO if data is
available. If the TX FIFO is empty, the modulator will
continue to send preamble bytes until the first byte is written
to the TX FIFO. The modulator will then send the sync word
and then the data bytes
.
D. Active Modes
CC1101 has two active modes: receive and transmit. These
modes are activated directly by the MCU by using the SRX
and STX command strobes, or automatically by Wake on
Radio. The frequency synthesizer must be calibrated regularly.
CC1101 has one manual calibration option (using the SCAL
strobe), and three automatic calibration options, controlled by
the MCSM0.FS_AUTOCAL setting:
·
Calibrate when going from IDLE to either RX or TX
(or FSTXON)
·
Calibrate when going from either RX or TX to IDLE
automatically
·
Calibrate every fourth time when going from either
RX or TX to IDLE automatically.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014
·
E. Wake On Radio(WOR)
The Wake-On-Radio (WOR) feature of the CC430 is a
recommended method for conserving power in wireless
systems in which the radio periodically wakes up from SLEEP
mode and listens for incoming packets. The Wake-On-Radio
(WOR) functionality enables the radio to periodically wake up
from SLEEP mode and listen for incoming packets with
minimal CPU interaction.
The WOR feature on the CC430 family devices provides
two events, Event 0 and Event 1, which can be leveraged to
wake up and stabilize the radio core oscillator, and to change
the radio to RX mode. Another programmable parameter that
the WOR feature uses is the RX timeout, which determines
the period during which the radio stays in RX mode. If a
packet is received before the period reaches the RX timeout
value, the CC430 can process the received packet and return
to SLEEP mode. On the other hand, if no packet is received
during the RX active period, the radio resumes the SLEEP
state after the RX timeout.
Fig.3. WOR – Event 0 and Event 1
Figure 3 shows the relationship between the WOR events and
the different radio states. The application has the flexibility to
specify the wake up interval (tEvent0) as well as the RX active
period (tRX timeout) within each interval. RF systems that require
power optimization could lengthen the wake up interval or
decrease the RX active duty cycle.
Vice versa, more responsive systems with higher packet
reception rates could be obtained by decreasing tEvent0 or
increasing tRX timeout values.
The WOR Timer feature on the CC430 is implemented
slightly different from the previous implementation in the
CC1101. The WOR functionality in CC1101 allows the chip
to transition between states (WOR, SLEEP, RX, receive
packet) without any CPU intervention. In the CC430 family
devices, the WOR Timer feature provides the similar vehicle
for the radio to replicate that RF operation flow, but it requires
the CPU to manage the transitions between the radio states
directly. Specifically, after the RF1A is configured in WOR
mode, Event 0 can be configured as an interrupt for the CPU
core to initiate the RF1A state change from SLEEP to RX
mode. Additionally, the Low Noise Amplifier Power Down
(LNA_PD) or RX End of Packet (RX_EOP) events can be
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used to identify either an RX timeout or the reception of an
incoming packet, respectively. Following the LNA_PD or
RX_EOP interrupt, the radio can be returned to the SLEEP
state.
The WOR program
1. After setting up the RF1A core for standard RF operation,
the main program configures the WOR control registers and
enables WOR_EVENT0 interrupt before going into low
power mode (LPMx).
2. Upon the EVENT0 interrupt, the program enters the
interrupt handler RF1A_ISR where an SRX command strobe
is issued to transition the RF1A core from SLEEP state to
IDLE and subsequently RX state.
3. The unreliability of RF1A registers during the RF1A core
state transition from sleep to active, while the radio oscillator
is stabilizing before being switched to source the RF1A core.
This stabilization might take up to 810 µs, during which any
access to the RF1A register might fail. Therefore, after a
Wake-up strobe to the RF1A core from, the CPU must stay
active for 810 µs to ensure the RF oscillator is stabilized
before accessing the radio registers.
4. Once RF1A is in RX mode, the Low Noise Amplifier
Power down (LNA_PD) and RX End of Packet (RX_EOP)
interrupts are enabled. CPU returns to sleep mode and waits
for one of these two events.
5. In case of a packet reception, CPU enters RF1A_ISR to
disable the interrupts, returns to active mode to process the
packet, and strobes RF1A core to enter the SLEEP state again
with the SWOR command.
6. If no packet is received, after the programmed time, RX
will time out and signal the LNA_PD interrupt. In the
LNA_PD ISR, the MSP430 strobes SWOR over the RF1A
interface to enter the SLEEP state and wait for the next
EVENT0.
Detailed description of the three RF modes:
 RX Mode
Device stays in RX mode and CPU stays in LPM3.
RF1A_ISR is configured to handle RF packet reception.
Green LED toggles to indicate packet reception.
 TX Mode
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014
Device stays in TX mode and periodically transmits an RF
packet every 100 ms.
 WOR Mode
Device enters WOR mode and CPU goes to LPM3, proceeds
through the program flow, in each cycle with the period
tEVENT0 = 1.06 s, tRX Timeout = 1.96 ms.
For the user to operate in a comfortable manner the
Application unit will have switches. The switches are
programmed in such a way that the user can easily control the
pulse amplitudes, pulse width and pulse rates and he can also
set up the maximum and minimum threshold levels of the
parameters.
III. APPLICATION
For the pulse stimulation in medical application such as
continuous stimulation at prescribed amplitude & pulse rate at
disease affected organs there is a need to have Ultra low
power wireless communication between transmitting unit &
controlling circuit. This system need to stimulate data with
variable parameters of the receiver from the transmitter
through RF communication. The system provides long battery
life for the RF communication devices. This can be used in
ultra low power and battery powered applications especially in
medical and consumer applications where frequent
interactions between transmitter and receiver are required. The
circuit is intended to work in the ISM (Industrial Scientific
Medical) band as it is well suited for the medical applications.
Mainly for the medical field where portability is the major
concern the devices should be provided with long battery life.
In order to have long life of battery there is a necessity to have
ultra low power communication between the transmitter and
receiver. The ultra low power communication can be achieved
by developing the software code in order to effectively use the
low power features of devices selected for the design of the
system.The main objective of this thesis is to design and
development the embedded software to establish ultra low
power wireless communication between Application unit and
Control unit and also optimization of the power consumption
during the transmission and reception.
This Thesis consists of design and development of
embedded software for
1.
2.
Application unit
Control unit
The Application unit and Control unit consists of Texas
Instruments ultra low power MSP430F169 microcontroller
and ultra low power RF communication chip CC1101, which
best suites medical applications and with few passive
components. In this, microcontroller is interacted with
transceiver CC1101 internally. PC is connected to
Microcontroller through JTAG with MSP-FET430 debugger.
Wireless Controlling Device is interfaced with pulse generator.
Signal transmission between Control unit & interfaced unit is
through chip antenna, which has frequency range 779-928
MHz
In this work, the proposed Programming language used in
development of Application Unit for brain stimulator is
Embedded C program. The programming is done in IAR
embedded Workbench.
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Fig.4 interfacing of two RF modules
The above block diagram here explains two RF modules
each consisting of Ultra low power CC430F6147 interfaced
through a wireless RF link. The figure 4 shows the
establishment of low power wireless communication between
control unit and active unit
The transmitter (controlling unit) controls the receiver by
sending proper commands by using switches such that the
parameters of the application unit are changed accordingly.
This Ultra low power communication between transmitting
unit & controlling circuits can be used mainly in many
medical applications where doctor need to control the pulses
of the patient, and in controlling large machines from some
distance where a person cannot reach the machine for those it
is not possible to change the battery of the device frequently.
Attaining ultra low power consumption of the devices is major
aspect for achieving long battery life.
CRO
Power
source
Debugger
Applicatio
n unit
Handheld
unit
Fig.5 Practical test bench setup to implement the communication between
control unit and application unit
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014
A. Programming Application and Control Units
Micro controller initializes the CC1101 by filling its
configuration registers for required settings. Here dummy data
from CC1101 is ignored.CC1101 is initialized in wake on
radio and interrupt mode, where interrupt is generated on its
GDO pins. After CC1101 initialization, DACs and ADCs are
initialized for data simulation and feedback measurement,
battery voltage monitoring. Timer A is initialized in interrupt
mode so as to generate interrupt for every 50µs.This time is
used for controlling the parameters of simulated data.
The CC1101 is inbuilt in microcontroller CC430F6147
through SCLK, SI, SO & CSn (Chip select) pins of SPI.
CC1101 is programmed using the write register function to
use all features of it mainly wake on radio which enables
CC1101 to periodically wake up from SLEEP and listen for
incoming packets without MCU interaction. The configuration
of CC1101 is done by programming 8-bit register using the
IAR workbench software. The registers are configured for
GDOx output pin configurations, RX FIFO and TX FIFO
thresholds, Sync word settings, Packet length and Packet
automation control, Channel number, Frequency synthesizer
control, Modem configurations, Main Radio Control State
Machine configuration for CC1101 to operate in normal RX
and in Wake on Radio mode, Bit Synchronization
configuration, AGC control, Front end RX configuration,
Front end TX configuration, RC oscillator configuration and
various test settings for the proper function of CC1101
according to the application developed.
CC1101 is programmed for write into a register and read
from register. The transmitting unit is programmed by
initializing CC1101 and commands are written for switch
controls. Each command starts with “$” and ends with “#” and
command data is five Bytes for identifying different
commands. In the Controlling section the received command
generates interrupt, which wakes up the micro controller from
low power mode. The command will be processed and
decoded. Based on the command data simulation will be
varied for various parameters. The total program is
implemented in low power mode. The programming is done
for two programmers i.e. for DAC0 and DAC1. The control
unit can control the parameters of the application unit for both
the DACs independently.
In order to program how to write into a register of CC1101
first the address in which the required value is filling is need
to sent to the transmit buffer, and then the flag should be
cleared. Now the value is sent to it. Again the flag is cleared.
Thus the value is stored in its particular register address.
To read the values in the registers the program is developed
by making the CSn pin low in order to make the slave
(CC1101) ready. Now the address is sent and waited until the
transmission is complete. The flag is cleared and dummy
variable is write in to that address in order to read from the
register and waited until the reception of the value completed.
The flag is cleared and CSn pin is disabled.
The DAC10 module is a 10-bit, voltage output digital-toanalog converter.DAC10 control and data registers are
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programmed with ON TIME and OFF TIME values in order
to generate Pulses of required amplitude.
The ADC module is a high-performance 10-bit analog-todigital converter.ADC10 control registers are programmed to
set the reference voltage for the pulse generated by DAC. In
this thesis internal 2.5V reference is used.
The watchdog timer is a 16-bit timer that can be used as a
watchdog or as an interval timer. The primary function of t it
is to perform a controlled system restart after a software
problem occurs. If the selected time interval expires, a system
reset is generated. If the watchdog function is not needed in an
application, the module can be configured as an interval timer
and can generate interrupts at selected time intervals. When
the watchdog timer is not required, the WDTHOLD bit can be
used to hold the WDTCNT, reducing power consumption.
B. Low Power Programming
The CC430F6147 controller is programmed by using the low
power mode and WOR features. Here the LMP4 is used;
means CPU and all clocks are disabled. So the power
consumption is reduced when in low power mode 4 up micro
Amperes. And also as using Wake On Radio, the CC1101
will not always in RX mode. It will periodically come into RX
mode and rest time will be in Sleep mode, where the current
consumed will be in nano Amperes. Thus in sleep mode the
power consumption will be less. And when in Rx mode power
is consumed up to milli Amperes. So we can save the power
by keeping it in sleep state periodically and thereby reducing
the overall power consumption of Micro controller.
By controlling the sleep time the power consumption is
reduced. Whenever it wakes up the program will go to the
interrupt and waits for the incoming packet. So the power
consumption is reduced by transmitting commands only at its
wake up time. The rest of time it will be in the sleep state.
The power consumption of the overall system can even be
more reduced by the usage of a magnetic sensor in the implant
unit. This sensor is programmed as an I/O peripheral of
microcontroller.
RF Section
ON
Magnetic
Material
Magnetic
Material
IMPLANT
Implant Unit In
Human Body
Magnetic Material
in Doctors hand
Fig.6 Implant Unit RF section ON
RF Section
OFF
Magnetic
Material
Implant Unit In
Human Body
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Magnetic
Material
Magnetic Material
in Doctors hand
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014
Fig.6 .Implant Unit RF section OFF
Here first the doctor places a magnetic material near the
human body as to make the sensor to sense the magnetism. So
after sensing, as per the program we written the RF section of
the Implant Unit will come to ON. Now the doctor modifies
the pulse of patient by using his Control unit as the RF link
got established.
After the completion of treatment the doctor makes the RF
link between the Control and Implant units off by again
keeping the magnet near to the body of patient..Thus the
unnecessary power consumption of Implant unit can be
controlled.
C. Transmitter
In this thesis the transmitter transmits the commands that
modify the receiver pulse. The TIMER, CC1101
Initializations are active by calling them individually when the
execution starts. Whenever there is a transmission or reception
of the data occurs the program will go to the port _2 interrupt
in which GDO pins the interrupt is generated. The GDO pin
asserts and de-asserts when there is any data transmission or
reception and accordingly the action will be performed.
D. Receiver
In this work, Receiver unit processes the commands received
for their validity and then decodes the commands for
identifying action to be performed i.e. varying different
parameters of the receiver of simulated data. Receiver is
programmed in interrupt mode for CC1101 data, which uses
GDO pins for generating interrupts.
In detail, When the data is in between “$” and “#” the
receiver receives the data and concerned action i.e. pulse
amplitude, pulse rate, pulse width accordingly varied. And the
acknowledgement for the safe data reception is transmitted
back again to the transmitter. Otherwise the loop will again go
back and waits for the proper command to receive. This action
is performed until the correct data is transmitted.
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Fig.7 Flowchart of Transmitter
The TIMER, CC1101 Initializations are being called. Timer
A is initialized in interrupt mode so as to generate interrupt for
every 50µs.Pulses are generated using DAC10_DAT register
with programmable on time and off times. In the reception
program also port _2 GDO pins are used to generate interrupt.
By writing 0x36 the device will be in IDLE mode. By writing
0x34 in the command strobe registers the device will go to the
receive mode and it is ready to receive incoming packets.0x3B
is written to flush the TX FIFO and 0x3A is written to flush
the RX FIFO
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Practical current
consumption(micro Amperes)
Mode
Sleep
awake
AM
7.064
23.271
LPM0
6.804
23.025
LPM1
6.804
23.021
LPM2
6.773
23.041
LPM3
6.761
23.007
LPM4
6.724
22.895
Table.1 Current consumption in different modes
A. Result Analysis
Fig.8 Flowchart of Receiver
IV. RESULT
Thus the main aim of the thesis, the achievement of Ultra
Low Power Consumption is achieved by using the
CC430F6147 Micro controller. And also the wireless RF link
is established between the two MCs and one unit is controlled
by the other.
It is depicted from Oscilloscope plots that the pulse amplitude,
width, rate of the application unit can be controlled by using
the control unit. And the two DAC’s of the application unit
are controlled independently for all parameters including
minimum and maximum thresholds.
From the tables shown it is analyzed that the power
consuming during the transmission/reception in the normal
RX mode that is when there are no active wake on radio or
low power modes is 38.462 mA which is significantly high.
By keeping active wake on radio settings the power consumed
is reduced to micro amps. And still the power consumption is
reduced by introducing low power modes. The power
consumed in the LPM4 is still less than that of
LPM0/LPM1/LPM2 and LPM3.Also the power consumption
is reduced by keeping the unwanted pins in output direction.
Where it is increased by keeping in input mode and achieved
less than 200 µA of current consumption.
Thus the ultra low power micro controller CC430F6147
which has ultimate features of wake on Radio and Low power
modes consumes ultra low powers than that of operating in
Normal RX mode.
V.CONCLUSION
It is possible to establish an effective wireless
communication between two CC430F6147 Ultra Low Power
Micro Controller modules by achieving low power in micro to
milli watts based on the application requirement.
The communication protocol between pair of units is
implemented effectively in command/respond mode with
unique identification.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume17 Number 8–Nov2014
The Electrode switching, and varying the pulse amplitude,
pulse rate, pulse width is done by sending commands to the
application device from the control unit. Hence these modules
can be used in applications such as medical implant devices
and robotic applications, where battery life is crucial and
compact solution is necessary.
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