International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013
Evaluation of Various Biodiesel on a Single
Cylinder C.I Engine
R. SenthilKumar1, R.Ramadurai2
Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University
2,
M.E,Thermal power, Annamalai University
1,
Abstract
Recent concerns over the environment increasing the fuel prices we need the alternative source petroleum product at
present the biodiesel is commercially from jatropha, cottonseed, pongamia, mustard, sea lemon Straight vegetable oils posed
operational and durability problems due to some of the lower properties such as the calorific value, physical and chemical
properties etc. Hence, process of transesterification is found to be effective method of reducing viscosity and eliminating
operational and durability problems. Preheating is the main process to reduce viosocity of the oil. Fuel neat oils has also been
done by a specially designed heat exchanger, which utilizes waste heat from exhaust gases. The test is conducted on single
cylinder DI engine at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The various performance parameters calculate the experiments are
performance, emission thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption
(BSEC),Also, it was observed that increase in compression ratio significantly reduced CO, HC, NOx smoke emission also
calculate in the experiments.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Performance, emission
I. INTRODUCTION
In the context of fast depletion of fossil fuels and increasing of
diesel engine vehicle population, the use of renewable fuel
like vegetable oils become more important [1-3]. Many
alternative fuels like biogas, methanol, ethanol and vegetable
oils have been evaluated as a partial or complete substitute to
diesel fuel. The vegetable oil directly can be used in diesel
engine as a fuel, because their percentage of energy content is
high and nearly equal to diesel. The technology of production,
the collection, extraction of vegetable oil from oil seed crop
and oil seed bearing trees is well known and very simple. The
oil is extracted from the vegetable seeds and converted into
methyl esters by the transesterification process. The methyl
ester obtained from this process is known as COME.Several
researchers [4] have used biodiesel as an alternate
fuel.Nowadays, due to limited resources of fossil fuels, rising
crude oil prices and the increasing concerns for environment,
there has been renewed focus on vegetable oils and animal
fats as an alternative to petroleum fuels. The process is not
possible to lower the thermal efficiency of the engine
Vegetable oil is easily available worldwide[5,6]. In the recent
years efforts were taken by many researchers to determine the
suitability of vegetable oil and its derivative the suitability
.These are the triggering factors for research all over the world
to consider vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative
to petroleum diesel. Recent years biodiesel have received
significant attention in both as a renewable alternative fuels as
an additive to the existing petroleum-based fuels. The fuel
injection system of new technology engines is sensitive to fuel
viscosity changes [7,9]. It has been found that the vegetable
oil are promising fuels because found that the vegetable oil in
compression ignition engine. High viscosity of the vegetable
ISSN: 2231-5381
oil leads to poor fuel atomization, which in turn may lead to
poor combustion, ring sticking, injector cocking, injector
deposits, injector pump failure and lubricating oil dilution by
crank-case polymerization [8,12]. Viscosity of the vegetable
oils must be reduced in order to improve its engine
performance. Concept of preheating of biodiesel to bring the
viscosity equivalent to diesel. The viscosity of fuels have
important effects on fuel droplet formation, atomization,
vaporization and fuel-air mixing process, thus influencing the
exhaust emissions and performance parameters of the engine.
There have been some investigations on using preheated raw
vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil in diesel engines Heating,
blending with diesel and transesterification are some of the
methods used to reduce viscosity of vegetable oils. Many
investigations have proved that vegetable oils are feasible
substitutes for diesel fuel [10-14], although there is still a lot
of work that needs to be done to apply vegetable oil in diesel
engine. The present conventional fuel crisis inspired the
authors to compare the performance and emission
characteristics of compression ignition engine using oils select
the best one for the use in diesel engine. However, it is
known that vegetable oils have considerably higher viscosity
compared with diesel fuel. The main objective of this
experimental investigation is to determine the effects of the
viscosity of vegetable oil methyl ester, which is decreased by
means of preheating process, on the performance parameters
and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. For this aim,
vegetable oil methyl ester was produced by transesterification
method using vegetable oil and methyl alcohol, and its
properties were determined. Then, this biodiesel was
preheated up to three different temperatures and tested in the
diesel engine at all load conditions. Finally, the results for
Vegetable oil were compared with those for diesel fuel
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE OIL
In the present investigation the availability of the vegetable oil
pumping and associated with vegetable oils during engine
tests can be classified into two broad groups, namely,
operational and durability problems. The production and
utilization of the bio diesel is mainly increase over all
production of the Operational problems are related to starting
ability, ignition, injection, emission
combustion and
performance. The high viscosity, polyunsaturated character,
and extremely low volatility of vegetable oils are responsible
for the operational and durability problems associated with its
utilization as fuels in diesel engines. High viscosity of
vegetable oils causes poor fuel atomization, large droplet size
and thus high spray jet penetration. The jet tends to be a solid
stream instead of a spray of small droplets. As a result, the
fuel is not distributed or mixed with the air required for
burning in the combustion chamber biodiesel is production
from the refined oil to use the non edible that can be used to
production .In india non edible type of yielding such as the
jatropha, cottonsed, karanja cashew available in a large
number.
the lower viscocity is initially calculated the vegetable oil .to
find out the physical as well as the chemical properties of the
material to esterified the oxygen, carbon dioxide has the lower
calorific value The vegetable oil esters contain more oxygen
and lower calorific value than diesel. So, it enhances the
combustion process and generates lower nitric oxide
formation in the exhaust than diesel fuel. some of the middle
man involved to buy the minimum, quantity of the product.
The cost of vegetable oils is slightly higher than diesel
because of the fragmented nature of vegetable oil lower than
diesel but calorific value of vegetable oil is also lower than
diesel, hence cost per unit of energy produced is almost same
for the vegetable oils and diesel. If the vegetable oil crop
cultivation program is implemented under a cooperative
structure, the use of vegetable oils to partially substitute
mineral diesel will also make economic sense. Various
researchers have also shown that use of vegetable oils and
their derivatives is economical and comparable to mineral
diesel . When the material gives the clear ideas to solve to
appear the structure to calculate the lower calorific value of
thed material to compare with each other.
4. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE
3. PRODUCTION OF BIO DIESEL
Tranesterification is the most common method to produce
biodiesel, which refers to a catalyzed chemical reaction
involving Vegetable oil, and an alcohol to yield fatty acid
alkyl esters and glycerol crude glycerine. The process of
‘transesterification’ is sometimes named methanolysis or
alcoholysis. This method is used to convert the vegetable oil
in to vegetable oil methyl ester. After transesterification,
viscosity of different oil methyl esters is reduced by 75-85%
of the original oil value. It is also called fatty acid methyl
esters, are therefore products of transesterification of
vegetable oil and fats with methyl alcohol in the presence of a
KOH catalyst. During the reaction, high viscosity oil reacts
with methanol in the presence of a catalyst KOH to form an
ester by replacing glycerol of triglycerides with a short chain
alcohol.
[Triglycerides (Vegetable oil) + Methanol
vegetable oil
methyl ester + Glycerol]
Methanol/methyl alcohol is preferred for vegetable
preparation by using transesterification as it provides better
separation of methyl ester and crude glycerin thus facilitating
the post-reaction steps of obtaining biodiesel. The properties
of diesel and vegetable oil Transesterification is most
commonly used and important method to reduce the viscosity
of vegetable oils.. Biodiesel properties are similar to diesel
fuel. It is renewable, non-toxic, bio-degradable and
environment friendly transportation fuel. After esterification
of the vegetable oil its density, viscosity, cetane number,
calorific value, atomization and vaporization rate, molecular
weight, and fuel spray penetration distance are improved
more. So these improved properties give good performance in
CI engine. The chemical reaction of the transesterification
process is shown below: The cost of the vegetable is higher
than the diesel the vegetable contain more oxygen the other
material that can be identified with higher calorific value than
ISSN: 2231-5381
4.1 Engine arrangement
A single cylinder, water cooled, four stroke direct injection
compression ignition engine with a compression ratio of 16.5:
1 and developing 3.7 kW power at 1500 rpm was used for this
work (Figure. 1). The specification of the test engine is shown
in table 2. The engine was coupled with an eddy current
dynamometer .Fuels used were diesel, vegetable oil methyl
ester and blends at pre heated to 50C, 70C, 90°C. Load was
applied in 5 levels namely, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%.
Load, speed, air flow rate, fuel flow rate, exhaust gas
temperature, exhaust emissions of HC, CO and smoke were
measured at all load conditions. The Redwood Viscometer is
used to measure the viscosity of fuels at various temperatures
.The exhaust gas analyzer model Horiba MEXA-584L was
used to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon
(HC) levels. The analyzer is a fully microprocessor controlled
system employing non destructive infrared techniques
analyzed by using exhaust gas analyzer and smoke opacity
with measurement resolution was measured using smoke
opacity meter. some of the properties are easily identified to
calculate the material that can be easily identified with the
similar manner of the characteristics feature of the material
and the economics comparable method The engine tests are
calculated to start the engine with the help of the eddy current
dynamometer with a initial constant speed of the material
whenever the system analysis In cylinder pressure and TDC
signals were acquired and stored on a high speed computer
based design data system is used to calculate the valuable
material that is the method calculation
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013
100
80
60
40
20
0
Diesel
Jatropha
Cotton
seed
Mustard Sea lemon Pongamia
Figure 2. Viscocity Vs Biodiesels
Figure 1: Experimental test Rig
1 = Control Panel 2 = Computer system 3 = Diesel flow line
4 = Air flow line 5 = Calorimeter 6 = Exhaust gas analyzer 7
= Smoke meter 8 = Rota meter 9 = Calorimeter inlet water
temperature 10 = Calorimeter outlet water temperature
11 = Dynamometer 12 = CI Engine 13 = Speed measurement
14 = Burette for fuel measurement
15 =
Exhaust gas outlet
16 = Outlet water temperature
T1= Inlet water temperature T2 = Outlet water temperature
T3 = Exhaust gas temperature
5.2 Density
Density is the best properties to show to get the clear of the
all the vegetable oil density of diesel with different neat
vegetable oils. Density is found to be more or less same or
equal
for all Vegetable oils. it creates the capacity
characteristic features of the materials in figure-3
1000
950
900
4.2Engine specifications
850
Make
Kirloskar AV-1
800
Type
Max.power
Displacement
Bore x Stroke
Compression ratio
Fuel injection timing
Loading device
Single cylinder, water cooled,
3.7 kW at 1500 rpm
550 CC
80 x 110 mm
16.5:1
21deg BTDC
Eddy current dynamometer
750
Diesel
jatropha
cottonseed
Mustard
Sea lemon
pongamia
Figure 3. Density Vs Biodiesels
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.3 Calorific value
5.1 Kinematic viscosity
In kinematic viscosity of diesel with different neat vegetable
oils. In the method is used to give the high value that
compared with the vegetable oil of the viscosity is very high
for pongamia oil among all other oils followed by that of
Mustard oil. Kinematic viscosity of neat pongamia oil is carry
a high equal points in the periodic term of viscocity while that
of diesel .
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This calorific value of diesel with different neat vegetable oils
may be clearly identified the material properties. It is observed
that calorific value pongamia is very low compared with
diesel. Figure -6 Shows The calorific value of neat pongamia
oil try to give that the lower value to higher value in the
smallest range that the value is much lower than that of diesel
and other vegetable oils due to the difference in the physical,
odour, colour and chemical composition or presence of
oxygen ,carbon molecule in the molecular structure and
characteristics features of Vegetable oil.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013
40
40000
35
30000
30
BTE (%)
50000
20000
10000
Diesel
Mustard
Jatropha
Sea lemon
Cotton seed
Pongamia
25
20
15
0
Diesel
jatropha
Cotton
seed
10
Mustard Sea lemon Pongamia
5
1
Figure 4. Calorific value Vs Biodiesels
2
3
Load (kw)
4
5
Figure 6. BTE Vs brake power.
5.4 Kinematic viscosity
5.6 Brake specific fuel consumption
Comparative arrangement of the different bio diesel in
kinematic viscosity of different temperature analysed in
various parameters .At high temperature shows of the
temperature with high amount120°C, the viscosity of each oil
except Cotton seed oil becomes near about 40 cst , that
indicates the to compare the other oil properties which is
compatible of diesel engine. Hence all oils require preheating
for easy flow through pump and nozzle. preheating is the
simple method that clearly rise the capacity of the engine flow
the oil towards the needle pump to the nozzle.
BSFC with load for diesel and then compare with different
biodiesel in the test engine. Mustard biodiesel close with
diesel, followed by others biodiesel. Minimum BSFC of
Jatropha and Cotton seed oil are compared to diesel. Mustard
oil biodiesel has the highest value that nearly equal to the
diesel value.
Kinematic Viscocity (cst)
Jatropha
Sea lemon
Cotton seed
Pongamia
80
Diesel
Cotton seed
Sea lemon
BSFC ( Kg/Kw-hr)
Diesel
Muatard oil
100
0.8
Jatropha
Mustard oil
Pongamia
0.6
0.4
0.2
60
40
0
1
20
0
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 5. kinematic viscosity Vs temperature.
5.5 Brake thermal efficiency
Pongamia oil rise the capacity of the engine to calculate the
value with high thermal efficiency that compare with other
Load with brake thermal efficiency for diesel and different
vegetable oils. Brake thermal efficiency of Pongamia is very
close to diesel for entire range of operation. Maximum brake
thermal efficiency of Jatropha is 28.64% follow of other
vegetable oil respectively against of diesel oil, which are all
compare and calculate with diesel.
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3
Load (kw))
4
5
Figure 7. BSFC Vs Load.
80
Temperature(°C)
2
5.7 Brake specific energy consumption
Figure-8 Indicated thermal efficiency, are increase in BSFC
and BSEC. it must be attributed to the poor combustion
characteristic of vegetable oils due to poor volatility Hence the
reliable parameters Cotton seed oil and Mustard oil are in well
comparable with diesel. The BSFC is to compare the different
fuels as the calorific value and the density of the oils are
different.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013
BSEC (Kg/kw-hr)
Jatropha
Mustard oil
Pongamia
Diesel
Jatropha
Cotton seed
Mustard
Sea lemon
Pongamia
80
Smoke density (%)
Diesel
Cotton seed
Sea lemon
40000
60
30000
40
20000
20
10000
0
0
1
2
3
load (Kw)
4
1
5
2
3
BP (Kw)
4
5
Figure 10.Smoke Vs brake power.
Figure 8. BSEC Vs brake power.
5.8 Exhaust gas temperature
Exhaust temperature of Jatropha, Pongamia and Sea lemon
and other vegetable oil are almost same as that of diesel in the
starting, mid range of load Figure-9 shows variation of
exhaust temperature with brake power for Diesel and other
oils in the test engine.. exhaust loss indicates lower this is the
main reason for higher performance and emission. Sea lemon
oil indicates higher in EGT
Diesel
Mustard
600
Jatropha
Sea lemon
Cotton seed
Pongamia
EGT (°C)
500
6. CONCLUSIONS
Performance and emission characteristics diesel engine tare to
be examine the different vegetable oils such as Jatropha,
Cotton seed oil, mustard oil, Sea lemon, pongamia gives the
best performance as good alternative fuel and the evaluated
the good results to prove the better performance and emission
characteristics of these oils are evaluated and compared with
diesel then the conclusion are review from them.

In this experiment some of the properties are
analyzed such as density, viscosity, in vegetable oils
are higher and calorific value is nearly lower than the
other properties is lower than that of diesel.

Experimental investigation is used to calculate
Performance and emission characteristics of
Jatropha, Mustard and pongamia give the better
results are better than other fuel the maximum sfc
and minimum energy consumption is equally
calculated to the diesel
EGT of the different biodiesel comparatively high,
especially pongamia oil increase the efficiency of the
engine Smoke emission of Jatropha and Cotton seed,
Muatard followed by Sea lemon vegetable oil is are
lowered than compared with others
400
300
200
100
1
2
3
load (Kw)
4
5

Figure 9. EGT Vs brake power.
5.9 Smoke density
In the entire operation and working function mustard oil
contains maximum emission that compared with other
biodiesel oil Smoke emission of Jatropha is lower compared
with other oils followed by Pongamia Figure-10 shows
variation of smoke emission with brake power for Diesel and
other oils in the test engine. Smoke emission of is lower
compared with other oils followed by Mahua..
Preheating the some of the vegetable oil like pongamia, cotton
seed gets the lower emission with lower emissions. Whenever
the vegetable oil preheating can be substituted as fuel for
diesel engine without any modification in the diesel engine
give the better performance and better result
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