International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume23 Number 1- May 2015
Natural Fiber Jute and Egg Shell Powder as
Filler Material
B.J.Praveenkumar1 K.Pradeepkumar 2.
PG Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Erode, India 1
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Erode, India 2
Abstract— The interest of using natural fibers as
reinforcement in polymers has increased
dramatically. Natural fibers are not only cheap but
also contain less weight. In this research work an
investigation was carried out to use jute fiber and
egg shell powder in different weight percentages to
determine its properties. Epoxy resin is used as a
matrix material. Hand lay up is carried out and then
it was tested for its physical and mechanical
properties. The result shows that the strength of the
composite material is increasing because of the
addition of eggshell powder in the fiber in higher
percentage. In the addition of eggshell powder in
higher percentage it gradually increases the
mechanical properties. The percentage of
elongation decreases and it gradually increases
because of its properties. The studies show that the
separation of powder in various places is achieved.
The tensile strength and flexural strength are 64
MPa and 48 MPa. The impact strength gradually
decreases in a proper ratio due to the addition of
eggshell powder.
Index Terms— Egg shell powder; Jute; Epoxy resin; Void
content; Mechanical Properties.
1. INTRODUCTION
The materials made from two or more
materials which can carry different physical or
chemical properties when combine and produce
material different from individual components. It
will affect the environment. Now in the recent
trends interior and exterior parts of the car are made
up of natural fiber, because natural fiber carries less
weight and cost wise it is low. Composites are now
extensively used for strengthening of pre-existing
ISSN: 2231-5381
structure that has been retrofitted to make them to
repair damage caused by seismic activity.
Rapid increase in demand of fiber
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in last few
decades. The composites of FRP provides high
strength and stiffness and great versatility. The
fiber reinforced base composites made up of boron
glass, carbon. To keep our environment green and
safe, it is essential to reduce the glass fiber usage.
Research in the area of polymer and
composites increased day by day to increase the
strength and to decrease its cost. Natural fiber ,such
as jute, sisal, kenaf, coconut and pineapple fiber are
used and accepted as less weight, high strength and
not affect our environment. The jute fiber is used in
our investigation is not only environmentally good
but also it is highly available in India and
Bangladesh. The composite material is mostly used
in automobile industry to reduce its weight and
increases its efficiency [5].
If the bonding of fiber and flexible epoxy
resin is weak then they resulted in indifferent
impact strength improvement [8]. The lack of fiber
and poor resistance will reduce the potential of
natural fiber. Thermoplastic matrix composite has
been always better the thermo set. In this fiber
simple extraction and injection moulding process is
carried out. The warp direction strengths and
modulus is higher than weft direction in the
composites [16].
The weaving of fiber gives an interlocking
that increases the strength higher than fiber matrix
binding strength.
Some composites provides interfaces when
surface dissimilar constituents interact with each
other. The fabrication method depends on its
matrix properties and the effect of matrix
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume23 Number 1- May 2015
properties of reinforcements. A number of
investigations have been conducted on several
types of natural fibers such as kenaf, hemp, flax,
bamboo, and jute are used to study the effect of
these fibers on the mechanical properties of
composite materials. Most PMC materials in use
today have thermosetting matrices; consequently,
after they have been cured, they have no apparent
scrap value. Although attempts have been made to
grind them up and use them as fillers, this has not
proven to be economically practical.
Incineration is the toxic smoke so it is
avoided. The major purpose of this study is to
investigate the utilization of egg shell powder with
epoxy resin in jute fiber.
The usage of jute fiber with epoxy resin
with an egg shell powder is not yet used in the
natural composite fiber. The addition of egg shell
powder in natural composite carries scope to
research further.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Jute fiber has been obtained from the local
sources. Epoxy resin and the corresponding
hardener which is supplied from Coimbatore. Egg
shell is taken and then dried for 36 hours and then
powdered by ball machining process. The polymers
composites are fabricated by hand layup technique.
Composite specimens with different percentage of
egg shell powder (0, 2, 4, 6, 8,10wt %) is added.
Fig no. 1 Epoxy +egg shell powder+ jute
Fig no 2 plate after cut by using saw
Tensile Test
After the unreinforced epoxy resin and
natural fiber jute is dried. For testing the material it
is cut in a standard size by using saw cutter. The
material is cut according to the ASME D638
standard. The gauge length and the dimension of
each part are based on the ASTM standard. The test
is conducted by using instron universal testing
machine. It carries two cross sections in which one
is adjustable for modifying length and other one is
fixed. The piece is placed in the instron universal
tester with a grip in 10mm gauge length. In this
process, elongation is recorded. All the tests are
taken on the average of two tests. The Gauge
section carries smaller cross section, so that deform
and failure occur in that area.
Fig no 3 American society std materials1
Flexural Test
The flexural test specimen dimension was
15mm ×100mm×5mm and three point bend
method was used for flexural test, according to BS
EN ISO 14125:1998
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume23 Number 1- May 2015
Impact Test
The impact test is performed by izod impact
test machine. The dimension of specimen is 10 x
10 mm x mm. The V shape notch was prepared.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TENSILE TEST:
The void content in the composite may
affect the mechanical properties. The air
entrapment occurs during the preparation of resin
system which leads to formation of void content in
polymer composites. The void content in more
level shows that the resin has not surrounded
properly to all places of fibers and that results
indicates low in strength and carries a chance to
crack initiation and the growth of void content. The
composite material is cut in to required dimension
using saw cutter and the edges finished by using
emery paper for tensile testing. It is understand that
the pure epoxy carries low content of void than
addition of jute and egg shell powder in the
composite.
IMPACT STRENGTH:
The specimen is loaded in testing machine
and allowed the pendulum until it breaks. During
impact test good adhesion between matrix and
fiber is responsible for good resistance to crack
propagation.
Fig no 5 Test sample piece
Contact area between the fiber and matrix
increased by increasing the fiber content. Impact
transfer is more efficient at higher level of fiber
loading. The graph of strength shows that gradual
decrease in impact strength. The jute and epoxy
alone carries 0.65 and addition of egg shell shows
decreases as 0.54, 0.5, 0.45, 0.45, and 0.42.
FLEXURAL TEST:
The load vs length is used to determine the
flexural strength in which the parameter peak loads
and it elongates in cross head section. The strength
of fiber increases by increasing the addition of egg
shell powder in jute and resin.
Fig no 4 ASTM Standard piece
The tensile strength variation by the
addition of epoxy and egg shell powder is shown in
Fig . It shows clearly that increase in egg shell
powder content with epoxy and jute fiber increases
its strength gradually. The fiber plate of composite
which can withstand higher load before its failure
compared to neat epoxy and jute fiber. The
variation level of tensile strength is 40 MPa to 64
MPa. The results varied depending upon the
percentage level addition of egg shell powder in
jute fiber. The 10% addition of egg shell powder
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shows high strength compared to 6 and 8%. The
addition of 2% carries very less strength.
Fig no 6 Flexural Test Sample piece
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume23 Number 1- May 2015
The jute and epoxy resin simply carries
30MPa. Now the addition of egg shell powder in
10% shows higher strength. In this addition of
epoxy and egg shell powder in jute at 2 and 4 %
indicates decrease in percentage and addition of
egg shell powder increases its properties. The
flexural strength varies from 20MPa to 48MPa.
The inclusion of jute fiber improves the load
bearing capacity and also improves the capability
to with stand the load.
property of flexible epoxy treated natural fiber
reinforced PLA composites‖. Energy procedia. Pp.
839- 847. 2013.
4. M. Jawaid , H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, A. Abu Bakar, P.
NoorunnisaKhanam,
Chemical resistance, void
content and tensile properties of oil palm/jute fiber
reinforced polymer hybrid composites, Materilas
and Design;2011;12: 1014-1019.
5. M. Jawaid, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, Azman Hassan, Rudi
4. CONCLUSION:
The conclusions of jute epoxy and egg shell
powder is shown below:
1. The fabrication of jute fiber and the addition
of egg shell powder and epoxy resin in the
fiber can be done by using hand layup
technique.
2. Addition of egg shell powder in jute epoxy
increases its tensile and flexural properties
but gradually decrease the impact strength.
3. The loading of fiber increases and their
strength also increases the tensile and
flexural properties.
4. By adding egg shell powder up to 10% it
increases gradually, 10% increases shows
higher strength.
5. The addition of egg shell powder more than
10% it tends to brittle and reduces the
strength of material.
6. Impact strength decreases by the addition of
powder due to its void content.
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