INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
MA COURSE (15 credits): ARCLG181
EVOLUTION OF PALAEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC
SOCIETIES IN THE NEAR EAST
COURSE HANDBOOK 2012-2013
Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site of Beidha in Jordan
Co-ordinator: Dr. Andrew Garrard
E-mail: a.garrard@ucl.ac.uk
Room 408. Telephone 020-7679-4764
INTRODUCTION
This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of this course. If you
have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course,
please consult the Course Co-ordinator.
Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, is to be found in
the general MA/MSc handbook which is also available on the web. It is your responsibility to read and
act on it. It includes information about originality, submission and grading of coursework; disabilities;
communication; attendance; and feedback.
AIMS
The course will examine the evolution and development of Palaeolithic and Neolithic societies in the
Near East from earliest human colonization until the widespread establishment of farming villages.
This will be explored against a backdrop of changing environments and in relation to the demographic,
economic and social contexts of the various periods.
OBJECTIVES
On successful completion of this course, students will:
- be knowledgable about the key developments in human societies through the Pleistocene and
early Holocene of the Near East.
- have an understanding of the nature of the evidence and the ways in which it has been
collected and analysed.
- have a critical appreciation of the range of models which have been used in its interpretation.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this course, students will have expanded:
- their skills in evaluating regional data-bases, and the techniques and models used in their
analysis and interpretation.
- their experience in articulating complex ideas and information in written and oral
presentations.
- their abilities to design and undertake original research.
TEACHING METHODS
This 15 credit course will be taught weekly through the autumn term in 10 two hour sessions. Each will
begin with a lecture, followed by the opportunity for short student presentations and an open
discussion. The presentations would normally involve a critical review of 1-2 articles and will be agreed
in the week preceeding the seminar. This handout contains weekly recommended readings, which
students will be expected to have done, in order to follow and actively contribute to discussion.
PREREQUISITES
This course does not have a prerequisite, however, if students have no previous background in early
prehistory they might find it helpful to attend undergraduate classes in related topics. Suitable
possibilities can be discussed with the Co-ordinator.
WORKLOAD
There will be 20 hours of lectures/seminars for this course. Students will be expected to spend around
80 hours undertaking background reading, and 50 hours preparing and producing the assessed work.
This adds up to a total workload of 150 hours for the course.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
This course is assessed by means of one essay of ca. 4,000 words. Information on the selection of
topics and the deadlines is given at the end of this handbook. The Course Co-ordinator will be willing
to discuss an outline of the essay, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES
In addition to the Institute of Archaeology’s library, students will also need to use UCL’s Science
Library (particularly the Anthropology Section). Libraries outside of UCL which have relevant holdings
include those at the British Museum, the Palestine Exploration Fund, the University of London at
Senate House and the British Library. A letter of introduction is required to use some of these libraries.
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TEACHING SCHEDULE
Teaching sessions will be held between 2.00 – 4.00 pm on Tuesdays through the autumn term. These
will be in Room B13 . It is hoped that students will attend all the sessions, but a minimum attendance
of 70% is required, except in the case of illness or other adverse circumstances which are supported
by medical certificates or other documentation as appropriate.
COURSE TIMETABLE (AG = Andrew Garrard, KW = Katherine Wright)
1. October 2: The history of research and environmental context. (AG)
2. October 9: Earliest human colonization and dispersal through the Near East. (AG)
3. October 16: Neanderthal and early modern human communities in the region. (AG)
4. October 23: Late Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers and their adaptations. (AG)
5. October 30: The Natufian phenomenon and the emergence of sedentism. (AG)
November 5-9: READING WEEK
6. November 13: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) and the beginnings of farming (AG)
7. November 20: Evolution in settlement organization through the PPN (AG)
8. November 27: Developments in mortuary practice and iconography through the PPN (AG)
9. December 4: Diversity in the later Neolithic of the Near East (KW)
10. December 11: Personal Perspectives – Current Research (AG, KW)
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SEMINAR / LECTURE SUMMARIES
The following pages give details of the seminars/lectures for the course and identifies essential () and
optional readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library
system individual readings can be found and whether they are available online. However, this should
be checked against the UCL library computer system (eUCLid) to see if material is out on loan or
whether there are other copies available in other branches/sections of the library. The recommended
readings are considered important for keeping up with the topics covered in the course sessions, and
it is expected that students will have checked these prior to the session under which they are listed.
Arch. = item in Archaeology library
Anthrop., Geography etc are held in the Watson Science Library.
() = highly recommended reading
1. THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
a) The history of research on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Near East. Problem orientation of
research, the history of survey and excavation, and approaches to interpretation.
b) The diversity of environments and resources in the present-day Near East, and the changes they
have undergone since the beginning of human occupation.
HISTORY OF PALAEOLITHIC & NEOLITHIC RESEARCH IN REGION
Clark G.A. (ed.) (1991) Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean HunterGatherer Research. Philidelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. (Chapters 4, 16) (Arch: BC
100 CLA; Issue Desk CLA 14)
Cohen G.M. & Joukowsky M.S. (2004) Breaking Ground. Pioneering Women Archaeologists. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Chapters on Garrod and Kenyon) (Arch: AG 10 COH)
Davies W. & Charles R. (1999) Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic. Oxford, Oxbow.
(Chapters 1, 10, 12, 15) (Arch: AG 10 GAR)
Matthews R. (2003) The Archaeology of Mesopotamia. Theories and Approaches. London: Routledge.
(Chapters 1-2 – not specific to early prehistory) (Arch: DBB 100 MAT; Issue Desk MAT 6)
Simmons A. H. (2007) The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
(Chapter 2) (Arch: DBA 100 SIM; Issue Desk SIM 2)
Wright G. (1971) Origins of food production in southwest Asia: a survey of ideas. Current
Anthropology 12: 447-77. (review of early work on Neolithic) (Online)
ENVIRONMENT OF REGION
Bar-Matthews M. et al. (1997) Late Quaternary paleoclimate in the eastern Mediterranean region
from stable isotope analysis of speleothems at Soreq Cave, Israel. Quaternary Research 47:
155-68. (Online)
st
nd
Beaumont P. et al. (1976 or 1988) The Middle East.1 or 2 eds. Chichester, Wiley. (Chapters 1,2)
(introduction to present environments) (Arch: DB BEA 1; Geography: PA 5 BEA; & PA 25 BEA)
Enzel Y. et al. (2008) The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the
late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighbouring deserts. Global and
Planetary Change 60: 165-192. (Online)
Goudie A. (1992) Environmental Change. 3rd ed. Oxford, Clarendon. (Ch. 2 - not specific to Near
East) (Arch: BA GOU)
Hazan N. et al. (2005) The late Quaternary limnological history of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee),
Israel. Quaternary Research 63: 60-77. (Online)
 Hillman G. (1996) Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of
the northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The
origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. London, UCL Press: 159-203.
(Arch: HA HAR; Issue Desk HAR 8)
 Maher L., Banning E.B. & Chazan M. (2011) Oasis or Mirage? Assessing the role of abrupt climate
change in the prehistory of the southern Levant. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21: 1-30.
(Online)
Roberts N. (1998) The Holocene. An environmental history. 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell. (Ch. 2-3 - not
specific to Near East) (Arch: BA ROB; Issue Desk ROB 3)
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 Robinson, S. A. et al. (2006) A review of palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments in the Levant and
Eastern Mediterranean from 25,000 to 5,000 years BP: setting the environmental background
for the evolution of human civilization. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 1517-1541. (Online)
Zeist W. van & Bottema S. (1991) Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. Wiesbaden, Reichert.
(Arch: Issue Desk ZEI)
2. EARLIEST HUMAN COLONISATION AND DISPERSAL THROUGH THE NEAR EAST
The Near East provides the sole land-bridge between Africa and Eurasia. This session will examine
the colonization and adaptations of the earliest human species in the region through the Lower
Palaeolithic. It will look particularly at their fossil remains, the distribution and nature of their sites, and
the evidence for their subsistence and technology.
Bar-Yosef O. (1994) The Lower Palaeolithic of the Near East. Journal World Prehistory 8 (3): 21166. (Online)
 Bar-Yosef O. (1998) Early colonizations and cultural continuities in the Lower Palaeolithic of western
Asia. In M. D. Petraglia & R. Koriselter (eds.) Early Human Behaviour in Global Context. The
Rise and Diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic Record. London: Routledge: 221-279. (Arch: BC
120 PET)
Bar-Yosef O. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2001) From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Quaternary
International 75: 19-28. (Online)
Bar-Yosef O. & Goren-Inbar N. (1993) The lithic assemblages of Ubeidiya. Qedem 34 (Hebrew
University Jerusalem). (section 1 provides good introduction to site) (Arch: DBE Series QED
34)
 Dennell R. & Roebroeks W. (2005) An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa.
Nature 438: 1099-1104. (Online)
Dennell R. (2009) The Palaeolithic settlement of Asia. Cambridge University Press. (Chapters 4, 6, 8)
(Arch: DB DEN)
Derricourt R. (2005) Getting “Out-of-Africa”: sea crossings, land crossings and culture in the hominin
migrations. Journal of World Prehistory 19: 119-132. (Online)
d'Errico F. & Nowell A. (2000) A new look at the Berekhat Ram figurine: implications for the origins
of symbolism. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10 (1): 123-67. (Online)
Friedline S. et al. (2011) A comprehensive morphometric analysis of the frontal and zygomatic bone of
the Zuttiyeh fossil from Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 62: 225-241. (Online)
Gabunia L. et al. (2000) The environmental contexts of early human occupation of Georgia
(Transcaucasia). Journal Human Evolution 38: 785-802. (Online)
 Gabunia L. et al. (2001) Dmanisi and Dispersal. Evolutionary Anthropology 10: 158-170. (Online)
Gaudzinski S. (2004) Early hominid subsistence in the Levant: Taphomonic studies of the PlioPleistocene ‘Ubeidiya Formation (Israel). In N. Goren-Inbar & J. D. Speth (eds.) Human
Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor. Oxford: Oxbow. (Arch: DBA 100 GOR; Issue Desk
GOR)
 Goren-Inbar N. et al. (2000) Pleistocene milestones on the Out-of-Africa corridor at Gesher
Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Science 289: 944-47. (Online)
Goren-Inbar N. et al. (1994) A butchered elephant skull and associated artifacts from the
Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Paléorient 20/1: 99-112. (Online)
Goren-Inbar N. et al. (2004) Evidence of Hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel.
Science 304: 725-727. (Online)
Lordkipanidze D. et al. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature
449: 305-310. (Online)
Shea J.J. (1999) Artifact abrasion, fluvial processes and "living floors" from the Early Palaeolithic site
of Ubeidiya. Geoarchaeology 14 (2): 191-208. (Online)
Shimelmitz R., Barkai R. & Gopher A. (2011) Systematic blade production at late Lower Paleolithic
(400-200 kyr) Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 61: 458-479. (Online)
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3. NEANDERTHAL AND EARLY MODERN HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN THE REGION
Both Neanderthal and early Modern Human populations inhabited the Near East during the Middle
Palaeolithic. This session will examine the fossil and behavioural evidence left by the two populations
in the region, and particularly their distribution, technology, subsistence and the evidence for emergent
symbolic behaviour in the form of burial.
Akazawa T. et al. (1998) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York, Plenum.
(Chapters 3, 8, 14) (Arch: BC 120 AKA; Issue Desk AKA)
Bar-Yosef O. et al. (1992) The excavations at Kebara Cave, Mt.Carmel. Current Anthropology 33:
497-550. (Online)
Bar-Yosef O. & Meignan L. (eds.) (2007) Kebara Cave Mt. Carmel, Israel. The Middle and Upper
Palaeolithic Archaeology Part 1. Cambridge, Harvard University, Peabody Museum of
Archaeology and Ethnology. (Arch: DBE 10 BAR)
 Bar-Yosef O. (2000) The Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic in Southwest Asia and
neighbouring regions. In O. Bar-Yosef & D. Pilbeam (eds.) The geography of neandertals
and modern humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean. Cambridge, Harvard
University, Peabody Museum Bulletin 8: 107-56. (Arch: BB 1 BAR; Issue Desk BAR 21)
Bar-Yosef Mayer D.E. et al. (2009) Shells and ochre in the Middle Palaeolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel:
indications for modern behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 56: 307-14. (Online)
Boeda E. et al. (1999) A levallois point embedded in the vertebra of a wild ass: hafting, projectiles and
Mousterian hunting weapons. Antiquity 73 (280): 394-401. (Online)
Gargett R.H. (1999) Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, SaintCesaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal Human Evolution 37: 27-90. (sceptic's view)
(Online)
 Green R.E. et al. (2010) A draft sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328: 710-722. (see
also comment by Gibbons: Science 328: 680-684) (Online)
Hovers E. (2006) Neandertals and Modern Humans in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant: What kind
of interaction? In N. J. Conard (ed.) When Neanderthals and modern humans met.
Tübingen: Kerns. (Arch: BB 1 CON; Issue Desk CON 12)
Hovers E. et al. (2000) The Amud 7 skeleton - still a burial. Journal Human Evolution 39 (2): 253-260.
(rebuttal to Gargett) (Online)
Hovers E. et al. (2003) An early case of color symbolism: ochre use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh
Cave. Current Anthropology 44: 491-522. (Online)
Hovers E. & Kuhn S.L. (eds.) (2006) Transitions before the transition : evolution and stability in the
Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. New York: Springer. (Chapters 9, 10, 12) (Arch: Issue
Desk HOV)
Kaufman D. (1999) Archaeological perspectives on the origins of modern humans: a view from the
Levant. (Arch: BB 1 KAU)
 Pettitt P. (2011) Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. Abingdon: Routledge. (Arch: BC 120 PET;
Issue Desk PET 20)
Shea J. (1998) Neanderthal and early modern human behavioural variability: a regional-scale
approach to lithic evidence for hunting in the Levantine Mousterian. Current Anthropology
39, Supplement: S45-78. (Online)
 Shea J. (2003) The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory
17: 313-394. (Online)
Speth J.D. & Tchernov E. (2001) Neandertal hunting and meat-processing in the Near East. In C.B.
Stanford & H.T. Bunn (eds.) Meat eating and human evolution. Oxford University: 52-72. (Arch:
BB 1 STA; Issue Desk STA 3)
Stiner M.C. (ed.) (2005) The faunas of Hayonim Cave, Israel : a 200,000-year record of Paleolithic
diet, demography, and society. Cambridge: Harvard University, Peabody Museum. (Chapter 12)
(Arch: DBE 10 STI)
Vanhaeren M. et al. (2006) Middle Palaeolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312: 17851788. (Online)
Various articles in special edition of the journal Paléorient (21/2: 1995) are devoted to Middle
Palaeolithic humans and burials (especially Trinkaus, Hovers et al., Akazawa et al.) (Online)
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4. LATE PALAEOLITHIC HUNTER-GATHERERS AND THEIR ADAPTATIONS
The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition has been described as a “human revolution”. This session
will examine the nature of this transition in the Near East and the adaptations of Upper and
Epipalaeolithic hunter-gatherers to the coldest and driest stages of the late glacial cycle.
Bar-Oz G. (2004) Epipaleolithic subsistence strategies in the Levant : a zooarchaeological
perspective. Boston: Brill Academic. (Chapters 1, 4) (Arch: Issue Desk BAR 1)
 Bar-Yosef O. (1998) On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the
Neolithic Revolution. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 8 (2): 141-63. (Online)
Bar-Yosef O. (2000) The Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic in Southwest Asia and neighbouring
regions. In O.Bar-Yosef & D.Pilbeam (eds.) The geography of neandertals and modern
humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean. Cambridge, Harvard University, Peabody
Museum Bulletin 8: 107-56. (Arch: BB 1 BAR; Issue Desk BAR 21)
Belfer-Cohen A. & Bar-Yosef O. (1981) The Aurignacian at Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 7/2: 19-42.
(Online)
Belfer-Cohen A. & Bar-Yosef O. (1999) The Levantine Aurignacian: 60 years of research. In W.
Davies W. & R. Charles (eds.) Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic Oxford,
Oxbow: 118-134. (Arch: AG 10 GAR)
Belfer-Cohen A. & Goring-Morris A.N. (2007) From the beginning: Levantine Upper Palaeolithic
cultural change and continuity. In P. Mellars et al. (eds.) Rethinking the Human Revolution.
Cambridge, McDonald Institute: 199-296. (Arch: BB 1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL 14)
Fellner R. (1995) Cultural change and the Epipalaeolithic of Palestine. Oxford, BAR S599. (Arch:
Issue Desk FEL)
 Goring-Morris N. (1995) Complex hunter/gatherers at the end of the Palaeolithic (20,000-10,000
BP). In T. Levy (ed.) The archaeology of society in the Holy Land. Leicester University Press:
141-68. (Arch: DBE 100 LEV; Issue Desk LEV 3)
Goring-Morris A.N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (eds.) (2003) More than meets the eye: studies on Upper
Palaeolithic diversity in the Near East. Oxford: Oxbow. (Chapters 1, 22, 23) (Arch: DBA 100 Qto
GOR; Issue Desk GOR).
Kislev M.E. et al. (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19,000) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel.
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 73:161-166. (Online)
Kuhn S.L. & Stiner M.C. (2007) Body ornamentation as information technology: towards an
understanding of the significance of early beads. In P. Mellars et al. (eds.) Rethinking the
Human Revolution. Cambridge, McDonald Institute: 45-54. (Arch: BB 1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL
14)
Maher, L.A. et al. (2012) Twenty thousand-year-old huts at a hunter-gatherer settlement in eastern
Jordan. PLoS ONE 7 (2) e31447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031447. (Online)
 Maher L.A., Richter T. & Stock J.T. (2012) The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term behavioural
trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology 21: 69-81. (Online)
Mellars P., Boyle K., Bar-Yosef, O & Stringer C. (eds.) (2007) Rethinking the Human Revolution.
Cambridge, McDonald Institute. (Arch: BB 1 MEL; Issue Desk MEL 14)
Nadel D. et al. (1995) Radiocarbon dating of Ohalo II: archaeological and methodological
implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 811-22. (Online)
Nadel D. & Werker E. (1999) The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley,
Israel (19,000 BP). Antiquity 73 (282): 755-64. (Online)
Otte M. et al. (1995) The Epi-Palaeolithic of Okuzini cave (SW Anatolia) and its mobiliary art.
Antiquity 69: 931-44. (Online)
Pirie A. (2004) Constructing prehistory: lithic analysis in the Levantine Epipalaeolithic. Journal Royal
Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 10: 675-703. (Online)
 Stutz A., Munro N. & Bar-Oz G. (2009) Increasing the resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution
in the Southern Levantine Epipalaeolithic (19-12 ka). Journal of Human Evolution 56 (3): 294306. (Online)
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5. THE NATUFIAN PHENOMENON AND THE EMERGENCE OF SEDENTISM
During the Late Epipalaeolithic (Natufian), stone-built hunter-gatherer settlements appeared in the
better resourced areas of the Levant and a number of these had cemeteries in association. There has
been much debate as to whether this represented the beginnings of sedentism and if there is any
evidence for social differentiation. This session will examine the nature of the Natufian phenomenon:
the settlements, the cemeteries and the social and economic basis of the communities.
Bar-Oz G. (2004) Epipaleolithic subsistence strategies in the Levant: a zooarchaeological perspective.
Boston: Brill Academic. (Chapters 1, 4) (Arch: Issue Desk BAR 1)
Bar-Yosef O. & Valla F. (eds.) (1991) The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor, International
Monographs in Prehistory. (Chapters by Edwards, Moore, Tchernov, Belfer-Cohen) (Arch: DBA
100 BAR)
 Bar-Yosef O. (1998) The Natufian Culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture.
Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159-77. (Online)
Barlow K.R. & Heck M. (2002) More on acorn eating during the Natufian: expected patterning in diet
and the archaeological record of subsistence. In S. Mason & J. Hather (eds.) Hunter-Gatherer
Archaeobotany. London, University College London: 128-45. (Arch: BB 5 Qto MAS)
Belfer-Cohen A. (1988) The Natufian graveyard at Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 14/2: 297-308. (Online)
Belfer-Cohen A. (1995) Rethinking social stratification in the Natufian culture: the evidence from
burials. In S. Campbell & A. Green (eds.) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East.
Oxford: Oxbow: 9-16. (Arch: DBA 100 Qto CAM; Issue Desk CAM 2)
Boyd B. (2006) On sedentism in the Late Epipaleolithic (Natufian) Levant. World Archaeology 38: 164178. (Online)
Byrd B. F. (2005) Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of
Archaeological Research 13: 231-290. (Online)
 Byrd B.F. and Monahan C.M. (1995) Death, mortuary ritual and Natufian social structure. Journal
Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251-87. (Online)
 Delage C. (ed) (2004) The last hunter-gatherers in the Near East. Oxford, BAR S1320. (Chapters
by Delage x2, Munro, Hayden) (DBA 100 Qto DEL; Issue Desk DEL)
Edwards P.C. (1989) Problems of recognizing earliest sedentism: the Natufian example. Journal of
Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 5-48. (Online)
 Goring-Morris N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2003) Structures and dwellings in the Upper and EpiPalaeolithic (ca 42-10 k BP) Levant. Profane and symbolic uses. In S.A.Vasil’ev et al. (eds.)
Perceived landscapes and built environments. Oxford, BAR S1122: 65-81. (DA Qto VAS, Issue
Desk VAS)
Grosman L., Munro N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2008) A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern
Levant (Israel). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (46) 17665-9. (Online)
Hardy-Smith T. & Edwards P.C. (2004) The garbage crisis in prehistory: artifact discard patterns at the
Early Natufian site of Wadi Hammeh 27 and the origins of household refuge disposal strategies.
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23: 253-289. (Online)
Henry D.O. (1989) From Foraging to Agriculture – the Levant at the end of the Ice Age. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press. (Arch: DBE 100 HEN; Issue Desk HEN 9)
Hillman G. (1996) Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the
northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The
origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. London, UCL Press: 159-203.
(Arch: HA HAR; Issue Desk HAR 8)
Munro N.D. (2004) Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the
Natufian. Current Anthropology 45 Supplement: S5-S33. (Online)
Olszewski D. (1991) Social complexity in the Natufian? Assessing the relationship of ideas and data.
In G. A. Clark (ed.) Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean HunterGatherer Research. Philidelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press: 322-340. (Arch: BC 100
CLA; Issue Desk CLA 14)
Wright K.I. (1994) Ground stone tools and hunter-gatherer subsistence in southwest Asia:
implications for the transition to farming. American Antiquity 59: 238-63. (Online)
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6. THE PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC AND THE BEGINNINGS OF FARMING
During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic there was a rapid expansion in the scale of settlement which was
linked to the beginnings of food production. Changes in the social fabric of society are reflected in
evolving settlement organization, iconography and mortuary practice. This session will provide an
introduction to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, and a discussion of the development and early history of
farming.
INTRODUCTION TO PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC
 Asouti E. (2006) Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction sphere. Journal of World Prehistory
20: 87-126. (Online)
Byrd B. F. (2005) Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of
Archaeological Research 13: 231-290. (Online)
Cauvin J. (2000) The birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. Cambridge University Press.
(Arch: DBA 100 CAU; Issue Desk CAU)
Kuijt I. (2000) Life in Neolithic farming villages. Social organization, identity and differentiation. New
York, Kluwer. (Arch: DBA 100 KUI; Issue Desk KUI)
 Kuijt I. & Goring-Morris N. (2002) Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic of the Southern Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal World Prehistory 16: 361-440.
(Online)
Simmons A. H. (2007) The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
(Arch: DBA 100 SIM; Issue Desk SIM 2)
BEGINNINGS OF FARMING
General & Theoretical Perspectives
 Bar-Yosef O. & Meadow R. (1995) The origins of agriculture in the Near East. In T.D. Price & A.B.
Gebauer (eds) Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to
Agriculture. Sante Fe: School of American Research Press. 39-94. (Arch: HA PRI; Issue Desk
PRI 5)
Cauvin J. (2000) The birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. Cambridge University Press.
(Arch: DBA 100 CAU; Issue Desk CAU)
Eshed V. et al. (2004) Has the transition to agriculture reshaped the demographic structure of
populations? New evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:
315-29. (Online)
Hayden B. (1990) Nimrods, piscators, pluckers and planters: the emergence of food production.
Journal Anthropological Archaeology 9: 31-69. (Online)
Hodder I. (1992) Theory and Practice in Archaeology. London, Routledge. (Chapter 16). (Arch: AH
HOD; Issue Desk HOD 10)
Smith P. & Horwitz L. (2007) Ancestors and Inheritors. A bioanthropological perspective on the
transition to agropastoralism in the southern Levant. In M.N. Cohen & G. Crane-Kramer (eds.)
Ancient Health. Skeletal Indicators of Agricultural and Economic Intensification. Gainsville,
University of Florida Press (Arch: JF COH)
 Verhoeven M. (2004) Beyond boundaries: nature, culture and a holistic approach to domestication
in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 18: 179-282. (Online).
Plant Domestication
 Asouti E. & Fuller D. (2011) From foraging to farming in the southern Levant: the development of
Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic plant management strategies. Vegetation History and
Archaeobotany 11: 41-54. (Online)
 Colledge S., Conolly J. & Shennan S. (2004) Archaeobotanical evidence for the spread of farming
from the eastern Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 45: 35-58. (Online)
Garrard A. (1999) Charting the emergence of cereal and pulse domestication in South-West Asia.
Environmental Archaeology 4: 67-86. (Online)
Moore A., Hillman G. & Legge A. (eds.) (2000) Village on the Euphrates. From Foraging to Farming at
Abu Hureyra. Oxford University Press. (Part IV). (Arch: DBD 10 MOO; Issue Desk MOO 2)
Willcox G. (1999) Agrarian change and the beginnings of cultivation in the Near East: evidence from
wild progenitors, experimental cultivation and archaeobotanical data. In C. Gosden & J.
9
Hather (eds.) The Prehistory of Food. London, Routledge: 478-500. (Arch: HA GOS; Issue Desk
GOS)
Willcox G. & Stordeur D. (2012) Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenth
millennium cal BC in northern Syria. Antiquity 86: 99-114.
Zohary D. & Hopf M. (2001) Domestication of plants in the Old World. (3rd ed.). Oxford, Clarendon.
(Arch: HA ZOH)
Animal Domestication
 Conolly, J. et al. (2011) Meta-analysis of zooarchaeological data from SW Asia and SE Europe
provides insight into the origins and spread of animal husbandry. Journal of Archaeological
Science 38: 538-545. (Online)
Evershed R. et al. (2008) Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to
cattle herding. Nature 455: 528-31. (Online)
Garrard A. et al. (1996) The emergence of crop cultivation and caprine herding in the "Marginal
Zone" of the southern Levant. In D.R. Harris (ed.) The origins and spread of agriculture and
Pastoralism in Eurasia. London, UCL Press: 204-26. (Arch: HA HAR; Issue Desk HAR 8)
Horwitz L. et al. (1999) Animal domestication in the southern Levant. Paléorient 25 (2): 63-80.
(Online)
 Peters J. et al. (2005) The upper Euphrates-Tigris basin: cradle of agro-pastoralism? In J-D. Vigne
(eds.) The First Steps of Animal Domestication. Oxford, Oxbow: 96-124. (Arch: Issue Desk
VIG)
Zeder M. (2005) A view from the Zagros: New perspectives on livestock domestication in the Fertile
Crescent. In J-D. Vigne (eds.) The First Steps of Animal Domestication. Oxford, Oxbow: 125146. (Arch: Issue Desk VIG)
7. EVOLUTION IN SETTLEMENT ORGANISATION THROUGH THE PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC
This session will explore the development of residential structures and settlement organization through
the first 3.5 millennia of the Neolithic. The period witnessed considerable changes in the layout of
domestic space and also in the elaboration of corporate structures. In the southern Levant there was
an abandonment of many of the early villages towards the end of this period.
- General
Banning E.B. (1996) Houses, compounds and mansions in the prehistoric Near East. In G.Coupland
& E.B.Banning (eds.) People who lived in Big Houses. Madison, Prehistory Press: 165-85.
(Arch: DEA Qto COU)
Kuijt I. & Goring-Morris N. (2002) Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic
of the Southern Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal World Prehistory 16: 361-440. (Online)
 Watkins T. (2004) Architecture and ‘Theatres of Memory’ in the Neolithic of South West Asia. In E.
DeMarrais et al. (eds.) Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with the Material World.
Cambridge, McDonald Institute: 97-106. (Arch: AH DEM; Issue Desk DEM 1)
 Wright K.I. (2000) The social origins of cooking and dining in early villages of Western Asia.
Proceedings Prehistoric Society 66: 1-33. (Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
- Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
 Bar-Yosef O (1986) The walls of Jericho: an alternative interpretation. Current Anthropology 27:
157-62. (Online)
Bar-Yosef O. & Gopher A. (eds.) (1997) An early Neolithic village in the Jordan Valley. Part 1.
Harvard, Peabody Museum. (Arch: DBE 10 BAR)
 Finlayson B. et al. (2011) Architecture, sedentism and social complexity at Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
WF16, southern Jordan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 8183-88.
(Online)
Kuijt I. (1994) Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlement variability: evidence for sociopolitical developments in
the southern Levant. Journal Mediterranean Archaeology 7: 165-92. (Online)
Rosenberg M. & Redding R.W. (2000) Hallan Cemi and early village organisation in eastern Anatolia.
In I.Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. New York, Kluwer: 39-62. (Arch: DBA 100
KUI; Issue Desk KUI)
Stordeur D. et al. (2001) Les batiments communautaires de Jerf el Ahmar et Mureybet horizon PPNA
(Syrie). Paléorient 26 (1): 29-44. (Online)
10
- Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
 Banning E.B. (2011) So fair a house. Göbekli Tepe and the identification of temples in the PrePottery Neolithic of the Near East. Current Anthropology 52: 619-60. (important to read
comments as well) (Online)
Byrd B.F. (1994) Public and private, domestic and corporate: the emergence of the Southwest Asian
village. American Antiquity 59: 39-66. (Online)
 Kuijt I. (2000) People and space in early agricultural villages: exploring daily lives, community size,
and architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal Anthropological Archaeology 19:
75-102. (Online)
Rollefson G. & Kohler-Rollefson I. (1989) The collapse of early Neolithic settlements in the southern
Levant. In I.Hershkovitz (ed.) People and culture in change. Vol. 1. Oxford, BAR S508: 73-90.
(Arch: BC 100 Qto HER)
Rollefson G.O. (1997) Changes in architecture and social organisation at 'Ain Ghazal. In H.G. Gebel
et al. (eds.) The Prehistory of Jordan II. Perspectives from 1997. Berlin, ex oriente: 287-307.
(Arch: Issue Desk GEB)
 Rollefson G.O. (2005) Early Neolithic ritual centres in the Southern Levant. Neo-Lithics 2/05: 3-13.
(Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
Schirmer W. (1990) Some aspects of building at the aceramic-neolithic settlement of Cayonu
Tepesi. World Archaeology 21 (3): 363-87. (Online)
Schmidt K. (2002) The 2002 excavations at Göbekli Tepe (southeastern Turkey) – impressions from
an enigmatic site. Neo-Lithics 2/02: 8-13. (Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
 Schmidt K. (2005) “Ritual Centres” and the neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. Neo-Lithics 2/05:
13-21. (Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
8. DEVELOPMENTS IN MORTUARY PRACTICE AND ICONOGRAPHY THROUGH THE PREPOTTERY NEOLITHIC
A wide range of visual imagery survives from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic ranging from body
ornamentation and small figurines to the production of larger sculptures and reliefs. Burial customs
and the treatment of the dead also shows much temporal and spatial variation. This session will
examine the nature of this and approaches to it’s interpretation.
Arensburg B. & Hershkovitz I. (1989) Artificial skull "treatment" in the PPNB period: Nahal Hemar. In I.
Hershkovitz (ed.) People and Culture in Change. Vol. 1. Oxford, BAR S508i: 115-32. (Arch: BC
100 Qto HER)
Bienert H-D. (1991) Skull cult in the prehistoric Near East. Journal Prehistoric Religion 5: 9-23.
(Arch: journal)
Bonogofsky M. (2003) Neolithic plastered skulls and railroading epistemologies. Bulletin of the
American Schools of Oriental Research 331: 1-10. (Online)
Cauvin J. (2000) The symbolic foundations of the Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. In I.Kuijt
(ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. New York, Kluwer: 235-52 (Arch: DBA 100 KUI;
Issue Desk CAU)
 Dietrich O. et al. (2012) The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities.
New evidence from Göbelki Höyük, south eastern Turkey. Antiquity 86: 674-95 (Online; or if not
available ask A. Garrard for copy)
Fletcher A., Pearson J. & Ambers J. (2008) The manipulation of social and physical identity in the PrePottery Neolithic. Radiographic evidence for cranial modification at Jericho and its implications
for the plastering of skulls. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18 (3) 309-25. (Online)
Goring-Morris N. (2000) The quick and the dead: the social context of Aceramic Neolithic mortuary
practices as seen from Kfar Hahoresh. In I.Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities.
New York, Kluwer: 103-36. (Arch: DBA 100 KUI; Issue Desk KUI)
 Goring-Morris A.N. (2005) Life, death and the emergence of differential status in the Near Eastern
Neolithic: evidence from Kfar HaHoresh, Lower Galilee, Israel. In J. Clarke (ed.) Archaeological
Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Oxford, Oxbow: 89-105. (Arch: Issue Desk CLA 3)
Hershkovitz I. & Gopher A. (1990) Paleodemography, burial customs and food producing economy at
the beginning of the Holocene. Mitekufat Haeven (= Journal Israel Prehistoric Society) 23: 947. (Arch: journal)
Hodder I. (2006) Çatalhöyük. The Leopard’s Tale. London: Thames & Hudson. (Arch: DBC 10 HOD;
Issue Desk HOD 2)
11
Koutsadelis C. (2007) Mortuary Practices in the Process of Levantine Neolithisation. Oxford, BAR
S1685. (Arch: DBA 100 Qto KOU)
Kuijt I. (1996) Negotiating equality through ritual: a consideration of Late Natufian and Prepottery
Neolithic A period mortuary practices. Journal Anthropological Archaeology 15: 313-36.
(Online)
 Kuijt I. (2000) Keeping the peace: ritual, skull caching and community integration in the
Levantine Neolithic. In I.Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. New York, Kluwer:
137-62. (Arch: DBA 100 KUI; Issue Desk KUI)
 Kuijt I. & Chesson M.S. (2005) Lumps of clay and pieces of stone: ambiguity, bodies and identity as
portrayed in Neolithic figurines. In S. Pollock & R. Bernbeck (eds.) Archaeologies of the Middle
East. Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell: 152-183. (Arch: DBA 100 POL; Issue Desk POL
4).
Rollefson G.O. (2000) Ritual and social structure at Neolithic Ain Ghazal. In I.Kuijt (ed.) Life in
Neolithic Farming Communities. New York, Kluwer: 163-90. (Arch: DBA 100 KUI; Issue Desk
KUI)
Schmandt-Besserat D. (1998) 'Ain Ghazal "monumental" figures. Bulletin American Schools of
Oriental Research 310: 1-17.(Online)
Schmidt K. (1998) Beyond daily bread: evidence of early Neolithic ritual from Gobekli Tepe. NeoLithics 2/98: 1-5. (Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
Schmidt K. (1999) Boars, ducks and foxes - the Urfa Project 99. Neo-Lithics 3/99: 12-15. (Arch:
journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
Voigt M.M. (2000) Catal Hoyuk in context: ritual at Early Neolithic sites in central and eastern Turkey.
In I.Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. New York, Kluwer: 253-93.(Arch: DBA 100
KUI; Issue Desk KUI)
 Wright K. & Garrard A. (2003) Social identities and the expansion of stone bead-making in Neolithic
Western Asia: new evidence from Jordan. Antiquity 77: 267-84. (Online)
9. DIVERSITY IN THE LATER NEOLITHIC OF THE NEAR EAST
(Session presented by Katherine Wright)
After the PPNB ‘collapse’ (a debated concept), the Late Neolithic witnessed an expansion in diversity
of cultures across the Near East, laying the foundations for the later emergence of different complex
civilizations in the various regions. Trends included sharp changes in technologies (eg, ceramics),
material culture styles, burial practices, and new directions in subsistence economies (changes in
herding, secondary products). Here we examine these developments.
Akkermans P. (1983) Bouqras revisited. Proceedings Prehistoric Society 49: 335-72. (Arch: journal)
 Akkermans P. & Duistermaat K. (1996) Of storage & nomads. The sealings from lte Neolithic Sabi
Abyad, Syria. Paléorient 22 (2): 17-32. (Online)
Bernbeck R., et al. (1996) Comment on Akkermans & Duistermaat’s article. Paléorient 22 (2): 33-44.
(Online)
Campbell S. (2000) The burnt house, Arpachiyah. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research,
318:1-40. (Online)
 Campbell S. et al. (1999) Emerging complexity on the Kahramanmaras plain, Turkey: the
Domuztepe project, 1995-1997. American Journal of Archaeology 103: 395-418 (Online)
Gopher A. & Gophna R. (1993) Cultures of the eighth and seventh millennia BP in the Southern
Levant: a review for the 1990s. Journal of World Prehistory 7: 297-353. (Online)
 Gopher A. & Goren Y. (1995) The beginnings of pottery. In T. Levy (ed.) The Archaeology of Society
in the Holy Land. Leicester University Press: 224-225. (Arch: DBE 100 LEV; Issue Desk LEV 3)
Gopher A. & Orrelle E. (1996) An alternative interpretation for the material imagery of the
Yarmoukian, a Neolithic culture of the sixth millennum BC. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 6:
255-79. (Online)
 Hodder I. (2006) Changing entanglements & temporalities. In I. Hodder (ed) Excavations at
Çatalhöyük, Volume 5. Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Cambridge: McDonald Institute: 122. (Arch: DBC 10 HOD; Issue Desk HOD 22)
 Özbal R. & Gerritsen F. et al. (2004) Tell Kurdu excavations 2001. Anatolica 30: 37-108. (Online)
Rollefson G.O. (1997) Changes in architecture and social organisation at 'Ain Ghazal. In H.G. Gebel
et al. (eds.) The Prehistory of Jordan II. Perspectives from 1997. Berlin, ex oriente: 287-307.
(Arch: Issue Desk GEB)
Sherratt A. (1997) Plough & pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution.
12
In A.Sherratt (ed.) Economy & Society in Prehistoric Europe. Edinburgh University Press: 155198. (Arch: DA 100 SHE; Issue Desk SHE 9)
Browse one of the following books
Akkermans P. (1993) Villages in the Steppe. Ann Arbor, International Monographs in Prehistory 5.
(Arch: DBD 10 AKK)
Garfinkel Y. & Miller, M. A. (2002) Sha'ar ha-Golan: Neolithic Art in Context. Oxford: Oxbow. (Arch:
DBE 10 GAR)
Garfinkel Y. (2003) Dancing at the dawn of agriculture. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Arch: DAG
100 GAR)
Hodder I. (2005) Inhabiting Çatalhöyük. Reports from 1995-99 seasons. Cambridge: McDonald
Institute. (Arch: DBC 10 HOD; Issue Desk HOD 21)
Hodder I. (2006) Çatalhöyük Perspectives. Themes from 1995-99 seasons. Cambridge: McDonald
Institute. (Arch: DBC 10 HOD; Issue Desk HOD 21)
Hodder I. (2006) Çatalhöyük. The Leopard’s Tale. London: Thames & Hudson. (Arch: DBC 10 HOD;
Issue Desk HOD 2)
Verhoeven M. (1999) An archaeological ethnography of a neolithic community: space, place and
social relations in the burnt village at Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Istanbul: Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Instanbul sic. (Arch: DBD 10 VER)
10. PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES – CURRENT RESEARCH
(Session presented by Andrew Garrard & Katherine Wright)
In this session, recent themes and trends in Near Eastern prehistory are discussed through the lens of
some Institute research projects on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic. We illustrate these using our own
experiences which also provide perspectives on some of the practical issues facing Near Eastern
prehistorians. AG will discuss his work on late Pleistocene and early Holocene communities living at
the arid and mesic margins of the “Fertile Crescent” and the Neolithisation process in those areas. KW
will discuss her work on technology and its social significance e.g. the development of food processing
technology within the contexts of households and villages, and bead technology and its relation to
social identity.
Garrard A. (1997) Environment and Cultural Adaptations in the Azraq Basin: 24,000–7,000 BP. In D.
Henry (ed.) The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan. Oxford, BAR S705: 139-150. (Arch: DBE
100 Qto HEN; Issue Desk HEN 10)
Garrard A., Baird D., Colledge S., Martin L. & Wright K. (1994) Prehistoric environment and settlement
in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1987 and 1988 excavation seasons. Levant 26: 73109. (Online)
Garrard A., Colledge S. & Martin, L. (1996) The emergence of crop cultivation and caprine herding in
the "marginal zone" of the southern Levant. In D. Harris (ed.) The origins and spread of
agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. London, University College: 204-226. (Arch: HA HAR;
Issue Desk HAR 8)
Garrard A. & Yazbeck C. (2008) Qadisha Valley Prehistory Project, Lebanon: The 2004-2008
excavations at Moghr el-Ahwal. Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises 12: 5-15.
(Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
Baysal A. & Wright K. I. (2005) Cooking, crafts and curation: the ground stone artefacts from
Çatalhöyük, 1995-1999. In I. Hodder et al. (eds.) Excavations at Çatalhöyük, Volume 5.
Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge:
McDonald Institute: 393-410. (Arch: DBC 10 HOD; Issue Desk HOD 22)
Wright K.I. (1994) Ground stone tools and hunter-gatherer subsistence in southwest Asia:
implications for the transition to farming. American Antiquity 59: 238-63. (Online)
Wright K.I. (2000) The social origins of cooking and dining in early villages of Western Asia.
Proceedings Prehistoric Society 66: 1-33. (Arch: journal; or ask A.Garrard for copy)
Wright K. & Garrard A. (2003) Social identities and the expansion of stone bead-making in Neolithic
Western Asia: new evidence from Jordan. Antiquity 77: 267-84. (Online)
13
GENERAL BACKGROUND LITERATURE FOR COURSE
General Background on the Palaeolithic
nd
Lewin R. & Foley R. (2004) Principles of Human Evolution. 2 ed. Oxford, Blackwell. (Arch: BB 1
LEW; Issue Desk LEW)
rd
Klein R. (2009) The Human Career. 3 ed. Chicago University. (Arch: BB 1 KLE; Issue Desk KLE 4)
Inizan M-L. et al. (1999) Technology and terminology of knapped stone. Nanterre, CREP. (Arch: KA
Qto INI)
General Background on the Palaeolithic of Near East
Akazawa T. et al. (1998) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. New York, Plenum.
(Arch: BC 120 AKA; Issue Desk AKA)
Bar-Yosef O. & Valla F. (eds.) (1991) The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor, International
Monographs in Prehistory (Arch: DBA 100 BAR)
Delage C. (ed) (2004) The last hunter-gatherers in the Near East. Oxford, BAR S1320. (Arch: DBA
100 Qto DEL; Issue Desk - DEL)
Goring-Morris A.N. & Belfer-Cohen A. (eds.) (2003) More than meets the eye: studies on Upper
Palaeolithic diversity in the Near East. Oxford: Oxbow. (Arch: DBA 100 Qto GOR; Issue Desk
GOR).
General Background on the Neolithic of Near East
Asouti E. (2006) Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction sphere. Journal of World Prehistory 20:
87-126. (Online)
Byrd B. F. (2005) Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of
Archaeological Research 13: 231-290. (Online)
Cauvin J. (2000) The birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. Cambridge University Press.
(Arch: DBA 100 CAU; Issue Desk CAU)
Kuijt I. (2000) Life in Neolithic farming villages. Social organization, identity and differentiation. New
York, Kluwer. (Arch: DBA 100 KUI; Issue Desk KUI)
Kuijt I. & Goring-Morris N. (2002) Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic
of the Southern Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal World Prehistory 16: 361-440. (Online)
Mellaart J. (1975) The Neolithic of the Near East. London, Thames & Hudson. (Very out-of-date
classic) (Arch: DBA 100 MEL)
Simmons A. H. (2007) The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.
(Arch: DBA 100 SIM; Issue Desk SIM 2)
Singh P. (1974) Neolithic cultures of Western Asia. London, Seminar. (Useful for descriptions of
early excavations) (Arch: DBA 100 SIN)
Texts on Early Prehistory of Various Sub-Regions of Near East
Akkermans P. & Schwartz G. (2003) The Archaeology of Syria. From Complex hunter-gatherers to
Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000-300 BC). Cambridge University Press. (Arch: DBD 100 AKK;
Issue Desk AKK).
Gerard, F. & Thissen L. (eds.) (2002) The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Istanbul, EGE Yayinlari. (Arch:
DBC 100 GER; Issue Desk GER 1)
Henry D. (ed.) (1997) The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan. Oxford, BAR S 705: 139-150. (Arch:
DBE 100 Qto HEN; Issue Desk HEN 10)
Hole F. (1987) The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the
Islamic Conquest. Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press. (Arch: DBG 100 Qto HOL)
Levy T.E. (ed.) (1995) The archaeology of society in the Holy Land. Leicester University Press.
(Arch: DBE 100 LEV; Issue Desk LEV 3)
MacDonald B., Adams R & Bienkowski P. (eds.) (2001) The Archaeology of Jordan. Sheffield,
Academic Press. (Arch: DBE 100 MAC; Issue Desk MAC 4)
Matthews R. (2000) The Early Prehistory of Mesopotamia. 500,000 to 4,500 bc. Turnhout, Brepols,
Surartu V. (Arch: DBB 100 Qto MAT; Issue Desk MAT 3)
Midant-Reynes B. (1992) The Prehistory of Egypt. From the First Egyptians to the First Pharoahs.
Oxford, Blackwells (Arch: B 11 MID; Issue Desk MID 2)
Ozdogan M. & Basgelen N. (2000) Neolithic in Turkey. 2 volumes. Istanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat
Yayinlari. (Arch: DBC 100 OZD; Issue desk OZD)
Peltenburg E. & Wasse A. (2004) Neolithic Revolution. New perspectives on Southwest Asia in light of
recent discoveries on Cyprus. Oxford, Oxbow. (Arch: DBA 100 Qto PEL; Issue Desk PEL)
14
Petraglia M. & Rose J. (eds) (2009) Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Palaeoenvironments,
prehistory and genetics. London: Springer (Arch: DBF PET)
Wengrow D. (2006) The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social transformations in north-east Africa
10,000 to 2,650 BC. Cambridge University Press. (Arch: B 11 WEN; Issue Desk WEN 7).
Yakar J. (1991) Prehistoric Anatolia. The Neolithic Transformation and the Early Chalcolithic Period.
Tel Aviv University. (see also 1994 Supplementary Volume) (Arch: DBC 100 YAK; Issue Desk
YAK 3,4)
15
ASSESSMENTS
The course will be assessed by one essay of ca. 4,000 words length. Titles should be agreed with the
Course Co-ordinator, who will recommend key items for reading.
The deadline for the essay will be: Friday 14 December.
WORD-LENGTH
UCL has very strict regulations relating to word-length. If your work is found to be between 10% and
20% longer than the official limit, your mark will be reduced by 10%, subject to a minimum mark of a
minimum pass, assuming that the work merited a pass. If your work is more than 20% over-length, a
mark of zero will be recorded. The following should not be included in the word-count: bibliography,
appendices, and tables, graphs and illustrations and their captions.
CITING OF SOURCES
Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of any ideas,
information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct quotations from the
work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between inverted commas.
Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity which can carry very heavy penalties. It is
your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance
of plagiarism to be found in the IoA ‘Coursework Guidelines’ on the IoA website
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook.
PRESENTATION
Essays and other assessed work must be word-processed (unless otherwise specified) and should be
printed on one or both sides of the paper, using 1.5-line spacing. Bibliographies may be in single line
spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner. Students are
encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be clearly referred to at
the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this must be clearly
acknowledged.
SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinators pigeon hole
via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. The coursework must be stapled to
a completed blue coversheet (available from the web, from outside Room 411A or from the library).
Please note that students should put their Candidate Number, not their name, on all coursework.
They should also put the Candidate Number and course code on each page of their work.
Please note that there are stringent penalties for late submission across all Departments of UCL. Late
submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations unless permission has been
granted by the Course Co-ordinator in advance of the deadline and an Extension Request Form (ERF)
completed. See MA/MSc degree handbook or Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website for details
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submission
Date-stamping will be via ‘Turnitin’ (see below), so in addition to submitting hard copy, students must
also submit their work to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline.
It is essential that students upload all parts of their coursework to Turnitin (ie including the bibliography
and images). This ensures that a complete electronic copy of all work is available in case an essay
goes astray. Please be assured that markers will not include these additional elements when
checking wordcounts.
Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should email the nature
of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the midnight deadline in order that the Turnitin
Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be appropriate to waive the late submission
penalty.
If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or
(preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF.
16
For this course, the Turnitin ‘Class ID’ is: 436718 and the ‘Class Enrolment Password’ is:
IoA1213
Further information concerning Turnitin is given on the IoA website:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/turnitin
Turnitin advisors will be available to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if needed.
TIMESCALE FOR RETURN OF MARKED COURSEWORK TO STUDENTS
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official submission
deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation from the marker,
you should notify the IoA’s Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington.
KEEPING COPIES AND RETURN OF COURSEWORK TO COURSE COORDINATOR
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all
coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to the course
co-ordinator within two weeks, so that it can be second-marked and is available to the Board of
Examiners. You may like to keep a copy of the comments if you are likely to wish to refer to these
later.
COMMUNICATION
If any changes need to be made to the course arrangements, these will normally be communicated by
email. It is therefore essential that you consult your UCL e-mail account regularly.
ATTENDANCE
A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by
email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to UCL Registry at frequent
intervals throughout each term. A 70% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required
(excluding absences due to illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported
by medical certificates or other documentation, as appropriate).
DYSLEXIA AND OTHER DISABILITIES
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please discuss
with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are
reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
FEEDBACK
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the
course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an anonymous
questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course. These questionnaires
are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the course. The summarised
responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching
Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.
If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to
the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult the Academic
Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Katherine Wright).
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