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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
8291/02
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Hydrosphere and Biosphere
Paper 2
October/November 2005
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, table or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
If you have been given a label, look at the
details. If any details are incorrect or
missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page.
1
2
Section B
Stick your personal label here, if
provided.
TOTAL
This document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
SP (CW/SLM) S83779/3
© UCLES 2005
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For
Examiner’s
Use
2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows water withdrawals for domestic, agricultural and industrial use within the
major continental regions. Water withdrawals are given as a volume and as a
percentage of the potential water supply for each region.
For example: World water withdrawal amounts to 3000 cubic kilometres which is 9% of
the potential supply.
percentage of potential supply
0
10
20
30
40
50
World
Africa
Europe
Asia
South America
Central America
North America
Oceania
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
water withdrawals in cubic kilometres
percentage of potential supply
total water withdrawals
Fig. 1.1
Describe the withdrawals and the potential supply of water for Asia, Europe and Africa.
•
Asia ...........................................................................................................................
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Europe ......................................................................................................................
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Africa ........................................................................................................................
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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows how regions of the world are likely to be vulnerable to a scarcity of water
in 2025.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Projected Water Vulnerability in 2025, Taking into Account National Economic Status
0° Equator
Key
low vulnerability
medium vulnerability
high vulnerability
Fig. 1.2
Using Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.1, suggest why certain areas of the world are likely to have
•
•
a high vulnerability to water scarcity in 2025,
a low vulnerability to water scarcity in 2025.
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(c) Fig. 1.3 contains information on water management within the Colorado Basin and its
effects upon water discharge and sediment discharge at point A on the map.
Simplified Map of the Colorado River Basin
D
D
Salt Lake
City
Denver
H
UTA
A
ad
Co
lor
D
EVA
N
Lake
Mead
Las
Vegas
er
o Riv
D
Navajo
Reservoir
D
D
D
D
Santa Fe
IA
RN
FO
ALI
D
C
Key
Phoenix
D
D
point
A
A
Gulf
of
California
out of basin
diversion
MEXICO
Fig. 1.3
© UCLES 2005
lake or
reservoir
dam
aqueduct
8291/02/O/N/05
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Examiner’s
Use
For
Examiner’s
Use
5
0.85
0.56
1960
1950
1940
1910
0
1930
0.28
1920
water discharge/
106 cubic metres
per year
300
suspended
sediment discharge/
106 tonnes per year
200
(i)
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
100
Describe the pattern of water management within the Colorado River Basin.
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(ii)
Explain the impact of the Colorado water management scheme on water and
sediment discharge at point A on the map.
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[20 marks]
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Examiner’s
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For
Examiner’s
Use
7
2
(a) All organisms need a source of energy to live.
(i)
Photosynthesis is described by the equation
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Use the equation to describe the process of photosynthesis.
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(ii)
Why is photosynthesis important in a food web?
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(iii)
Why is photosynthesis connected to the gaseous composition of the atmosphere?
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(b) Many areas of the world are experiencing deforestation. Explain how deforestation
might lead to
•
a reduction in animal diversity,
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•
local climatic change,
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•
soil erosion,
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•
changes to aquatic ecosystems,
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•
a reduction in soil fertility,
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•
changes to river discharge and flooding.
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[20 marks]
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Examiner’s
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9
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
3
(a) Outline three different ways in which the oceans are important for life on Earth.
[10]
(b) Outline the major sources and effects of marine pollution. Assess the effectiveness of
measures aimed at reducing marine pollution.
[30]
[40 marks]
4
(a) Fig. 4.1 depicts environmental problems caused by agricultural intensification.
reduction of long-term
productivity
increased soil
erosion
loss of species
diversity
loss of species
diversity
danger to human
health
high nitrate
eutrophication concentrations
in drinking water
residues
on food
increasing use
of fertiliser
soil
loss of hedgerows
damage to SSSI’s
compaction
and walls
harm to nontarget species
narrowing of
genetic base
organic pollution
of fresh water
increasing use
of pesticides
monocultures
farm
amalgamation
indoor rearing
of animals
animal and plant
breeding
loss of jobs
mechanisation
demand for greater production
SSSI = site of special scientific interest
Fig. 4.1
Describe three routes by which long-term productivity may be reduced.
[10]
(b) Using examples you have studied, describe and evaluate the conservation strategies that
have been introduced to protect an area of ecological importance.
[30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2005
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5
(a) Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 illustrate two different models relating population growth to resources.
Describe how the models offer different views of the way in which the population of an area
may change over time.
[10]
population increase
increased demand for food
agricultural productivity
improved
population
size
carrying
capacity
more food produced
population growth
time
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.2
(b) In 1987 the Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development as,
“development which meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
Describe the policies and priorities, which target sustainable development in a country or
area of your choice. Give reasons to justify the extent to which have they been achieved. [30]
[40 marks]
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8291/02/O/N/05