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8291/01
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level
October/November 2010
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
DC (CB/LD/DJ) 17627/5
© UCLES 2010
[Turn over
2
Section A
For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all questions in this section
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 contains information on fossil fuel consumption for selected areas in 2004.
USA
European Union
Japan
Russia
China and Hong Kong
India
0
500
coal
1000
oil
1500
2000
natural gas
fossil fuel consumption / million tonnes
of oil equivalent
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Which areas had the highest consumption of coal, oil and natural gas?
coal ...........................................................................................................................
oil ..............................................................................................................................
natural gas............................................................................................................. [3]
(ii)
Outline one way in which fossil fuel consumption in the United States is similar to
that in the European Union. Give three reasons for this.
Similarity ....................................................................................................................
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Reason 1 ...................................................................................................................
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Reason 2 ...................................................................................................................
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Reason 3 ...................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
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3
(iii)
What is the difference in total fossil fuel consumption between India and China?
Outline two reasons for this difference in fossil fuel consumption.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(b) Table 1.1 contains data on renewable energy consumption for the United States (USA)
for the year 2006.
Table 1.1
2006 consumption
/ 1015kJ
percentage change
2005–2006 / %
10.676
6.9
biomass
3.457
5.2
biofuels
0.800
27.6
waste
0.426
0.3
wood derived fuels
2.230
– 0.1
geothermal
0.368
1.8
hydroelectric
3.049
6.9
solar/ photovoltaic
0.074
6.5
wind
0.272
45.1
renewable
energy source
total
(i)
Which three sources contribute over 80% of the renewable energy used in the
USA?
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
Suggest why the percentage change in the use of these three sources, as stated in
(i), is relatively small.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii)
Suggest why geothermal energy and energy from waste have shown a small
percentage change in the period 2005 to 2006. Give one reason for each.
geothermal ................................................................................................................
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waste .........................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2010
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For
Examiner’s
Use
5
(iv)
For either biofuels or wind farms explain why, whilst they have shown a high
increase in percentage energy consumption, their development is frequently
criticised.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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[Total: 20]
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2
(a) Explain why, at the surface of the Earth, some regions of the atmosphere are said to be
at high pressure, whereas other regions are said to be at low pressure.
high atmospheric pressure ...............................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
low atmospheric pressure .................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows the global horizontal circulation of air.
polar north-easterlies
south-westerlies
X
north-east trade winds
Y
south-east trade winds
north-westerlies
polar south-easterlies
Fig. 2.1
(i)
State the type of atmospheric pressure that is generally found at X and Y in
Fig. 2.1.
X ...............................................................................................................................
Y ........................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii)
Explain how differences in atmospheric pressure contribute to the global horizontal
circulation of air shown in Fig. 2.1.
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..................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................. [2]
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Examiner’s
Use
7
(iii)
Describe the influence the Earth’s rotation has upon the global horizontal circulation
of air.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(c) Fig. 2.2 shows the circulation of air over southern Asia during winter (January) and
summer (July) and climatic data for Calcutta.
January
July
Himalayas
Himalayas
L
H
C
C
L
H
L
Key:
wind direction
H = high pressure
L = low pressure
C = Calcutta
rainfall and temperature data for Calcutta
month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
temperature/°C
20.2
23.0
27.9
30.1
31.1
30.4
29.1
29.1
29.9
27.9
24.0
20.6
precipitation/mm
13
24
27
43
121
259
301
306
290
160
35
3
Fig. 2.2
(i)
Use the data in Fig. 2.2 to explain the seasonal distribution of rainfall for Calcutta.
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Examiner’s
Use
9
(ii)
Using the information in Fig. 2.2, describe one social and one economic hazard
that might derive from the climate of this region.
For
Examiner’s
Use
social hazard .............................................................................................................
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economic hazard .......................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................. [6]
[Total: 20]
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Section B
Select one question from this section
3
(a) Describe and explain the characteristics of the tectonic activity that occurs at locations X, Y
and Z on Fig. 3.1.
[10]
X
Z
Y
Key:
plate boundary
direction of plate movement
Fig. 3.1
(b) Select either an earthquake hazard or a volcanic hazard with which you are familiar. Assess
the extent to which the perceptions of, and responses to, your chosen hazard depend more
on the wealth of the country than on any other factor.
[30]
[Total: 40]
© UCLES 2010
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11
4
(a) Describe three ways in which the information contained in satellite images, such as that
shown in Fig. 4.1, can be used to interpret current and future weather. ..............................[10]
white areas are cloud; black areas are clear sky
Fig. 4.1
(b) Describe the characteristic features and causes of two different atmospheric hazards you
have studied. Assess the strategies that have been adopted to limit their effects.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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5
(a) Briefly describe the effects the open-cast mine, shown in Fig. 5.1, would have upon its local
environment. ........................................................................................................................[10]
Fig. 5.1
(b) Using examples of where economic activity has caused land to become degraded, describe
and assess the methods that would enable its:
•
•
sustainable exploitation
restoration.
[30]
[Total: 40]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 4 Figure 4.1
© Satellite map, Dundee Satellite Receiving Station.
Question 5 Figure 5.1 Photograph © www.kujmf.se.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2010
8291/01/O/N/10