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October/November 2008
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, table or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
All questions in this paper carry equal marks.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
SP (SM/CGW) T52322/3
© UCLES 2008
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*9894469755*
8291/02
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere
s
er
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
2
Section A
For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
(a) Table 1.1 gives the average values for annual net primary productivity (NPP) and biomass
for two ecosystems.
Table 1.1
ecosystem
savanna grassland
temperate deciduous forest
(i)
NPP / g m–2
mean biomass / g m–2
900
4000
1200
30000
Explain what is meant by the following terms:
ecosystem ................................................................................................................
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net primary productivity ............................................................................................
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biomass ....................................................................................................................
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3
(ii)
Suggest one reason for the difference in NPP between savanna grassland and
temperate deciduous woodland.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(iii)
Explain why the values for mean biomass are greater than those for NPP in both
ecosystems.
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(iv)
For the woodland, the biomass value is over 20 times greater than the NPP value.
For the savanna, the biomass value is about 4 times greater than the NPP value.
Briefly explain why.
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© UCLES 2008
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4
(b) Read the following Greenpeace news report on biodiversity; then answer the questions
that follow.
As the two-week long world summit on biodiversity drew to a close,
Greenpeace described the outcome as major failure – a missed opportunity to
stop the global loss of life in the world’s forests and oceans.
At the beginning of the conference, Greenpeace presented a roadmap to
recovery, a global map of the last intact forests, and a network of marine
reserves on the high seas, calling governments to take action.
5
The need for a moratorium on high seas bottom trawling, the most destructive
form of fishing, is now being blocked by a few key countries.
Despite the exploitation of the Amazon by illegal and destructive logging
providing timber products to internal and external markets, the Brazilian
government has blocked any meaningful collaboration at a regional and
international level.
10
(a moratorium is a legal authorisation, often by an emergency law)
(i)
In this report a ‘roadmap’ is a plan or a route.
Give two reasons why Greenpeace suggested ‘a roadmap to recovery’. (lines 4–5)
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(ii)
Suggest why a moratorium on high seas trawling is proposed in the roadmap.
(line 7)
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(iii)
Outline the effects that illegal and destructive logging would have upon the food
webs found within tropical rain forests. (line 9)
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© UCLES 2008
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For
Examiner’s
Use
5
(iv)
Some nations rejected the recommendations made by Greenpeace.
Discuss the possible reasons for this.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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[20 marks]
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6
2
(a) Fig. 2.1 is a simplified model showing the passage of water in part of a drainage basin.
A
water table
river
B
permeable rock
impermeable rock
Fig. 2.1
(i)
What is meant by the terms
drainage basin, .........................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
infiltration? ................................................................................................................
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(ii)
State the names of the process occurring at points A and B in Fig. 2.1.
A ...............................................................................................................................
B ...........................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2008
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For
Examiner’s
Use
7
(iii)
Describe how a balance between water gain and water loss would be maintained in
a drainage basin.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(iv)
Describe how the flows in Fig. 2.1 would respond to conditions of heavy rainfall
following a wet winter.
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8
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows some of the characteristics of the River Murray drainage basin in south
east Australia.
Irrigated areas and grazing areas of the River Murray Basin
R Mu
R Murray
rrumbidgese
Red cliffs
reservoir
Loxton
R Murray
Adelaide
irrigated cropland
sea
sheep & cattle grazing
750
500
30
20
10
100
0
250
50
0
river
mouth
Loxton
Red
cliffs
reservoir
salinity in the Murray River
climatic chart
for Loxton
Fig. 2.2
© UCLES 2008
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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rainfall /mm
total dissolved solids /ppm
1000
temperature / °C
Murrumbidgee
river input
sea
For
Examiner’s
Use
9
(i)
Less than 50% of the water received by the River Murray actually reaches the sea.
Outline four reasons for this significant loss of river water.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(ii)
Describe and explain the pattern of salinity between the reservoir and the sea within
the River Murray system shown in Fig. 2.2.
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(iii)
Suggest one strategy that could be used to relieve the problems of either water
supply or water quality in the River Murray Basin.
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[20 marks]
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10
Section B
Choose one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate paper provided.
3
(a) The Chagga people of Tanzania effectively maintain biodiversity by practising agroforestry.
This is shown in Fig. 3.1.
canopy of rain forest
trees protects soil and
crops from the impact
of tropical storms
fruit trees, e.g.
banana, papaya
coffee
bushes
crops
crops
rain forest
with deep
roots
irrigation
channels
controlled livestock
grazing provides meat
and manure
Fig. 3.1
Describe three ways in which this system of agricultural land-use helps to maintain
biodiversity.
[10]
(b) Using examples you have studied, explain how National Parks help to conserve ecosystems.
For the examples you have chosen, assess the extent to which they have been successful in
achieving their objectives.
[30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2008
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11
4
(a) Briefly describe the possible effects of global warming upon the flows and stores in the global
hydrological cycle illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
[10]
water vapour over
oceans
evaporation
319
transfer 36
precipitation
283
oceans
water vapour over
land
precipitation
95
surface run off and
groundwater flow 36
evapotranspiration
59
land with fresh
water and ice
figures given as 100000 km3 of water
Fig. 4.1
(b) Using examples with which you are familiar, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
conserving water supplies through the construction of dams and reservoirs.
[30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2008
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12
5
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows a pattern of forest regeneration following clearance of the original climax
vegetation cover.
uncut forest
forest cut
and burnt
farm in
use
A
climax
vegetation
2 years
later
after
15 years
after
after
60 years 100 years
B
regeneration
C
Fig. 5.1
Describe how biotic and abiotic processes work together in stages A, B, and C of this model.
[10]
(b) Describe the damaging effects of forest clearance upon soils and hydrological systems within
a deforested region, and beyond that region. Assess the extent to which it has been possible
to restore areas affected by such deforestation.
[30]
[40 marks]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1(b)
© www.peopleandplanet.net / doc.php?id=2716 3 April 2006.
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© UCLES 2008
8291/02/M/J/08