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8291/01
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
October/November 2007
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.
SP (NF/CGW) T28837/2
© UCLES 2007
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Examiner’s
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2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
(a) State one way in which land can be regarded as
a renewable resource ......................................................................................................
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a non-renewable resource. ..............................................................................................
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(b) Fig. 1.1 shows how some of the world’s largest cities have increased in population since
1950 and how they are expected to have changed by 2015.
Key:
1950
1970
2000
2015
population / millions
25
20
15
10
5
0
London
England
New York Mexico City Shanghai Sao Paulo
USA
Mexico
China
Brazil
Tokyo
Japan
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Which city had the largest increase in population between 1950 and 1970?
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(ii)
By how much did the population of Mexico City grow between 1970 and 2000?
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(iii)
Describe how the populations of London, New York and Tokyo change between
1950 and 2015.
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Examiner’s
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(c) Fig. 1.2 shows some features of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area.
airport
Built-up area
Saulo Paulo Municipality
Existing ring road
Projected ring road
Other road
Municipality borders
Lakes / reservoirs
Atlantic Ocean
Fig. 1.2
List three effects that the growth of Sao Paulo is likely to have on land
•
within the built up area of the city,
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•
in the zone between the built up area and the edge of the Metropolitan Area.
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(d) Rapid population growth, accompanied by urbanisation, places huge demands on
the current and future provision of energy. In 2001, Brazil was the third largest energy
consumer in the western hemisphere and the largest in Central and South America.
Fig. 1.3 locates some of Brazil’s major sources of energy. Table 1.1 lists the primary
sources of energy by percentage.
Table 1.1
Atlantic Ocean
primary sources of
energy
G
G
renewable
61.7
hydro-electric power
37.8
wood
12.7
sugar cane
9.8
others
1.4
non-renewable
38.3
N
oil
30.5
Atlantic Ocean
natural gas
2.4
coal
5.3
nuclear
0.1
Hydro electric power
Oil and natural gas
Coal
N Nuclear
G Geothermal energy
Alcofuel from
sugar cane
total
Fig. 1.3
© UCLES 2007
% of total
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100%
5
From the evidence provided in Fig.1.3 and Table 1.1, discuss the extent to which Brazil
has adopted a sustainable energy policy.
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[20 marks]
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2
(a) Fig 2.1 shows the effect of latitude upon incoming solar radiation on June 21st.
Earth’s axis
A
edge of
atmosphere
equator
B
incoming
solar
radiation
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Explain why the length of day and night at point A is different to point B.
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(ii)
Explain why summertime temperatures at point A are lower, on average, than at
point B.
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7
(b) Fig.2.2 shows the generalised energy budget of the Earth.
Y
energy
incoming radiation
surplus
X
outgoing radiation
deficit
90°N
deficit
60°
30°
0
30°
60°
90°S
latitude
Fig. 2.2
(i)
What is meant by the term energy budget?
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(ii)
Explain why there is
•
an energy deficit at point X
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•
an energy surplus at point Y.
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(iii)
A great deal of the energy the Earth receives is transferred from low latitudes to high
latitudes; this balances the energy surplus and deficit. Using examples describe
two ways in which this energy is transferred.
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(c) With reference to Fig. 2.3, describe how the Earth’s temperatures and precipitation
might change as a result of enhanced global warming.
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+ 5 +
4
3
4
–
+
2
3
4
–
–
+
–
4
+3
–
2
–
3
4
–
–
–
2
2
+
–
–
potential decreases in rainfall
3
potential increases in temperature/°C
Fig. 2.3
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+
+
–
–
2 –
–
–
3
2
+
Key
+ potential increases in rainfall
© UCLES 2007
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3
–
4
3
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
8
5
+
–
–
6
5
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–
3
–
–
–
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+
6
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+
2
3
+
+
+
2
4
+
6
+
+
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Examiner’s
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For
Examiner’s
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[20 marks]
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
3
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows the distribution of continents 200 million years ago and at the present. Outline
three pieces of evidence that would support this model of the change in the distribution of the
continents.
[10]
NORTH
AMERICA
ASIA
LAURASIA
INDIA
AFRICA
TETHYS
SEA
Equator
Equator
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
GO
ND
WA
N
ALA
ND
ANTARCTICA
TRIASSIC
200 million years ago
PRESENT DAY
Fig. 3.1
(b) Describe and explain the causes and effects of one named volcanic or earthquake disaster
with which you are familiar. Describe and evaluate the measures that were used to enable the
area affected to recover.
[30]
[40 marks]
4
(a) List three different types of atmospheric pollution commonly found in major towns and cities.
Briefly describe the sources and effects of these three types of pollution.
[10]
(b) Describe and evaluate the policies that have been adopted in major urban areas to improve
energy efficiency and help reduce atmospheric pollution. Illustrate your answer with examples
of named urban areas and adopted policies.
[30]
[40 marks]
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5
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows how the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere changes with altitude.
Identify by altitude three layers of the Earth’s atmosphere and briefly describe the
characteristics of each layer you have identified.
[10]
100
temperature
profile
altitude / km
80
60
40
20
–100
–80
–60
–40
20
0
+20
temperature / °C
Fig. 5.1
(b) What is the evidence for the view that human activity has modified and continues to modify
atmospheric processes? Explain why it is important that international agreements on the
management of the atmosphere are adopted by all nations. Use examples to illustrate your
answer.
[30]
[40 marks]
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BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 3
Fig. 3.1 © http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
8291/01/O/N/07