Nation and Memory
Lecture 5
Ukrainian History
Week 5
Lord’s prayer in Russian
Отче наш
Отче наш, Иже еси на небесех! Да
святится имя Твое, да приидет Царствие
Твое,да будет воля Твоя,яко на небеси и
на земли.Хлеб наш насущный даждь
нам днесь;и остави нам долги
наша,якоже и мы оставляем должником
нашим;и не введи нас во искушение,но
избави нас от лукаваго.
Аминь.
Lord’s prayer in Polish
Ojcze Nasz
Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebieświęć się
imię Twoje;przyjdź królestwo Twoje;bądź
wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na
ziemi;chleba naszego powszedniego daj
nam dzisiaj;i odpuść nam nasze winy, jako
i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom;i
nie wódź nas na pokuszenie;ale nas zbaw
od złego.
Amen
Lord’s prayer in Ukrainian
Отче наш
Отче наш, Ти що єси на небесах,нехай
святится ім'я Твоє,нехай прийде царство
Твоє,нехай буде воля Твоя,як на небі,
так і на землі.Хліб наш насущний, дай
нам, днесь,і прости нам довги наші,як і
ми прощаємо довжникам нашимі не
введи нас у спокусу,а ізбави нас від
лукавого.Бо Твоє є царство,і силa і
слава, на віки.
Амінь.
Lord’s prayer in Lithuanian
Tėve Mūsų
Tėve Mūsų, kuris esi danguje!Teesie
šventas tavo vardas,teateinie tàvo
karalystėTeesie tàvo valià,Kaip danguje,
taip ir žemėje.Kasdienes mūsų dúonos
dúok mùms šiañdienir atlèisk mums mūsų
kaltès,kaip ir mes atleidžiame sàvo
kaltiniñkams.Ir neléisk mūsų gùndyti,Bet
gelbėk mus nuo pikto.
Amen.
Outline
1. Medieval traditions: the Principality of Kyiv
2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate
3. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians
4. 19th century nation building
5. Conclusion
1000
The Rus‘ and Ukrainian History
• 839 First mention of Rus’ in Western chronicles
• 877 Prince Oleh of Novgorod shifts the capital of Rus’ from
Novgorod to Kyiv (Ukrainian: Киϊв, Russian: Kiev – Киев)
• 988 Official Christianisation of Kyiv Rus’: Prince Volodymyr the
Great accepts Orthodoxy and marries Byzantine Princess Anna
• 1027 Construction of Svyata Sofia (St. Sophia) Cathedral in Kyiv
• 1113 Volodymyr Monomach – the last of the great princes of Kyiv
• 1155 – 1169 Destruction of Kyiv by Andrey Bogoliubsky, prince of
Vladimir-Suzdal
• 1187 “Ukraine” first used to describe Kyiv and Halychyna lands
• 1238 Danylo Halytsky becomes Prince of Halychyna, unites
Halychyna with Kyiv
• 1240 Tatars capture Kyiv
Outline
1. Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus
2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate
4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians
5. 19th century nation building
6. Conclusion
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Cossack (ukr. Kozak) is derived from the
Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who
could not find his appropriate place in society
and went into the steppes, where he
acknowledged no authority.
By the end of the 15th c. the name acquired a
wider sense and was applied to those who
went to the steppes
In the mid 16th c. the Cossack structure in the
Zaporizhia was created – steppe settler’s
struggle against Tatar raids
1569 Union of Lublin between Poland and
Lithuania, “Wild Field” now belongs to Polish
crown
Growth of cossackdom after Polish magnates
established manorial system of agriculture
(freedom of movement was limited, corvee
was expanded) – profitable grain trade: many
peasants fled to steppe
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Cossack (ukr. Kozak) is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning
anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the
steppes, where he acknowledged no authority.
By the end of the 15th c. the name acquired a wider sense and was applied
to those who went to the steppes
In the mid 16th c. the Cossack structure in the Zaporizhia was created –
steppe settler’s struggle against Tatar raids
1569 Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania, “Wild Field” now
belongs to Polish crown
Growth of cossackdom after Polish magnates established manorial system
of agriculture (freedom of movement was limited, corvee was expanded) –
profitable grain trade: many peasants fled to steppe
Dilemma for Polish crown: cossacks needed to defend the steppe frontier,
threat to Polish magnates and nobility – register cossacks (first 300, later
6,000, than 8,000). Crown tries to appoint leaders (elder, colonels)
1596 Union of Brest – Uniate Church
1590 First Cossack uprising, several more uprisings until 1638
After uprisings of the 1630’s register was significantly decreased
1637 Petro Mohyla establishes a Collegium in Kyiv
1648 Beginning of Cossack uprising, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in
alliance with Tatars from Crimea, several victories over Polish army
Cossack wedding,
Painting by
Jozef Brandt
The Hetmanate
• 1654 Khmel’nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy
• 1663 Hetman of left bank Ukraine in coalition with Russia; Hetman
from right bank – against Russia
• 1667 Peace treaty of Andrusovo between Moscow and Poland – left
bank Ukraine to Russia
The Hetmanate
• 1654 Khmel’nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy
• 1663 Hetman of left bank Ukraine in coalition with Russia; Hetman
from right bank – against Russia
• 1667 Peace treaty of Andrusovo between Moscow and Poland – left
bank Ukraine to Russia
• 1685 Kyiv Orthodox Church Metropolitan becomes a division of
Moscow Metropolitan
• 1709 Battle of Poltava, Hetman Mazepa in alliance with Charles XII
defeated by Peter the Great
• 1722 First Ukrainian Hetman appointed by Russian Tsar
• 1772 First partition of Poland
• 1775 Zaporiz’ka (Zaporizhian) Sich destroyed by Russians
• 1780 End of Hetmanate
Outline
1. Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus
2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate
4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians
5. 19th century nation building
6. Conclusion
Halychyna
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1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish Kingdom
1596 Union of Brest
Ruthenians (Rusyny)
• Territory: East Galicia (Eastern part of
crownland Galicia and Lodomeria), Northern
Bukowina, Carpathian mountains (all part of the
Austrian Empire)
• Religion: Greek-Catholic (Uniate)
• Vernacular: Ruthenian (west Ukrainian dialect)
• Social structure: overwhelming majority are
peasants
• Elite: Greek-Catholic priests and a small stratum
of secular intelligentsia
Halychyna
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1387 Kazimierz III (the Great)
integrates Halychyna into Polish
Kingdom
1596 Union of Brest
1648 and 1655 Siege of L’viv by
cossack troops
Bohdan Khmelnytsky with Tugaj Bej,
Painting by Jan Matejko, 1885
Halychyna
• 1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish
Kingdom
• 1596 Union of Brest
• 1648 and 1655 Siege of L’viv by Khmelnytsky
• 1772 First partition of Poland – Halychyna to Austria
• 1793 Second partition of Poland – right bank Ukraine to Russia
Outline
1. Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus
2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate
4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians
5. 19th century nation building
6. Conclusion
Nation building in non-dominant ethnies
(Phase A) Groups in the ethnic community start to discuss their own
ethnicity and conceive of it as a nation-to-be: scholarly enquiry into and
dissemination of an awareness of the linguistic, cultural, social and
historical attributes of the nation-to-be
(Phase B) A new range of activists try to “awaken” national
consciousness and to persuade as many members as possible of the
ethnic group – the potential compatriots – that it is important to gain all
the attributes of a fully-fledged nation: (1) development of a national
culture based on the local language and its use in education,
administration and economy, (2) civil rights and self-administration, (3)
creation of a complete social structure – beginning of a national
movement
(Phase C) A mass movement is formed which pursues these aims: a
fully-fledged social structure of the would-be nation comes into being
Miroslav Hroch, From National Movement to the Fully-Fledged Nation, pp. 61-62
Phase A
1798 Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes “Eneyida” (in the vernacular,
i.e. Ukrainian)
1823-1825 Secret Brotherhood of Slavs
1834 Founding of the University of Kyiv (Russian)
1837 Appearance of “Dnister Rusalkas” (Ruthenian Triad: Markiian
Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky, and Ivan Vahylevych)
1840 Taras Shevchenko publishes “Kobzar”
1846/47 Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril-Methodius (Kyiv)
1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia
1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire
Phase B
1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia
1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire
1863 Use of Ukrainian language prohibited by Russian
government – prohibition confirmed 1876
1861 ff: Railways in Ukraine, industrialization of the
Donbas, iron ore mining in Kryviy Rih
1898 Publication of the first volume of Michael
Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus
1905 Russian Revolution: restrictions on the use of
Ukrainian language in Russian Empire lifted
Options
• Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione
polonus”
• Ruthenian option – “Rusyny”
• Russian option – Russophiles
• Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles
• (Panruthenian option) – including
Belarussians
John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’:
Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and
Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation
(Ann Arbor, 1999), pp. 109-64.
Phase B/C
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1848 Ruthenian Council
Reading Clubs (Prosvita)
Co-operative movement
Emergence of a secular elite
Ruthenian-Ukrainian parties (since 1890s)
Ruthenians/Ukrainians represented in
Austrian parliament and in Galician Diet
Outline
1. Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus
2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate
4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians
5. 19th century nation building
6. Conclusion
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Contested Kyivan Rus'
Contested state traditions
Contested culture
Ukraine – a 'historic' or an 'unhistoric'
nation?