DOE FEMP First Thursday Seminar
Implementing Deep Retrofits:
A Whole Building Approach
Learner Guide
Short Description
Implementing Deep Retrofits fosters competency in developing retrofit solutions that demonstrate
integrated, holistic, and synergistic approaches to energy-efficient retrofits. The goal is to yield higher
performance results than are achieved with standard, individual, and routine energy conservation
measures. Develop skills in scoping opportunities and drafting a statement of work; building system
synergies and areas of technology integration; and selecting a contractor. Success stories will also be
reviewed.
Core Competency Areas Addressed in the Training
Energy/Sustainability Managers and Facility Managers
 Building Technologies
 High Performance Building Design
Operating Engineers/Building Technicians
 Energy system design strategies
 Building Lighting Systems
 Building HVAC Systems
 Building Plug Loads
 Building Control Systems
 Building Commissioning
 Building O&M
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Expected Results for Those Completing this Training
As a result of completing this training, you will be able to:
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Select appropriate facilities for deep retrofits and set performance objectives
Employ an integrated design process and end use technology applications for deep retrofits
Determine how you will ensure optimal performance
Identify DOE and industry resources to support decision making processes
Overview of Deep Retrofits
Deep retrofit project provides an opportunity for Federal Facilities to reduce energy consumption
significantly beyond standard retrofit measures. While deep retrofits can reduce a building’s energy use
by over 50%, they require a larger upfront investment and may have longer payback periods.
Deep retrofit projects combine many O&M and standard retrofit measures in an integrated wholebuilding design approach. The integrated design process enables a deep retrofit project to affect
multiple building systems and assemblies (e.g., envelope, lighting, and HVAC), and the retrofit of each
system and assembly must be designed in close consideration of the other retrofits.
ESPC ENABLE Resources
Resources
ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides
• Office Buildings
(http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-20761.pdf)
• Healthcare facilities - coming soon
News: GSA Slates 30 Federal Buildings for Deep Energy Retrofits
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/news/printable_versions/news_detail.html?news_id=18247
Glossary of Terms
850—for lighting - a number that combines the CCT and CRI into one number. The “8” in 850 refers to a
CCT of 5000K. A 735 lamp would have a CRI in the 70s and a CCT of 3500K.
Advanced metering infrastructure - The communication's hardware and software and associated
system and data management software that creates a network between advanced meters and utility
business systems which allows collection and distribution of information and users.
Advanced metering system - A system that collects time-differentiated energy usage data from
advanced meters via a network system on either an on-request or defined schedule basis. The system is
capable of providing usage information on at least a daily basis and can support desired features and
functionality related to energy-use management, procurement, and operations.
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Chromaticity - A measure of color quality as reflected in the CIE (International Commission on
Illumination) 1931 color chart, which provides x/y coordinates of reds, greens and blues (RGB). The color
of white LEDs, as measured in Kelvin (K), is reflected in a narrow strip at the center of the CIE chart
where RGB combinations create various shades of white. See correlated color temperature (CCT).
Color Rendering Index (CRI) - A quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the
colors of illuminated objects accurately when compared to a reference light source, such as an
incandescent lamp.
Cool roof - Roofs with reflective and emissive properties that help improve the energy efficiency of the
building and/or mitigate the urban heat island effect.
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) - The measure used to describe the relative color appearance of a
white light source. CCT indicates whether a light source appears more yellow/gold/orange or more blue,
in terms of the range of available shades of “white.” CCT is given in kelvins (unit of absolute
temperature).
Daylight Autonomy - Percentage of occupied time per year when target illuminance can be maintained
by daylight alone. May be used to express the percentage of electrical lighting energy saved by a
daylighting system.
Daylight Availability - Daylight illuminance from sun and sky at a particular site that impacts a building
exterior on a horizontal, vertical, or other light-admitting surface.
Daylighting - The practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that during
the day natural light provides effective internal lighting
Deep Retrofit - Deep retrofits go beyond component level replacements and take an integrated wholebuilding approach to energy savings projects. Savings beyond 45% are achievable when upgrades to the
building envelope are combined with retrofits of lighting and mechanical systems.
Demand response - Demand response refers to the peak reduction of customer energy usage at times
of peak usage in order to help address system reliability, reflect market conditions and pricing, and
support infrastructure optimization or deferral. Demand response pricing may include dynamic
pricing/tariffs, pricing responsive demand bidding, contractually obligated and voluntary curtailment,
and direct load control/cycling.
Electronic ballast and ballast factor (BF) - To improve energy efficiency, SEL technology usually includes
Premium electronic ballasts designed to work with the new T8 or T5HO fluorescent lamps. Ballast factor
(BF) is the factor applied to the rated lumens of the lamps and is a function of the lamp/ballast
combination employed. When dimming ballasts are used, the dimmed BF should be used in all
calculations.
Energy audit or Energy Assessment - Analysis of a facility's electricity and other energy usage, often
including recommendations to alter the customer's electric demand or reduce energy usage. An energy
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analyst or engineer usually bases an audit on a visit to the home, building, or manufacturing or
agricultural facility.
Energy benchmarking - a process for describing the energy performance of a building at a point in time
and for comparing that performance with similar buildings. As this definition implies, there are two key
elements in benchmarking: (1) the description of performance, and (2) the comparison. The description
of performance is often accomplished through calculation of a performance metric
Energy management system - A full or partially computerized system designed to monitor and control
energy use in order to achieve optimal efficiency.
Energy use index (EUI) - Annual Btu/square foot energy use. The standard index used in most analyses
to measure all fuel and energy used in a given building or group of buildings.
Fitted Target Efficiency (FTE) - A system created under the draft Energy Star program for outdoor SSL
luminaires used to measure how efficiently a luminaire illuminates its targeted area. The FTE calculator
uses a selected LM-79-08 absolute photometry IES file for a desired luminaire, and projects the
luminaire output onto a grid along the area to be illuminated, such as a street or parking garage floor.
Foot-Candle - A measure of illuminance or light intensity. A foot-candle reflects the amount of
illumination the inside surface of a 1-foot radius sphere receives from a point source of one candela in
the center of the sphere. A foot-candle is also equal to one lumen per square foot.
Fully-Rated Life - lighting. An achievement by a device or system that provides useful service for as long
as the device or system manufacturer projects. For example, white LEDs are commonly marketed with
50,000-hour fully-rated lives, where the end of life is defined by the point at which the LED fails to
deliver at least 70% of initial lumen output.
General illumination - A term used to distinguish between lighting that illuminates tasks, spaces, or
objects from lighting used in indicator or purely decorative applications. In most cases, general
illumination is provided by white light sources, including incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity
discharge sources, and white LEDs. Lighting used for indication or decoration is often monochromatic, as
in traffic lights, exit signs, vehicle brake lights, signage, and holiday lights.
LED Array - A predetermined pattern of a number of LEDs mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) or
other surface, which is capable of producing light when powered.
LED Efficiency - A measure of the light output of an LED device, generally measured in lumens, divided
by the power, generally measured in watts, required to operated the device. This relationship, lumens
per watt, is a key measure of LED performance.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - An electronic light source derived from a semiconductor diode possessing
unidirectional electric current properties—in other words, diodes are one-way switches. When a voltage
is applied in the forward direction, electrons from one side of the p/n junction recombine with holes on
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the other side of the junction, and energy is released in the form of light. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
are based on inorganic (non-carbon based) materials.
Lighting Fixture (Or System) Efficiency - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the
performance of the combined luminaire, including source efficiency, driver efficiency, and optical
efficiency. Fixture efficiency reflects the amount of useful light delivered by the luminaire divided by the
power required to operate it.
LM-79 - The popular name for an LED measurement standard, the full title of which is IESNA LM-79-08,
Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products.
This standard provides guidelines to photometric labs for the proper and repeatable measurement of
LED lighting systems.
LM-80 - The popular name for an LED measurement standard, the full title of which is LM-80-08,
Approved Method for Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources. This standard provides
guidelines to LED manufacturers for measuring lumen maintenance, or the level of light output
maintained over predetermined time periods.
Load factor - The ratio of the average load in kilowatts supplied during a given period to the peak or
maximum load in kilowatts occurring during that period. Load factor may be calculated for a customer,
customer class, or the entire electric system.
Load leveling - A process in which the energy demand can be temporarily reduced during certain
periods. Typical examples include the intermittent operation of certain electrical equipment and
shutting off equipment when rooms and buildings are not in use.
Load management - The controlling, by rescheduling or direct curtailments, of the power demands of
customers or groups of customers in order to reduce the total load that a utility must meet at times of
peak demand. Load management strategies reduce usage over larger multi-hour periods.
Load - The amount of electric power consumed at any specified point or points on a system. Load
originates primarily in the power consuming equipment of the customers.
Lumens Per Watt (LPW) - The ratio of light produced by an LED device, measured in lumens, divided by
the power, measured in watts, required to operated the device. LPW is a key measure of LED
performance.
Luminaire - A lighting fixture complete with lamp, optical components used to direct light, housing, and
power supply (e.g., a fluorescent ballast or LED driver).
Luminous efficacy - The most commonly used measure of the energy efficiency of a light source. It is
stated in lumens per watt (lm/W), indicating the amount of light a light source produces for each watt of
electricity consumed. For white high-brightness LEDs, luminous efficacy published by LED manufacturers
typically refers to the LED chip only, and doesn’t include driver losses.
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Lux - A metric measure of illuminance, or the apparent intensity of light hitting or passing through a
surface.
Metal Halide (MH) - A popular type of high intensity discharge (HID ) lamp offering a relatively cool
correlated color temperature (CCT) and long life, but only modest levels of efficiency and color
rendering index (CRI).
Net present value (NPV) - The value of future energy savings -- less all project construction and
operating costs, discounted to present value.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) - Based on organic (carbon based) materials. In contrast to LEDs,
which are small point sources, OLEDs are made in sheets, which provide a diffuse area light source.
OLED technology is developing rapidly and is increasingly used in display applications such as cell phones
and PDA screens. However, OLEDs are still some years away from becoming a practical general
illumination source. Additional advancements are
Passive Solar Heating Strategy – The use of the sun's energy for heating a building interior.
Peak demand - The largest value of demand occurring during the billing cycle. This value is typically
used by the utility to assess peak demand billing. It is critical to understand how your utility assesses
peak demand, and the associated kW charge, to be able to manage operational and economic efficiency.
Simple Payback Method - The most simple and commonly used financial analysis method is simple
payback. Simple payback is defined as the time, in years, for a project’s cumulative annual savings to
equal its upfront cost.
Solar reflectance - Solar reflectance (or reflectivity) is the fraction of the solar energy that is reflected by
the roof's surface back to the sky, expressed with a number between 0 and 1 (or 0% and 100%). White
surfaces have the highest solar reflectivity, while black have the lowest.
Solid-state lighting (SSL) - Technology uses semi-conducting materials to convert electricity into light.
SSL is an umbrella term encompassing both light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light emitting
diodes (OLEDs).
Spectrally Enhanced Lighting (SEL) - Is founded on the principle that daylight, or ‘white’ light, is
perceived in a sharper manner by the human eye. Based on this fact, SEL technology utilizes a higher
color temperature to create a more natural, brilliant and intense level of lighting.
Spectral selectivity - A window's ability to transmit visible light while reducing solar heat gain, and is
expressed by a number between 0 and 1.
T8 - A type of fluorescent lamp. The “T” means it is tubular in shape and the “8” means the diameter is
eight-eighths of an inch, or 1 inch. A T12 lamp is twelve-eighths of an inch, or 1.5 inches thick. T8 lamps
have a better CRI and are more efficient than T12 lamps.
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The shading coefficient - Describes a window's ability to transmit solar heat gain, relative to the
transmittance of a 3-mm, clear single pane of glass. The shading coefficient is given as a unitless value
between 0 and 1; the lower the SC the less solar heat it transmits. (The shading coefficient is being
replaced by the "solar heat gain coefficient" which gives the fraction of incident energy that enters the
space (with a value between 0 and 1).
The U-Value - Is a measure of the thermal conductivity of a window: The lower the U-value, the better a
window is at limiting heat losses. A single-glazed window has a U-value of about 6 W/m 2-K, while tripleglazed windows have U-values between 1 and 2.
Thermal Efficiency - for lighting - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the ability of the
luminaire system to transfer heat from sensitive components, such as LEDs, to the outside environment.
High levels of thermal efficiency are made possibly through the use of high-quality components (such as
LEDs with low thermal resistance) and materials (such as aluminum alloys with low thermal resistance),
as well as intelligent product designs.
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