Office of the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Department of Management and Marketing Academic Year 2014-15 Assessment Report MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the Management and Marketing Department at the University of Montana’s School of Business Administration is to provide a professional, collegial environment that fosters excellence in management, marketing, and international business education, research, and services to our stakeholders. DEPARTMENT OBJECTIVES and ALIGNMENT WITH STRATEGIC ISSUES Our objectives are to enhance lives and benefit society by: 1.empowering our students to pursue meaningful careers and to make positive contributions (Partnering for Student Success, Dynamic Learning Environment) • University of Montana Entertainment Management Program engages students from across campus • SoBA Career Development Program and mentoring through student clubs and Advisory Boards 2. enabling our faculty and students to serve as resources for other stakeholders, including businesses and other professional organizations, both domestic and international (Education for the Global Century, Discovery and Creativity to Serve Montana and the World, Dynamic Learning Environment) • International Experience and exchange courses in Germany, Italy, New Zealand and Romania which include outreach projects • Small Business Institute which provides assistance in business planning for Montana businesses and non-profits 3. fostering our students’ critical thinking and analytical skills, creativity and innovativeness, and awareness and knowledge of global business and sustainability (Education for the Global Century, Discovery and Creativity to Serve Montana and the World, Dynamic Learning Environment) • International Business major • Certificate in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management • Sustainable Business Strategy Certificate 1 DEPARTMENT OBJECTIVES and ALIGNMENT WITH STRATEGIC ISSUES • Initiative to increase students’ quantitative analysis skills through analytics and research focus in connecting to decision-making 4. maintaining and developing faculty excellence in teaching, research, and service through offering current and relevant topics, building long-lasting relationships, and communicating clear, high expectations. (Partnering for Student Success, Discovery and Creativity to Serve Montana and the World, Dynamic Learning Environment, Planning-Assessment Continuum) • Nationally-recognized teachers and researchers in the department, including a Regents Professor • Leadership in professional organizations; work as consultants STUDENT LEARNING GOALS AND MEASUREMENT TOOLS Please see Curriculum Map in Appendix 1 1. SoBA Learning Goal: Graduates will possess fundamental business knowledge. Departmental Learning Goal: All SoBA graduates will demonstrate knowledge in the functional areas of management, marketing, and international business. 2. SoBA Learning Goal: Graduates will understand the global business environment in which they operate. Departmental Learning Goal: Management, Marketing and International Business students will analyze and evaluate international opportunities, demonstrating an understanding of how to conduct trade and ways to mitigate risks. 3. Departmental Learning Goal: Management students will be able to compare and choose among strategic alternatives and evaluate a business using specific analytical techniques and frameworks. Major Field Test (nationallynormed) In-class Exam Questions Case Assignments Collected each semester in senior capstone Collected in Upper Core classes BMGT 340 and BMKT 325 Collected each semester in senior capstone Collected in required course BGEN 360 Collected in required course BGEN 360 Collected in required course BMGT 426 Collected in required course BMGT 426 2 In-class Projects Intern Employers Survey STUDENT LEARNING GOALS AND MEASUREMENT TOOLS 4. SoBA Learning Goal: Graduates will be effective communicators. Presentation skills in senior capstone Departmental Learning Goal: Management students will plan, produce, and evaluate an effective negotiation. Negotiation project in BMGT 444 5. Departmental Learning Goal: Management students will practice and assess leadership skills and formulate a personal leadership development plan. Service Learning Project in BMGT 420 6. Departmental Learning Goal: Marketing students will assess an organization’s marketing communications needs and develop a comprehensive marketing communications plan for that organization Integrated Marketing Communicati on plan project in BMKT 443 Marketing Research Team Project in BMKT 342 Individual Hands-On Projects in BMKT 337 Marketing Plan Project in BMKT 480 7. Departmental Learning Goal: Marketing students will be able to answer important business questions using a variety of marketing research methods. 8. Departmental Learning Goal: Marketing students will understand consumer behavior concepts and be able to apply those concepts to real business problems. 9. Departmental Learning Goal: Marketing students will make marketing decisions and develop marketing strategies for organizations. 3 Collected each semester in a survey to internship employers RESULTS AND MODIFICATIONS 1. Demonstrating knowledge in the functional area of management (SoBA and Departmental Learning Goals). Result 1: Consistent results from nationally-normed Major Field Test (MFT) (see Appendix 2.1-2.4) show that students from all majors typically do not do as well in the functional area of management as in other areas (ranges from 65th percentile to 96th percentile; highlighted in yellow). Result 2: Management and marketing students, specifically, typically score lower than other students across majors on the MFT (see, again, Appendix 2.1-2.4, last column; ranges from 71st percentile to 85th percentile for management, in yellow; ranges from 54th percentile to 82nd percentile for marketing, in pink/blue). Result 1 / Modification: Department sub-committee studied curriculum and project/course requirements in core management courses. We found inconsistencies in the ways the fundamental courses were being taught and the material that was being presented. We have been working for two years to standardize textbooks and syllabi, including projects and course requirements, for BMGT 340 courses (which all students from all majors must complete). The first semester with common book and syllabus will be Spring 2015. Assessment beginning Spring 2016 will be the most accurate indicator of whether this has changed/corrected these problems. Result 2 / Modification: This is currently a concern that the department sub-committees are discussing. Further study into whether “lower quality” students choose the management degree option is being undertaken during Spring 2015 through transcript study during the major declaration process. Immediate actions to address this issue include the more explicit integration and discussion of other concepts into the management courses to show connections. In reality, however, 71st percentile on a nationally-normed test is not “awful”. The area of marketing has gone through significant curricular changes within the last two years as the focus has shifted from traditional marketing to analytics and digital marketing. The increased rigor in this area may be the reason for the jump in results for Spring 2014. Further analysis will show if this is a trend. Result 3 / Modification: None at this time. This is the first assessment undertaken specifically in this course. We will continue to examine these scores each semester. Result 3: Students in BMGT 340 (which include all majors in the business school), Fall 2014, scored at a satisfactory level on exam questions. 4 RESULTS AND MODIFICATIONS 2. Understanding the global business environment and specifically, analyzing and evaluating international opportunities, demonstrating an understanding of how to conduct trade and ways to mitigate risks (SoBA and Departmental Learning Goals). Result 1: Overall student performance on the major field test in the topic area of international business indicates satisfactory performance on understanding of global and international issues (see Appendix 2.1-2.4, highlighted in pink; all percentiles above 80th percentile). Result 1 / Modification: None at this time. 3. Comparing and choosing among strategic alternatives and evaluating a business (Management Departmental Learning Goal) Result 1: Students satisfactorily demonstrated their ability to develop and choose among strategic alternatives by researching external factors, internal resources and weaknesses within a firm and then developing multiple strategic alternatives in a three-part assignment for BMGT 426 (Fall 2014). In the final part of the three part assignment, the students argue for their best strategic alternative and develop an implementation plan that Result 1 / Modification: The instructors have added two additional components called 1) Activity Map and 2) Value Chain framework to get at the deficiencies. In addition, because Operations Management is taught in a different department, several management instructors sat down with the Operations Management faculty member and requested more instruction on the traditional operations material. That instructor has agreed to include more on this topic, beginning Fall 2014. The results of this, along with any related upward trends, should be evident in assessment in Fall 2015. 5 RESULTS AND MODIFICATIONS includes operational changes, financial projects, and assessment of risks. Overall, quality was high, with the exception of the demonstration of the understanding of operations and the implementation plans. 4. Demonstrating effective communication skills and specifically, negotiation skills (SoBA and Departmental Learning Goals) Result 1: In Fall 2013, presentation skills were assessed in BMGT 486 for 50 students. Outside assessors watched the presentations and marked the rubric (see Appendix 3.1). Satisfactory scores were considered to be three or four on the rating system. In the areas of content, organization, delivery, nonverbal skills, and mechanics, at least 92% of students scored satisfactorily (see Appendix 3.2). Result 1 / Modification: None at this time. Result 2: Communication skills are also directly measured through surveys for employers who have interns. Employers consistently rate our interns high in communication skills (see Appendix 3.3-3.6; percentages of students receiving satisfactory ratings are consistently above 90% for eight different outcomes). Result 2 / Modification: None at this time. Result 3: Management students Result 3 / Modification: None at this time. 6 RESULTS AND MODIFICATIONS perform satisfactorily (with 70% of our seniors scoring at least 6/10 in a rigorous comparison based on Kellogg Management School cases) in three levels of negotiation (winlose, integrative, multi-party) 5. Practicing, self-assessing, and producing a leadership development plan (Management Departmental Learning Goal) Result 1: Students taking BMGT 420, Leadership and Motivation / Service Learning complete a practical service leadership project. Examples: Fall 2012 – 44 students provided 1,110 hours of service and Spring 2014, 53 students provided approximately 19 hours per student. Result 1 / Modification: None at this time. Result 2: Students were scoring lower on the personal leadership development plan than other parts of the Service Learning Project; typically scoring between 10 and 15 on the 30 point scale. This was determined to be unsatisfactory. Result 2 / Modification: The instructor made the following pedagogical changes in Spring 2014: separated out the Personal Strategy Statement as a separate assignment and included a Leadership Development Plan template for students to design their own leadership paths. This looked to be helpful for the students in that semester (scores on this portion increase to average of 18/30) and projects have not been assessed for Fall 2014 yet. The instructors for the course have decided to pull the Leadership Development Plan out of the overall project and make it a separate assignment to focus students’ attention more on this piece. This will be implemented in Spring 2015 and re-assessed in the next two semesters. 7 RESULTS AND MODIFICATIONS 6. Assessing marketing communications needs and developing an integrated marketing communications plan for an organization. Results: In 2 sections of BMKT 343 during the Fall 2014 semester, 62 students developed a total of 15 integrated marketing communications plans for 2 clients. The students presented their recommendations to the class and their clients. All students passed this assessment. Modifications: None at this time 7. Answering important business questions using a variety of marketing research methodologies. Results: During the past year, Spring semester 2014 and Fall Semester 2014, 110 students conducted 30 marketing research projects for clients and presented their results to the class and clients. The mean project grade was 88.4% with a minimum grade of 80.3% and a maximum of 93.8%. Modifications: None at this time 8 RESULTS AND MODIFICATIONS 8. Being able to use consumer behavior concepts in business applications. Result 1: During the Fall semester of 2014, 47 students in BMKT 337 each wrote two papers applying consumer behavior concepts to marketing situations. The lowest grade of these papers was a 70%, the highest was 100% and the mean grade was 83% Modifications: The instructor has determined that at least three hands-on papers should be submitted by each student to better assess this learning goal. Result 2: During the Spring of 2014,a total of 67 students in BMKT 337 each wrote two papers applying consumer behavior concepts to marketing situations. The lowest grade of these was a 73%, the highest was 100% and the mean was 85%. 9. Making marketing business decisions and developing marketing strategy. Results: In spring 2014 in two sections of BMKT 480, a total of 53 marketing majors completed 12 comprehensive marketing plans for outside clients. The lowest score was 81.3 %, the highest 95.3% and the mean was 92%. In fall 2014 30 students completed 6 plans for outside clients. The lowest score was 80 %, the highest 95 % and the mean was 87%. Modifications: The marketing faculty decided to revise the curriculum to better reflect the current marketing environment by replacing BMKT 480 with a course on digital and online marketing (BMKT 420). Therefore, either this learning goal or the assessment of this goal will have to be reworked in the future. This curriculum change is going through the university’s approval process and is expected to be implemented in Fall 2015. 9 APPENDICES 1. Curriculum Map for Management, Marketing, and International Business majors 2. (2.1-2.4) Major Field Test Results across all majors and subject areas for years Fall 2012 – Spring 2014. 3. (3.1-3.6) Communication skills assessment information for Fall 2012 – Spring 2014. FUTURE PLANS FOR CONTINUED ASSESSMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. See MODIFICATIONS listed above Continue to collect data for LG 1 and LG 2 each semester through Major Field Test and analyze progress. Collect data for LG 3 and LG 4 in Fall semesters. Collect data for LG 2 and LG 5 in Spring semesters. Collect data for LG 6-8 in Spring and Fall semesters. Reconsider Learning Goals for Marketing Students in association with curriculum change currently under review by Academic Senate. 10 APPENDIX 2.1 MAJOR FIELD TEST RESULTS FALL 2012 Topic Area Major Area Major Area (Mean % Correct & Nat’l Percentile) Accounting Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Finance Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Int’l Business Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Management Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Mgmt. Info. Sys. Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Marketing Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Total SoBA Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Nat’l Mean % Correct Legend: Percentiles n= 13 11 Account ing Economics 23 20 91 Quant. Bus. Analysis Finance Marketing Legal & Soc. Env. Info. Sys. Int’l Issues 75 99 56 96 66 90 50 98 59 97 69 97 73 99 58 90 59 79 70 99 69 99 65 86 50 98 76 99 70 98 70 99 67 99 75 99 3 21 Manage ment *Sample was too small for summary results 45 51 48 71 66 90 49 96 43 48 68 97 60 72 57 88 62 88 56 95 49 77 64 82 43 67 49 78 65 89 70 99 67 99 62 88 43 40 39 15 61 65 43 67 41 38 63 84 68 99 52 65 55 57 55 92 50 82 65 86 46 87 51 85 67 94 68 99 60 95 61 85 43.9 44.3 57.2 40.6 42.8 55.2 55.6 48.4 52.8 Above 90th Percentile (Scaled Score >=171) 6 Below 10th Percentile (Scaled Score <=135) 0 7 0 1 0 2 1 4 1 0 0 20 22.0% 2 2.2% Average Scaled Score 169 99 174 99 157 82 161 94 153 59 161 94 150.3 APPENDIX 2.2 MAJOR FIELD TEST RESULTS SPRING 2013 Topic Area Major Area Major Area (Mean % Correct & Nat’l Percentile) Accounting Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Finance Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Int’l Business Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Management Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Mgmt. Info. Sys. Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Marketing Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Total SoBA Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Nat’l Mean % Correct n= 36 25 Account ing 75 99 63 99 Economics Manage ment Quant. Bus. Analysis Finance 49 77 65 86 45 83 59 97 70 99 0* 46 24 65 86 55 99 77 99 Marketing Legal & Soc. Env. Info. Sys. Int’l Issues 67 94 67 98 60 95 60 82 70 98 67 98 64 98 75 99 63 91 56 84 55 57 Below 10th Percentile (Scaled Score <=135) 0 15 0 2 1 3 0 0 1 Average Scaled Score 166 98 172.5 99 *Sample was too small for summary results 48 65 60 98 44 44 50 82 61 65 65 86 48 03 50 98 42 43 39 27 60 69 71 99 66 97 65 99 60 82 31 162 Above 90th Percentile (Scaled Score >=173) 11 54 90 39 15 61 65 44 75 44 54 67 94 62 86 55 81 58 75 59 97 49 77 63 78 48 93 51 85 66 92 65 96 59 93 61 85 43.9 44.3 57.2 40.6 42.8 55.2 55.6 48.4 52.83 Legend: Percentiles, based on students from 662 universities 154.7 71 161.3 94 155.6 78 31 19.1% 2 1.2% 161.3 94 150.3 APPENDIX 2.3 MAJOR FIELD TEST RESULTS FALL 2013 Topic Area Major Area Major Area (Mean % Correct & Nat’l Percentile) Accounting Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Finance Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Int’l Business Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Management Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Mgmt. Info. Sys. Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Marketing Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Total SoBA Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Nat’l Mean % Correct n= 12 Account ing 75 99 Economics Manage ment Quant. Bus. Analysis Finance 45 51 63 79 43 68 49 79 3 24 23 85 Info. Sys. Int’l Issues 65 90 67 98 63 98 60 83 Below 10th Percentile (Scaled Score <=135) Average Scaled Score 163 97 1 *Sample was too small for summary results 0* 23 Marketing Legal & Soc. Env. Above 90th Percentile (Scaled Score >=173) 0 165 98 *Sample was too small for summary results 47 61 46 59 63 79 52 99 42 42 65 90 63 92 62 67 62 90 54 91 54 94 64 83 48 95 50 83 68 97 66 97 67 99 59 79 46 54 42 30 61 66 42 59 41 38 62 81 61 82 49 47 57 69 53 88 47 66 63 79 46 89 46 66 65 90 64 95 58 90 60 83 43.8 44.2 57 40.5 42.6 55 55.5 48.4 52.8 Legend: Percentiles, based on students from 662 universities 1 1 3 156 79 162 96 2 1 10 2 12% 2% 152 54 158.0 86 APPENDIX 2.4 MAJOR FIELD TEST RESULTS SPRING 2014 Topic Area Major Area Major Area (Mean % Correct & Nat’l Percentile) Accounting Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Finance Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Management Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Mgmt. Info. Sys. Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Marketing Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Total SoBA Mean % Correct Nat’l Percentile Nat’l Mean % Correct n= 41 15 33 22 40 151 Account ing Economics Manage ment Quant. Bus. Analysis Finance Marketing Legal & Soc. Env. Info. Sys. Int’l Issues 76 99 52 94 62 81 46 94 64 99 65 90 73 97 69 98 54 98 52 92 59 99 67 96 54 99 81 99 66 93 64 68 57 74 57 99 49 84 50 90 64 92 42 78 47 71 65 90 66 78 52 48 48 85 50 87 49 88 60 72 49 97 52 88 67 94 72 95 74 99 44 63 48 79 43 61 81 76 42 78 49 78 69 96 62 53 56 67 46 75 57 97 49 88 62 81 45 94 56 96 57 94 68 88 62 91 49 88 42.4 40.3 55.2 37.0 43.1 55.7 60.6 51.6 40.9 Legend: Percentiles *new test form: Percentiles are based on 19,912 test takers from 370 different institutions Above 90th Percentile (Scaled Score >=173) 18 Below 10th Percentile (Scaled Score <=135) 0 43.9% 6 0 40.0% 1 0 3.0% 5 0 22.7% 3 0 21.9% 33 0 21.9% Average Scaled Score 170.2 99 168.6 99 158.9 85 163.9 96 158.2 82 163.5 95 APPENDIX 3.1 ORAL PRESENTATION SCORING RUBRICS Student Name: _______________________________________ Content Organization Delivery Nonverbal Skills Mechanics Comments: 1. NOVICE Speaker gave incorrect or incomplete information. Points were vague and lacked any supporting evidence. Beginning, middle or end or presentation was missing. Main points were illogical or difficult to follow. Transitions were poor. Speaker’s nervousness was distracting throughout the presentation. Volume and pace detracted from the presentation. Speaker had no eye contact and no movement or movement that detracted from presentation. Speaker filled pauses with dead words such as “uh”, “and”, or “like”. Speaker used slang or made grammatical mistakes. Presentation tools hampered presentation. 2. DEVELOPING Speaker strayed from focus of presentation or used very little supporting evidence. Examples were sometimes difficult to grasp. Beginning, middle or end of presentation was weak. Main points were logical but difficult to follow. Transitions were occasionally awkward. Speaker’s discomfort was occasionally distracting. Volume and pace were somewhat erratic. Speaker displayed minimal eye contact and little movement. Speaker made a few grammatical mistakes, occasionally mispronounced words, and occasionally filled pauses with dead words. Presentation tools occasionally distracted from presentation. 3. EXPERIENCED Speaker presented relevant information with few points unsupported by evidence. Examples were generally good. Beginning, middle and end of presentation were good. Main points were logical and easy to follow. Transitions were smooth. Speaker had some initial nervousness, but it was not distracting. Volume and pace were satisfactory. Speaker makes consistent use of eye contact, but frequently returns to notes. Movements or gestures enhance presentation. Speaker used correct grammar with only one mistake. Words were pronounced clearly and correctly. Pauses were not filled with dead words. Use of presentation tools was adequate. 4. PROFESSIONAL Speaker presented relevant, accurate, timely information with supporting evidence for each point. All examples were relevant and clear. Presentations structure was excellent with main points logically and building on one another. Transitions were smooth and showed originality. Speaker appeared confident and relaxed. Volume and pace contributed positively to speaker’s image. Speaker holds the attention of entire audience with eye contact, seldom looking at notes. Movements seem fluid and help the audience visualize message. Speaker used correct grammar and standard English throughout presentation. Vocal pauses were used from emphasis and not filled with dead words. Use of presentation tools was excellent. SCORE TOTAL: ___________________ APPENDIX 3.2 RATING 0 1 2 3 4 (% 3 or 4) CONTENT 0 0 1 5 44 98% ORAL PRESENTATIONS STRATEGIC VENTURE MANAGEMENT FALL 2013 ORGANIZATION DELIVERY 0 0 0 0 3 4 6 5 41 41 94% 92% NONVERBAL SKILLS 0 0 1 26 23 98% MECHANICS 0 0 0 15 35 100% APPENDIX 3.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INTERN EMPLOYERS SURVEY FALL 2012 QUESTION LEARNING OUTCOME The intern demonstrated fundamental business knowledge when 1 performing assigned internship tasks. The intern integrated business concepts when completing 2 internship tasks. The intern wrote effectively. 3 The intern gave professional-quality oral presentations. The intern demonstrated effective interpersonal communication skills. The intern satisfactorily demonstrated critical thinking skills in solving problems. The intern recognized potential ethical dilemmas when appropriate. The intern effectively used spreadsheets and other technology when appropriate. n SCORES OF 3, 4, OR 5 PERCENTAGE SATISFACTORY 27 27 100% 26 26 100% 25 25 100% 3 19 19 100% 3 27 26 96% 4 27 26 96% 5 15 15 100% 6 27 26 96% APPENDIX 3.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INTERN EMPLOYERS SURVEY SPRING 2013 QUESTION LEARNING OUTCOME The intern demonstrated fundamental business knowledge when 1 performing assigned internship tasks. The intern integrated business concepts when completing 2 internship tasks. The intern wrote effectively. 3 The intern gave professional-quality oral presentations. The intern demonstrated effective interpersonal communication skills. The intern satisfactorily demonstrated critical thinking skills in solving problems. The intern recognized potential ethical dilemmas when appropriate. The intern effectively used spreadsheets and other technology when appropriate. n SCORES OF 3, 4, OR 5 PERCENTAGE SATISFACTORY 57 57 100% 53 53 100% 54 54 100% 3 42 42 100% 3 57 57 100% 4 56 56 100% 5 39 39 100% 6 52 52 100% APPENDIX 3.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INTERN EMPLOYERS SURVEY FALL 2013 QUESTION LEARNING OUTCOME The intern demonstrated fundamental business knowledge when 1 performing assigned internship tasks. The intern integrated business concepts when completing 2 internship tasks. The intern wrote effectively. 3 The intern gave professional-quality oral presentations. The intern demonstrated effective interpersonal communication skills. The intern satisfactorily demonstrated critical thinking skills in solving problems. The intern recognized potential ethical dilemmas when appropriate. The intern effectively used spreadsheets and other technology when appropriate. n SCORES OF 3, 4, OR 5 PERCENTAGE SATISFACTORY 32 32 100% 41 41 100% 29 29 100% 3 17 17 100% 3 32 31 97% 4 32 30 94% 5 22 21 95% 6 29 29 100% APPENDIX 3.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INTERN EMPLOYERS SURVEY SPRING 2014 QUESTION LEARNING OUTCOME The intern demonstrated fundamental business knowledge when 1 performing assigned internship tasks. The intern integrated business concepts when completing 2 internship tasks. The intern wrote effectively. 3 The intern gave professional-quality oral presentations. The intern demonstrated effective interpersonal communication skills. The intern satisfactorily demonstrated critical thinking skills in solving problems. The intern recognized potential ethical dilemmas when appropriate. The intern effectively used spreadsheets and other technology when appropriate. n SCORES OF 3, 4, OR 5 PERCENTAGE SATISFACTORY 50 50 100% 49 49 100% 48 47 98% 3 34 34 100% 3 50 50 100% 4 50 50 100% 5 28 27 96% 6 48 48 100%