Annual Report 2 0 1 0
Texel, June 2011
NIOZ Royal Netherlands In s titu te fo r Sea Research
The annual re p o rt can be ordered free o f charge,
by preference on an exchange base, fro m the
library o f NIOZ Royal Netherlands In stitu te fo r
Sea Research. It is also available a t the NIOZ w e b ­
site w w w .nioz.n l/ann rep
This A nnual Report was produced under the
responsibility o f the directors
Carlo Heip & Herman R idderinkhof
Realization:
Jan Boon, Marcel W ernand, Judith van Bleijswijk,
Marianne Baas, Henko de Stigter, Rogier Daan,
Pieternella Luttikhuizen, Nelleke Krijgsman
Printed by:
Media bureau Langeveld & Rooy, Den Burg,
Texel, The Netherlands
ISSN: 0165-9162
Content
Intro d u ctio n 5
M u ltid is cip lin a ry Them es 11
An In te g ra te d N e tw o rk f o r P roduction and Loss Assessment in th e Coastal E nviron m ent (IN PLACE) 12
GEOTRACES W est A tla n tic 15
Physical O cean o g rap h y 17
H yd rog ra ph ic v a ria b ility in th e n o rth -w e ste rn N o rth A tla n tic Ocean 19
Unique m easurem ents o f ocean currents east o f A frica
21
La bo ratory experim ents on local g e n e ra tio n o f in te rn a l so lita ry waves 23
F am iliarly curved deep sea waves 25
External Projects Physical O ceanography 26
M a rin e G eology 21
Dynam ic paleoceanography and p a le o th e rm o m e try in th e M oza m biq ue Channel, upstream o f th e A gulhas C urrent 29
Scanning sedim ent cores a t NIOZ 31
MODOO: te stin g a deep ocean observatory on th e Porcupine Abyssal Plain 33
External Projects M arine G eology 35
M a rin e O rganic B iogeochem istry 37
Structure and d is trib u tio n o f m em brane lipids o f Thaum archaeota 38
Proboscia diatom s reveal past A n ta rc tic oceanographic and atm ospheric co n d itio n s 40
Influence o f sea surface te m p e ra tu re on ve g e ta tio n in central N o rth A frica 42
External Projects M arine O rganic Biogeochem istry 44
Biological O cean o g rap h y 47
Dissolved A lu m in iu m and M anganese in th e Polar Oceans: Small concentrations, big insights 49
Im proved q u a n tific a tio n o f Southern Ocean p h y to p la n k to n as in dica tors fo r carbon fix a tio n using rem o te sensing
(KERGUELEN, SRON pro je ct EO-078) 51
H e te ro tro p h ic activity o f archaea and bacteria in th e A tla n tic 53
External Projects Biological O ceanography 55
M a rin e Ecology 57
C lim ate-induced changes in estuarine pre d a to r-p re y systems: a bioenergetics approach 59
W in te rin g in benign tro p ic a l clim ates is n o t necessarily a "su m m er h o lid a y ": A fro-S ib erian red knots
Calidris canutus canutus - a case study 61
Do deep-sea scavengers use p la n t m aterial and algae as a fo o d resource? 63
External Projects M arine Ecology 65
R e tro fit RV Pelagia, spring 2010 69
Scientific S upport Services i s
M arine Research Vessels and Facilities 76
M arine Technology 81
Data M a n ag em en t G roup 84
Publications 87
Dissertations 88
Refereed papers in scie ntific jo u rn a ls 88
Refereed chapters in books 97
Sym posia, Courses & Public O utreach
O rg an iza tio n 107
Financial R eport 111
99
Introduction
ln 2010 NIOZ has again been able to fulfil and strengthen its comm itm ent as the
national oceanographic institute of the Netherlands and as a major player in marine
sciences in Europe and internationally. The growing international importance o f our
activities is driven by the fact th at marine science is increasingly needed to under­
stand System Earth and how it changes.
On the one hand there is the concern th at the effects o f climate change and biodi­
versity loss are changing the functioning of marine ecosystems, but th a t it is difficult
to predict their consequences as they are still incompletely known, especially for the
marine environment. The potential harmful effects of ocean acidification on calcify­
ing organisms have also become a major concern. In contrast to pollution, which has
more local and coastal effects, the impacts are now global and cover the entire
ocean.
On the other hand, the oceans also offer new opportunities. Ocean exploration is
w a y behind the exploration of space and new discoveries yielding new insights are
made every year. Im portant economic activities such as maritim e transport, offshore
energy exploration and exploitation and exploitation of living-and non-living
resources from the sea are increasing human w ea lth but are also affecting the global
environm ent and have global economic and ecological consequences which affect
the functioning o f system earth and therefore human w ell-being as w ell. M ore and
more human populations and economic activities are concentrating in coastal zones.
The increasing use of the marine environm ent requires new national and interna­
tional legislation and governance and this requires scientific knowledge th a t is
often not yet available.
Scientific research at NIOZ has covered many o f these issues, as is clear from this
report. For the first tim e in history, NIOZ production of articles in reviewed journals
passed the 200 publications mark, o f which 6 articles appeared in the top journals
Nature, Science or PNAS. M ajor papers of 2010 dealt w ith paleo-climate, trace metals
in the ocean, invading species, cold seeps and marine viruses, migrating birds
among many others. One o f the strengths of NIOZ is its multi-disciplinarity, w ith five
departm ents covering the major natural marine sciences and supported by dedi­
cated and highly skilled technical and analytical departm ents. NIOZ is a respected
partner in many EU and ESF projects and has close collaborations w ith major insti­
tutes and scientists in Europe and w orldw ide. Over sixty PhD students and post­
docs are an im portant part of the NIOZ community. This year, 8 PhD students
received their degree afte r a successful defence of their thesis. One o f them, Rob
Middag, even received a 'cum laude'. Our close connections w ith Dutch, German and
Belgian universities have been strengthened again w ith now 11 NIOZ staff members
also being professors. New ly appointed professors w ere Stefan Schouten
('Paleoceanography' a t Utrecht University) and Geert-Jan Brummer
('Paleoceanography and Geochemistry' a t the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
Increasing the scientific core of tenured scientists o f the institute w ill also be one of
the major results of the merger betw een NIOZ and the Centre for Estuarine and
The CEME building in Yerseke, Zeeland; a fu tu re
part o f Nioz
Coastal Ecology o f the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-CEME). Much effo rt
was devoted in 2010 to discussions in conjunction w ith NWO w ith the Royal
Netherlands Academy on this merger. A fte r the recommendations of the Breimer
Comm ittee at the end of 2009, the intention to merge the tw o institutes w as recon­
firm ed by the president o f the Academy, Prof. Robbert Dijkgraaf, and the chair o f the
board o f NW O, Prof. Jos Engelen. In practice the discussions w ere fraught w ith d iffi­
culties as the financial and personal consequences w ere not always resolved in a sat­
isfactory way. This merger is essential to maintain a viable fundam ental marine
research community in the Netherlands in the future. M ainly for this reason, in
January 2011 the boards o f NWO and NIOZ accepted the o ffer o f the Royal
Netherlands Academy o f Arts and Sciences (KNAW).
The overall budget o f NIOZ approached 25 M € in 2010, of which 43% was obtained
through external grants. This marks an im portant increase of close to 20 % over the
last tw o years, which does not include about 4,5 M € required to cover the expense
o f the mid-life overhaul of R.V. Pelagia. The number o f people employed by NIOZ is
now close to 300, but still only 31 are tenured scientists. This is too low to support
the ambitions o f NIOZ to cover all the major disciplines in oceanography and marine
sciences so to fulfil its mission as a multidisciplinary institute. The system of tenure
track was continued and NIOZ has now 6 young scientists on tenure-track positions.
The technical and analytical supporting staff of NIOZ, which also serves the w hole
Dutch oceanographic community, achieved a high performance level. A fte r tw o
years of discussion, the system o f supporting labs was accepted by the Works
Council and w ill be gradually expanded to create a more flexible and accessible sup­
port for the w ho le of the institute.
Project-based external funding
(all amounts x € 1.000)
12000
10000
8 000
4000
M external funding
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
5030
5262
5577
6791
8681
10860
D evelopm ent o f th e am ounts ob tained throu gh project-based external fun din g 2005-2010.
The increase in the overall budget during the past years has been achieved mainly
from successful applications for projects th at are financed from sources outside of
the regular scientific NWO and/or EU FP7 fram ew ork programmes. Examples are the
EU-lnterreg programme on ballast w a te r treatm ent and different programmes th at
w ere funded by the 'Waddenfonds'. These projects also have a relatively large inno­
vation component and are part o f NIOZ's increasing efforts to stimulate valorisation
o f NIOZ knowledge on the functioning of marine ecosystems.
In December 2009, w e have repeated the investigation by the 'Effectory' Company
on the job satisfaction of our personnel. The results became available in the course
of this year and compared to the first questionnaire in 2006, the overall NIOZ aver­
age increased from 7.6 to 8.1 (national average is 7.4). This result was apparently so
good, th at NIOZ received a nom ination as a 'Best Employer 2010' in the category of
GENOMINEERD
BESTEWERKGEVERS2010
companies w ith less than 1000 employees. In the final election, w e ended on the
12th place; a result o f which w e are really proud, but o f course w e w ill strive to be in
the top 5 during the next election.
EFFECTORY
A major accomplishment was the mid-life overhaul of R.V. Pelagia. In the beginning
o f the year, from January till March, RV Pelagia was a t the Astander shipyard in
Santander, Spain, for its major 20 year overhaul. The vessel was almost completely
stripped. New engines w ere installed, all cranes w ere revised, the bridge was com­
pletely renewed, including the nautical equipm ent, and much o f the accommodation
was renewed. Despite the enormous am ount o f (partly unforeseen) w o rk th at had
to been done, the overhaul was successfully finished, both w ith in the available tim e
and budget. An illustrated overview o f w h a t happened during the refit can be
found elsewhere in this annual report.
A t th e start o f th e refit in S p a in
..........and back in th e M arsdiep th e rea fte r!
The renovation of the NIOZ buildings, an ongoing process th at started more than
five years ago, became much more visible by the renovation o f the entry o f NIOZ,
which included also a renovation of our main haii w here colloquia and symposia are
organized. An im portant improvem ent was the replacement of part o f the solid
facade by large w indow s. This made the NIOZ entry much brighter. Moreover, new
separate rooms could be created th a t are ideally suited for meetings of groups of
30-50 persons. These w ill serve mainly for courses th at are held a t the institute.
Our renovated haii and auditorium 'Ocean haii' w ere also the location w here the
national North Sea Days took place on 7 and 8 October. This event is organised
annually at a d ifferen t location, and is m eant to bring together scientists, policy
makers and professional users o f the North Sea. It was attended by no less than 175
people.
Impression o f th e N orth Sea Days
7
Annual report 2010
A nother major outreach event was the Open Day at NIOZ in which also our col­
leagues from IMARES and SOVON which inhabit our building participated. M ore
than 1300 visitors came to NIOZ to be informed about all our activities.
On a regional scale, the plans of our m anagem ent to w iden the scope for use of the
NIOZ harbour drew considerable media attention. The NIOZ harbour is increasingly
used for certification trials of ballast w a te r treatm ent installations and cultivation
experiments w ith algae, seaweeds, shellfish and fish. This research is often done
together w ith commercial firms and represents the valorisation of science which is
considered to become more im portant in the near future. This was underlined by the
visits paid by the Secretary-General Rijkswaterstaat Ir. S. Riedstra and the Queen's
Commissioner o f the Province North-Holland Mr. J.W. Remkes.
NIOZ scientist M arcel Veldhuis explains his research on ballast w a te r tre a tm e n t installations to
Secretary-General S. Riedstra, D. Brus o f th e M inistry V& W , and th e M ajor o f Texel, Mrs. F. Giskes.
Our fo rm er NIOZ PhD student Isabel Smallegange w o n th e prize fo r th e best
PhD thesis betw een 2005 and 2009 o f th e W adden Academ y o f th e Royal
Netherlands Academ y o f Arts and Sciences (KNAW ) fo r her thesis (of 2007) on
NIOZ deputy director Herman Ridderinkhof
explains th e plans w ith th e NIOZ harbour to
Commissioner o f th e Queen o f N orth-H ollan d Mr.
J. Remkes, Mrs. F. Giskes and E. Hercules.
th e feeding behaviour o f shore crabs.
Overall, 2010 was a busy and very successful year for our institute and w e look for­
w ard to 2011, which w ill be a historic year in the sense th at the fusion w ith CEME
w ill cause th at NIOZ w ill get tw o locations and about 80 extra employees.
Carlo Heip
Herman Ridderinkhof
8
Annual report 2010
N e w e x te rn a l projects
•
Consequences o f Ocean A c id ific a tio n fo r p h y to p la n k to n p ro d u c tio n and losses
(D ouble Trouble, D arw in Center fo r Biogeosciences).
C.P.D. Brussaard. lin co o p e ra tio n w ith U tre ch t U n iversity a n d A lfre d -W e g e n e r
In stitu te .
•
Joint D o cto rate Program mes o f ERASMUS MUNDUS do ctoral school in M arine
Ecosystem H ealth and Conservation (MARES).
M.J.W. Veldhuis.
•
W adden Sea ecosystem data assim ilation and in te g ra te d m o d e llin g (NWO-ZKO).
P. Ruardij, T. Gerkema. In c o o p e ra tio n w ith IMARES, NIOO.
•
M ulti-scale m o d e llin g o f calcificatio n in scleractinian corals, (M ultiC alc), NWO.
J.D.L. van B le ijsw ijk. In c o o p e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f A m sterdam .
•
N o rth Sea Ballast W a te r O p p o rtu n ity project, Interre g IVb (ESRF). Extension o f
th e project.
M.J.W. Veldhuis.
•
Age de term in ation in bivalves: validation o f the seasonality o f shell g ro w th bands
along th e European coast.
J.F.M.F. Cardoso, H.W. van de r Veer, in cooperation w ith CIIMAR/CIMAR (Porto,
Portugal).
•
Local eel m anagem ent (LNV).
J. van d e r Meer.
•
P ilot pro je ct Local eel m anagem ent in Friesland (LNV).
J. van d e r Meer.
•
Science-Policy Interfaces fo r Biodiversity: Research, A ctio n , and Learning
(SPIRAL, EU 7th FP).
C.H.R. Heip, C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt, E. van Haastrecht.
•
W adden Sea Long-Term Ecosystem Research (WaLTER) (W addenacadem ie)
C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt a n d T. De Bruin. In c o o p e ra tio n w ith IMARES, SOVON
V og eiond erzo ek N ederland, R adboud U n iversity N ijm egen, U n iversity o f
G roning en a n d Com m on W adden Sea Secretariat.
•
In te g ra tio n o f European m arine research ne tw orks o f excellence (Eurom arine,
EU 7th FP).
C.H.R. Heip.
•
D eveloping a kn o w le d g e n e tw o rk fo r European expertise on b io d ive rsity and
ecosystem services to in fo rm policy m aking econom ic sectors (KNEU, EU 7th FP)
C.H.R. Heip.
•
Joint European Research In fra stru ctu re n e tw o rk fo r Coastal O bservatories
(JERICO, EU 7th FP).
C.H.R. Heip.
•
Clim ate Change and European M a rine Ecosystem Research (CLAMER, EU 7th FP).
•
C lim atic and a n th ro p o g e n ic shifts in seasonal river ru n o ff in to th e Indian Ocean
C.H.R. Heip, C.J.M. P hilip pa rt.
o v e rth e past M ille n n iu m resolved by coral ge ochem istry and p h o to lu m in e s­
cence (CLIMATCH, NWO-ALW).
J. Zinke, G.J.A Brummer, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith VU U nisversityA m sterdam .
•
Coral Reefs and G lobal Change - a historical perspective spanning th e w estern
Indian Ocean. (W estern Indian Ocean M arine Science A ssociatio n-M arine Science
fo r M anagem ent; W IO M SA-M ASM A).
J. Zinke, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f Cape Town (South A frica).
•
N atural m on itors benchm ark e n viro n m e n ta l change: v a lo riz a tio n o f th e NIOZCore Scanner (NWO).
G.J.A. Brummer, R. T ja llin g ii, J. Zinke, B. Koster.
•
D arw in revisited: A to lls and clim ate change in Keeling Island corals since th e
voyage o f th e Beagle (VPRO and NIOZ/NWO).
G.J.A. Brummer, R. N agtegaal, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f W o llo n g o n g
(A ustralia) a n d D utch a n d B elgian n a tio n a l television.
H ydroacoustic se a flo o r and w a te r colum n m apping: N e w to o ls fo r m ultibe am
backscatter analyses and 3D/4D visu a liza tio n (NW O V a lo riza tio n ).
J. G reinert, H. de Haas.
Spatial m ethane and C 02 flu x q u a n tific a tio n fro m a pockm ark area in th e Black
Sea: SPUX. (ESF Eurofleets).
J. G reinert, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith IFM-GEOMAR, K iel (Germany), G he nt University,
G he nt (Belgium ), IOBAS, Varna (Bulgaria).
P erm afrost and gas hydrate related m ethane release in th e A rctic and im pact on
clim ate change: European co o p e ra tio n fo r lo n g -te rm m o n ito rin g (PERGAMON,
ESF/COST).
J. G reinert, A. Stadnistkaia.
D e velopm ent large-scale a p p lica tio n o ffsho re tid a l energy, fu n d e d by th e
European Regional D e velo pm e nt Fund (ERDF)
H.M. van A ken , J. Nauw.
B orn ho lm basin ILWAO.
H. van Haren, N IO Z -participant IO W -W arnem unde project.
B udget m o d e lin g o f fines in th e Dutch coastal zone. B uild ing W ith N ature/
Ecoshape.
T. Gerkema. In c o o p e ra tio n w ith MEE a n d Deltares.
D evelopm ent, v a lid a tio n and a p p lica tio n o f com pound specific hyd rog en iso­
to p e analysis as a to o l fo r reconstructing A gulhas C urrent paleo sea surface
sa lin ity v a ria b ility (EU M arie Curie In itia l Training N e tw o rk GATEWAYS).
S. Kasper, M.T.J. van der Meer, S. Schouten.
W addensleutels (W addenfonds).
J.S. S inninghe Damsté, 5. Schouten, in co o p e ra tio n w ith MEE, G roningen
U n iversity a n d U tre ch t University.
D eveloping new m ethods to estim ate paleosalinity; u n de rsta nd ing th e past as
key to fu tu re clim ate change (NW O In n o va tio n a l Research Incentives Scheme
VIDI).
M. T.J. van d e r Meer.
Multidisciplinary Themes
An Integrated N etw ork for Production and Loss
Assessment in the Coastal Environment
(IN PLACE)
Katja P h ilip p a rt*, H e n d rik van A ken, M a rk van D ijk, Eric Epping, M a rg rie t H iehle, Jacco K ro m ka m p 1, A nn a
N oordeloos, Lars Okei, A n n e ke van den Oever, Herm an R id d e rin kh o f, Suhyb Salama2, Eric W agemaakers, Thalia
W atm ough, M arce l W ernand, Hans van d e r W oerd3
In sha llo w seas, such as th e W adden Sea, algae in th e w a te r colum n (p h y to p la n k to n ) and algae attached to th e sur­
face o f tid a l fla ts (m icro p h yto b e n th o s) fo rm th e base o f th e fo o d w e b and are th e source o f fo o d fo r m any m arine
organism s such as bivalves. Statistical analyses o f m ore th a n 30 years o f fie ld observations show changes in p h y to ­
p la n k to n biomass, in p h y to p la n k to n com p osition, and in th e pro d u ctivity, th a t are like ly caused by changes in n u tri­
e n t in p u t in th e W adden Sea.
These observations are, however, scattered in tim e and place and consistent measurem ents o f prim ary p ro d u ctio n in
th e w a te r colum n are lim ite d to a single s ta tio n only, w h ile data on th e p ro d u ctio n o f m icro p h yto b e n th o s are v irtu a lly
lacking. The N W O -funded 'IN PLACE' pro je ct sim ultaneously studies th e g ro w th and loss processes o f p h y to p la n k to n
and m icro p h yto b e n th o s a t th e a p p ro p ria te scales in tim e and space fo r th e firs t tim e in th is coastal region. This mech­
anistic approach is carried o u t by a m u ltid iscip lin a ry tea m consisting o f physical oceanographers, chemists, m ic ro b io l­
ogists, ecologists and m athe m atica l m odellers fro m NIOZ, th e Centre o f Estuarine and M arine Ecology (NIOO-CEME),
th e In stitu te fo r E nvironm ental Studies o f th e V rije U n ive rsite it (VU-IVM), and th e Faculty o f G e o -In fo rm a tio n Science
and Earth O bservation o f th e U niversity o f T w ente (UT-ITC).
W e e x p lo it a m o n ito rin g n e tw o rk o f tw o
instrum ents to assess th e biomass, species
dynam ic tra n s fe r o f organic m a tte r
pe rm an ent stations in th e w estern
com p osition and p ro d u ctio n o f p h y to ­
be tw ee n algae and th e ir prim ary con­
W adden Sea (Balgzand and N IO Z je tty),
p la n k to n and m icro p h yto b e n th o s, and
sumers. This N W O -funded 'P REDUCE'
and in th e M arsdiep tid a l in le t using
th e grazing be h a vio u r o f filte r-fe e d in g
p ro je ct allow s us to focus in de p th on
e q u ip m e n t m ou n te d u n d e rtw o TESO
bivalves such as mussels. In a d d itio n , w e
phosphate as th e m ain fa c to r lim itin g
ferrie s sailing be tw ee n Den Helder and
b u ilt a system to supply p o w e r to th e
prim a ry p ro d u ctio n in th e W adden Sea
Texel. This n e tw o rk m on itors th e w e st­
sensors and lo g g in g devices, and a sys­
and c o n tro llin g th e species com position
ern-m ost basin o f th e Dutch W adden Sea,
te m to tra n s fe r th e data fro m th e p la t­
o f algae.
th e o n ly basin fo r w h ic h lo n g -te rm
fo rm to th e database a t NIOZ. Due to th e
The m ost in no vative aspect o f 'IN PLACE'
records on hydrography, n u trie n ts like
shallowness o f th e Balgzand area, th e
concerns th e in te r-c a lib ra tio n o f m e th o d ­
n itro g e n and phosphate, p h y to p la n k to n
large research vessels o f NIOZ are n o t
ologies to measure th e rate o f prim ary
p ro d u c tio n and large in v e rte b ra te an i­
capable o f reaching th e p la tfo rm . Thanks
p ro d u ctio n . This in fo rm a tio n is a pre re­
mals livin g in and on th e sea flo o r (mac-
to a d d itio n a l fu n d in g by R ijksw aterstaat,
qu isite to exam ine th e d iffe re n t op tion s
rozo ob enth os) are available. A selection
w e w e re able to design and b u ild th e
f o r m anagem ent strategies related to
o f m e te o ro lo g ica l, h yd rological, physical,
small research vessel 'Z e evo nk' in 2010.
th e carrying capacity o f th e w estern
chemical and b iolo gical variables are
This 7m a lu m in iu m vessel is fu lly d e d i­
W adden Sea. In Decem ber 2010, o u r p ro ­
m o n ito re d , using sensor packages th a t
cated to th e h igh -fre que ncy m a in te ­
posal to develop a m u ltid iscip lin a ry s tra t­
have been already successful in existing
nance o f th e p la tfo rm .
egy to m o n ito r ab io tic, b io tic and
lo n g -te rm m o n ito rin g program s
To increase th e spatial reso lu tion o f our
socio-econom ic de ve lo p m e n t in th e
de ployed in o th e r coastal environm ents.
studies, w e organize seasonal surveys
Dutch W adden Sea was gra nted . The
On site flu o ro m e tric techniques are used
w ith RV 'N avicula ' to measure p h y to ­
'W adden Sea Long-Term Ecosystem
to m o n ito r th e co n ce n tra tio n o f th e p ig ­
p la n k to n and m icro p h yto b e n th o s p ri­
Research' (WaLTER) m o n ito rin g plan
m en t ch lo ro p h yll o f th e m icroalgae.
m ary p ro d u c tio n and to map
includes new measurem ents w ith o p ti­
mal sam pling techniques, conceptual
In 2010, w e have designed and b u ilt th e
characteristics o f th e w a te r colum n and
sensor package fo r th e p e rm an ent sta­
th e sedim ent. In a d d itio n , w e o b ta in
models, and rig orou s statistical designs
tio n at th e tid a l fla t 'B a lg za n d ' in th e
basin-w ide in fo rm a tio n on algal biomass
derived fro m analyses o f existing data.
w estern W adden Sea. The p la tfo rm car­
and sedim ent characteristics fro m satel­
Insights and expertise fro m 'IN PLACE'
ries sensors fo r m o n ito rin g w e a th e r con­
lite observations and a irb o rn e images.
w ill d ire ctly c o n trib u te to th e aims o f
dition s, lig h t in te n sity above and
The 'IN PLACE' pro je ct is closely linked
'WaLTER'.
unde rw ater, w a te r h e ig h t and waves. On
w ith pa rallel research on th e conse­
th is p la tfo rm , w e also placed several
quences o f phosphorus red uctio n f o r t h e
1 N IO O -C e n tre fo r E stu a rin e a n d M a rin e E c o lo g y ;2 U T - F a c u lty o f G e o -In fo rm a tio n Science a n d E arth
O b s e rva tio n ; 3 VU - In s titu te fo r E n v iro n m e n ta l S tudies
12
Annual report 2010
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: k a tja .p h ilip p a r t@ n io z .n l
Sampling a t th e NIOZ je tty. Gerhard Cadée (left)
and Katja P hilippart (rig h t) fro m the departm ent
o f M arine Ecology at NIOZ, are th e scientists
responsible fo r th e long-term fie ld observations
on p h ytoplan kton dynamics th a t started in 1974.
The coinciding changes th a t w ere observed
betw een environm ental conditions and p h y to ­
plan kton biomass, production and species com­
position a t th e end o f th e 1970s and d u ring th e
1980s, fo rm th e basis o f th e w o rk in g hypothesis
underlying th e 'IN PLACE' project.
The Balgzand p la tfo rm is alm ost ready to be
launched. Lars Okei and his colleagues a t the
de partm ent o f M arine Technology a t NIOZ
designed and b u ilt th e p la tfo rm in close collabo­
ration w ith the 'IN PLACE' research group. The
pole on w hich th e p la tfo rm is m ounted was fo r­
merly used by GKKS in th e German W adden Sea,
and has kindly been loaned t o NIOZ fo r th e 'IN
PLACE' project. The underw a ter sensors are posi­
tio n e d a t th e base o f the pole and are hoisted up
to th e p la tfo rm fo r w eekly m aintenance.
Extensive testin g o f th e sensor package before it
g o t launched. A fte r selection o f th e most ap pro­
priate sensors by th e 'IN PLACE' Sensor Group,
Eric W agemaakers and his colleagues o f th e NIOZ
departm ents o f Physical Oceanography and
Marine Technology developed and b u ilt th e a u to ­
mated m o n ito rin g station th a t is located a t the
Balgzand tid a l fla t. In a d d itio n to th e sensors, this
in te rtid a l station accommodates systems to sup­
ply pow er to th e sensors and logging devices and
to tra nsfer the data fro m th e p la tfo rm to the
database a t NIOZ.
WlndSonlc
Our new research vessel 'Zeevonk', specially
designed to navigate in shallow areas o f the
W adden Sea, w here one o f th e autom ated m o ni­
to rin g stations is located.
13
Annual report 2010
The RV 'N avicula' at sea during the 'IN PLACE'
cruise in September 2010. During th e fo u r
research cruises in 2010, changes in ab io tic and
b io tic conditions w ere fo llo w e d over a fu ll tid a l
cycle (13 hours) a t subtidal stations in th e main
gullies o f th e w estern W adden Sea and, w eather
p e rm ittin g , in th e N orth Sea coastal zone. The
participants w ere divided in to tw o groups, i.e. a
pelagic team th a t was responsible fo r th e sam­
pling and analysis o f th e w a te r samples, and a
be n th ic te a m th a t collected and processed sedi­
m ent cores.
mm
Pelagic sam pling on board th e RV 'Navicula'.
Together w ith one o f the crew members.
M a rg rie t Hiehle to o k hourly w a te r samples at
three d iffe re n t depths fo r th e d u ra tio n o f a fu ll
tid a l cycle a t each station sampled d u ring the
2010 'IN PLACE' cruises. The w a te r samples w ere
subsequently d istrib u te d over th e various pa rtici­
pants o f 'IN PLACE' and 'P REDUCE' w h o analysed
the m fo r a suite o f parameters, e.g. concentra­
tion s o f n u trients and to ta l suspended m atter,
and biomass, prim ary p roductio n and species
com position o f ph ytoplan kton . A d dition al w a te r
samples w ere taken to q u a n tify th e rates o f
incorporation o f 13C in to phospholipids and Zoo­
plan kton grazing.
Benthic sam pling on board o f th e RV 'Navicula':
Eric Epping checks if th e sedim ent samples are o f
su fficie n t q u a lity to take the m to th e NIOZ labo­
ratories fo r fu rth e r tre a tm e n t. Subsequent analy­
sis o f th e n u trie n t concentrations a t various
sedim ent depths enables a calculation o f the
rates o f exchange o f n u trients betw een th e sedi­
m ent and th e w a te r column.
Photo: M e in t Brookman
14
Annual report 2010
GEOTRACES W est Atlantic
Hein de Baar, M icha R ijken be rg*, Loes G erringa, H e n d rik van A ke n
The goal of the GEOTRACES project is to produce complete ocean sections of classic hydrographic tracers like tem per­
ature and salinity, trace elements and several isotopes, tracers o f global change, microbial biodiversity and m etabo­
lism, and interpretation of the data by ocean modeling. Six trace metals, iron, aluminum, zinc, manganese, cadmium
and copper are the key tracers in this project since they are essential for life in the oceans. The NIOZ developed a
unique all-titanium fram e w ith 24 plastic sample bottles of 27 liters each enabled us to do the extensive ultra clean
metal sampling. Because the natural concentrations of metals in sea w a te r are extrem ely low, an ultra clean sam­
pling system is essential since it reduces the danger o f metal contamination from the sampling equipm ent itself.
M any o f the GEOTRACES tracer sections are first-ever ocean sections, w hile others w ill allow unraveling of transient
global changes over the past 35 years by comparison w ith other cruises. The invasion o f human derived transient
tracers such as CFCs and 3H /3H e happens mainly in the North Atlantic Ocean and partly overlaps w ith w arm ing of
upper ocean w aters, and w ith the increase o f C 02, hence ocean acidification.
The N o rth A tla n tic GEOTRACES survey in
2010 consisted o f tw o legs w ith a test
s ta tio n on th e w ay (Fig. 1). The la tte r
was to check th e pe rfo rm an ce o f th e
n e w tita n iu m fra m e w ith th e PVDF plastic s a m p le bottles, on o u r w a y to th e
desolate e m b a rka tio n p o rt o f Scrabster
in th e m ost n o rth e rn p a rt o f Scotland.
A fte r results showed th a t th e system was
clean en ough fo r tra c e m etal w o rk and
w o rk e d excellent as a large seaw ater
volum e co lle cto r system, th e Pelagia
started its firs t A tla n tic GEOTRACES
cruise. The Pelagia firs t sailed to a loca­
tio n betw een Iceland and G reenland
w h e re w e w e re very in te rested in sam­
p lin g th e D enm ark S trait O v e rflo w
Sailing south fo llo w in g th e deep sec­
w in d -d riv e n surface circu la tio n , w ith th e
W a te r (DSOW). P relim inary results show
tio n s along th e G reenland coast w e sam­
th e rm o h a lin e circu latio n, and w ith occa­
high con cen tra tion s o f manganese in
pled a n o th e r 4 stations. Encountering
sional large river plumes. E.g. th e iron
th e DSOW w a te r, whereas iron was sim i­
one storm a fte r th e o th e r w e fo llo w e d
con cen tra tion s show subsurface maxima
la r in DSOW and s u rro u n d in g waters.
o u r ro u te d o in g stations w h e re and
in th e lo w e rth e rm o cline (250 to 1000
-is’
Fig. 1. Cruise tracks o f th e th re e GEOTRACES
cruises. The tw o northern cruises to o k place in
2010 w ith RV Pelagia, th e southern will take
place in 2011 w ith RV James Cook
w h e n w e a th e r p e rm itte d u n til w e
m), centered in th e G ulfstream Extension
arrived a t Bermuda.
(~45°N) and th e N o rth E quatorial
Thesecond leg o f th e A tla n tic
C urrent (~10°N), w ith lo w e r values in th e
GEOTRACES cruise started tw o weeks
centre o f th e w in d -d riv e n gyre (Fig. 2).
la te r fro m Berm uda and covered 22 sta­
The iron m axim um in th e N orth
tio n s be tw ee n Berm uda and Fortaleza in
Equatorial C urrent coincides w ith a m in i­
Brazil. A lu m in u m concentrations
m um in th e oxygen con cen tra tion . This
increased go in g south w h ich was a ttrib ­
negative co rre la tio n betw een iron and
uted to dust in p u t fro m th e Sahara des­
oxygen is a w e ll do cum e nted e ffe c t o f
sert. A t th is m om e nt it is still unclear
re m in e ra liz a tio n o f organic m a tte r by
w h e th e rth e s e high AI concentrations
h e te ro tro p h ic bacteria leading to th e
are th e result o f d ire ct local Saharan
release o f iron fro m dead organism s
dust in p u t o r th e result o f tra n s p o rt w ith
back in to th e seawater. Also here it is
w a te r masses th a t w e re o rig in a lly un de r­
th e question w h e th e r w e lo o k at a local
lying th e Saharan dust plum e.
ph en om en on w h ich is th e result o f local
Between D enm ark S trait and th e equa­
biolo gical p ro d u ctio n o rw h e th e rw e
tor, th e d is trib u tio n o f tra ce r con cen tra­
deal w ith w a te r masses o rig in a tin g fro m
tio n s shows relatio ns w ith th e
a w e ll kn o w n oxygen m in im um zone in
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: m ic h a .rijk e n b e rg @ n io z .n l
15
Annual report 2010
¡ron (nmoi/L)
Latitude (°N)
Fig. 2. Results o f dissolved Iron concentrations at d iffe re n t depths from South to N orth. Sampling 24 tim es per station was possible due to th e tita n iu m
fram e w ith 24 special plastic bottles, m ade a t NIOZ
th e E quatorial East A tla n tic Ocean
around th e Cape Verde Islands. Analyses
o f all sorts o f isotopes in th e d iffe re n t
w a te r masses w ill reveal th e ir o rig in . An
in te re stin g aspect o f th e Geotraces leg 2
was th e e n co u n te r o f w a te r masses con­
sisting o f seaw ater mixed w ith Am azon
and O rinoco rive r w ater. The lo w salinity
surface w aters encountered a t a la titu d e
betw een 17°N and 13°N, p ro ba bly o rig i­
nated fro m th e O rinoco rive r and was
characterized by a green-black color (Fig.
3A). A second patch o f lo w -sa lin ity sur­
face w aters, at la titu d e s be tw ee n 6°N
and 4°N, was caused by A m azon River
in p u t (Fig. 3B). In b o th river plumes th e
surface w a te rw a s enriched in dissolved
silicate and iron.
Fig. 3. (A) Picture o f th e clear blue surface seawa­
te r at 28°05'N , 6 7 °3 0 'W and (B) Picture o f th e
green black surface seaw ater affected by Am azon
river o u tflo w at 05°55'N , 46°25'W .
16
Annual report 2010
Physical Oceanography
In 2010 the departm ent o f Physical Oceanography (FYS) carried out research in the
research areas 'Oceanography o f Shelf Seas and Estuaries', 'Deep Ocean Processes',
and 'Regional Oceanography' o f the NIOZ science plan. FYS is also involved in m ulti­
disciplinary research. The number of PostDocs and PhD students is rising again,
w hile at the end of 2010 a Tenure Track vacancy was filled. The num ber o f publica­
tions by FYS authors (30) is the largest since 2000.
O cean ography o f Shelf Seas and Estuaries.
This year much effo rt o f the FYS departm ent was spent on the preparatory phases
o f the setup o f an automatic monitoring n etw ork for the multi-disciplinary INPLACE
programme. This programme aims to determ ine the primary production in the w est­
ern W adden Sea, both pelagic and benthic, as the food basis for the ecosystem. Over
half of the technical staff o f FYS is involved in the preparation o f the physical sen­
sors (light, thermodynamics, and hydrodynamics), the data transmission and the
data storage and processing for INPLACE, w hile in the running monitoring system of
FYS in the W adden Sea also required attention.
Progress w as made in adaptation of an existing ocean circulation model (GETM/
GOTM) to the w estern W adden Sea. Test runs w ith a realistic topography and
boundary conditions w ere conducted successfully, and also a 1-dimensional turbu­
lence and silt model functioned as required. A number o f observational cruises w ith
the RV Navicula w ere perform ed to determ ine realistic parameters for the model.
Observations for a programme on the tidal current variability in the W adden Sea
w ere started in 2010. A PhD student for this programme w ill be hired in 2011. This
programme, funded by the European Regional Developm ent Fund (ERDF) aims to
support the developm ent o f a test plant to generate energy from the tidal currents.
Knowledge on the natural spatial and tem poral variability is required to assess the
anthropogenic consequences of such pow er plants on the w a te r and silt transport in
an estuary.
FYS was also involved in a number of research cruises w ith RV Navicula in the
coasta! zone of the North Sea as part o f the Building w ith Nature (BwN) project.
W ith different observational methods (optical and acoustic) the variation of the sed­
im ent locid was determined on sections perpendicular to the coast. Earlier results
w ere cc «firmed th at a silt maximum in the bottom layer is encountered near the 10
m isobat()..The GETM/GOTM model, implemented for the W adden Sea, w ill also be
used in this study.'
Observations w ere carried out on the existence of non-linear Flelmholtz oscillations
in the M ok Bay, a small em baym ent in Texel, on a short distance from NIOZ. The
existence o f such oscillations w as confirmed. These oscillations have characteristic
frequencies which differed w ith the tidal phase, and typical amplitudes of about 20
cm/s near the outlet of the em baym ent to the Marsdiep.
The research on internal waves in the W adden Sea was tinisned w ith the master's
thesis.
")eep Ocean Processes
Research on the internal w ave fieid in the deep ocean was continued in 2010. The
observational part o f this research is connected w ith the developm ent o f a European
underw ater neutrino telescope in the M editerranean Sea. For this purposes moor­
ings w ere deployed a t different locations near Greece and Italy. Also the develop-
m ent o f fast therm istor strings is connected w ith this programme. The FYS
departm ent was also invited to participate in internal w ave research programmes in
the Mediterranean, the Polar Ocean, and the Baltic.
A PhD project on the theory of internal waves and supporting model experiments
was finished successfully w ith an academic promotion. A new ly started PhD project
on near-equatorial internal waves, involving theory, observations and model experi­
ments, was continued. The laboratory models for internal w ave research are also
used for the training of master's students from Utrecht University. For 2 periods of
several months a PhD student from Spain w orked at the NIOZ FYS departm ent.
The mooring in the centre of the Irminger Sea was recovered, serviced, and rede­
ployed w ith the German RV Meteor, as part o f the EU project TFIOR. The mooring
contained a profiling CTD, tw o acoustic Doppler current profilers and the self-con­
tained CTD. Now a total o f 7 year o f daily observations of the stratification in this
sub-Arctic sea are available, which can be extended w ith similar observations by for­
eign research institutes.
Regional O ceanography
W hile in December 2009 a mooring array was re-deployed in the Mozambique
Channel betw een the island of Madagascar and the African mainland, in 2010 a cur­
rent m eter array was deployed east o f Madagascar w ith the South African RV Algoa,
as part o f the NWO-ZKO INATEX programme. This is the first tim e th at both parts of
the fast western boundary current in the southern Indian Ocean are monitored
simultaneously, the M ozam bique Current and the East Madagascar Current. An anal­
ysis of the array data from the M ozam bique Current betw een 2004 and 2009 has
shown th at next to large inter-annual variations in the volum e transport, also con­
siderable variations in the tem perature and salinity field occur in the Mozambique
Channel.
The international INSTANT project on the Indonesian th roughflow was finished in
2010 w ith the publication o f a special issue of the journal Atmospheres and Oceans.
Three o f the papers had NIOZ (co)authors.
Research on the variable hydrography o f the Irminger Sea was continued in 2010 as
part of the EU TFIOR project w ith an academic PhD promotion, also several papers
on this subject are in preparation, in cooperation w ith scientists from abroad. A fe w
CTD casts w ere measured along the AR7E section in the Irminger Sea during a cruise
w ith RV Meteor. The data from this section, collected in October 2009 w ith RV
Pelagia, w ere submitted to the ICES data centre.
In the summer of 2010 RV Pelagia surveyed a meridional section in the W estern
Atlantic Ocean from Denmark Strait to the Equator. This survey is part of the inter­
national multidisciplinary GEOTRACES programme which aims at the determ ination
o f the spatial distribution of trace elements. GEOTRACES is also follow -up o f the
similar GEOSECS programme from the early 1970's. The FYS departm ent has taken
care of the data processing for both GEOTRACES cruises, and has supplied a first
hydrographic description o f the data to all cruise participants.
H endrik van Aken
hendrik.van.aken@ nioz.nl
Hydrographie variability in the north-w estern
North Atlantic Ocean
Femke de Jon g*, H e n d rik van A ken
The north-w estern North Atlantic Ocean has several functions in the ocean
circulation and climate system. The relatively w arm surface w ater, sup­
plied by the Gulf Stream and North A tlantic Current, relinquishes large
quantities o f heat to the colder atmosphere. This is one o f the reasons
w h y the climate in western Europe is relatively mild for its latitude. It is
also one of the fe w locations w here surface w aters are transformed into
deep w ater, thus forming a vertical link in the overturning circulation.
Therefore it is im portant to describe and understand the variability o f this
part o f the ocean.
Ocean v a ria b ility can be com pared w ith
AR7E line (Fig. 2). The NIOZ R.V. Pelagia
record its 8th year o f data. The m oorings
th e v a ria b ility o f th e atm osphere. W here
surveys th is line every o th e r year.
are fitte d w ith an au tono m ou s CTD (con­
th e atm osphere has high and lo w pres­
du ctivity, te m p e ra tu re , d e p th ) p ro file r,
sure areas th e ocean has w a rm and cold
The n o rth -w e ste rn N o rth A tla n tic can be
w h ich records da ily h yd rog raph ic p ro file s
eddies. W here th e air varies in te m p e ra ­
a hostile e n v iro n m e n t in w in te r, w ith
be tw ee n 200 and 2400 m de pth. Acoustic
tu re and m oisture, th e w a te r varies in
strong w in d s and sea-ice. T here fore, ship­
D o p p le r C urrent Profiles, w h ich measure
te m p e ra tu re and salinity. Changes are
board observations are o fte n made in
th e near-surface and n e a r-b o tto m cur­
sm aller in th e ocean because o f th e
sum m er o r early au tum n. This leaves th e
rents, are also included.
hig h e r density and viscosity o f w ater.
w in te r and spring, th e period m ost in te r­
T here fore ocean currents w ill never be as
esting fo r deep w a te r fo rm a tio n , u n o b ­
The data fro m th e m oored instrum ents
fast o r chance as fast as th e w in d .
served. Two m oored observing systems
s h o w th a tth e hyd rog raph y o f th e
w e re de ployed in th is area to o b ta in
Irm in g e r Sea is h ig h ly variable. An exam­
A lth o u g h th e N o rth A tla n tic Ocean is re l­
d e ta ile d observations th ro u g h o u t th e
ple f o r th e n e a r-b o tto m w aters is shown
ative ly w e ll observed com pared to o th e r
year. These m oorings, pa rt o f th e LOCO
in Fig. 3. Changes th a t exceed th e range
ocean areas, observations are still scarce
(Long-term Ocean C irculation
o f th e v a ria b ility (d e te rm in e d fro m
com pared to th e atm osphere. That is w h y
O bservation) program , w e re deployed
annual shipboard observations) can occur
th e v a ria b ility o f th e n o rth -w e ste rn
since Septem ber 2003 in th e Irm in g e r
w ith in a fe w m onths. Thus, th is fast v a ri­
N o rth A tla n tic , especially th e v a ria b ility
Sea, a deep ocean basin east o f
a b ility is o fte n missed o r u n in te n tio n a lly
on seasonal and s h o rte rtim e scales, is
G reenland (Fig. 1). The last o f these
w ro n g ly in te rp re te d in th e record o f
still p o orly kno w n . From 1950 observa­
m oorings was deployed in July 2010 to
shipboard observations. The sharp drops
tio n s by ships w h e re made in th is area
nearly annually, b u t th e stations, sample
depths and measured param eters w ere
(ärreiab.iKl
re la tive ly un org anized . Regular surveys
o f hyd rog raph ic sections did n o t start
u n til th e in te rn a tio n a l W o rld Ocean
C irculation Experim ent (WOCE), w h ich
began in 1990. Since th e n , tw o sections
in th e N o rth A tla n tic , one fro m Labrador,
Labrador
Sea
Canada to w estern G reenland (the
AR7W) and one fro m southeast
G reenland to Ireland (the AR7E, Fig. 1),
have been surveyed nearly annually.
NIOZ cooperates w ith th e N ational
O ceanography Centre, S ou tham p to n
(NOC) and th e In s titu t fü r M eereskunde,
Ham burg (IfM H ) in th e surveys o f th e
LEHißicudc i Wl's-i I
Fig. 1. M ap o f th e no rth ern N orth A tlantic. The tw o LOCO m oorings (red crosses) w ere deployed in th e
center o f th e Irm ing er Sea a t a depth o f 3000 m. They are close to th e AR7E section, w hich is surveyed
by th e R.V. Pelagia every o th e r year. The y e llo w dots are examples o f CTD stations along this line.
* C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: fe m k e .d e .jo n g @ n io z .n l
19
Annual report 2010
in sa lin ity shown in th e exam ple (Figure
3) o rig in a te fro m th e o v e rflo w o f cold
and th e re fo re dense N ordic w a te r in
D enm ark S trait, th e n a rro w sha llo w pas­
sage betw een G reenland and Iceland.
Similar, b u t larger, drops in sa lin ity w ere
observed by m oorings in th is source area.
The up pe r w a te r colum n is subject to
strong seasonal va ria b ility. There is a con­
stan t im p o rt o f re la tive ly w a rm , southern
w a te rs th ro u g h th e Irm in g e r C urrent, th e
extension o f th e G u lf Stream. These
w a rm w aters are cooled in w in te r by th e
dry cold air com ing fro m Canada and
G reenland. The atm ospheric coo lin g
increases th e density o f th e surface
w a te r, re n de ring th e w a te r colum n
unstable. Thus, in very cold w in te rs th e
colde r surface w aters sink and deep
w a te r rises, in du cing deep tu rb u le n t m ix­
ing. This was observed by th e LOCO
m oorings d u rin g tw o cold w inters.
M ixin g o f th e w a te r colum n reached
d o w n to 1 km d e p th in one o f these w in ­
ters. Such deep m ixing in th e Irm in g e r
Sea had n o t been observed in th is de tail
before.
On to p o f th e seasonal variatio ns, th e re
are lo n g -te rm v a ria tio n s in te m p e ra tu re
and sa lin ity w h ich e x te n t over th e upper
2 km o f th e w a te r colum n. This was
fo u n d in th e record o f shipboard deep
CTD stations since 1950 and ve rifie d
Fig. 2. The CTD ready for deploym ent just o ff th e east coast o f G reenland. This photo was
taken on board th e RRS Discovery in 2008.
against in d e p e n d e n t surface te m p e ra ­
tu re observations by v o lu n ta ry ships and
related changes in th e heat exchange
satellites. The v a ria tio n s are character­
betw een th e ocean and atm osphere.
ized by a w a rm , saline perio d in th e
W h e th e rth e w a rm in g observed du rin g
1970s, a cool, fresh pe rio d in th e 1980s
th e last 20 years w ill c o n tin u e w ill
fo llo w e d again by an increase in te m p e r­
depend on these param eters.
atu re and salinity. They are stro n g ly cor­
related w ith changes in th e atm osphere,
especially th e w in d fo rc in g and th e
34.9
3
M
Ä 34.88
*->
c 34.86
LOCO mooring
C/5
34.84
A R 7E surveys
I II I II I I I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I M II I II I I I I I I I II I I I
2 00 4
2 005
2 00 6
2 00 7
2 008
Time [D ate]
Fig. 3. Observations o f th e salinity o f th e near-b ottom w ater. The high resolution observations from
th e m oored instrum ents (blue line) show strong variability. Part o f this variab ility is missed by th e
annual shipboard observations (red circles).
20
Annual report 2010
Unique measurements of ocean currents east of
Africa
Jenny U llg re n *, H e n d rik van A ken , H erm an R id d e rin k h o f
The ocean currents in the M ozam bique Channel, betw een continental Africa and Madagascar, are an im portant part
o f the global ocean circulation. The w a te r th at passes southward through the Mozam bique Channel 'feeds' the
Agulhas Current one of the strongest ocean currents in the w orld. By transporting w arm and salty Indian Ocean
w a te r towards the southern tip o f Africa, w here some o f it enters the Atlantic, the currents east o f Africa may even
play a role in global climate because of their influence on the am ount of heat and salt in the Atlantic. Still, the
strength o f the flo w in the Mozam bique Channel was not w ell known until the beginning of the Dutch monitoring
programme Long-term Ocean Climate Observations (LOCO). Thanks to our unique time-series of measurements w e
now know how large this flo w is, and also how much it varies from year to year and even from w ee k to w eek.
Because 'blobs' o f salty w a te r exported
th a t th e average so u th w a rd flo w is
fro m th e Indian Ocean may have an
enhanced on th e w estern side o f th e
im pact on th e saltiness o f th e A tla n tic ,
Channel and reduced on th e eastern side,
th e y may be im p o rta n t f o r t h e p a rt o f
w h e re th e n o rth w a rd p a rt o f th e ro ta t­
th e ocean circu la tio n w h ich is driven by
ing eddy cu rre n t passes. A lo n g th e c o n ti­
differences in heat and salt (the th e rm o ­
ne ntal slope on th e w estern side o f th e
haline circu latio n). To b e tte r understand
Channel, a deep u n d e rcu rre n t is flo w in g
th e role o f th e oceans in th e clim ate sys­
n o rth w a rd , u n de rnea th th e sou thw a rd
tem , w e need d e ta ile d in fo rm a tio n
mean flo w and eddies.
a b o u t th e currents o f th e south-w estern
The to ta l volum e o f w a te r tra n sp o rte d
Indian Ocean. In 1873, Thom pson M aury
th ro u g h th e Channel was estim ated to be
w ro te a b o u t 'th e h o t M oza m biq ue
on average 17 m illio n cubic m etres per
C u rrent' as 'th e G u lf Stream o f th e Indian
second (17 Sverdrup (Sv); com pare w ith
Ocean', b u t la te r w o rk has shown th a t
th e tra n s p o rt o f th e G u lf Stream th ro u g h
th e flo w in th e M oza m biq ue Channel is
th e Straits o f Florida, w h ich is a b o u t 30
n o t so much a steady cu rre n t as a tra in o f
Sv). The value o f th e tra n s p o rt varies
so u th w a rd -m o vin g w h irls o r eddies.
s tro n g ly fro m day to day, betw een 45 Sv
n o rth w a rd and 65 Sv s ou thw a rd. Because
A p a rt fro m being p a rt o f th e w a te r tra n s­
p o rt chain fe e d in g th e Agulhas, eddies
fro m th e Channel can also a ffe ct th e
A gulhas C urrent by causing it to w o b b le
in such a w a y th a t it is m ore like ly to in
Fig. 1. Acoustic D oppler C urrent Profiler (ADCP)
m ounted inside a buoy being recovered on board
th e FRS A lgoa in th e M ozam biq ue Channel.
Facing upwards (as shown) th e ADCP gathers
in form atio n ab o u t th e direction and speed o f
currents over a range o f several hundred metres.
up p e r ocean currents are driven by w in d
and th e w inds o v e rth e Indian Ocean
change w ith th e seasons, th e currents
show a seasonal cycle. The seasonal cycle
adds to tra n s p o rt v a ria tio n s in th e
tu rn send a w a rm , salty Indian Ocean
eddy onw ards in to th e A tla n tic .
tio n s across th e Channel and a t d iffe re n t
Channel, b u t w ith a range o f a b o u t 4-5
W e have collected de ta ile d in fo rm a tio n
depths, w e have fo rm e d a good picture
Sv it is on ly a small pa rt o f th e to ta l va ria ­
a b o u t th e flo w o f w a te r th ro u g h th e
o f th e spatial p a tte rn o f th e currents, and
bility. The a m p litu d e o f th e seasonal pa rt
M oza m biq ue Channel co n tin u a lly since
by m easuring at short, re g u la r intervals
o f t h e tra n s p o rt v a ria b ility in o u ro b s e r-
2003, using m easuring instrum ents
fo r an extended perio d w e have learned
vatio ns is sim ila r to th e estim ate fro m
placed on long m oorings in th e ocean
ho w th e flo w varies in tim e.
(Fig. 1, 2). Seven deep-sea m oorings are
The w a te r in th e centre o f characteristic
placed across th e na rrow e st p a rt o f th e
M oza m biq ue Channel eddies is w a rm e r
Channel, w ith instrum ents a t d iffe re n t
th a n th e s u rro u n d in g w aters. As these
depths m easuring th e cu rre n t speed and
eddies are fo u n d in th e Southern
d ire ctio n a b o u t every ha lf-ho ur, and
Hemisphere, th is means th e y spin a n ti­
w a te r te m p e ra tu re and sa lin ity every five
clockwise, w h ile cold-core eddies spin
o r six m inutes. The six years' w o rth o f
clockwise (in th e N o rth ern Hem isphere it
cu rre n t v e lo city data fro m these meas­
is th e o th e r w ay around). W hen th e a n ti­
urem ents have n o w been processed and
clockwise eddies move sou thw a rd
analysed. By m easuring at several loca-
th ro u g h th e Channel, th e net result is
Fig. 2. Recording C urrent M e te r (RCM) being
deployed as part o f one o f th e East Madagascar
Current moorings.
* C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: je n n y .u llg re n @ n io z .n l
21
Annual report 2010
co m p u te r models. A much la rg e r c o n tri­
Records o f con tinu ou s te m p e ra tu re ,
pe rature and sa lin ity data set fro m th e
b u tio n to th e observed flu c tu a tio n s bo th
salinity, and ve lo city m easurem ents in
M oza m biq ue Channel m o o rin g array is
in cu rre n t v e lo city and w a te r properties
th e open ocean as lo ng as o u rtim e series
underway. We are addressing questions
comes fro m th e passage o f eddies. On
are very rare, especially fro m such a com ­
a b o u t w h a t w a te r is m oving th ro u g h th e
average, a b o u t fo u r o r five eddies per
prehensive observational array, covering
Channel, w h e re it comes fro m , and w h a t
year pass th ro u g h th e M oza m biq ue
th e fu ll w id th o f a cu rre n t and m easuring
determ ines th e v a ria b ility o f w a te r p ro p ­
Channel, and th e y stro n g ly in flue nce th e
bo th cu rre n t and w a te r properties. The
erties in th e Channel. F urthe rm o re, w e
s tre n g th o f th e volum e tra n s p o rt, con­
g rid d in g and analysis o f th e curre nt
have recently expanded th e study area
trib u tin g to th e high sh o rt-te rm va ria ­
ve lo city data and th e estim ate o f volum e
g e og raph ica lly w ith a new m o o rin g array
tio n . However, th e e ffe ct o f eddies on
tra n s p o rt done to date have im proved
o ff southeast Madagascar. Five m oorings
th e tra n s p o rt has so fa r n o t been w e ll
o u r kn o w le d g e o f th e cu rre n t system in
w e re de ployed in th e East M adagascar
represented in m odel results. The
th e M oza m biq ue Channel and its v a ria ­
C urrent in early O ctober 2010 (Fig. 3).
s tre n g th o f th e tra n s p o rt th ro u g h th e
b ility on d iffe re n t tim e scales. O ur results
The new m oorings w ill be used to m oni-
M oza m biq ue Channel also varies stro n g ly
provide a benchm ark fo r com parison
t o r t h e East M adagascar C urrent, a n o th e r
fro m year to year, w h ich seems to be con­
w ith results o f num erical m o d e llin g , and
im p o rta n t source f o r t h e A gulhas
nected to th e large-scale recu rring cli­
are also im p o rta n t fo r studies o f m arine
Current.
m ate p a tte rn k n o w n as th e Indian Ocean
biology, paleoceanography and paleocli-
D ipole, th e Indian Ocean co u n te rp a rt to
m a to lo g y in th e region.
th e Pacific's El Niño/La Niña.
Now, a closer study o f th e lo n g -te rm te m ­
0
-1000
-2000
-3 0 0 0
-4 0 0 0
^ H -5 0 0 0
-6 0 0 0
3 6 °E
4 8 °E
6 0 o£
Fig. 3. Overview o f th e study area w ith some ocean circulation features: th e South Equatorial C urrent
(SEC), South and N orth East Madagascar C urrent (SEMC, NEMC), and the Agulhas C urrent (AC) o ff the
coast o f South A frica (ZA). Some eddies are shown in and south o f th e M ozam bique Channel, betw een
Madagascar (MG) and M ozam bique (MZ). The M ozam bique Channel m ooring array is marked in red,
and th e new East Madagascar C urrent array in pink.
22
Annual report 2010
Laboratory experiments on local generation of
internal solitary waves
Theo G erkem a*, Louis G ostiaux1, M a tth ie u M e rcie r2, M an ika nda n M a th u r3, Jorge M agalhäes4, T hiery Dauxois2,
Jose da Silva4
W ithin the 6th EC Framework Programme Hydralab III, experiments on internal solitons (i.e. solitary waves of large
am plitude) w ere carried out on the rotating platform in the Coriolis Laboratory, Grenoble (France), inspired by recent
observations in the Bay o f Biscay and M ozam bique Channel. They have revealed a hitherto unknown mechanism for
the generation of these waves: by an internal tidal beam impinging on the seasonal thermocline from below, creat­
ing a large disturbance, which subsequently evolves nonlinearly in a train of internal solitons. To identify the key
parameters in this process, a series of 30 experiments was carried out for different settings in terms of vertical den­
sity stratification, forcing frequency and rotation rate (mimicking the effect o f the Earth's diurnal rotation).
In th e ocean, in te rn a l solitons are am ong
strated th a t in te rn a l solitons may as w e ll
beam should be o f s im ilar m a g n itu d e as
th e m ost spectacular waves, w ith vertical
appear in th e central basin, 'o u t o f n o th ­
th a t o f th e rm o c lin e waves.
am p litu des o f up to 100 m and periods o f
in g ' as it w ere. The ag en t g e n e ra tin g
To te st such a c rite rio n in th e ocean is d if­
tens o f m inutes. They usually appear as a
th e m tu rn e d o u t to be an in te rn a l tid a l
fic u lt, since th e n u m be r o f observations is
w ave o f depression in th e seasonal th e r­
beam th a t propagates in a zigzag w ay
lim ite d , and on ly a small p a rt o f th e
m ocline, w h ich means th a t th e isotherm s
th ro u g h th e ocean: o rig in a tin g fro m th e
pa ra m e te r space is covered. T herefore,
are m o m e n ta rily bended d o w n w a rd as
shelf edge, it propagates fo rw a rd and
one has to resort to la b o ra to ry (or
th e w ave passes. The p ro p a g a tio n o f th e
d o w n w a rd in to th e abyss, th e n , a fte r
num erical) experim ents to te st th e v a lid ­
w ave is such th a t th e h o riz o n ta l currents
re fle ctio n fro m th e ocean flo o r, fo rw a rd
ity.
accom panying it are dire ctio n a Ily
and up w a rd, eve n tu a lly h ittin g th e sea­
opposed above and b e lo w th e th e rm o ­
sonal th e rm o c lin e fro m below. This spot
In th e experim ents carried o u t on th e
cline. This strong shear, in tu rn , can lead
o f im pact, in th e central Bay o f Biscay,
Coriolis p la tfo rm (the largest such device
to in sta b ilitie s and m ixing. Thus, in te rn a l
tu rn e d o u t to coincide w ith th e location
in th e w o rld , 14 m in diam e te r), th e
solitons can act as an ag en t fo r vertical
fro m w h ich th e in te rn a l solitons em erge.
ocean's vertica l density s tra tific a tio n was
re d is trib u tio n o f n u trie n ts, and th e y have
It is n o w un derstood th a t th e y evolve
m od elled by creating a lo w e r layer w ith a
been a p tly re fe rre d to as a 'n u trie n t
fro m th e large disturbance created by
lin e a r salinity g ra d ie n t, and ad ding a th in
pum p'.
th e im p in g in g in te rn a l tid a l beam.
fresh layer on to p . The halocline thus
Theoretically, a sim ple c rite rio n fo r e ffe c­
fo rm e d plays th e role o f th e th e rm o clin e
Com pared to th e ir huge am p litu des in
tiv e g e n e ra tio n was derived in term s o f
in th e ocean. A recently developed wave
th e in te rio r o f th e ocean, th e irs u rfa c e
phase speeds: th e h o rizo n ta l speed o f th e
g e n e ra to r was used to create an in te rn a l
m a n ife sta tio n is m odest, ye t visible fro m
w ave beam, whose energy propagates
satellites due to changes in seasurface
d ia g o n a lly to w a rd s th e halocline. The
roughness, w h ich m od ifie s th e re fle ctio n
angle o f th e diag ona l o rie n ta tio n was
o f lig h t. They can even be observed
varied by using d iffe re n t fo rc in g fre ­
d ire ctly fro m spacecraft (Fig. 1), th e long
quencies. The flu id was fille d w ith small
stripes at th e surface in d ica tin g th e pas­
particles o f d iffe re n t densities, w h ich stay
sage o f a g ro u p o f in te rn a l solitons.
on th e de p th level o f th e ir ow n density.
Lightened by a laser sheet, th e m ove­
For m any years, in te rn a l solitons w ere
m en t o f th e particles, w h ich move along
th o u g h t to be created by tid a l flo w over
w ith th e currents accom panying th e pas­
strong b o tto m to p o g ra p h y, such as th e
sage o f waves, can be traced using cam­
co n tin e n ta l slope. They are, indeed, pre­
eras and a te ch n iq u e called Particle
d o m in a n t in th e v ic in ity o f slopes, o r can
Im age V elocim etry. Thus, th e cu rre n t
be traced back to one. Since th e early
velocities over a large section o f th e
1990s, however, several observations,
n o ta b ly in th e Bay o f Biscay, have d e m on­
Fig. 1. Surface m anifestation o f internal solitons
observed from th e Space-Shuttle, open sea near
Borneo. Source: NASA, JSC digital im age collec­
tion.
1 C oriolis-LEGI, G re n o ble , 2 ENS-Lyon, 3 MIT, B oston, 4 FCUL, Lisbon
23
Annual report 2010
basin can be measured. (This, by itself,
already lite ra lly w idens o u r v ie w o f th e
* C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: th e o .g e r k e m a @ n io z .n l
PATTER* FOR
SYNTH 3CHUEREH
(Cfrüs)
ÎOLITÛNS
-0.2'
;.VAV£M Aii£ft
ACOUSTIC
P RQftFS
1 -0.4
N
FOSSAE CAUESA
-
FOEITIÛN3
0 .6 -
/^LASERS
r.v i i w
N
Fig. 2. Set-up o f th e experim ents (top view and
side view).
process, com pared to p o in t measure­
ments in th e ocean.) F urtherm ore, acous­
tic probes w e re used to measure vertical
displacem ents (Fig. 2).
E
N
The e ffe ct o f th e presence o f a halocline
is clearly seen in Fig. 3. In th e up pe r
panel, no halocline is present, whereas in
th e lo w e r panel, th e re is one, close to th e
surface. In b o th panels th e in te rn a l wave
beam, ge ne rated at th e le ft end, pro p a ­
gates rig h tw a rd ; th e red and blue areas
in dica te w h e re its energy is concen­
tra te d . In th e up pe r panel, th e beam
retains its fo rm a fte r re fle c tio n fro m th e
Fig. 3. Snapshots from tw o experim ents, side-view. Florizontal velocity in colours, arrows indicate the
direction o f velocity. The beam is generated a t th e left-e n d , and propagates to th e right, first upward,
then d o w nw ard. In th e upper panel, no halocline is present; in th e lo w er panel, a halocline is present
close th e surface.
surface. In th e lo w e r panel, by contrast,
th e beam is much broadened a fte r its
passage th ro u g h th e halocline.
To see th e e ffe ct on th e halocline itself,
w e tu rn to th e acoustic probes, w h ich
settings bears o u t th e correctness o f th e
measure th e vertica l m ovem ent o f th e
th e o re tic a l c rite rio n , m e n tio n e d above.
halocline. An exam ple is show n in Fig. 4,
In a d d itio n , a nu m b e r o f new ph en om ­
in w h ich (nearly) five periods o f wave-
ena w e re discovered in th e experim ents,
fo rc in g are present. The d e p a rtu re fro m
no ta b ly th e presence o f tra p p e d h igh er
a sinusoidal fo rm signals th e im portance
harm onics (i.e. waves at a m u ltip le o f th e
o f n o nline arity. In particular, w e see th a t
fo rc in g frequency) in th e halocline, f o l­
every perio d starts w ith a steep decline
lo w in g th e im pact o f th e beam, and a
fo llo w e d by a nu m be r o f peaked waves.
mean flo w exte n d in g in th e fo rw a rd
This is th e same ph en om en on as
d ire ctio n , also located in and around th e
observed in th e ocean, th e g ro u p o f
halocline. The la tte r aw aits th e o re tica l
peaks being a tra in o f solitons, w h ich are,
exp la natio n.
as is typica l, a m p litu d e -o rd e re d (the la rg ­
est com ing first).
In these experim ents, th e process o f local
g e n e ra tio n o f in te rn a l solitons was dem ­
o n stra ted fo r th e firs t tim e in a la bo ra­
to ry settin g. Analysis o f th e d iffe re n t
24
Annual report 2010
E 0.2
U
I
0
>
(D
500
550
tim e (s)
600
Fig. 4. Result from an acoustic probe beyond th e
zone o f im pact, showing th e vertical m ovem ent
o f th e halocline during nearly five periods.
Familiarly curved deep sea waves
Hans van H aren*, Louis G ostiaux1
Sometimes old concepts become new ly found; this happens occasionally in the deep-sea w here w e probe w ith blackboxes in the form of self-contained instrumentation. Detailed measurements above deep-sea topography revealed
curled-up waves using 100 moored high-resolution NIOZ-tem perature sensors. Near the surface such waves are
fam iliar and well-described since 150 years, but they have not been observed before in the deep-sea. The sheer
beauty o f the w ave-train observed over Great M eteor Seamount in the NE Atlantic Ocean caught the attention o f a
w id er public, as a cover-page of Geophysical Research Letters and a lyric descriptive in N ew York Times. Scientifically,
w e can now start estimating the effects of internal w ave breaking on ocean mixing.
In search f o r t h e d o m in a n t processes o f
fro n ts have a tim e scale o f ty p ic a lly 100 s
lence is in fe rre d fro m h ig h -re so lu tio n
m ixing in th e ocean, sloping b o tto m
and tu rb u le n t eddy d iffu s iv ity values up
te m p e ra tu re d e p th -tim e series, w h ich
boundaries are th e prim ary areas. There,
to 10"1 m2 s'1, b u t are generated by proc­
at a firs t glance reveal u b iq u ito u s 'fin g e r-
in te rn a l waves sup po rte d by th e stable
esses like tid a l and atm ospheric fo rcin g
like ' structures (Fig. 1a). It occurs du rin g
density s tra tific a tio n in th e ocean in te ­
th a t have tim e scales o f typ ica lly 1-10
th e 'cle a r-w a te r', w a rm in g tid a l phase,
rio r may focus th e ir energy, become no n ­
days. Here, w e d e m on stra te th a t th e
w ith lo w am ounts o f acoustic scatterers.
lin e a r and eve n tu a lly break. V igorous
d o w n slop e tid a l phase is d o m in a te d by
The h ig h -fre q u e n cy fin g e r-lik e m otions
m otio ns do occur above sloping sea
another, m ore persistent tu rb u le n ce
are varying te n -tim e s m ore ra p id ly tha n
flo o rs as has been revealed via precise,
process: th e density s tra tific a tio n sup­
th e sm allest in te rn a l waves, b u t are car­
fast-sam pling te m p e ra tu re sensors a fe w
ports K e lvin -H e lm h o ltz (K-H) typ e over­
ried by such slow waves. In m ore detail
years ago. D etailed observations fro m
tu rn in g curled-up waves ('b illo w s ') th a t
(Fig. 1 b,c) th e fing ers appear as te m p e ra ­
th e deep ocean lin k in g in te rn a l waves
are created by large-scale in te rn a l wave
tu re va ria tio n s w ith 5-10 m vertical
and m ore persistent tu rb u le n t m ixing are
shear (Fig. 1).
am p litu des and occasionally develop as
scarce, b u t presented here.
These new observations have been made
b e a u tifu l ro ll-u p , curved overturns, o r
D iffe re n t processes drive tu rb u le n t
betw een 0.5 and 50 m above th e sloping
K e lvin -H e lm h o ltz billow s. The typica l
m otio ns each having d iffe re n t tim e
side o f G reat M e te o r Seam ount, Canary
perio d o f these deep-ocean billo w s
scales. As has been revealed previously,
Basin, using 100 m oored te m p e ra tu re
am ounts 50±10 s. They d o m in a te th e m ix­
upslope m oving in te rn a l w ave fro n ts can
sensors, 1mK accurate, sam pling a t 1-Hz
ing across th e isopycnals at some distance
cause large tra n s p o rt o f resuspended
and designed and b u ilt at NIOZ. The K-H
fro m th e b o tto m w ith typica l eddy d iffu ­
m aterials up a sloping b o tto m . These
typ e o v e rtu rn in g and associated tu rb u ­
sivity values o f 10"3 m2 s"1 in an e n v iro n ­
4)
I as
m en t w h e re tu rb u le n ce is a b o u t ten
T fO
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tim es smaller.
Such K-H in s ta b ilitie s are kno w n fo r m ore
th a n a century. They are w ell-o bse rved in
th e la b o ra to ry and in th e atm osphere
13 5
w h e re th e y are also kn o w n as 'clear-air
tu rb u le n c e ' as th e y occur a t a ltitu d e s
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w ith fe w clouds. In th e ocean, near-sur13 2
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face observations have been m ade using
dye, te m p e ra tu re sensors and acoustics.
U n til recently, no de ta ile d observations
o f th e m existed fro m th e deep-ocean, o r
related to slo pin g b o tto m layers. The
present observations show th a t th e
T fC J
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ocean is in a qu asi-perm anent tu rb u le n t
132
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stage above slo pin g to p o g ra p h y. This is
im p o rta n t fo r local m ixing, a lth o u g h at
some (10-30 m) above th e b o tto m .
13.8
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14 3 £776
Urns (¡yigarílBys)
Fig. 1. H igh-resolution tem perature variations d u ring a downslope tid a l phase above a slope o f deepsea G reat M eteor Seamount (Canary Basin, N o rth -A tla n tic Ocean) using 100 NIOZ-thermistors a t 0.5-m
intervals. This tid a l phase is 'perm an ently' tu rb u le n t some distance fro m th e bo ttom , w ith fing er-like
m otions th a t occasionally develop 10-m-high Kelvin-H elm holtz o ve rtu rn in g billow s. The rectangles in
the to p tw o plots a.-b. h ig h lig h t th e tim e range fo r th e plots b.-c.; w h ite lines indicate missing sen­
sors.
25
Annual report 2010
Sedim ent resuspension is little affected
by these m otions.
* Corresponding author: hans.van.haren@ nioz.nl
1: LEGI, CNRS, Université de Grenoble, France
External Projects Physical Oceanography
•
S tudy o f g lo b a l v a ria b ility o f w a te r m ix in g in th e W o rld Ocean a n d its in flu e n c e on convection a n d in te rn a l
waves in Sub-Polar zones, Dutch-Russian coo pe ration . (NWO).
L.R.M. Maas, T. Gerkema, H. van Haren.
•
Dynamics o f Patterns Program : In te rn a l Waves in 3D. (FOM/NWO).
L.R.M. Maas, T. Gerkema, H. van Haren, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e centre o f m athem atics a n d in fo rm a tic s (CWI).
•
Transport a n d circu la tio n a ro u n d M adagascar (NWO-ALW).
H. R id d e rin k h o f (BDS), J. U llgren, H.M. van A ken.
•
In d ia n -A tla n tic exchange in p re se n t a n d pa st clim ate (INATEX) (NWO-ZKO).
•
N o rth A tla n tic Ocean M o n ito rin g a n d M o d e llin g (BSIK - K lim a a t v o o r Ruimte).
•
V a ria b ility o f A tla n tic M e rid io n a l O v e rtu rn in g C ircula tion (VAMOC; NWO-NERC-RCN trila te ra l p ro g ra m m e ,
H. R id d e rin k h o f (BDS), H.M. van A ken , J. Ullgren.
H.M. van A ken , L.R.M. Maas, H. van Haren, M .F. de Jong.
RAPID2).
L.P. Jonkers, G.J.A. Brum mer, T.C.E. van W eering (GEO), H.M. van A ken , in c o o p e ra tio n w ith VUA, CAM (UK), NOC
(UK), Bergen U n iversity (Norway).
•
T herm ohaline O v e rtu rn in g - A t Risk? (THOR) European U nion (EU).
H.M. van A ken , M .F. de Jong.
•
In te g ra te d N e tw o rk f o r P roduction a n d Loss Assessment in th e Coastal E n viro n m e n t (IN PLACE) NW O Coastal a n d
M a rin e Research (ZKO).
M.R. W ernand, H.M. van A ke n (FYS), H. R id d e rin k h o f (BDS).
•
W adden Sea ecosystem data assim ilation an d in te g ra te d m o d e llin g NW O Coastal a n d M a rin e Research (ZKO).
T. Gerkema, J. Nauw.
•
M o n ito rin g M osselzaadinvanginstallaties (MZI) fu n d e d b y IMARES.
•
Lo n g -te rm ocean clim ate observations (LOCO, NWO).
•
A s tro n o m y w ith a N e u trin o Telescope a n d Abyss e n v iro n m e n ta l RESearch (ANTARES)-funded via th e N a tio n a l
L.R.M. Maas, S. Groeskamp.
H.M. van A ken , H. R id d e rin kh o f, H. van Haren, L.R.M. Maas, J.T.F. Zim m erm an, T. Gerkema.
In s titu te f o r S ubatom ic Physics (N ikhef).
H. van Haren, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith N ik h e f a n d ANTARES-collaboration.
•
Cubic k ilo m e tre n e u trin o telescope (KM3NeT) (NWO-Esfri).
H. van Haren, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith NIKHEF, Am sterdam .
•
Cubic k ilo m e tre n e u trin o telescope design stu d y (KM3NeT-DS) (EU).
H. van Haren, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith K M 3N eT -collaboration.
•
Cubic k ilo m e tre n e u trin o telescope p re p a to ry phase (KM3NeT-PP) (EU).
H. van Haren, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith K M 3N eT -collaboration.
•
B u d g e t m o d e lin g o f fines in th e D utch coastal zone. (B u ild in g W ith Nature/Ecoshape NTW3.1).
•
D e ve lo p m e n t large-scale a p p lic a tio n o ffsh o re tid a l e n e rg y (ERDF).
C.M. van d e r H out, J. Nauw, T. Gerkema, H. R id d e rin k h o f (BDS).
H.M. van A ken , J. Nauw.
•
B orn ho lm basin ILWAO.
•
Particle transp ort, d e p o sitio n a n d resuspension in th e S outhern N o rth Sea a n d b io g eoch em ical consequences
H.
van Haren, N IO Z -p a rticip a n t IO W -W arenm uende p ro je ct.
(FOKUZ).
M. Tiessen, J. Nauw, T. Gerkema.
Annual report 2010
Research in the M arine Geology departm ent (GEO) focuses on seabed systems
w here the geo-, bio- and hydrosphere interact. GEO aims at a better understanding
o f sedimenl form ation through tim e and is actively engaged in research on:
Processes, pathways and fluxes of ocean margin sedimentation
Corals as archives of climate change across the tropics
M ethane fluxes from seabed seeps
W ind-blow n dust in marine systems
In 2010, the departm ent remained strongly committed to multidisciplinary sea-going
activities in research cruises w orld -w id e, embedded in (inter)national research pro­
grammes like HERMIONE and ESONET. GEO intensified complem entary science direc­
tions th a t came w ith the appointments of Jens Greinert and Jan-Berend Stuut,
respectively in 2008 and 2009. Sea-yoing research stretched from the Arctic offshore
Svalbard, the NE Atlantic around Ireland, o ff NW Africa, the Gulf o f Mexico, across
the equatorial Indian Orean and the Pacific offshore California. Complementary
fieldw o rk on land, linking marine sedimentary components to continental source
areas, w as carried out in Australia and M auritania.
Climate change recorded by tropical giant corals in the equatorial Indian Ocean, and
w in d -blow n dust transport o ff northeastern Argentina and western Australia fea­
tured prom inently in a true remake o f Charles Darwin's 'Voyage of the Beagle', w ith
GEO members participating in several legs of the w orld cruise and associated field­
w o rk th at resulted ir. well-received documentaries on international television and in
newspapers. M ethane release from the seabed was studied offshore California w ith
the US Geological Survey and offshore Svalbard w ith the University of Tromso. GEO
became very active in PERGAMON, a COST netw orking action linking atmospheric,
terrestrial and marine sciences to study m ethane release in a changing Arctic envi­
ronment. Closer to home, intense sampling was carried out in the W adden Sea to
dete: mine its carrying capacity w ith regard to pelagic and benthic processes as part
o f the m ulti-departm ental INPLACE project.
Scientific highlights among the 35 peer-reviewed papers published in 2010 include
Craig Grove's in Coral Reefs on a nove! method to quantify river runoff using UV
light scanning of coral cores, the special issue of M arine Geology on methane seeps
o ff New Zealand co-edited by Jens Greinert, and Jan-Berend Stuut co-authored a
paper in Nature on the relationship betw een colonial land use in subtropical Africa
and the mobilization of desert dust. Also highly successful was the 'first interna­
tional workshop on XRF core-scanning' organized by Rik Tjallingii, at the birthplace
o f the revolutionary technique sold w orld -w id e by the NIOZ spin-off company
Avaatech. Advancing science and technology received significant valorization fund­
ing by NWO for core scanning and the hydroacoustic detection of gas emissions.
GEO experienced significant changes w ith regards to staffing in 2010. Jens Greinert
took over as interim head of departm ent from Geert-Jan Brummer, w ho was
appointed a Professor a t the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Eric Epping resigned
as senior scientist w ith im portant expertise in sedim ent-w ater interface biogeo­
chemistry. The nutrient lab was relocated to MRF w ith im portant personnel changes
as Santiago Gonzales became NIOZ's radiation safety officer a t BIO and Evaline van
W eerlee accepted a position in MEE, w hile Sharyn Crayford joined the nutrient lab.
A t GEO, Henk de Haas was appointed as associate scientist and Piet van Gaever as
experienced chemical technician. M eanw hile, Lukas Jonkers successfully defended
his PhD thesis on North Atlantic sedim entation and is now w ith the University of
Barcelona, and Furu Mienis took up a PostDoc position a t MARUM, Bremen. Aneurin
Henry-Edwards was appointed a jo in t GEO-FYS PostDoc at NIOZ and Juliane
Steinhardt a PhD-researcher in the EU-funded M arie Curie project GATEWAYS.
Finally, W im Boer and Rineke Gieles did a great job implementing the renovation of
most o f the GEO labs and offices.
Jens Greinert
jens.greinert@nioz.nl
A massive plum e o f Sahara dust being blow n over th e A tla n tic Ocean on 4 March 2004. The im age was
m ade by th e MODIS instrum ent aboard NASA's Terra satellite.
28
Annual report 2007
Dynamic paleoceanography and paleotherm om etry in the M ozam bique Channel, upstream of
the Agulhas Current
U lrike F a lle t*, Isla Castañeda, Jenny U llgren, Chris van Assen, Sanne Vogels, Jens Zinke, Stefan Schouten, Geert-Jan
Brummer, Herm an R id d e rin k h o f
Paleoceanography strongly relies on proxies to reconstruct past environmental conditions. In this project w e devel­
oped new tem perature calibrations for the so far largely unstudied M ozam bique Channel in the SW Indian Ocean.
W e find tw o main drivers for tem perature in the M ozam bique Channel: seasonal variability and eddy migration. To
characterize the effect o f these drivers on fluxes and proxies, w e analyzed time-series foram inifera! and organic tem ­
perature proxies. From th at basis, w e developed novel tem perature calibrations and applied these to foram inifera
and organic m atter from sediment.
The A gulhas C urrent is fe d by fa s t-ro ta ­
These w e re contrasted w ith sa te llite sea
tin g meso-scale eddies o rig in a tin g in th e
surface te m p e ra tu re (SST) to establish
M oza m biq ue Channel. To study th e
novel calibra tion s fo r an ensem ble o f
e ffe ct o f eddies, w e deployed an ensem­
te m p e ra tu re proxies f o r t h e SW Indian
ble o f in stru m en ts on m o o rin g cables
Ocean (Fig. 4). A d d itio n a lly , w e coupled
across th e na rrow e st pa rt o f th e
these te m p e ra tu re proxies to in situ
M oza m biq ue Channel th a t allow s q u an­
measured cu rre n t velocities to establish
tific a tio n o f cu rre n t tra n s p o rt and p a rti­
th e e ffe ct o f cu rre n t tra n s p o rt in th e
cle fluxes (Fig. 2).
M oza m biq ue Channel. The fo ra m in ife ra !
and organic te m p e ra tu re proxies w ere
LcngrtutefCj
Fig. 1. The main features o f circulation along the
southeast A frican m argin. Surface currents,
including M ozam bique Channel eddies feeding
the Agulhas C urrent, are indicated in red. The
deep counter currents fro m th e A tla n tic and
Southern Ocean are indicated in blue. The green
inset specifies th e location o f th e study area w ith
moorings and instrum ents (also see Fig. 2). W ater
depths are indicated in meters.
From th e pa rticle fluxes, w e analyzed a
also studied in th e Holocene b o tto m
n u m be r o f te m p e ra tu re proxies such as
sedim ents to estim ate h o w proxy signa­
organic
tures are transposed to th e sedim ent.
U 77, TEX86 as w e ll as 0180 and
Mg/Ca o f fo ra m in ife ra ! shells (Fig. 3).
Mozambique
Madagascar
-tOQQ
The w o rld 's oceans fo rm an im p o rta n t
co m p o n e n t o f th e glob al clim ate system
-1500
because th e y convey a substantial energy
tra n s fe r betw een lo w and high latitudes.
This energy tra n s fe r is driven by a delica­
-2000
te ly balanced n e tw o rk o f surface and
T
• e ra
deep ocean currents (the 'conveyor
b e lt'). The southern tip o f A frica is a key
■ ADCP
-2500
d
area w ith regard to ocean currents
because th e re th e exchange betw een
w a rm Indian Ocean surface w a te rs (the
A gulhas C urrent) and cold A tla n tic deep
w a te rs takes place (Fig 1). Consequently,
th is exchange o f w a te r masses is im p o r­
ta n t f o r t h e glo b a l clim ate system.
40
CM
40.5
41
41.5
longitude [aE|
42
42.5
43
Fig. 2. Cross-section throu gh th e M ozam biq ue Channel showing th e deployed instrum ents on th e
eigh t m ooring cables, and on th e background th e typical current velocity pattern o f an anti-cyclonic
eddy m igrating throu gh th e channel. Blue indicates southwards directed transport and red n o rth ­
wards directed transport. Explanation o f abbreviations: CTD (cond uctivity-tem perature-d ep th sensor),
ADCP (Acoustic D oppler C urrent Profiler), CM (current m eter).
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: u lr ik e .fa lle t@ n io z .n l
29
Annual report 2010
We fo u n d th a t in th e M oza m biq ue
31
Channel, tw o major, p e rio d ica lly recur­
ring d riv in g forces exert influences on
30
th e d iffe re n t te m p e ra tu re proxies:
29
annual v a ria tio n in te m p e ra tu re (A 5.2
p
28
bJ 1SS
°C) and th e pe rio dic change o f w a te r
w 27
(0
mass p ro pe rties induced by th e m ig ra tio n
o f meso-scale eddies th ro u g h th e chan­
26
nel (fo u r to six per year). Despite th e
eddy in flue nce, te m p e ra tu re proxies o f
25
s u rface -dw elling fo ra m in ife ra (Fig. 3) clo­
pred SST (all five proxies)
24
sely m irro r seasonal te m p e ra tu re chan­
ges and annual mean sa te llite SST o f
27.6°C (Fig. 4). In contrast, organic com ­
pound con cen tra tion s and fluxes measu­
red in th is study, show no o r only
m od era te seasonality w hereas th e associ­
S
Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope im age of
surface-dw elling planktonic foram inifera
G lo b ig e rin o id e s ru b e r. The stable isotope (S180 )
and trace elem en t com position (M g/C a) o f shells
from this species w e re used to derive proxy-based
sea surface te m p era tu re for th e M ozam biq ue
Channel.
■'t ■'t
Q Q
S
£3
S
Fig. 4. Observed (dashed line) and predicted SST
(solid line) ob tained from satellite rem ote sens­
ing and m ultiple linear regression, respectively.
ated proxy signatures re fle ct annual
mean sea surface te m p e ra tu re . Based on
te m p e ra tu re proxies in core to p sedi­
fo ra m in ife ra w h ich is n o t seen in th e
these fin d in g s w e developed m u ltip le -
m ents ta ke n across th e M oza m biq ue
organic te m p e ra tu re proxies. W e suggest
proxy te m p e ra tu re calibra tion s fo r
Channel (Fig. 5) Radionuclide analysis
th a t pa rt o f th is te m p e ra tu re o ffse t in
im proved p a le o th e rm o m e try in th e SW
shows th a t core to p sedim ent a t th is loca­
fo ra m in ife ra is due to rapid w a rm in g o f
Indian Ocean. O ur m u ltip le proxy
tio n is a m ixtu re o f re w orked m aterial
th e Indian Ocean o v e rth e past 100years.
approach yields b e tte r te m p e ra tu re
(~1000 years old) and fresh sedim ent p ro ­
That such a w a rm in g tre n d is n o t
reconstructions fro m proxy measure­
bably supplied by lateral and vertica l
observed in th e organic proxies is likely
ments and m inim izes th e e ffe ct o f s h o rt­
sed im e nt tra n s p o rt and affected by d iffu ­
due to long-distance tra n s p o rt o f fin e
te rm te m p e ra tu re v a ria tio n caused by
sive m ixing in to th e sedim ent. Therefore,
grained organic particles by strong cur­
th e m ig ra tio n o f fa s t-ro ta tin g eddies
w e cau tion against using core to p sedi­
rents th a t m ig h t hom ogenize proxy sig­
th ro u g h th e M oza m biq ue Channel.
m ents fo r proxy calibra tion s against pre­
natures in core tops and se ttlin g
sent day SST. We observed a sig n ifica n t
particles.
We also measured organic (
and
TEXgg) and in org anic (0180 and Mg/Ca)
positive te m p e ra tu re o ffse t o f 1 - 3 °C
be tw ee n sedim ent tra p and core to p
Fig. 5. left. Ulrike Fallet w ith a sedim ent sample from th e seafloor taken from th e deep M ozam bique
Channel, right. U lrike Fallet and th e master students Chris van Assen and Sanne Vogels analyze sedi­
m en t samples w ith microscopes for foram inifera! assemblages.
30
Annual report 2010
Scanning sediment cores at NIOZ
Rik T ja llin g ii, Craig Grove, Roei N agtegaal, Rineke Gieles, W im Boer, Bob Koster, Jens Zinke, Geert-Jan B rum m e r*
Sediment cores provide a unique w in d o w into past and present dynamics of the seafloor. They preserve a long term
record of changes in the origin and supply o f sediments, their bioturbation by bottom dwellers and accumulation in
a changing climate. In order to read such records, NIOZ scientists and engineers developed a digital corescanner
using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The highly innovative technique proved so successful th at a prospering spin-off firm
resulted (Avaatech) th at exported no less than 22 instruments to marine research centers w orld -w id e over the past
decade. The XRF-corescanner a t NIOZ is unique to the Netherlands and has become a (inter)national marine research
facility, associated w ith Avaatech.
Since th e late 1980s, th e NIOZcorescanner (Fig. 1) has em erged as th e
in stru m e n t o f choice fo r rapid, non-des­
tru c tiv e and h ig h -re so lu tio n chemical
analysis o f e n tire cores, bo th freshly
ta ke n on board ships and land-based.
XRF-Corescanning at NIOZ was develo­
ped to de te rm in e th e chemical com posi­
tio n as it changes do w n core in ocean
sedim ents in o r d e r to establish lo n g -te rm
clim ate change effects such as on th e
tra n s itio n fro m th e last ice-age by glob al
w a rm in g . Core-scanning data are w id e ly
em ployed fo r paleoceanographic and
pa le oclim ate reconstructions on tim e sca­
Fig. 1. Avaatech XRF core scanner a t NIOZ (le ft) w ith a close-up o f th e XRF instrum entation (m iddle
and right). In this configuration , th e sedim ent surface is irrad iated by an X -ray source (1) at an angle
o f 45°. The prim ary X-rays and th e outgoing fluorescence rad iation are tran sm itted throu gh a
Fle-flushed prism (2) to minimise d iffraction and absorption. The silicon diode based detecto r is also
m ounted at an angle o f 45°.
les ran ging fro m seasons to m illio ns o f
years. Consequently, non-destructive
The g ro w in g nu m be r o f XRF core-scanner
insights in th e long te rm dynamics (103-
core scanning techniques w ith practically
la bo ratorie s and new developm ents in
106 years) o f glob al clim ate and e n v iro n ­
no lim ita tio n on sam pling reso lu tion and
data-processing and ca lib ra tio n te c h n i­
m ental changes, ye t p o o rly resolve
sam ple q u a n tity have become increasin­
ques increased th e need to exchange
seasonal to decadal clim ate trend s and
gly p o p u la r o v e rth e last tw o decades.
experiences am ong users a t various XRF
changes. In o r d e r to retrieve tim e series
Results have been published in hundreds
core-scanner laboratories. T herefore, a
data on ocean-clim ate dynamics fro m
o f s cie ntific pu blicatio ns m ainly on cli­
th re e -d a y-w o rksh o p was organised at
coral and sedim ent cores w e need resolu­
m ate change research, in clu d in g Nature
NIOZ fro m Septem ber 8-10 to discuss
tio n in nested dom ains, fro m episodic to
and Science.
technical aspects and a p p lica tio n cha lle n­
seasonal and m ultide cada l to centennia.
In itia lly non-d estructive XRF core scan­
ges o f XRF core scanning in th e w id e r
New core scanner UV-spectral lum ines­
ning produced se m i-q u a n tita tive ele­
fie ld o f paleoceanography. W ith 80 p a rti­
cence a llo w fo r clim ate analysis o f coral
m ental intensities b u t is n o w heading fo r
cipants fro m w o rld -w id e th e firs t con fe­
cores o f f tro p ic a l eastern A frica to
q u a n tita tiv e analysis o f elem e nt com p o­
rence on XRF-corescanning was a gre at
extend th e ob serva tiona l records across
s itio n do w n to trace level concentrations.
success, in clu d in g th e sessions organised.
th e sou thern Indian Ocean (Fig. 2).
c a lib ra tio n techniques provide prom ising
Scanning clim ate archives.
fo r q u a n tify in g changes in coral calcifica­
ways fo r q u a n tific a tio n o f XRF-
Regional and seasonal responses become
tio n and g ro w th rates at th e hum an tim e
corescanner data w h ich also raised in te ­
increasingly im p o rta n t to understand th e
scales o f clim ate change. These may serve
rest f o r com m ercial applications. We
hum an dim ension o f glob al clim ate
as regional and local benchm arks in
published a new te ch n iq u e using
change. High reso lu tion clim ate records
assessments o f ru n -o ff by hum an land-
U V -ligh t as a source to analyse th e
acquired fro m m arine sediments, corals
use change and clim atic rive r ru n -o ff.
g ro w th ba nd ing in cores fro m g ia n t
and cave stalagm ites provide essential
C om bining new p ro pe rties such as
Recent de ve lo p m e n t o f processing and
C om bined w ith X-ray density th e y a llo w
corals back to th e 1790s th a t was h igh ly
tim e-series data to establish ocean-conti-
UV-spectral lum inescence w ith eq ua lly
televised in th e sea-going Beagle p ro ­
ne nt-atm osp he re linkages and fe e d ­
resolved chemical analysis fo r e.g. th e r­
gram on Dutch and Belgian TV.
backs. Sedim ent records give excellent
m om e try (S trontium /C alcium ) and soil
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: g e e rt-ja n .b r u m m e r @ n io z .n l
31
Annual report 2010
i------ 1------ 1---o
i
Cyclone Hudah
i
i
i
i
i
Cyclone Hudah
X
L 1.00-
-o 08_ç
o
fo .6 -
O
'Ë 0.9
i---- 1
---- 1
---- 1---- 1---1995
2001
2007
year
0.41975
1985
1995
2005
year
Fig. 2. Seasonality and cyclone im pact revealed by g ro w th banding o f a northeast Madagascar g ia n t coral (Grove e t al., 2010). A ) Coral banding visualized
by UV-luminescence (blue). X-ray (grey), visual lig h t scanning (w hite ) can id e n tify individual cyclone events, e.g. cyclone Hudah. B) Same coral core w ith
m o nthly resolved Ba/Ca (black) and averaged spectral luminescence ra tio (red) generated by novel UV core-scanning. C) Same coral core showing high
luminescence ratios (black line) correspond to tro pical cyclones making land fall (grey shaded) in East Madagascar since 1980. C orrelation w ith Ba/Ca is
high fo r th e spectral G/B ra tio showing seasonal ru n o ff w ith a s ignifica nt spike in th e year 2000 corresponding t o cyclone 'Hudah'.
ru n o ff (Barium /Calcium ) is g re a tly im p ro ­
change. For exam ple, XRF-
ving o u r un de rsta n d in g o f how clim ate
chem ostratigraphy, in co m b in a tio n w ith
change w o rks and th e im pact o f a n th ro ­
visual and X-ray im a gin g, was used to
pogenic pe rtu rb a tio n s.
d e te rm in e th e rate and e v o lu tio n o f
deglacial sea-level rise and she lf flo o d in g
S tratig ra p h y and sed im en t
dynamics.
th is in flue nced sedim entary dynamics
Core scanning allow s con stru cting re g io ­
and tra n s p o rt to th e deep sea (Fig. 3).
o f th e M ekong Delta, SE V ie tn am , and
nal reference ne tw orks based on th e ir
C om bing XR F-chem ostratigraphy and
XR F-chem ostratigraphy and spectral
X-ray im aging plays a central role in th e
reflectance in th e visual lig h t spectrum
research on c o ld -w a te r coral colonies at
w ith o u t p rio r kn o w le d g e o f th e deposi-
Rockall Trough th a t appear o n ly d u rin g
tio n a l e n viro n m e n t o r s e d im e n ta tio n his­
re la tive ly m ild in te rg la cia l co n d itio n s and
tory. C h em o stra tigrap hic records
com p le te ly disappear d u rin g glacial con­
com p le m e nt visual observation and assist
dition s. Em erging and disappearing cold-
th e in te rp re ta tio n o f regional s tra tig ra p ­
w a te r coral colonies are th o u g h t to
hie fra m e w o rks in term s o f past and o n ­
con tain valua ble clues o f deep w a te r cir­
g o in g en viro n m e n ta l and clim ate
cu la tio n in th e N o rth A tla n tic .
■io 4» es «■
■if
4*
Itw n
Fig. 3. Regional reference netw orks o f XRF-chemostratigraphy (logCa/Ti), d igita l line-scan camera, and X-ray im aging o f sedim ent cores o ff SE Vietnam
(Tjallingii e t al., 2010). XRF-chemostratigraphy shows th e tra n s itio n fro m a siliciclastic (Ti) to carbonate (Ca) d om inated sedim entation over a depth
transect betw een 155 and 26 m be lo w th e present-day sea level corresponding to postglacial shelf floo ding. Line-scan and X-ray images show a subse­
qu ent tra n s itio n fro m flu v ia l mud to marine sands and iden tify deep burial structures o f G lo s s ifu n g ite s ichnofacies th a t typica lly fo rm under fo r transgres­
sée conditions.
32
Annual report 2010
MODOO: testing a deep ocean observatory on
the Porcupine Abyssal Plain
Jens G re in e rt*, H enko de Stigter, Bob Koster, John Cluderay, Leon Wuis
Sustained observation o f the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere is essential for understand­
ing the functioning and variability through tim e o f natural systems, and for assessing the impact of human activity.
Whereas instrumental data on continental climate have been collected for more than a century by meteorological
stations around the w orld, and ocean surface variability has been continuously monitored by satellites and surface
buoys for several decades, sustained observation of the ocean's interior for periods longer than a couple of years has
been very rare and hampered by technical and financial difficulties. NIOZ participates in a European effo rt to develop
a deep-sea observatory th at should be rem otely controlled from land via hydroacoustic and satellite communication.
Expectations w ere high w hen in late M ay 2010 the MODOO system (M o d u la r Deep Ocean Observatory) w as put to
the test during a demonstration mission a t 4850 m depth on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain w est o f Ireland.
A p a rt fro m severe technical d iffic u ltie s
tiu m o f countries to establish large
associated w ith th e o p e ra tio n o f stand­
cabled observatories e.g. o ffsho re Ireland
alone observation systems in th e deep
and Svalbard. However, as an a lte rn a tive
sea, th e le n g th and reso lu tion o f obser­
to such very costly cable ne tw orks, v a ri­
vatio ns by such systems are lim ite d by
ous tests have been carried o u t w ith sea­
b a tte ry power. C urrently, continuous
bed observatories com m u nica ting via
de ploym en ts o f a m axim um d u ra tio n o f
hydroacoustic m odem w ith a surface
1-2 year can o n ly be achieved by using
buoy m oored nearby, w h ich sends and
e n e rg y -e ffic ie n t instrum ents and lo w
receives in fo rm a tio n to and fro m land via
sam pling rates. In a d d itio n , data are col­
sa te llite te le m e try (Fig. 1). A lth o u g h this
lected according to pre-set sam pling
does n o t solve th e pro blem o f electrical
schemes and can be accessed and evalua­
po w e r lim ita tio n , it opens in te restin g
te d o n ly a fte r recovery o f th e system,
possibilities o f in te ra ctive data collection.
w ith o u t th e po ssib ility o f d ire ct in te rve n ­
tio n d u rin g th e de ploym en t. To over­
F o rth e MODOO d e m o n stra tio n mission,
come these lim ita tio n s , in itia tive s have
a BOBO (B O ttom B ou nd ary) land er o f
been set up in th e U.S., Canada, Europe
NIOZ was prepared to be deployed in
and Japan to install cabled ne tw orks o f
co n ju n ctio n w ith a m oored surface buoy
deep-sea observatories at strateg ic loca­
opera te d by th e U.K. M e te o ro lo g ica l
tio n s along th e ocean margins. These
O ffice at 4850 m de p th on th e Porcupine
new observatories are supplied w ith elec­
Abyssal Plain (PAP), w est o f Ireland. This
tric a l p o w e r and are able to exchange
PAP site is one o f th e m ost extensively
in fo rm a tio n via a com bined electrical/
m o n ito re d open ocean sites in th e N orth
op tica l cable connection to land. Fully
A tla n tic , w ith observations on surface
fu n c tio n a l cabled ne tw orks fo r deep-sea
ocean hydrography, prim ary p ro d u ctio n ,
observation have so fa r only been
p h yto - and Z o op la nkton dynamics,
achieved in th e U.S. 'M ars' and th e
e xp o rt flu x o f p a rticu la te m atter, and
Canadian 'N e p tu n e ' projects.
dynamics o f deep-sea be nthic fauna
Fig. 1. Sketch o f th e M O D O O system, w h ere a
com bination o f satellite and hydroacoustic
te le m e try enables rem ote control and data
exchange w ith an observatory located on th e sea­
bed, w ith o u t in tervention o f a deep-sea cable.
Im age courtesy IFM -GEOM AR, Kiel, Germany.
exte n d in g over m ore th a n tw o decades.
fo r reco rdin g tim e-series o f n e a r-b o tto m
In Europe, th e ESONET (European Seabed
The prim ary scie ntific aim o f MODOO
and near-surface p a rticle fluxes and v a ri­
O bservatories NETwork) n e tw o rk o f
was to m o n ito r in d e ta il th e tim in g o f
ous hyd rog raph ic param eters. Two
excellence has been active since 2007 to
th e e xp o rt o f p a rticu la te m aterial fro m
acoustic modems, one on th e la nd er and
prepare th e g ro u n d fo r European cabled
its o rig in in th e surface ocean to its u lti­
one b e lo w th e buoy, w o u ld establish
ne tw orks whereas its successor project
m ate de p o sitio n on th e deep sea flo o r at
tw o -w a y com m u nica tion be tw ee n th e
EMSO-PP (European M u ltid is c ip lin a ry
alm ost 5 km de pth. To fu lf il th is aim both
la nd er and th e buoy, w h ils t th e buoy
S eafloor O bservatory Preparatory Phase)
th e BOBO la nd er and th e m oored surface
w o u ld com m unicate to a land s ta tio n via
is cu rre n tly b rin g in g to g e th e r a consor­
buoy w e re equippe d w ith instrum ents
sa te llite tele m etry.
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: je n s .g re in e rt@ n io z .n l
33
Annual report 2010
The surface buoy is fu n c tio n in g w e ll and
every day tra n s m ittin g m e teo rological
and oceanographic data th a t is accessible
via in te rn e t, b u t th e loss o f th e b o tto m
la n d e r w ith all its e q u ip m e n t m eant a
serious b lo w to th e MODOO mission.
However, th e te st showed th a t tw o -w a y
com m u nica tion w ith seabed instrum ents
via a hydroacoustic m odem is feasible
even a t g re a t de pth. The recent expe­
rience w ill be p u t to use to im p le m e n t
tw o -w a y com m u nica tion on th e MOVE!,
th e M o b ile VEhicle fo r seabed research
developed by NIOZ, so th a t in fu tu re it
may be able to sample and measure
re m o te ly co n tro lle d via a surface buoy o r
a passing ship.
Fig. 2. Testing th e BOBO lander in th e NIOZ harbor.
A fte r a year o f busy preparations, th e
la nd er and th e buoy w e re eve ntua lly
de ployed at th e PAP site on 31 May/1
June 2010 d u rin g a cruise w ith RRS James
Clark Ross (Fig. 2 and 3). W hereas in itia lly
all seemed to run according to plan, a
com plete loss o f com m u nica tion w ith th e
BOBO la n d e rtw o hours a fte r its landing
on th e seabed announced m a jo rtro u b le .
A ll a tte m p ts in th e next hours to re-esta­
blish com m u nica tion proved fruitless. An
u n d e rw a te r camera o f N ational
G eographic Television, m ou nted on to p
o f th e la n d e rto record th e la nd ing , reve­
aled th e cause o f th e dead silence. A fte r
de taching itse lf fro m th e land er by a self­
release and rising back to th e sea surface,
it was sp o tte d by lucky coincidence
Fig. 3. The instrum ent cage o f th e surface buoy is ready for deploym ent.
several miles aw ay fro m th e de p lo ym e n t
position. The pressure resistant glass
sphere co n ta in in g th e camera as w e ll as
th e electron ic parts o f th e camera itse lf
showed extensive dam age (Fig. 4) sug­
gesting it had been im pacted by a v io le n t
sho ckw a ve produced by im plosion o f th e
glass buoyancy spheres o f th e lander.
M ost likely th e shock k ille d th e acoustic
m odem and possibly all o th e r e q u ip m e n t
on th e lander. Since th e BOBO d e p lo y­
m ent at 4850 m de p th was w e ll w ith in
th e safety lim it o f 6500 m indicated fo r
th e spheres, th e risk on such an accident
had been considered m inim al.
34
Annual report 2010
Fig. 4. Recovered N ational Geographic Television
camera. The w h ite m aterial on th e inside o f the
sphere are glass chips t h a t broke o ff from the
inside o f th e sphere.
External Projects M arine Geology
C lim atic and a n th ro p o g e n ic shifts in seasonal river ru n o ff in to th e Indian Ocean over th e past M ille n n iu m
resolved by coral geochem istry and photolum inescence (CLIMATCH, NWO-ALW).
J. Zinke, G.J.A Brummer, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith VU U n iversity Am sterdam .
Coral Reefs and G lobal Change - a historical perspective spanning th e w estern Indian Ocean. (W estern Indian
Ocean M arine Science A ssociatio n-M arine Science fo r M anagem ent; W IO M SA-M ASM A).
J. Zinke, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f Cape Town (South A frica).
N atural m o n ito rs benchm ark e n viro n m e n ta l change: v a lo riz a tio n o f th e NIOZ-Core Scanner (NWO).
G.J.A. Brumm er, R. T ja llin g ii, J. Zinke, B. Koster.
D arw in revisited: A to lls and clim ate change in Keeling Island corals since th e voyage o f th e Beagle (VPRO and
NIOZ/NWO).
G.J.A. Brumm er, R. N agtegaal, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f W o llo n g o n g (A ustralia) a n d D utch a n d B elgian
n a tio n a l television.
P lanktonic fo ra m in ife ra ! shell th in n in g due to a n th ro p o g e n ic C 02 emissions? (NW O-ALW )
G.J.A. Brumm er, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith VU U n iversity A m sterdam .
Ocean v a ria b ility and im pact o f w a te r colum n p ro pe rties on proxy fo rm a tio n (GATEWAYS, EU-FP7 M arie Curie
In te rn a tio n a l Training N etw ork).
A. Henry-Edwards, J. S tein ha rdt, S. Kasper (BGC), G.J.A. Brummer, S. Schouten (BGC), H. van A ke n (FYS), in coop­
e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f Barcelona (Spain) a n d U n iversity o f Cape Town (South A frica).
N atural, clim atic and a n th ro p o g e n ic change o f th e Berau D e lta/B arrier reef system: H ig h -re so lu tio n coral proxy
analysis o f th e m odern e n viro n m e n t and reconstruction on a seasonal to centennial tim escale (WOTRO-KNAWICOMAR).
R. N agtegaal, G.J.A. Brummer, R. Bak (MEE), in c o o p e ra tio n w ith U tre ch t U n iversity a n d KNMI.
T em perature and sa lin ity proxies o f ocean th e rm o h a lin e circu latio n and clim ate change: de ve lo p m e n t and v e rifi­
cation (NEBROC2, NWO/NIOZ).
U. Fallet, G.J.A. Brummer, S. Schouten (BGC), in co o p e ra tio n w ith A W I Brem erhaven a n d U n iversity Brem en
(Germany).
R elationships be tw ee n prim ary p ro d u c tiv ity and th e b e n th ic e n viro n m e n t in u p w e llin g regions d u rin g th e last
d e g la cia tio n (Vetenskaps Radet Sweden).
J.B.W. S tuut, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith L u n d U n iversity (Sweden).
Holocene d e se rtifica tio n tre n d s in NW A frica in fe rre d fro m en d-m e m ber m o d e llin g o f grain-size d is trib u tio n s
and provenance studies o f te rrig e n o u s sedim ents (EUROPROX/DFG).
J.B.W. S tuut, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith VU U n iversity A m sterda m a n d M ARU M Bremen (Germany).
A high-precision stable isotope mass spe ctro m eter fo r m arine tra ce r analysis (N W O -M id d e lg ro o t).
S. Schouten (BGC), G.J.A. Brummer, e t al. (MEE, BIO).
Assessment o f tro p ic a l en viro n m e n ta l change and its tele con ne ctions f o r t h e last de g la cia tio n by means o f high
re so lu tio n b io m a rke r analysis (NEBROC2, NWO/NIOZ).
I.S.
Castañeda (BGC), S. Schouten (BGC), G.J.A. Brumm er, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté (BGC), in c o o p e ra tio n w ith the
U n iversity Bremen (Germany).
M id -la titu d e carbonate systems - com plete sequences fro m c o ld -w a te r coral carbonate m ounds in th e NE A tla n tic
(CARBONATE, ESF/ALW).
H. de Haas, T.C.E. van W eering.
European M u ltid is c ip lin a ry S eafloor O bservatory - Preparatory Phase (EMSO-PP, EU-FP6).
J. G reinert, H.C. de Stigter, T.C.E. van W eering.
European Seabed O bservatories NETwork (ESONET, NoE EU-FP6).
J. G reinert, T.C.E. van W eering.
Hydroacoustic sea floo r and w a te r colum n m apping: New to o ls fo r m u ltib e a m backscatter analyses and 3D/4D vis­
u a liza tio n (NWO V a lo riza tio n ).
J. G reinert, H. de Haas.
Spatial m ethane and C 02 flu x q u a n tific a tio n fro m a pockm ark area in th e Black Sea: SPUX. (ESF Eurofleets).
J. G rein ert, in co o p e ra tio n w ith IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel (Germany), G hent University, G hent (Belgium ), IOBAS, Varna
(Bulgaria).
Tropical te m p e ra tu re history d u rin g Paleogene glo b a l w a rm in g events (GLOW, ESF-Eurocores)
Vrije U n ive rsite it A m sterdam , w ith T.C.E. van W eering a n d G.J.A. B rum m e r as co-applicant.
Annual report 2010
H o tsp ot Ecosystem Research and Man's Im pact on European Seas (HERMIONE, EU- FP7).
H.C. d e S tig te r, T.C.E. van W eering, M.S.S. Lavaleye (MEE), G.C.A. D u in e ve ld (MEE).
Tracing past to m odern In d o -A tla n tic exchange in sedim entary records (INATEX-B, NWO/ZKO-Oceans).
G.J.A. Brummer, R. T ja llin g ii, H. R id d e rin k h o f (FYS), T.C.E. van W eering, in co o p e ra tio n w ith VU U niversity
A m sterdam , U tre ch t University, KNMI, U n iversity K ie l (Germany).
M o d u la r Deep Ocean O bservatory and its a p p lica tio n in th e Porcupine Abyssal Plain area (MODOO, EU-FP6).
J. G reinert, H.C. de Stigter, B. K oster (MTE), J. Cluderay (MTE), L. Wuis (MTM).
A process study on th e im pact o f th e A ra b ia n Sea oxygen m in im u m zone on organic m a tte r d e g ra d a tio n , n u tri­
e n t re g e n e ra tio n , trace m etal cycling and fo ra m in ife ra ! proxies (PASOM, NWO-ALW).
U trech t University, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté (BGC) et al., G.J.A. B rum m er (co-applicant).
Perm afrost and gas hydrate related m ethane release in th e A rctic and im pact on clim ate change: European coop­
e ra tio n fo r lo n g -te rm m o n ito rin g (PERGAMON, ESF/COST).
J. G reinert, A. Stadnitskaia (BGC).
Southern Indian Ocean/Tropical Pacific te le con ne ctions assessed by a jo in t coral-in situ ocean m o n ito rin g d a ta ­
base (SINDOCOM, NW O -ALW /C lim ate Change).
C. Grove, G.J.A Brummer, in co o p e ra tio n w ith VU U n iversity A m sterda m a n d KNMI.
C ontrols on sedim ent phosphorus release fro m te m p e ra te in te rtid a l sedim ents (FCT, Portugal).
C. Leote, H.G. Epping, in co lla b o ra tio n w ith T rin ity College D u b lin (Ireland).
Consequences o f phosphorus red uctio n f o r t h e dynam ic tra n s fe r o f organic m a tte r be tw ee n prim ary producers
and prim ary consumers.
L.L. M ulder, H.G. Epping, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith NIOO-CEME, IVM -VU U n iversity A m sterdam , R ijksw aterstaat, CWSS
(Germany), Ecomare.
In te g ra te d n e tw o rk fo r p ro d u c tio n and loss assessment in th e coastal e n v iro n m e n t (IN PLACE, NWO-ZKO).
C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt (MEE), H.G. E pping (co-applicant), in c o o p e ra tio n w ith NIOO-CEME, IVM -VU U niversity
A m sterdam , R ijksw aterstaat, Cl/1/55 (Germany), Ecomare.
C onstruction o f a rem o te ly c o n tro lle d vehicle fo r be nthic research (M O V E i-l& ll, N W O -M iddelgroot/B M B F).
H.G. Epping, J. G reinert, G.C.A. D u in e ve ld (MEE), in c o o p e ra tio n w ith M ARU M Brem en (Germany).
Annual report 2010
M arine Organic Biogeochemistry
The BGC departm ent addresses a field of research a t the interface of the basic disci­
plines of chemistry, geology and biology. The basic questions are:
•
Which organic compounds are present in the different compartments (biota,
w ater, sediments) of the marine environm ent and w h a t is their origin?
•
W hat is their biochemical role in marine organisms?
•
Which reactions (e.g. biotransform ation and diagenesis) affect these compo­
nents during transport in the marine environment? How are these reactions
affected by environmental conditions and on which tim e scales? W h a t can
these components tell us on the biogeochemical cycling o f carbon, nitrogen and
sulfur in the ocean?
•
W hat can be learned from organic m atter deposited in marine sediments w ith
respect to marine evolution, the functioning of past marine ecosystems, climate
variability and organic carbon burial?
In 2010, members of BGC actively pursued fieldw ork: the w a te r column and sedi
ments o f the North Sea w ere sampled to study archaeal nitrification and anaerobic
ammonium oxidation in the ZKO project NICYCLE. The Am azon, Yenisei, and Rhone
rivers w ere visited to study the transport o f soil organic m atter to the ocean in the
ERC PACEMAKER project. The NW O-VIDI project o f Marcel van der M eer th at aims to
reconstruct the salinity o f the ocean in the past started this year w ith the hiring of
personnel. Three new projects w ere funded w ith in the Darwin Centre for
Biogeology w here BGC collaborates w ith (micro)biologists at the Dutch universities
and the sister institute of the NIOZ, the Netherlands Institute for Ecology (NIOO). A t
the same tim e, tw o graduate students obtained their PhD degree a t Utrecht
University: Thorsten Bauersachs graduated on his w o rk on the developm ent and
application of proxies for past cyanobacteria! nitrogen fixation and Arjan Boere on
his w o rk on validation and application of fossil DNA as a recorder o f past marine
ecosystems and environmental conditions. Stefan Schouten w as appointed as parttim e professor (0.2 fte) a t Utrecht University, Departm ent o f Geosciences. The
departm ent also organized a w ell attended NEBROC course 'Molecular Organic
Biogeochemistry' for young researchers from all over the globe. A major scientific
achievement in 2010 was the publication of tw o Science papers, tw o papers in
PNAS, and one in Nature Geosciences. Three o f these papers w ere about the recon­
struction of past climate change, on a variety o f tim e scales, the other deal w ith
microbial processes.
A more detailed account o f the results o f some of the projects th at ended in 2010 is
given on the follow ing pages.
Jaap Sinninghe Damsté
jaap.damste@nioz.nl
Structure and distribution of membrane lipids
of Thaumarchaeota
A n g e la Pitcher, Stefan Schouten*, Jaap Sinninghe Damsté
The study o f marine microorganisms mainly relies on the use of gene-based techniques but specific membrane lipids
are increasingly used to complement the genetic data. In this study w e developed new methods to analyse core and
intact polar lipids and applied these to environmental studies and enrichment cultures of Thaumarchaeota, archaea
capable o f autotrophic ammonia oxidation. The enrichment cultures contained tetraeth er membrane lipids w ith crenarchaeol, a specific lipid containing a unique cyclohexane moiety, as the most abundant lipid suggesting th at this is
a unique tracer fo r Thaumarchaeota. The main head groups attached to these lipids are those w ith a hexose, dihexose and phosphohexose group. Crenarchaeol present as an intact polar lipid w as found to be quite suitable to track
living Thaumarchaeota in natural environments.
Archaea are u b iq u ito u s, com prising a
m a jo r co m p o n e n t o f th e m icrobial
assemblages in m any m odern-day sys­
tems. Several studies have analysed glyc­
erol d ia lkyl glycerol te tra e th e r (GDGT)
m em brane lipids (Fig. 1 fo r examples)
synthesized by archaea to in te rp re t th e
presence, d is trib u tio n , and a ctivity o f
these m icrobes in various m odern envi­
ronm ents. In particular, crenarchaeol, a
GDGT co n ta in in g a u n iq ue cyclohexane
m oiety, is used as a specific b io m a rke r
lip id fo r m arine T haum archaeota. The
use o f cellular m em brane lipids in m olec­
u la r ecology studies provides added
value to con ven tion al (m eta)genom ic
approaches, p a rtly in th e fo rm o f in d e ­
pendence fro m biases associated w ith
In th is study w e developed th e use o f
ta in p o la r head groups bound to th e core
th e e xtra ctio n and analysis o f nucleic
in ta ct p o la r lipids (IPLs) as a to o l fo r eco­
GDGT (Fig. 2 fo r examples) and are
acids. However, d ise n ta n g lin g b io m a rke r
logical studies o f a m m o n ia -o xid izin g
assumed to represent living archaeal cells
lip id signals derived fro m livin g and dead
Thaum archaeota, im p o rta n t actors in th e
as th e head g ro u p is ra p id ly lost upon cell
cells, has rem ained a challenge.
m arine n itro g e n cycle. Archaeal IPLs con-
death. To th is end, im proved m ethods fo r
GDGT-based IPL analyses w e re developed
G D G T -0
R-O.
and tested on several environm ents: tw o
C aliforn ia h o t springs, th e A ra b ia n Sea
oxygen m in im um zone (OMZ), and th e
G D G T-2
coastal N o rth Sea. Comparisons betw een
R-O
C renarchaeol
r _q .
IPL and DNA-based m olecu lar data reveal
a m ore com p le te pictu re o f th e d is trib u ­
tio n and abundance o f a m m o n ia -o xid iz­
Monohexose
&
ing Thaum archaeota a t those sites, in
a d d itio n to th e general robustness o f IPL
HD
analyses in m odern m olecu lar studies.
OH
L-OH
Hexose, phosphohexose
Phosphohexose
OH
i
[GDGT]
L-oh
W hen IPL-GDGTs are analysed (and q u a n ­
tifie d ) a fte r rem oval o f th e p o la r head
gro u p by hydrolysis, th e separation o f
core and IPL GDGTs is firs t necessary, in
o rd e rto discern betw een dead and live
F ig. 1. Structures o f te tra e th e r lipids in Thaumarchaeota.
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: s te fa n .s c h o u te n @ n io z .n l
38
Annual report 2010
Nitrosopumilus maritimus
Crenarchaeol
betw een am oA gene, th e fu n c tio n a l
ute sub stantia lly to th e cu rre n t k n o w l­
gene encoding f o r t h e enzyme th a t per­
edge o f IPLs synthesized by these archaea
form s th e firs t step in am m onia -oxida-
and su p p o rt th e hypothesis th a t crenar­
tio n , and IPL-derived crenarchaeol
chaeol is specific to am m onia-oxidizers.
abundances was fo u n d , suggesting th a t
TEXgg tem pe rature s, a geochem ical proxy
th e IPLs recovered w e re recently synthe­
used to reconstruct past sea surface te m ­
sized by living a m m o n ia -o xid izin g
peratures, calculated using th e GDGT dis­
Thaum archaeota.
tr ib u tio n o f 'Ca. N itrososphaera
Crenarchaeol
regioisomer
gargensis' m atched c u ltiv a tio n te m p e ra ­
The ch a racterization o f am m o n ia -o xid iz­
Crenarchaeol
Ca. N . Gargensis
Crenarchaeol
regioisomer
tu re o f 46°C, ho w e ver th e y did n o t
ing Thaum archaeota has been ham pered
change according to sho rt te rm cu ltiva ­
by d iffic u ltie s in th e ir en rich m e nt, and
tio n a t 42°C and 50°C in d ica tin g th a t
th e re fo re lim ite d data exists on th e IPL-
in d ivid u a l species may n o t adjust th e ir
GDGTs synthesized by these microbes in
m em brane GDGTs d ra m a tica lly according
culture. Analysis o f th e recently enriched
to te m p e ra tu re o r t h a t th is physiological
a m m o n ia -o xid izin g G roup 1.1b
a d a p ta tio n w o u ld ta ke much longer.
Thaum archaeote, 'Ca. Nitrososphaera
mlz 1290 - ?
Sulfolobus spp.
GTGT-0
0 \
Time
Fig. 2. High-perform ance liquid chrom atography
base peak chrom atogram s showing glycerol
dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) derived from
acid-hydrolyzed biomass o f (a) th e am m onia-oxi­
dizing Group 1.1a Thaum archaeote
N itro s o p u m ilu s m a ritiu m s SCM1, (b) th e am m o­
nia-oxidizing Group 1.1b Thaum archaeote 'Ca.
Nitrososphaera gargensis', and (c) th e sulfur-oxi­
dizing hypertherm ophilic Crenarchaeote
S u lfo lo b u s s o lfa tica ru s.
gargensis', revealed a GDGT d is trib u tio n
To conclude, th e present study d e m on­
consisting alm ost exclusively o f crenar­
strates th a t in ta ct p o la r GDGTs, in p a rtic­
chaeol and a s tru ctu ra lly related isomer
ular crenarchaeol, are excellent to o ls to
(Fig. 2). This fin d in g extends th e ta x o ­
study th e ecology o f Thaum archaeota in
nom ic d is trib u tio n o f crenarchaeol to a
m odern environm ents. Using these tools,
new p h ylo g e n e tic cluster, gro u p 1.1b,
an im proved u n de rsta nd ing o f th e role
w ith in th e Thaum archaeota (Fig. 3). The
o f A O A in bo th carbon and n itro g e n
GDGT-associated p o la r headgroups con­
cycling may be ob ta in e d . U nderstanding
sisted m ainly o f m onohexose, dihexose,
b e tte rth e en viro n m e n ta l d is trib u tio n s o f
phosphohexose and hexose-phosphohex-
GDGTs, in clu d in g crenarchaeol, w ill also
ose m oieties. Sim ilar IPLs w e re fo u n d in
aid in a b e tte r u n de rsta nd ing o f th e ir use
th e A ra b ia n Sea and th e coastal N orth
in geochem ical proxies like th e TEX86
Sea w h e re Thaum archaeota are also
pa le othe rm o m eter.
ab un da nt. Together, these data c o n trib ­
Suspected
¿3roup 1,1b (Indu ding 54d9 & N. gargensis) “fç
Thaumarchaeota
GDGT signals. C o nve ntion al separation
ip 1.1a (Including N. Maritimus & C. symbiosum)
schemes based on th e separation o f bac­
te ria l glyco- and ph osp ho lip ids w ere
fo u n d un suita ble f o r t h e separation o f
■j^ ^ ^ h A O A / PIWCG III (Including N. yellowstonii) “ÎÇ
GDGT-based IPLs. A new m etho d based
on activated silica and d iffe re n t eluents
was developed and show n to yie ld fra c ­
tio n s h ig h ly enriched in core, glyco-, and
Unknown
phospho-GDGTs. The a b ility to separate
core and IPL-GDGTs was used to d e te r­
m ine o f th e o rig in o f GDGTs in C alifornia
h o t springs, th e A ra b ia n Sea oxygen m in ­
im um zone, and th e coastal N o rth Sea.
Recovery o f a b u n d a n t crenarchaeol in
th e IPL-GDGT fra ctio n s co n firm e d th a t it
is synthesized in situ. In a d d itio n , in these
en viro nm en ts a good correspondence
39
Annual report 2010
I
None
Crenarchaeota
0.05
F ig . 3. 16 S rRNA gene-based phylogeny o f th e Thaum archaeota and C renarchaeota highligh ting con­
firm ed (indicated w ith * ) and suspected crenarchaeol synthesizers w ith in th e Thaum archaeota based
on th e po ten tia l widespread distribution o f archaeal am m on ia-oxidization w ith in this m onophyletic
clade and its hypothesized link to crenarchaeol synthesis.
Proboscia diatoms reveal past Antarctic oceano­
graphic and atmospheric conditions
Veronica W illm o tt, Sebastiaan Rampen, Jaap S inninghe Damsté, Stefan Schouten*
In this study w e used specific lipid biomarkers to assess the productivity o f Proboscia diatoms in shelf w aters of the
w estern Antarctic Peninsula over the last 8500 yr. This revealed th at Proboscia diatoms w ere relatively more abun­
dant during the Late Holocene. Since the presence of Proboscia diatoms in coastal ecosystems has been related to
upw elling conditions, it suggests th at stronger upwelling o f circumpolar w aters occurred at th at time. Since this is
ultim ately controlled by the interaction betw een El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annual Mode
(SAM), the relative abundance of Proboscia diatoms could be useful to track the past effect o f those climate modes
on the Antarctic Peninsula.
The W estern A n ta rc tic Peninsula (WAP)
th e y are re la tive ly a b u n d a n t in A n ta rctic
has suffered th e largest w a rm in g tre n d in
w aters. The presence o f Proboscia d ia ­
th e w o rld over th e last 20 years w ith an
tom s in o th e r coastal ecosystems has
increase in atm ospheric te m p e ra tu re o f
been related to u p w e llin g and these d ia ­
1.08 °C. The WAP is th e re fo re considered
tom s seem to be w e ll adapted to th e
as one o f th e area's m ost sensitive to cli­
high n u trie n t, tu rb u le n t co n ditions th a t
m atic change, and its m arine b o tto m sed­
are typica l o f these coastal regions.
im ents are considered im p o rta n t archives
U n fo rtu n a te ly, sedim entary records o f
f o r t h e in ve stig a tio n o f past clim atic v a ri­
Proboscia diatom s are constrained by th e
ability.
fa ct th a t th e y have w e a kly silicifie d frus-
Fig. 1. Research vessel N athanial B. Palmer w ith
which sedim ent cores w ere taken a t th e coast o f
th e A ntarctic Peninsula.
ers, so-called long chain 1,14 diols, w h ich
tules and th a t th e ir skeletons are very
are synthesized by Proboscia diatom s and
Diatom s o f th e genus Proboscia are
prone to dissolution. An a lte rn a tive
w h ich are w e ll preserved in sediments.
w id e ly present in th e glo b a l ocean and
approach is to use specific lip id biom a rkIn th is study w e in vestig ated these
64 o o w
m n rw
Proboscia diols as a proxy fo r Proboscia
sb ' o ttw
d ia to m p ro d u c tiv ity d u rin g th e Holocene
in shelf w aters o f th e WAP. W e analysed
these com pounds in a sedim ent core,
ta ke n w ith th e RV N athanial B. Palmer
62 W S
(Fig. 1) fro m th e W estern Bransfield Basin
(WBB) in th e Pacific m argin o f th e AP
(Fig. 2). Its specific lo ca tio n to g e th e r w ith
its high s e d im e n ta tio n rate makes this
eaw s
area very suitable fo r o b ta in in g Holocene
pa le oclim ate records.
The to ta l organic carbon (TOC) record
64; 0'0"S
suggests th a t th e high p ro d u c tiv ity con­
d itio n s th a t m arked th e m id Holocene
pe rio d must have in itia te d at least at
8800 yr b e fore present (BP) and persisted
S5W S
u n til 4600 y r BP in th e n o rth e rn WBB (Fig.
3). Remarkably, however, th is perio d is
Larsen B
also characterized by re la tive ly lo w ab un­
nee shcif
dances o f long chain 1,14-diols suggest­
ing th a t Proboscia d ia to m p ro d u c tiv ity
was lo w e r th a n at present day. This
ura
soa
im p
im p
:mo
z SOo
pmd
js m
w o
jm o
hxjo
s w
Depth (mbsf)
Fig. 2. Location m ap o f ju m b o piston core NBP0107 JPC-33 in th e W estern Bransfield Basin (WBB),
no rth ern A ntarctic Peninsula. Grey arrows indicate oceanic currents.
40
Annual report 2010
a p p a re n t discrepancy m ig h t be explained
by th e fa ct th a t Proboscia d ia to m bloom s
* C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: s te fa n .s c h o u te n @ n io z .n l
seem to be enhanced by u p w e llin g con di­
tion s, whereas general prim ary produc­
tiv ity b e ne fits fro m w a te r s tra tific a tio n
induced by ice m e ltin g in spring tim e .
Thus, th e m id Holocene she lf w a te rs in
th is area may have been d o m in a te d by
strong and sh a llo w w a te r s tra tific a tio n in
0.5 -j
spring and sum m er a n d/or little
C ircum polar w a te r intrusions.
0.45 -
£
In contrast, th e late Holocene pe rio d is
0.4 -
m arked by a relative rise in Proboscia dia­
É
«ï. o
0.35 2 Ü
d l
to m p ro d u c tiv ity w h ich p ro b a b ly reflects
periods o f enhanced C ircum polar w a te r
0 3 -
intrusions in th is area. On th e WAP, o th e r
0 25 -
studies showed evidence o f present and
0.020 -,
past intru sio ns o f th e C ircum polar w a te r
JC
o
"D
_C
0
0.015 g1 c
■ü
= ®
e g
o
Û
d
on th e co n tin e n ta l shelf. In a d d itio n , th e
periods o f increased Proboscia diatom s
p ro d u c tiv ity are coincid en t w ith
increased frequ en cy o f m elt layers
1 t 0.010 -
observed in an ice core (Siple Dome) fro m
F °
th e southern end o f th e WAP. This
û T*
Ä
0.005 Q
W
"d
increase in m e lt frequ en cy is p rim a rily
0 .0 0 0
in te rp re te d as changes in mean sum m er
te m p e ra tu re linked to an increasing
m arine in flue nce and atm ospheric
-
cyclonic a ctivity on W est A n ta rctica w h ich
w o u ld be consistent w ith a parallel
increase in u p w e llin g in te n sity alon g th e
o
2p oo
4000
eoao
bodo
ioooo
Age (yr BP)
Fig. 3. A ntarctic clim ate records o f a. Total organic carbon (TOC) content o f JPC-33 core, and b. Mass
accum ulation rates o f TOC (MARTOC) reflecting general productivity, c. Relative abundance o f longchain 1,14-diols in JPC-33 core reflecting Proboscia diato m productivity, d. M e lt frequency observed in
th e ice core a t Siple Dom e. Dark grey lines in a, b, and c represent running average w ith a 10%
sm oothing w indo w .
WAP.
The circu m polar cu rre n t episodic spills
o n to th e shelf are u ltim a te ly co n tro lle d
by atm ospheric fo rc in g , governed by th e
in te ra ctio n betw een ENSO and SAM.
Thus, th e Proboscia d io l record could be
useful to tra c k th e past e ffe ct o f those
clim ate modes on th e WBB, a lth o u g h
fu tu re studies on th e ecology o f
Proboscia species in th is area are needed
to fu rth e r v a lid a te th e s u ita b ility o f this
proxy.
41
Annual report 2010
Influence of sea surface tem perature on vegeta­
tion in central North Africa
Isla S. Castañeda, Jaap S inninghe Damsté, Stefan S chouten*
Sea surface tem peratures (SSTs) play an im portant role in influencing continental climate conditions. Precipitation in
the region o f North Africa is particularly sensitive to SST variability. From a site on the Guinea Plateau Margin (NW
Africa), w e simultaneously reconstructed SST from organic geochemical proxies and also examined continental cli­
mate conditions from organic m atter produced by land plants, which is transported offshore by strong winds. Our
results provide im portant insights into past environmental conditions in North Africa, which may have influenced
migrations of our human ancestors from the African continent.
Strong o ff-sho re w inds tra n s p o rt large
volum es o f dust fro m th e Sahara and
Sahel to th e Guinea Plateau M a rg in (Fig.
1). This dust contains p la n t le a f waxes,
w h ich are b lo w n long distances across
th e A frica n c o n tin e n t to th e A tla n tic
Ocean, w h e re th e y are u ltim a te ly depos­
ited on th e seafloor. Based on isotopic
analysis o f fossil p la n t le a f waxes (Fig. 2)
w e de te rm in e d th e relative im portance
o f trees and grasses in th e Sahara and
Sahel. Trees g e ne rally req uire m ore
w a te r to survive th a n tro p ic a l grasses. By
analyzing th e carbon isotopic com posi­
tio n (013C) o f p la n t leaf waxes an o rig in
fro m trees o r grasses can be de te rm in e d ,
as grasses te n d to be m ore enriched in
13C com pared to trees, thus a llo w in g fo r
past p re c ip ita tio n changes in tro p ica l
Fig. 1. Location o f th e studied sedim ent core from th e Guinea Plateau M arg in (N W ) Africa. The insert
shows a plum e o f Saharan dust offshore NW A frica. (Im age from NASA, h ttp ://w w w .nasa.g ov/m ultim edia/im agegallery/im age_feature_22.h tm l: March 2, 2003.)
120,000-110,000 years, 50,000- 45,000
and 10,000-8,000 years ago, sub stantia lly
In a d d itio n to exam ining th e v e g e ta tio n
m ore trees g re w in Sahara and th e Sahel,
history, w e also reconstructed past SST
in d ica tin g s ig n ific a n tly w e tte r con ditions
using th e so-called Uk 37 Index and th e
th a n a t present (Fig. 3). The m ost recent
s tre n g th o f th e A tla n tic M e rid io n a l
o f these w e t periods, called th e 'A frican
O ve rtu rn in g C ircula tion (AMOC; Fig. 4)
Hum id Period' is w id e ly docum ented
by analyzing th e carbon isotopic com po­
th ro u g h o u t N o rth A frica and d u rin g this
sitio n (013C) o f th e be nthic fo ra m in ife r
Fig. 2. Compounds including th e long-chain
n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids form a main com­
p onent o f plant le a f waxes. These compounds
form a w axy protective coating th a t reduces
m oisture loss and decay.
in te rval th e Sahara desert contained
Cibicides w u e lle rs to rfi. The Uk 37 Index is
trees, p e rm an ent lakes and was occupied
based on long-chain alkenones p ro ­
by hum an po pu latio ns. The tw o o ld e r
duced by h a p to p h y te algae, w h ich p ro ­
w e t periods coincide w ith tim es w h en
duce re la tive ly lo w e r am ounts o f th e
A frica to be exam ined. T h ro u g h o u t th e
early m odern humans w e re m ig ra tin g
tri-u n s a tu ra te d alkenone (C37:3) at
m a jo rity o f th e record 013C values in d i­
o u t o f sub-Saharan A frica to N o rth ern
w a rm e r tem pe rature s. Previous research
cate th a t tro p ic a l grasses w e re even m ore
A frica, th e M id d le East, Asia and e ve n tu ­
d e m on stra te d th e 013C o f C. w u e lle rs to rfi
w idespread th a n today, suggesting
ally Europe. A t these tim es, w e tte r co n d i­
reproduces th e 013C o f dissolved carbon
severely arid co n d itio n s in central N orth
tio n s in central N o rth A frica likely
d ioxid e in th e deep ocean, w h ich is
A frica d u rin g much o f th e past 200,000
enabled humans to cross th is no rm ally
stro n g ly d e p e n d e n t on ocean circu latio n.
years (Fig. 3). However, w e fo u n d th a t
in h o sp ita b le reg io n and m ig ra te o n to
In th e deep A tla n tic , 013C va ria tio n s are
d u rin g th re e discrete periods, ca.
o th e r continents.
* C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: s te fa n .s c h o u te n @ n io z .n l
42
Annual report 2010
AMOC
■ ">
A<
■ o .*
n
-
%
I
£
0 j6
■ 0 .4
-
•£
n
^
f
■■(t.? £■
0 .1
■ 0 .0
—0.4
1t
im e a k e r
AM O C
A u e r ii
Fig. 3. V eg e ta tio n and A tla n tic M eridio nal O verturning Circulation changes during th e past 200,000
years. The S13C o f C. w u e lle r s to rfi (in blue) reflects variations in th e strength o f A M O C w h ile the
reconstructed percentage o f C4 grasses (in green) is an indicator o f aridity since C4 grasses are drought
adapted and require less w a te r than C 3 trees. The red d o t labeled 'surface' represents a surface sedi­
m ent sample and indicates m odern conditions. Sea surface tem peratures, reconstructed using the
3 7 Index, are shown in red. The 'African Flumid Period' is indicated by 'AFIP', and th e black bars
indicate th e tim in g o f th e tw o 'O u t o f Africa' horni ni n m igrations. Arid intervals, characterized by
increased inputs o f C4 grasses (decreased C 3 trees), relatively cooler SSTs and stronger A M O C , are indi­
cated by th e brow n shading. W e t intervals are indicated by th e green shading.
largely co n tro lle d by th e relative flu x o f
d rie r con ditions in th e Sahara and Sahel.
N o rth A tla n tic Deep W a te r (high 013C)
Thus, early hum an m ig ration s fro m th e
and Southern Ocean W a te r (lo w 013C).
A frica n c o n tin e n t w e re likely trig g e re d
W hen h ig h e r 013C values o f C. w u e lle r­
by events o rig in a tin g fa r aw ay in th e
s to rfi indicate s tro n g e r AMOC, Uk 37 in d i­
h ig h -la titu d e s o f th e N o rth A tla n tic .
cates re la tive ly high SSTs w h ile 013C
U n derstanding th e relationships
values o f leaf waxes are de pleted , a tte s t­
betw een v e g e ta tio n , p re c ip ita tio n and
ing to h ig h e r in pu ts fro m trees and w e t­
AMOC are critical since some clim ate
te r con ditions in central N o rth A frica.
models pre dict a slo w d o w n o f AMOC
Conversely, w h e n AMOC w eakened,
w ith increased fu tu re atm ospheric car­
coo le r SSTs are no ted and m ore grasses
bon d io xid e concentrations.
w e re present in central N o rth A frica,
in d ica tin g d rie r conditions. Relationships
be tw ee n AM O C s tre n g th and v e g e ta tio n
in N o rth A frica have been previously sug­
gested by clim ate m o d e llin g studies and
th e mechanism is w id e ly accepted:
increased fre s h w a te r in p u t to th e highla titu d e s leads to less saline surface
w a te rs and a decrease in th e s tre n g th o f
N o rth A tla n tic Deep W a te r fo rm a tio n .
This causes sea surface coo lin g th ro u g h ­
o u t th e N o rth A tla n tic region, w h ich also
cools th e atm osphere. This leads to
m ovem ent o f cold air fro m th e h ig h -la titudes to th e tropics, causing th e tra d e
w in d s to streng then and th e ra in b e lt to
be displaced to th e south o v e rth e
A frica n co n tin e n t, th e re b y produ cing
43
Annual report 2010
rete«**
io Jtemptarv
Fig. 4: A tlantic M eridio nal O verturning
Circulation (A M OC). The atm osphere heats th e
oceans a t th e lo w latitudes and surface currents
move these w a rm w aters to th e north. A t th e
high latitudes, surface w aters cool releasing heat
to th e atm osphere (w h ite shaded areas).
Eventually this w a te r cools to th e p o in t th a t it
becomes denser and sinks, retu rn ing as a deep
southerly flo w in g current. A M O C is im p o rta n t for
distributing heat around th e globe and variations
in th e strength o f this process im pact global cli­
mate.
External Projects M arine Organic Biogeochemistry
•
The n itro g e n cycle and changes in th e carrying capacity o f coastal w a te rs (NICYCLE, Part 1, ZKO).
N. Bale, J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in co o p e ra tio n w ith NIOO - CEME.
•
Role o f cyanobacteria in present and past biogeochem ical cycling (DARWIN).
T. Bauersachs, J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in co o p e ra tio n w ith NIOO - CEME.
•
Fossil DNA as recorder o f glob al change and ancient b io d ive rsity in Q ua te rnary m arine settings (NW O - ALW,
SPINOZA).
A. Boere, M. Coolen, J.S. S inninghe Damsté.
•
Passive sam pler de ve lo p m e n t fo r m easuring dissolved organics.
K. Booij, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e US G eological Survey, th e U n iversity o f Q ueensland (Australia).
•
The n itro g e n cycle: fo ra m in ife ra , bacteria and m olecu lar p a le o n to lo g y o f th e m arine deeper redox zone (NW O ALW).
J. Brandsma, J.S. S in ningh e Damsté, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e R adboud U n iversity N ijm egen, U tre ch t University.
•
A p p lic a tio n o f th e MBT and TEX86 te m p e ra tu re proxies in lakes (ERC, PACEMAKER-2).
•
Assessment o f tro p ic a l e n viro n m e n ta l change and its tele con ne ctions f o r t h e last d e g la cia tio n by means o f high
L. Buckles (UU), G.J. R eichart (UU), J.S. Sinninghe Damsté.
re so lu tio n b io m a rke r analysis (NEBROC).
I.S.
•
Castañeda, S. Schouten, G.J. B rum m e r (GEO), in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e U n iversity o f Brem en (Germany).
Testing a new te rre s tria l pa la e o th e rm o m e te r: Tracing th e tra n s p o rt o f te rre s tria l soil m em brane lipids th ro u g h a
m a jo r rive r system (Yenisei, Russia) to th e A rctic Ocean (NWO - ALW).
C. de Jonge, A. Stadnitskaia, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté.
•
In te rn a tio n a l Census on M arine M ic ro b e s / Census o f M arine Life.
7. I/I/, de Leeuw, S. Schouten.
•
Intact p o la r lipids (IPLs) derived fro m m icrobial com m unities in extrem e e n viro nm en ts (DARWIN).
R. Gibson, J.S. S inninghe Damsté.
•
Bacterial anaerobic m ethane o x id a tio n in high te m p e ra tu re e n viro nm en ts (DARWIN).
R. Gibson, J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith W ageningen University.
•
D evelopm ent, v a lid a tio n and a p p lica tio n o f com pound specific hydrogen isotope analysis as a to o l fo r recon­
stru ctin g A gulhas C urrent paleo sea surface salinity v a ria b ility (EU M arie Curie In itia l Training N e tw o rk
GATEWAYS).
S. Kasper, M.T.J. van d e r Meer, S. Schouten.
•
SOURCE - Tracing A m azon soil organic carbon in p u t fro m land to th e ocean (EU).
J-H. Kim, J.S. S inninghe Damsté.
•
Q ua te rnary e v o lu tio n o f co n tin e n ta l clim ate as revealed by th e MBT/CBT proxies (ERC, PACEMAKER-3).
J-H. Kim, J. Blokker, J.S. S inninghe Damsté.
•
Im pact o f be nthic processes on biogeochem ical org an ic carbon cycling and organic proxy records in m arine sedi­
m ents (DARWIN).
S. Lengger, S. Schouten, J.S. S inninghe Damsté.
•
C o n tin e n ta l clim ate signals fro m m arine sediments: v a lid a tio n o f organic proxies based on m em brane lipids o f
soil bacteria (DARWIN).
F. Peterse, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e W ageningen University.
•
Ecology and lip id chem istry o f m arine Crenarchaeota in present and past m arine e n viro nm en ts (DARWIN).
•
Id e n tific a tio n o f sweet spots in gas shales.
A. Pitcher, J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e NIOO - CEME, th e R adboud U n iversity N ijm egen.
S. Rampen, J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in co o p e ra tio n w ith Shell Research.
•
Ladderane and o th e r lipids o f anam m ox bacteria as tracers fo r present-day and past oceanic n itro g e n cycling
(DARWIN).
D. Rush, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e R adboud U n iversity Nijm egen.
•
The im pact o f C02 con cen tra tion s and pH on m arine m icrobial m em brane lipids (DARWIN).
P. Schoon, S. Schouten, J.S. S inninghe Damsté in c o o p e ra tio n w ith NIOZ-BIO a n d NIOO-CEME.
•
Past C o n tin e n ta l C lim ate Change: Tem peratures fro m m arine and lacustrine archives (ERC, PACEMAKER).
•
From hothouse to icehouse: E volutio n o f Mesozoic and Cenozoic co n tin e n ta l clim ate (ERC, PACEMAKER-4).
J.S. Sinninghe Damsté.
J.S. Sinninghe Damsté.
Annual report 2010
Lipids as in dica tors o f N-cycling in sub-oxic zones o f present and past oceans (DARWIN).
J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in co o p e ra tio n w ith th e R adboud U n iversity N ijm egen.
Rapid g lo b a l change d u rin g th e Cenom anian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event in th e tro p ic a l ocean: Exam ination
o f a n a tural clim atic exp e rim e n t in Earth history (UU).
J.S. S inninghe Damsté, in co o p e ra tio n w ith th e U tre ch t University.
G eo bio log y o f deep-sea cold seep carbonates: biogeochem ical in te ractio ns and feedback (NW O V ern ie uw ing sim pu ls, Veni grant).
A. Stadnitskaia.
W addensleutels (W addenfonds).
J.S. S inninghe Damsté, S. Schouten, in co o p e ra tio n w ith MEE, G roningen U n iversity a n d U tre ch t University.
D eveloping new m ethods to estim ate paleosalinity; u n de rsta nd ing th e past as key to fu tu re clim ate change
(NW O Inn ovatio na l Research Incentives Scheme VIDI).
M.T.J. van d e r Meer.
H ow salty was th e sea? A crucial question to p re d ict fu tu re clim ate change (NW O - ALW).
M.T.J. van d e r Meer, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté (PI).
From hothouse to icehouse: E volution o f M esozoic and Cenozoic sea w a te r te m p e ra tu re s (NW O V ern ie uw ing sim pu ls, Vici grant).
V. W ilm o tt, R. Lopes dos Santos, J. Ossebaar, S. Schouten.
Tracing th e tra n s p o rt o f soil organic m a tte r to th e ocean by rivers (ERC, PACEMAKER-1).
C.I. Zeii, J-H. Kim, J. Blokker, J.S. S inninghe Damsté (PI).
Annual report 2010
46
Annual report 2010
Biological Oceanography
W ithin the departm ent o f Biological Oceanography (BIO) the main research is
focussed on the study o f biological and chemical processes and their interactions
w ith in the low er food-w eb. The departm ent is strong in sea-going research, usually
w ith an interdisciplinary character (including physics and geology). Although there
is a focus on the pelagic food-w eb also complex interactions of various components
o f coral reefs are part o f the research in the departm ent.
As part o f the GEOTRACES (NWO-ZKO, sea and coastal research) project a large
cruise in the North Atlantic covered almost the entire oceanic basin. During this
cruise the new CTD fram e and new ly designed w a te r sampling bottles w ere success­
fully deployed and the analyses o f trace metals w ere of a high quality. A detailed
description of this highly multidisciplinary project is presented on p
in this
report. It should be noted th at the second large cruise in the North Atlantic Ocean as
part of the STRATYPHYT (NWO-ZKO, sea and coastal research) program w as can­
celled because of a delay in the mid-term overhaul of the RV Pelagia. This cruise is
now scheduled for spring 2011.
The EU project FORCE (7th Framework Programme), Future Of Reefs in a Changing
Environment, was launched w ith a kick-off meeting in Barbados, Caribbean.
Benjamin M ueller (n ew appointed PhD student) started his research on the produc­
tion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by benthic algae and corals and on the role
o f DOC in the grow th and bioerosion by excavating sponges on tropical coral reefs.
In the fieldw o rk period from M ay to August and from November onwards, am bient
DOC concentrations w ere measured along the coast o f Curaçao assessing the
sources o f DOC on coral reefs. A first series o f incubation experiments w as com­
pleted measuring DOC release from algae and corals under d ifferen t am bient light
levels. The most common excavating sponges in the reefs o f Curaçao w ere identified
in transects. Focussing on these species, DOC consumption w ill be determined in
relation to grow th and bioerosion during the next field trip in 2011.
In August Fleur van Duyl started the SP0C02 project on an ASSEMBLE grant of the
EU 7th FP. She made a fieldtrip to the Tisler coldw ater coral reef in the vicinity o f
Tjärnö, just over the Swedish border in Norw ay w here coldw ater sponges w ere col­
lected w ith a rem otely operated vehicle a t 90-100 m depth. On the collected m ate­
rial, experiments w ere conducted w ith labelled w ith 13C-DIC (bicarbonate) to
quantify the carbon transfer betw een sponge associated chemolithoautotrophic
nitrifying prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and their host. These experiments
w ere carried out at the Sven Lovén Centre for M arine Sciences, Tjärnö (S). Muriel de
Boer started as Postdoc on multi-scale modelling o f calcification in scleractinian cor­
als in collaboration w ith the research group in computational biology o f Amsterdam
University. She w ill analyse transcriptome data o f Acropora millepora samples th at
w ere collected in the Pacific Ocean o ff Townsville (Australia).
For the VIRANT (a NWO's Nederlands AntArctisch Programma, NAAP) project vari­
ous scientists from the departm ent o f Biological Oceanography are collaborating
w ith Dr D W Pond and Prof. A Clarke o f the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). The
project aims to study the impact of viruses on the microbial component o f the
coastal w aters around the Antarctic Peninsula and its ecological implications. The
study includes in situ and laboratory based experiments to determ ine the signifi­
cance of viral lysis to the biological cycling of im portant nutrients. The NIOZ project
joined in w ith BAS s long term monitoring program, the Rothera Oceanographic and
Biological Time Series (RaTS; station is situated on Adelaide Island), which centers
on making high frequency biological and chemical measurements a t a small embay-
m ent called Ryder Bay. Sampling commenced in November 2010 and w ill continue
until late March 2011, thus observing the full spring through to autumn.
Comprehensive sampling program of the bacterioplankton and phytoplankton is in
progress to exam ine abundance, grow th and m ortality by both viral lysis and graz­
ing. The dynamics o f fa tty acids and intact polar lipids w ill be examined in combina­
tion w ith data.
M ore close at home, in the NIOZ harbour research on the efficiency o f various tech­
nologies to elim inate the organisms from ballast w a te r using chlorine or
UV-radiation as a disinfection tool continued w ith success. By modulating the flo w
rate it was possible to determ ine the minimal effective UV-dosage. For a second
experim ent an improved neutralization protocol was developed for chlorine based
ballast w a te r treatm ent systems involving a significant reduction of the am ount of
neutralization agent.
Marcel Veldhuis
m arcel.veldhuis@ nioz.nl
Dissolved Alum inium and Manganese in the
Polar Oceans: Small concentrations, big insights
Rob M id d a g *
The concentration o f dissolved trace metals in the world's oceans can tell a lot about biological and chemical cycles in
the oceans. Using the new ultra clean 'TITAN' sampling system o f the NIOZ the concentrations of dissolved manga­
nese (M n) and aluminium (AI) w ere studied in both polar oceans w ith in the fram ew o rk o f the International Polar
Year (IPY). The concentrations of Mn in the Southern Ocean w ere found to be so low th at they could potentially limit
the grow th o f phytoplankton, affecting the polar food w eb.
In th e ocean, p h y to p la n k to n , u n ice llu la r
organism s th a t convert carbon d ioxid e
and w a te r to sugar and oxygen using
s u n lig h t as th e energy source, form s th e
base o f th e pelagic fo o d w eb. Besides
carbon dioxid e, p h y to p la n k to n like
plants on land, also need o th e r n u trie n ts
to b u ild th e ir cells, m ainly n itro g e n and
phosphorous, b u t also some metals.
These m etals are ge ne rally a p a rt o f th e
enzymes and req uire d f o r t h e b ioch em i­
cal reactions these enzymes p e rfo rm . The
goal o f GEOTRACES is to id e n tify and
b e tte r understand th e g lo b a l b io g e o ­
chemical cycles o f im p o rta n t m etals (and
th e ir isotopes), also in re la tio n to th e g lo ­
bal b iolo gical cycles and ocean currents.
The Dutch branch o f th e IPY-GEOTRACES
pro gra m was conducted w ith th e su p p o rt
o f NWO and th e ocean e xp ed ition s w ere
done in close c o lla b o ra tio n w ith col­
sta n t p ro p o rtio n to th e d e p le tio n o f
assumed th a t g ro w th o f p h y to p la n k to n
leagues fro m th e A lfre d W ege ne r In s titu t
phosphorous and n itro g e n was a p pa rent
in th e Southern Ocean was lim ite d by
fü r Polar- und M eeresforschung (AW I) in
in th e Southern Ocean due to th e
lack o f iron and su n lig h t, b u t n o w Mn
Brem erhaven w ith th e German ice­
absence o f external M n sources th a t
must be ta ke n in to account as w e ll. This
breaker Polarstern as th e research vessel.
could mask b iolo gical uptake. The b io ­
fin d in g has im p lica tion s f o r t h e per­
chemical concept o f universal p ro p o r­
ceived effectiveness o f a rtific ia l iron fe r­
M an g an ese appears to have an
influence on alg al g ro w th in th e
S outhern Ocean.
tio n s o f th e elem ents carbon (C),
tilis a tio n by m an kin d as a
n itro g e n (N) and phosphorous (P) in ph y­
g e o -e ngine erin g strategy, as n o t only
to p la n k to n o f C:N:P=106:1 5:1 (R edfield
iron b u t also M n w ill have to be added to
M anganese (M n) is an im p o rta n t p a rt o f
ra tio ) can no w be extended w ith a fa c to r
stim u la te algal g ro w th . However, sho rtly
an enzym e th a t is req uire d fo r ph otosyn­
0.0004 fo r Mn. This result could n o t have
a fte r iron and M n a d d itio n in th e rem ote
thesis. The b iolo gical u p take o f M n had
been accom plished in th e A rctic Ocean
Southern Ocean, m ost like ly a n o th e r
never been observed d ire ctly in th e open
w h e re th e M n d e p le tio n by p h y to p la n k ­
metal o r lig h t w ill become th e lim itin g
ocean. Due to th e im proved precision o f
to n was m ore th a n com pensated by
factor, leaving th e projected e ffe c tiv e ­
bo th th e analyses o f M n as w e ll as th e
external M n supply fro m th e big A rctic
ness o f such an a rtific ia l fe rtilis a tio n
analyses o f phosphorous and n itro g e n ,
rivers.
e ffo r t questionable.
NIOZ was able to re p o rt th e firs t direct
The con cen tra tion s o f Mn in th e
In b o th Polar oceans th e h yd ro th e rm a l
observations o f Mn d e p le tio n in concert
Southern Ocean w e re fo u n d to be so lo w
vents at th e m id ocean ridges, w h e re th e
w ith d e pletion s o f phosphorous and
th a t th e y could p o te n tia lly lim it th e
earth plates move apart, w h e re clearly
nitro g e n . This d e p le tio n o f M n in a con­
g ro w th o f p h y to p la n k to n . Thus fa r it was
disting uish ab le as sources o f M n to th e
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: r o b .m id d a g @ n io z .n l
49
Annual report 2010
deep Ocean. The elevated concentrations
diatom s (class o f p h y to p la n k to n th a t
dissolved silicate.
o f M n w e re observed over g re a t dis­
bu ild a p ro te ctive siliceous shell around
In bo th th e A rctic and Southern Ocean
tances fro m th e source and a p p e a rto be
th e m ) to stre n g th e n these frustules.
elevated con cen tra tion s o f AI w ere
Linear relatio ns betw een th e concentra­
observed in th e deep ocean basins. It is
m ore im p o rta n t th a n h ith e rto realised.
tio n s o f dissolved (u n in co rp o ra te d ) AI
kno w n th a t in these areas surface sea
A lu m in iu m useful fo r organism s
a fte r all?
and dissolved silica w e re observed in th e
w a te r, due to sea ice fo rm a tio n and cool­
A tla n tic and A rctic Ocean. However, no
ing in th e w in te r, sinks along th e c o n ti­
C ontrary to M n, fo r a lu m in iu m th e re is
sig n ific a n t re la tio n be tw ee n dissolved AI
ne ntal shelve to th e deep ocean. This
no kno w n b iolo gical fu n c tio n in b io ­
en dissolved silica could be observed in
process appears to c o n trib u te to th e
chemical processes in living cells. Indirect
th e Southern Ocean, due to th e very lo w
in p u t o f dissolved AI in th e deep ocean
evidence was fo u n d however, th a t AI is
con cen tra tion s o f dissolved AI and th e
and th e re b y to th e g lo b a l cycle o f AI.
in co rp o ra te d in th e siliceous frustule s o f
very high background concentrations o f
50
Annual report 2010
Improved quantification of Southern Ocean
phytoplankton as indicators for carbon fixation
using remote sensing (KERGUELEN, SRON pro­
ject EO-078)
Hans van d e r W o e rd \
Klaas Tim m erm ans*, Louis Peperzak
Remote sensing of the ocean surface by earth-orbiting satellites is w id ely used to quantify global ocean phytoplank­
ton biomass. The method is based on measurements of the am ount of blue light from the sun th at the phytoplank­
ton absorbs, as w ell as the intensity o f the red light th at the phytoplankton emits. Simply stated: more
phytoplankton means less blue and more red light. A great advantage of satellites is th at they daily cover and meas­
ure the w hole surface o f the w orld oceans. It is impossible to gather the same am ount of data w ith ships. However,
how w ell do these satellites measure phytoplankton biomass and how accurately can they measure primary produc­
tion? Answers to these questions w ere found in the KERGUELEN project, based on laboratory experiments at NIOZ
and field experiments near the Kerguelen, an archipelago in the Southern Ocean.
sig na tu re o f single species p h y to p la n k ­
g e n -lim ite d g ro w th on th e op tica l p ro p ­
The fie ld w o rk .
to n g ro w th was studied in d e ta il and cor­
erties o f th e prym nesiophyte Phaeocystis
D u ring a large cam paign in th e in te rn a ­
related w ith en viro n m e n ta l g ro w th
globosa was tested. D e ple tion o f n itro ­
tio n a l KEOPS p ro je ct (KErguelen: com ­
factors. The mesocosms consisted o f 130
gen led to an increase in red fluorescence
pared study o f Ocean and Plateau in
lite r cylindrical containers th a t received
over blue ab sorp tion. A d d itio n o f n itro ­
Surface w a te r, 2005), w e measured th e
lig h t at th e surface fro m 'd a y lig h t' lamps.
gen to one mesocosm reversed th is e ffe ct
biochem ical and fluo resce nt properties
Ligh t in te n sity was varied over th e day to
(Fig. 2). The experim ents showed th a t
o f th e surface ocean. The data w e re used
sim ulate th e n a tural d a y-n ig h t cycle.
fo r in te rp re ta tio n o f images fro m ocean
W a te r and p h y to p la n k to n in th e meso-
color satellites like MODIS and MERIS. In
cosm w e re con stantly mixed and te m p e r­
p a rticu la r it was in vestig ated in w h a t
a tu re was co n tro lle d . In th e b o tto m o f
w ay th e fluorescence emission o f lig h t
th e mesocosm an irradiance sensor con­
can be used to characterize th e biolo gical
sta n tly m o n ito re d lig h t e x tin c tio n in th e
state o f th e indigenous p h y to p la n k to n
w a te r colum n. A im e d a t th e w a te r sur­
co m m u n ity near th e Kerguelen. D istinct
face tw o radiance sensors, com parable to
differences w e re fo u n d in p h o to syn th e tic
those on board satellites, con stantly
efficie ncy and w a te r-le a vin g flu o re s ­
m o n ito re d w a te r-le a vin g radiance (Fig.
cence, w ith re la tive ly high values f o r t h e
1., Peperzak e t al., sub m itte d). By d ilu ­
Kerguelen Plateau and lo w values in th e
tio n o f a dense cu ltu re o f th e d ia to m
open ocean, re fle ctin g th e differences in
Chaetoceros calcitrans th a t was g ro w n in
ch loro phyll-a concentrations. The co-var­
th e mesocosm, a lg o rith m s w e re designed
iance o f th e fluorescence p ro pe rties sug­
to calculate p h y to p la n k to n biomass fro m
gested th a t rem o te sensed fluorescence
absorbed ra d ia tio n , as w e ll as p h y to ­
measurem ents can be used to in fe r d if­
p la n k to n fluorescence using th e flu o re s­
ferences in th e physiological state o f th e
cence line h e ig h t m ethod. Both
p h y to p la n k to n , hence prim ary p ro du c­
a lg o rith m s w e re show n to be lin e a r w ith
tio n .
ch loro phyll-a con cen tra tion s o f up to 80
mg m"3, a value reached on ly occasionally
The la b o ra to ry w o rk .
in h ig h ly e u tro p h ica te d coastal waters.
For a m ore extensive un de rsta n d in g o f
T herefore, th e a lg o rith m derived fro m
th e KEOPS fie ld m easurem ents, tw o mes-
th e mesocosm exp e rim e n t was applicable
ocosms w e re constructed in th e NIOZ
to a w id e range o f n a tural w a te r bodies.
MTEC d e p a rtm e n t, in w h ich th e optical
In a next exp erim e nt, th e e ffe ct o f n itro ­
1
IvM , VU Am sterdam
51
Annual report 2010
I miner
Fig. 1. Scematic representation o f th e mesocosm
system. The mesocosm (M ) is placed in a m etal
fram e (F ) , th a t also holds th e illum ination box
(IB). Two spectral sensors w ere installed: one for
bottom irradiance (Si) and one for w ater-leavin g
radiance (Sr). W a te r was pum ped round from o u t­
let (O) to in let (I), w h ile an overflow (OF) kept th e
w aterlevel constant. The mesocosm was drained
using a drain (D).
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: k la a s .tim m e rm a n s @ n io z .n l
2,0
p h y to p la n k to n biomass can accurately
be measured w ith op tical sensors using
th e a m o u n t o f blue lig h t th a t is
Q.
absorbed. However, th e red lig h t in te n ­
Nitrogen lim iting in both mesocosms
sity increased d ra m a tica lly w h en th e
p h y to p la n k to n d e pleted nitro g e n .
T herefore, red lig h t in te n sity is n o t an
accurate measure o f p h y to p la n k to n b io ­
mass. On th e o th e r hand, th e com b in a­
tio n o f blue a b sorp tion and red emission
Nitrogen again limiting
did provide a sensitive in d ic a to r o f n itro -
0 ,5
Nitrogen added to mesocosm 1
gen-stress and hence p h y to p la n k to n
g ro w th .
T3
0,0
Day
F ig . 2. Red flu o r e s c e n c e o v e r b lu e a b s o r p t io n in P haeocystis g lo b o s a cultures in th e tw o mesocosms
during tim e (days). N itrogen depletion in th e mesocosm as th e ph yto plankton com m unity grows, and
th e resulting nitrogen stress on th e ph yto plankton , is reflected in an increase in red fluorescence/blue
absorption ratio over tim e.
Colonies o f Phaeocystis g lo b o sa.
52
Annual report 2010
Heterotrophic activity of archaea and bacteria in
the Atlantic
Taichi Yokokaw a*, G erhard J. H e rn d l1
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) play a major role in marine biogeochemical fluxes. The relation betw een microbially mediated biogeochemical transform ation rates and the prokaryotic comm unity composition is a central research
topic in microbial oceanography. The objective of our study was to determ ine the contribution o f bacteria and
archaea to heterotrophic prokaryotic activity. Our results show th at the contribution of bacteria to heterotrophic
prokaryotic activity in the open A tlantic am ounted to 72% in the surface decreasing w ith depth to 56% in the deep
ocean. The archaeal contribution to heterotrophic prokaryotic activity was always low er and contributed about 26%
to the total prokaryotic leucine incorporation throughout the w a te r column in the Atlantic.
D u ring th e past decade, it was shown
was lo w e rth a n in th e surface and in te r­
th a t archaea are u b iq u ito u sly present in
m ediate layers (0 - 1000 m) (Fig. 1).
all th e m ajor oceanic basins, c o n trib u tin g
Archaea c o n trib u te d 20-40 % to th e to ta l
a b o u t one th ird to th e to ta l pro ka ryo te
pro ka ryo tic abundance w ith a generally
cell num bers in th e w a te rs b e lo w th e
hig h e r c o n trib u tio n in th e deepest layer
s u n lit layer.
th a n in th e surface and in te rm e d ia te lay­
A lth o u g h archaea are a b u n d a n t in deep
ers (Fig. 1).
oceanic w aters, little is kno w n ab ou t
Leucine in c o rp o ra tio n rates w e re d e te r­
th e ir m etab olic rates and consequently,
mined f o r t h e to ta l pro ka ryo tic com m u­
th e ir biogeochem ical role in th e ocean.
n ity as w e ll as fo r bacteria and archaea
Recent studies suggest th a t a substantial
separately using selective in h ib ito rs. To
fra c tio n o f archaea is ch e m o a u to tro p h ic,
in h ib it bacterial p ro te in synthesis, e ry th ­
in co rp o ra tin g dissolved in o rg a n ic carbon
rom ycin was ap plied and to in h ib it
(DIC) and using th e o x id a tio n o f am m o­
archaeal p ro te in synthesis, d ip h th e ria
nia as an energy source. Several studies
to x in was used. Single-cell analyses w e re
q u a n tify in g th e abundance o f specific
used to check th e spe cificity o f th e bacte-
fu n c tio n a l genes revealed, th a t th e
% c o n trib u tio n to to ta l p ro ka ryo tic abundance
archaeal am oA gene coding fo r am m o­
th ro u g h o u t th e w a te r colum n o f th e
nia m onooxygenase, th e key enzyme in
A tla n tic . To distinguish archaeal fro m
th e o x id a tio n o f am m onia, is orders o f
bacterial leucine in c o rp o ra tio n , specific
m a g n itu d e m ore a b u n d a n t th a n th e bac­
in h ib ito rs w e re used. Samples w e re col­
te ria l am oA gene. This suggests th a t
lected in th e co n te xt o f th e GEOTRACES
archaea m ig h t be m ore im p o rta n t fo r
p ro je ct (NWO-ALW, 839.08.413), du rin g
m
am m onia o x id a tio n and DIC fix a tio n th a n
th e CAIBEX-2 and -3 cruises (R/V
m
bacteria in th e dark and deep ocean.
Sarm iento de Gam boa, Consejo Superior
N ot all archaea are che m oa utotrop hs
de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain) and
however, a p p a re n tly some are he tero-
GEOTRACES-1 and -2 cruises (R/V Pelagia,
tro p h s o r at least m ixotrophs, ta k in g up
NIOZ) by th e M icro bia l O ceanography
am ino acids and organic compounds.
G roup o f th e U niversity o f Vienna.
A lth o u g h results o f previous studies
The abundance and leucine in co rp o ra ­
o b ta in e d on single-cell level indicate
tio n rate o f archaea and bacteria w ere
th a t a certain fra c tio n o f th e archaea is
d e te rm in e d th ro u g h o u t th e w a te r col­
h e te ro tro p h , th e relative c o n trib u tio n o f
um n along a transect in th e eastern
archaea to th e to ta l h e te ro tro p h activity
A tla n tic . Archaeal and bacterial a b un­
20
40
60
80
m
mm •
m m mm
m m
mm
m mm mm
m m mm m m m
m
m
m
m
m
Fig. 1. Percentage contrib utio n o f bacteria and
archaea to to ta l prokaryotic abundance th ro u g h ­
o u t th e w a te r column o f 6 stations sampled in
th e eastern A tla n tic (CAIBEX-2 and -3 cruises).
Archaeal contributions w e re belo w d etection
lim it (< 1 0 % ) in th e surface layer (80 - 1 0 0 m ) a t all
6 stations.
o f th e b u lk p ro ka ryo tic co m m u n ity was
dance was de te rm in e d by Catalyzed
rial and archaeal in h ib ito rs. The c o n trib u ­
still un kno w n.
R eporter D eposition - Fluorescence In
tio n o f bacteria to to ta l leucine
The aim o f th is study was to estim ate th e
Situ H yb rid iza tio n (CARD-FISH). Bacteria
in co rp o ra tio n am o u n te d to 72% o f to ta l
c o n trib u tio n o f archaea and bacteria to
d o m in a te d th ro u g h o u t th e w a te r col­
pro ka ryo tic leucine in co rp o ra tio n in th e
th e to ta l p ro ka ryo tic leucine in co rp o ra ­
um n, a lth o u g h th e ir c o n trib u tio n to to ta l
surface (0-1000m) decreasing w ith de pth
tio n (as an in d ic a to r o f h e te ro tro p h y)
p ro ka ryo tic abundance in th e deep layer
*Corresponding author: taichi.yokokawa@ehime-u.ac.jp
'U niversity o f Vienna
53
Annual report 2010
% c o n trib u tio n to Leu in co rp o ra tio n rate
0
:
20
40
• •
60
80
100
•
500
2000
2500
3000
Fig. 2. Percentage o f leucine incorporation rates
in bacteria and archaea relative to to ta l leucine
incorporation th ro u g h o u t th e w a te r column.
54
fo r archaea, 2.3 x 10"5 fm o l cell"1 d"1 fo r
3000m), whereas th e c o n trib u tio n o f
bacteria).
archaeal leucine in co rp o ra tio n c o n trib ­
Taken to g e th e r, o u r results indicate th a t
uted a b o u t 26% to th e to ta l p ro ka ryo tic
archaea and bacteria e x h ib it sim ilar h e t­
leucine in co rp o ra tio n th ro u g h o u t th e
e ro tro p h ic a ctivity on a per-cell level in
w a te r colum n (Fig. 2). The mean cell-spe­
th e deep w a te rs o f th e A tla n tic , w h ile in
cific leucine in co rp o ra tio n rate o f
th e surface and up p e r m esopelagic
archaea (3.7 x 10"5 fm o l cell"1 d"1) was 5
waters, cell-specific h e te ro tro p h ic
tim es lo w e r th a n th a t o f bacteria (18.3 x
archaeal a ctivity is a b o u t one o rd e r o f
10'5 fm o l c e ll'1 d"1) in th e surface and
m a g n itu d e lo w e rth a n th a t o f bacteria.
.500
Depth
(m )
.000
to 56% in th e deeper layers (1000-
Annual report 2010
m esopelagic layer. In th e deep layer,
however, cell-specific leucine in co rp o ra ­
tio n rates o f archaea w e re s im ila rto
those o f bacteria (1.8 x 10"5 fm o l cell"1 d"1
External Projects Biological Oceanography
European Project on OCean A c id ific a tio n (EPOCA, EU-FP7).
C.P.D. Brussaard.
Viral im p act on m icrobes in coastal w aters o f th e A n ta rc tic Peninsula and its ecological im p lica tion s (VIRANT,
NWO Dutch p o la r program m e).
C. Evans, C.P.D. Brussaard, in co o p e ra tio n w ith th e British A n ta rc tic Survey (UK).
Changes in vertica l s tra tific a tio n and th e ir im pact on p h y to p la n k to n com m u nitie s (STRATIPHYT, NWO Coastal
and M arine Research ZKO).
K. M ojica, C.P.D. Brussaard, in co lla b o ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f A m sterdam , U n iversity o f G roningen, U tre ch t
U n ive rsity-ln stitu te f o r M a rin e a n d A tm o sp e ric Research U trecht, V U -ln stitu te f o r E n viro n m e n ta l Studies.
C om parative genom ic analysis o f viruses in fe c tin g Phaeocystis globosa and M icrom onas pusilla, tw o e u karyo tic
m icroalga o f glob al d is trib u tio n (DOE-JGI, USA).
C.P.D. Brussaard, in co o p e ra tio n w ith U niversity o f Delaw are, N ew ark (USA).
W h o le genom e sequencing o f a Phaeocystis globosa virus (GENOSCOPE).
C.P.D. Brussaard, in co o p e ra tio n w ith IGS CNRS-UPR, M arseille, France.
Biochemical and ecological effects o f resource c o -lim ita tio n on key p h y to p la n k to n species (PHYTURE).
D. M aat, C. P. D. Brussaard.
Consequences o f Ocean A c id ific a tio n fo r p h y to p la n k to n p ro d u c tio n and losses (D ouble Trouble, D arw in Center
fo r Biogeosciences).
K. C raw furd, C.P.D. Brussaard, in co o p e ra tio n w ith U tre ch t U n iversity a n d A lfre d W egener In s itu te f o r Polar a n d
M a rin e Research, Brem enhaven, Germany.
Virus Im pact on Bacteria and M icroalgae in In te rtid a l Sedim ents (Portugese fu n d in g ).
C. Carreira, C.P.D. Brussaard in c o o p e ra tio n w ith Copenhagen University.
Influence o f viruses on m icrobial n u trie n t assim ilation (MPI-Bremen).
A Sheik, C.P.D. Brussaard in c o o p e ra tio n w ith MPI-Bremen.
454-sequencing o f aquatic p o la r virus com m u nitie s (IcoM M and UBC).
C.P.D. Brussaard in c o o p e ra tio n w ith B ritish Colum bia University, Canada.
N o rth Sea Ballast W a te r O p p o rtu n ity pro je ct (NSW BO -lnterreg IVb - ESRF).
M. Veldhuis, E. B ru te i in c o o p e ra tio n w ith 29 o th e r p a rtn e rs in th e N o rth Sea reg io n.
M ulti-scale m o d e llin g o f calcificatio n in scleractinian corals, M ultiC alc, NWO,
M.E. de Boer, J.D.L. van B le ijsw ijk, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith U n iversity o f A m sterdam .
M o d e llin g th e causes and consequences o f en viro n m e n ta l change.
P. R uardij in c o o p e ra tio n w ith CEFAS.
W adden Sea ecosystem data assim ilation and in te g ra te d m o d e llin g (NWO-ZKO).
J. N a u w (FYS), P. Ruardij, T. G erkem a (FYS) in c o o p e ra tio n w ith IMARES, NIOO.
Annual report 2010
56
Annual report 2010
M arine Ecology
The departm ent of M arine Ecology aims fo r a mechanistic understanding of the
structure and dynamic behaviour o f marine populations and communities. Taking up
one of the great challenges in modern ecology, w e try to understand the properties
o f populations and communities on the basis o f characteristics of individual organ­
isms, w hereby the focus is on the role o f bottom -up (food input and competition for
food and other resources) as w ell as on top-dow n (predation) processes in structur­
ing communities.
The main research themes carried out by the Departm ent o f M arine Ecology are
related to the follow ing multi-disciplinary themes of the NIOZ Science Plan 20082012 :
W adden and shelf sea systems;
Sea floor dynamics;
Climate variability and the sea;
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
In these various multi-disciplinary themes, the contribution o f the w o rk covers stud­
ies both at the individual and population level:
Recruitment and dispersal in relation to the spatial and genetic structure of
benthic populations;
Competition for food, life history strategies and dynamic energy budgets;
The structuring role of top-predators in marine ecosystems
A t the level of the individual w e study performance (e.g. grow th, age and size at
maturity, fecundity, survival, or more general energy budgets) in response to food
V
~
availability and other environmental conditions, as w ell as the consequences of spe­
cific energetic strategies for com petitive interactions and fitness.
A t the population level w e focus on recruitment processes around and shortly a fter
settlem ent because this period is extrem ely im portant in marine benthic population
/eguiation. Examples include adult-juvenile competition by means of settlem ent
Ï
■"'Jl
A V
inhibition by adults, and competition for food affecting the age and size at m eta­
morphosis, the structuring role o f top-predators.
1 1
Long term data sets form the backbone o f our studies: in the W adden Sea on phyto­
plankton (from 1974 onwards), macrobenthos (Balgzand transects from 1974; grid
sampling from 1996), fish fauna (fyke net series from 1966) and waders (colour ring­
ing programme from 2001), and in other intertidal areas and in the North Sea (NIOZ
benthic mapping from 1986 onwards).
'n 2010 the departm ent was again successful in the open competition both a t a
I
iJ
\ j* W
\ ' ‘ /a1
national and an international level. W orth mentioning are the tw o prestigious
W adden Sea projects funded by the W addenfonds and coordinated by NIOZ: WaLTER
(W adden Sea Long-Term Ecosystem Research, coordinated by Katja (C) J.M.
Phillippart and M e ta w a d l (connection o f the W adden Sea in a n etw ork o f w o rld ­
w id e intertidal ecosystems; a flyw ay perspective).
W ithin the departm ent, there is a continuous focus on quality improvement as
reflected in 2010 in the successful reviewing certification of the benthos activities of
the departm ent in the form o f ISO 9001.
This year Casper Kraan (Spatial ecology o f intertidal macrobenthic fauna in a chang­
ing W adden Sea) and Piet van den Hout (Struggle for Safety: Adaptive responses of
w in terin g waders to their avian predators) defended their PhD thesis.
H enk van d e r Veer
henk.van.der.veer@ nioz.nl
58
Annual report 2010
Climate-induced changes in estuarine p red ato rprey systems: a bioenergetics approach
Vânia Freitas*, H enk van d e r Veer
It is generally believed th at the globe is undergoing a period of rapid climate change th at includes substantial w arm ­
ing. A major challenge to ecologists nowadays is to predict possible impacts of such tem perature shifts. Reliable pre­
dictions can only be achieved on the basis of an understanding of the mechanisms underlying climate-driven changes
a t the individual, population and community levels. W ith a multidisciplinary approach, this study focussed on the
sensitivity o f some common predator-prey interactions to changes in seaw ater tem perature. Our results show th at
global w arm ing is likely to benefit crustaceans as predators w ith negative consequences for bivalve prey survival.
In te m p e ra te s h a llo w -w a te r systems, pre­
v u ln e ra b ility w in d o w o f prey to preda­
th e ir ow n predators, and by im p ro vin g
d a tio n on n e w ly-se ttled bivalves by th e
tio n . In cold-b loo de d anim als, te m p e ra ­
th e ir g ro w th p o te n tia l. In a d d itio n , th e
bro w n shrim p Crangon crangon (Fig. 1)
tu re influences g ro w th rates and hence
n a rro w tole ran ce range and lo w up pe r
and shore crab Carcinus maenas, causes
th e tim e prey ta ke to escape pre d a tio n
th e rm a l lim it o f th e Baltic clam Macom a
substantial m o rta lity and may u ltim a te ly
by reaching a safe size, and fo o d con di­
ba lth ica indicate th a t glob al w a rm in g
a ffe ct a d u lt bivalve stocks, w h ich are
tio n s u ltim a te ly d e te rm in e if prey can
may be p a rticu la rly h a rm fu l f o r th is spe­
im p o rta n t fo o d sources f o r shorebirds.
achieve th is size refuge.
cies (Fig. 2). This m ig h t be th e u n de rlyin g
ba lth ica observed in th e W adden Sea in
sim ultaneously as predators and prey fo r
T em p erature to lerance and
sensitivity
o th e r a b u n d a n t e p ib e n th ic fish in clud in g
Specific te m p e ra tu re responses (to le r­
fla tfis h , gobies and la rg e r demersal spe-
ance range, sen sitivity) w e re d e term in ed
These crustaceans are also p a rt o f an
in tric a te p re d a to r-p re y system, acting
Fig. 1. Small shrimps and gobies caught w ith a
beam traw l.
reason fo r th e progressive decline o f M.
based on exp erim e ntal data re p o rte d in
Assessing fo o d conditions fo r
g ro w th
lite ra tu re (Fig. 2). There w e re differences
To elucid ate p re vailin g fo o d con ditions
be tw ee n species, w ith crustaceans pre­
in th e fie ld , w e used a Dynamic Energy
sen ting h ig h e rte m p e ra tu re sensitivity
B udget (DEB) m odel w h ich q u a n tita tiv e ly
and tole ran ce ranges com pared to th e ir
describes g ro w th in re la tio n to h a b ita t
p o te n tia l fish predators and bivalve prey.
con ditions (i.e. fo o d and te m p e ra tu re ).
Based on these results it is hypothesized
W ith a single m odel fo r prey and preda­
tors, fo o d level (f, ran ging fro m
C. crangon, w ill b e n e fit fro m w a rm in g
was de te rm in e d in tw o ways:
tre n d s via a release fro m p re d a tio n by
reconstruction o f th e assim ilated fo o d
Bivalves
i~
r
i
i
■
i
— i
i'
i
i
i
■
i
Macoma balthica
Mytilus edulis
Mya arenaria
Cerastoderma edule
i
i
~r
~r
■
Crustaceans
these in te ractio ns, th e aim o f th is w o rk
i
was to develop a m echanistic fra m e w o rk
to study th e im pact o f te m p e ra tu re
changes on e p ib e n th ic p re d a tio n based
on eco-physiological data and m o d e llin g
tools. The sta rtin g hypothesis was th a t
Fish
i
i
i
i
I
i
■
■
■
i
i
1
1
Crangon crangon
Carcinus maenas
■.................
I
1
i
i— i
i i
0
10
20
Pomatoschistus microps
Pleuronectes platessa
Platichthys flesus
Gadus morhua
Dicentrarchus labrax
]
th e te m p e ra tu re e ffe ct on size-depend­
e n t in te ractio ns boils d o w n to p h ysio log­
0 to 1)
1) direct
th a t crustaceans, p a rtic u la rly th e shrim p
cies like cod and sea bass.
Because o f th e ecological significance o f
th e last decades.
30 °C
ical principles as bo th g ro w th p e rfo r­
mance o f prey and crustacean pre d a tio n
are te m p e ra tu re -re la te d . In th is respect,
Fig. 2. O verview o f optim al te m p era tu re (bold vertical bar), te m p era tu re perform ance breadth
(grey horizontal bar) and te m p era tu re tolerance range (total horizontal bar) o f th e various bivalves
(orange) and epibenthic predators (blue).
n o t only te m p e ra tu re b u t also fo o d con­
d itio n s are a key fa c to r d e te rm in in g th e
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: v a n ia .fre ita s @ n io z .n l
59
Annual report 2010
(Fig. 3a); and 2) in d ire ct assessment o f
1.0
fo o d con ditions by com p arin g observed
g ro w th in th e fie ld w ith DEB-predicted
>
m axim um g ro w th assuming u n lim ite d
~
fo o d (f= 1) and a t th e actual seaw ater
te m p e ra tu re s (Fig. 3b).
10
0.8
E
O
0.6
O) O
0.4
i*
§
4—
c
f =1.0
X3
G ro w th pa tte rns o f th e various species
fro m several areas along th e NE A tla n tic
coast w e re collected fro m th e lite ra tu re
0.0
a t Balgzand pro vid ed valua ble data con­
cerning th e e p ib e n th ic com m unities.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Age (y)
and by fie ld sam pling. From th e W adden
Sea, th e lo n g -te rm m o n ito rin g program
°
m
0.2
o
2
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M
Time (months)
Fig. 3. D eterm ination o f food conditions in prey and predators using a DEB model. Direct food recon­
struction in th e cockle C era sto d e rm a e d u le (A) and indirect estim ation o f food levels in th e sand goby
P om atoschistus m in u tu s (B). Dots are mean length observed and line is th e grow th curve predicted by
th e m odel assuming food levels are m aximum (f = 1 ).
Sam pling at M in h o estuary (P ortugal)
and Valosen estuary (Bodo, N orw ay) p ro ­
vid ed in fo rm a tio n fro m a w a rm and a
ators p o in t to a disadvantageous posi­
c o ld -w a te r system, respectively (Fig. 4).
tio n o f th e bivalves. This is expected to
in te ractio ns like cannibalism am ong crus­
The DEB-based approach revealed th a t
in te n sify un de r a w a rm in g clim ate sce­
taceans. F urther research on these topics
bivalves appear to s u ffe r fro m fo o d lim i­
nario since m ore intense p re d a tio n by
is stro n g ly recom m ended.
ta tio n , irrespective o f la titu d e . On th e
crustaceans w ill n o t be com pensated by
o th e r hand, in crustaceans, fe e d in g con­
rapid bivalve g ro w th w h ich could reduce
d itio n s seem to be o p tim a l and hence,
th e tim e spent w ith in a v u ln e ra b ility w in ­
g ro w th appears to be la rge ly d e term in ed
dow.
by th e w a te r te m p e ra tu re . These con­
It is cu rre n tly unclear to w h a t e xte n t
tra s tin g g ro w th con ditions o f th e
these expected general pa tte rns in te ra ct
bivalves as prey and crustaceans as p re d­
or may be m o d ifie d by local p o p u la tio n
ad a p ta tio n s to te m p e ra tu re , o r feedback
Fig. 4. Sampling in th re e d iffe re n t areas across th e European A tla n tic coast, a) M in ho Estuary (N W Portugal), b) Balgzand (The Netherlands),
and c) Valosen Estuary (N W Norway).
60
Annual report 2010
W intering in benign tropical climates is not
necessarily a 'summer holiday1: Afro-Siberian
red knots C alidris canutus canutus - a case study
Ju tta Leyrer, Theunis Piersm a*
Breeding successfully in high arctic regions is challenging because summer is so short. Migrants th at a ttem p t to
breed there have to tim e their migration to arrive in the breeding grounds in an optimal way. Migration itself is very
energy consuming, mostly has a tigh t tim e schedule and has been commonly regarded as the 'most dangerous'
period of year w ith the highest mortality. To our surprise, w e found quite the opposite: our study population o f AfroSiberian red knots spending eight months in the benign climates of tropical M auritania experienced a higher m ortal­
ity during exactly th at period rather than during migration and breeding. Possibly because upon arrival back in their
w in terin g grounds the birds face multiple stress factors: an energetically costly m oult and/or fierce competition for
good foraging sites. Yet, investing in a good foraging site could give them a much better start into the subsequent
migration.
This PhD p ro je ct focused on aspects th a t
in flue nce m ig ra to ry perform ance and
survival d u rin g th e annual cycle in lo n g ­
distance m ig ra tin g red knots. It was
la rge ly based on d e m og raph ic analyses
o f e ig h t years (2002 - 2009) o f observa­
tio n s o f in d iv id u a lly colou r-m a rked birds
fro m a M a u rita n ia n p o p u la tio n .
Birds th a t breed in th e high arctic b e n e fit
fro m 24 -ho ur d a y lig h t and super a b un­
d a n t insect fo o d d u rin g th e s u m m e rto
raise th e ir o ffsp rin g . Yet in these high
la titu de s, summers on ly last tw o m onths.
Incu batin g eggs and raising chicks take
a b o u t six weeks and, consequently, th e re
is n o t much fle x ib ility be fore o r a fte r­
wards. O ptim ally, th e chicks hatch w h en
insect abundance peaks. To achieve this,
adults o u g h t to arrive early and in good
c o n d itio n to o b ta in a good te rrito ry and
a good m ate, b u t n o t to o early, as th e
tu n d ra m ig h t still be covered by ice and
snow. W h e th e rth e adults m a n a g e th is
task depends o fte n on w h a t happens at
th e ir w in te rin g grounds, som etim es ten
thousands o f kilom etres away.
A year in th e life o f th e A fro Siberian red kn o t
A b o u t 75% o f th e A fro-S ib erian red kn o t
Calidris c. canutus p o p u la tio n w in te rs at
th e Banc d 'A rg u in , a W adden Sea-like
area on th e coast o f M a u rita n ia , W est
A frica. Here th e y spend 8 - 9 m onths per
year (Fig. 1). In early May, th e y m ig rate
Fig. 1. A fro-Siberian red knots each year spend 8-9 months at th e ir key non-breeding area Banc
d'A rgu in, M a u rita n ia , West Africa (yellow ). During M ay they m igrate north via th e key staging sites in
th e Schleswig-Holstein W adden Sea (green) to th e Siberian breeding grounds on Taimyr Peninsula
(blue). In July/August, they m igrate back via th e Dutch W adden Sea (green) and arrive back in
M au rita n ia from mid A ugust onwards.
"C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: th e u n is .p ie rs m a @ n io z .n l
61
Annual report 2010
n o rth to th e ir bre ed ing grounds on
Taim yr Peninsula, Siberia, and stop only
once in th e Schlesw ig-H olstein, Germany,
p a rt o f th e W adden Sea. There, th e y d o u ­
ble th e ir body mass w ith in a b o u t th re e
weeks. They need these reserves to cover
th e 4500 km distance, b u t also to have
Baie d 'A o u a tif
some extra fu e l in case th e re is no fo o d
A be lg h Eiznaya
available w h e n th e y arrive in th e ir breed­
ing areas. Im m ediately a fte r th e breed­
ing season, th e a d u lt red knots m ig rate
back south as soon as possible, leaving
Research
Station A
th e o ffs p rin g be hind to fin d th e ir ow n
way. The firs t adults arrive back at Banc
d 'A rg u in by m id A ugust, less th a n fo u r
m onths a fte r th e y have le ft fo r n o rth ­
w a rd m ig ra tio n to th e breeding grounds.
This being th e s itu a tio n , w e com m only
expect th a t m o rta lity is h ig h e r d u rin g a
stressful m ig ra tio n and breeding season
th a n d u rin g a s ta tio n a ry w in te rin g
period, like th e e ig h t m onths at a ra th e r
Fig. 2. Study site at Iw ik Peninsula, Banc d'A rgu in, M au rita n ia . Shown are tw o high tid e roosts, Abelgh
Eiznaya and Baie d 'A o u a tif, 3 km apart. Relocation probabilities (¥ ) from Baie d 'A o u a tif to A blegh
Eiznaya w ere th re e tim es higher th a n reverse, indicating th a t A belgh Eiznaya was a b e tte r site to be
than Baie d'A o u a tif.
be nign clim ate at Banc d 'A rg u in . In con­
tra st, w e observed th a t most in dividu als
w h ich makes it d iffic u lt to lose body
die d u rin g th e w in te r m onths, and espe­
heat. The p o te n tia lly resu ltin g hyper­
cially ju s t a fte r arrivin g back a t Banc
th e rm ia (o ve rhe ating ) is m ore dam aging
d 'A rg u in in au tum n (Tab. 1). In fact, early
to an organism th a n h yp othe rm ia
a u tu m n seems to be a re la tive ly stressful
(u n de rcoolin g) and could thu s be (also)
perio d f o r t h e knots (F ig.1 inset).
responsible fo r th e h ig h e r m o rta lity d u r­
Possibly, knots die as a consequence o f
ing th a t perio d o f tim e . Last n o t least, in
delayed effects fro m being exhausted
o u r study site at Banc d 'A rg u in w e
a fte r m ig ra tio n and th e breeding season.
observed th a t fo ra g in g h a b ita t
Also, upon arrival, th e y im m e d ia te ly start
d iffe rs in q u a lity and th e re
m o u ltin g all th e ir feathers. M o u lt
appeared to be fierce c o m p e titio n fo r
oppresses th e im m une system and makes
good spots. Once a k n o t had settled in a
th e birds m ore vu ln e ra b le to diseases.
good site, it showed ha rdly any reloca­
G ro w in g feathers also means m ore m eta­
tio n to a less good site, w h ile knots fro m
bolic a ctivity because new tissue has to
th e less good site w e re m ore like ly to
be created. This extra w o rk im plies th a t
relocate to th e good site (Fig. 2). We
th e body m achinery is pro du cing m ore
th in k th a t only knots th a t hu rry back to
heat w h ich th e birds need to g e t rid of.
th e w in te rin g areas and arrive th e re
They do th is by, e.g., raising th e ir back
early and in good c o n d itio n have th e
fea th ers to expose skin to th e air. But,
best chances to o b ta in a good fo ra g in g
d u rin g early au tu m n a m b ie n t te m p e ra ­
spot. W e f u r t h e r th in k t h a t a lth o u g h th e
tures are very high in M a u rita n ia (day
investm ent in g e ttin g settle d at a good
te m p e ra tu re s re g u la rly exceed 40°C)
fo ra g in g place has advantages in th e
long te rm (e.g., g ivin g a head start in to
Table 1
Seaso nal e s tim a te s of b i-m o n th ly
a p p a re n t survival and stan d a rd errors of
C a lid ris c a n u tu s c a n u tu s red knots in th e ir
w in te rin g area Banc d 'A rg u in , M a u rita n ia ,
W e s t A frica , in 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 9 .
th e subsequent spring m ig ra tio n ), it may
dem and a lo t o f resources fro m th e birds
and thu s increase risk o f m o rta lity in th e
sho rt term .
p e r io d
62
b i- m o n t h ly s u r v iv a l
May - August
1 .0 0
S eptem b er - N ovem ber
0.93 ± 0.02
D e c e m b e r- April
0.96 ± 0 .0 2
Annual report 2010
± 0 .0 0
Do deep-sea scavengers use plant material and
algae as a food resource?
Rachel Jeffreys, M are Lavaleye, M agda Bergm an, G erard D u in e ve ld *, Rob W itb a a rd
Deep-sea fish depends directly or indirectly on food produced in the upper layer o f the oceans. It is w ell known th at
food dumps can occur in the deep-sea after the spring or autumn bloom o f algae, forming a green carpet on the sea
floor. This food carpet attracts benthic invertebrates, especially large sea cucumbers. Our baited time-lapse cameras
a t the sea floor showed for the first tim e in a num ber o f video clips, th a t deep-sea grenadiers, the most abundant
demersal fish in the deep ocean, rapidly respond to and feed vigorously on large plant food falls mimicked by spin­
ach. Similar behaviour was demonstrated in reaction to simulated dumps of plant debris (phytodetritus) a t the seafloor. This 'vegetarian behaviour' highlights the variability in the scavenging nature o f deep-sea fish.
Deep-sea com m u nitie s living a t and near
th e sea flo o r in th e deep ocean p rim a rily
rely on fo o d sources produced at o th e r
places. This is o fte n in th e fo rm o f
rem ains o f algae and Z o op la nkton w h ich
live in th e up pe r
200 m
o f th e oceans and
sink to th e sea flo o r a fte r dying. Benthic
in verteb rates such as sea cucum bers are
th e prim ary consumers o f th is fo o d
source. Deep-sea grenadiers are th e most
Fig. 1. Preparing th e spinach ba it a t th e fo o t o f th e ALB EX lander (A utonom ous Lander fo r Benthic
Experim ents). Right panel is a fte r a 5 hours deploym ent.
a b u n d a n t b o tto m -liv in g fish in th e deep
ocean; th e y are g e ne rally considered to
peels, oranges, and algae. These la tte r
tim e-lapse camera on th e A tla n tic Iberian
be th e to p predators/scavengers in deep-
observations led us to th e question: is
m argin at 3000 m de p th (Figs. 1 and 2).
sea com m unities. Previous baited camera
p la n t m aterial also an a ttra ctive fo o d
Deep-sea grenadiers and cusk-eels w ere
experim ents w ith b o tto m landers and
source fo r deep-sea fish?
rap id ly a ttra cte d by th e b a it and fed v ig ­
stable isotope analyses have d e m on­
In O cto be r 2008 w e sim ulated a p la n t
orously on it (Fig. 3). The m a jo rity o f th e
strated th a t carcasses fro m anim als living
fo o d fa ll using spinach blocks fitte d a t a
ba it was consum ed w ith in a h a lf hour.
in surface w aters are also an im p o rta n t
be nthic la nd er equippe d w ith a baited
These observations in dica te th a t (1) p la n t
co m p o n e n t in th e ir diets. Some gre n a ­
d ie r stomachs even con tain ed veg etab le
m aterial dum ped fro m ships, e.g. on io n
Fig. 2. Recovery o f th e ALB EX lander w ith th e
spinach experim ent.
Fig. 3. Behaviour o f deep-sea grenadiers and a cusk-eel at th e spinach bait a t 3000 m on th e A tlantic
Iberian m argin. (A) A ttraction to and investigation o f spinach bait, (B) 'feed in g fren zy', fishes vigorously attacking bait, (C) spinach spilling o u t o f stocking a fte r attack, (D) consum ption o f spinach by
grenadier.
"C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: g e ra rd .d u in e v e ld @ n io z .n l
63
Annual report 2010
m aterial can produce an o d o r plum e simila r t o th a t o f anim al carrion and a ttra c t
deep-sea fish, and ( 2) deep-sea fish read­
ily eat p la n t m aterial. Since h ig h e r p la n t
rem ains are scarce in th e deep-sea, these
results led us to ask if rem ains o f m arine
algae m aterial, i.e., p h y to d e tritu s , m ig h t
also be a fo o d source fo r deep-sea fish.
In O cto be r 2009 w e sim ulated a p h yto d e ­
tritu s dum p a t th e se a flo o r in tw o con­
tra s tin g environm ents: (1 )th e NE
A tla n tic w h e re carpets o f p h y to d e tritu s
have been previously observed and ( 2)
th e n u trie n t-p o o r o lig o tro p h ic w estern
M e d ite rra n e a n , w h e re th e de p o sitio n o f
p h y to d e tritu s at th e se a flo o r is a rare
occurrence. W e recorded th e response o f
th e scavenging fau na to p h y to d e tritu s
released fro m an in situ be nthic lander
Fig. 4. D etail o f th e ALBEX lander w ith th e phytodetritus experim ent. The carousel w ith algae pots to mimic
a phytodetritus dum p and th e video cameras w ith lamps are visible.
e q uippe d w ith ba ited tim e-lapse cameras
firs t arrival tim es at th e b a it w e re lo w e r
This study suggests th a t deep-sea fish,
(Fig. 4). In th e A tla n tic Iberian m argin at
th a n estim ates o b ta in e d fro m vid eo -
such as grenadiers on th e A tla n tic Iberian
3000 m, grenadiers and cusk-eels w ere
transects and tra w l catches. This suggests
m argin, is a ttra cte d to p h y to d e tritu s in
again a ttra cte d by o u r ve g etarian dish
th a t th e M e d ite rra n e a n fish w e re n o t
areas w h e re th is reaches th e sea -floo r
(Fig. 5A-C). The p h y to d e trita l patch was
readily a ttra cte d to th is fo o d source. The
regularly. The study represents to our
2 hours.
p h y to d e trita l patch was sig n ific a n tly
kn o w le d g e th e firs t in situ d o cum e nta­
A bundance estim ates calculated fro m
dim inished a fte r 6.5 hours m ainly by
tio n o f deep-sea fish in ge sting p la n t
firs t arrival tim es o f grenadiers a t th e
in ve rte b ra te a ctivity (Fig. 5E).
m aterial and p h y to d e tritu s and h ig h ­
sig n ific a n tly dim inished w ith in
lights th e v a ria b ility in th e scavenging
la n d e r corresponded w e ll w ith a b u n ­
dance estim ates fro m video-transects,
Stable isotope values o f th e fish a t both
na ture o f deep-sea fish. In th e fu tu re , w e
in d ica tin g th a t fish w e re indeed
study sites did n o t dem on stra te a strong
w ill try to q u a n tify th e exact c o n trib u tio n
a ttra cte d by th e scent o f th e algal bait. In
tro p h ic lin k to p h y to d e tritu s , whereas
o f th is ve g etarian fo o d source to th e d ie t
th e w estern M e d ite rra n e a n , however,
th e ir fa tty acid p ro file s in dica ted a strong
o f grenadiers. A BBC news v id e o clip o f
o n ly a single gre n a d ie r was observed
lin k betw een th e ir lip id pool and algae,
o u r spinach exp e rim e n t can be vie w ed
in ve stig a tin g th e p h y to d e trita l patch b u t
w h ich may be a ttrib u te d to tro p h ic tra n s­
via w w w .n io z .n l/m e d ia .
th e fish showed no real in te re st in th e
fer.
b a it (Fig. 5D). A bundance estim ates fro m
2 11 2009
Fig. 5A-C. Behaviour o f grenadier fishes at the phytodetritus patch a t 3000 m on th e A tlantic Iberian
m argin. (A) A ttra c tio n to and investigation o f th e phytodetritus, (B) investigation and ingestion o f
phytodetritus, (C) th e diminished phytodetritus patch a fte r a fe w hours.
Fig. 5D-E. Behaviour o f a g renadier fish (D) and a C haceon crab (E) at th e phytodetritus patch a t 3000
m in th e M editerranean.
64
Annual report 2010
External Projects M arine Ecology
Grazing experiments on th e effects o f p h ytoplankton species composition on the grazing rates o f Zooplankton th ro u g h sea­
sonal field surveys (IN PLACE, NWO - ZKO).
M. Loebl, H.G. Epping (GEO), C.J.M. Philippart, in cooperation w ith Royal Netherlands Academ y o f A rts and Sciences, VU
University Amsterdam, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Ecomare.
Consequences o f phosphorus reduction fo r the dynamic transfer o f organic m atter between prim ary producers and primary
consumers (P REDUCE, NWO - ZKO).
L. M ulder, H.G. Epping (GEO), C.J.M. Philippart, in cooperation w ith Royal Netherlands Academ y o f A rts and Sciences
Age determ ination in bivalves: validation o f the seasonality o f shell g ro w th bands along the European coast.
J.F.M.F. Cardoso, H.W. van der Veer, in cooperation w ith CIIMAR/CIMAR (Porto, Portugal).
Pervasive im pact o f in te rtid a l m ig ra n t to p predators on species diversity and size stru ctu re o f its prey may lead to spa­
tia l knock-on effects betw een ecosystems, NWO VIDI g ra n t (V ernieuw ingsim puls).
J.A. van Gils.
The trans-A rctic b io tic interchange: sn a psh ots-th rou gh-tim e o f adaptive d iffe re n tia tio n in th e bivalve genus Macom a
(NWO-MEERVOUD).
P.C. L u ttikh u ize n .
Physiological pe rfo rm an ce o f th e Peppery fu rro w shell Scrobicularia plan a (da Costa 1778) along th e European coast
(Portuguese Science Foundation)
S. Santos, P.C. L u ttik h u iz e n , H.W. van d e r Veer, in co o p e ra tio n w ith CIIMAR/CIMAR.
Clim ate Change Impacts on th e M a rine E nvironm ent: Research Results and Public Perception (CLAMER, EU 7th FP)
C.H.R. Heip, C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt, T. W atm ough.
Science-Policy Interfaces fo r Biodiversity: Research, A ctio n , and Learning (SPIRAL, EU 7th FP)
C.H.R. Heip, C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt, E. van Haastrecht.
M o n ito rin g m acrozoobenthos in in te rtid a l and subtidal w estern Dutch W adden Sea (MWTL, RW S-W aterdienst).
R. Dekker, in co o p e ra tio n w ith W age ninge n IMARES and NIOO-CEME.
Project Research Sustainable Shellfish cu ltu re (PRODUS, M in istry o f a g ricu ltu re , n a ture and fo o d qu ality).
R. Dekker, in co o p e ra tio n w ith W age ninge n IMARES.
Intraspecies differences in DEB param eters: ph en otypical versus g e ne tic su b p o p u la tio n v a ria b ility (EU g ra n t)
V. Freitas, H. W. van d e r Veer.
A regim e s h ift o f b e n th ic organisms in th e W adden Sea: causes and consequences fo r h ig h e rtro p h ic levels (ZKO)
E. van d e r Zee, H.W. van d e r Veer, T. Piersma.
Sedim ent samples W adden Sea (IMARES)
S. M ig u e l, H. W. van d e r Veer.
Shorebird ecological dem ographics and conservation in itia tiv e (G lobal Flyway N e tw o rk, BirdLife N etherlands and sev­
eral o th e r sources).
T. Piersma.
The Synoptic In te rtid a l BEnthic Surveys (SIBES, NAM , ZKO).
T.Piersma, H.W. van d e r Veer, A. Dekinga, S. H o lthu ijse n, G. A arts, S. Duijns.
Ecological fee dba ck on in te rtid a l flats. (W addenEngine, ZKO).
T. Piersma, H.W. van d e r Veer, in co o p e ra tio n w ith G roningen U niversity and NIOO-CEME.
M o n ito rin g fo o d chain diversity (W addensleutels, W addenfonds).
T. Piersma, H.W. van d e r Veer, J. Sinninghe Damsté (BGC), Stefan Schouten (BGC) in co o p e ra tio n w ith G roningen
University, NIOO-CEME and N a tu u rm o n u m e n te n .
Drivers o f sho reb ird abundance on th e in te rtid a l fla ts o f Banc d 'A rg u in , M a u rita n ia (Fragile C onnections, WOTRO).
J. A. van Gils, M. van d e r Geest, T. Piersma, J. van d e r Meer.
M o n ito rin g W adden Sea - W est-A frica ecological linkages (M etaw ad , W addenacadem ie -KNAW.
T. Piersma, P. J. van den Hout.
Bering S trait M u d fla ts and Shorebirds (USGS and Swedish A rctic Research Council).
T.Piersma, A. D ekinga in co o p e ra tio n w ith th e Alaska Science Centre o f th e US G eological Survey.
V ogeltrackers (Ecomare).
B.
Spaans, T. Piersma in co o p e ra tio n w ith Ecomare.
A to o l fo r lo n g -te rm m o n ito rin g o f coastal w a te rs (FerryBox, RWS)
A. Waser, J. van d e r Meer.
P op ulation dynamics o f mussel beds in th e W adden Sea (M osselwad, W addenfonds)
J. van de r Meer.
Annual report 2010
Local eel m an ag em en t (LNV)
J. van d e r Meer.
Pilot p ro je ct Local eel m anagem ent in Friesland (LNV)
J. van d e r M e e r
M o d e llin g bivalves energ etic processes fro m in d ivid u a l and p o p u la tio n perspectives and th e upscale to an ecosys­
te m level to w a rd s th e study o f in te ra ctio n s betw een th e bivalves and th e ecosystem (MARETEC, Portugal)
S.
Saraiva, J. van d e r Meer.
The effects o f th e o ffsho re w in d park Egm ond aan Zee (OWEZ) on re c ru itm e n t o f benthos (NZW, NUON/SHELL).
M.J.N. Bergm an, G.C.A. Duineveld.
Effects o f th e con stru ction o f an o ffsh o re w in d park on m acrobenthos (NZW, NUON/shell).
R. Daan, M. M ulder, M.J.N. Bergman.
Pilot study o f th e a p p lic a b ility o f th e 'NIOZ Mussel m o n ito r fo r valve a ctivity' on Ensis directus d u rin g a long
period un d e r co n tro lle d co n d itio n s (RW S-havenproef).
R. W itbaard.
Relation betw een valve a ctivity o f Ensis directus and e n viro n m e n ta l factors in th e Dutch coastal zone in th e
spring (RWS - Ensis fie ld exp erim e nt, in co o p e ra tio n w ith BWN-NTW3.1 and Deltares).
R. W itb a a rd .
Relation betw een valve a ctivity o f Ensis directus and e n viro n m e n ta l factors in th e Dutch coastal zone in th e
au tum n (RWS - Ensis fie ld exp erim e nt, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith BWN-NTW3.1 and Deltares).
R. W itbaard.
C lim ate-re la te d shifts in th e NCP ecosystem, and consequences fo r fu tu re spatial p la n n in g (BSIK, K lim aat vo o r
Ruimte).
G.C.A. D uineveld, R. W itbaa rd, J. van d e r Meer, S. Saraiva, J. D rent, P. H onkoop.
GIS-charts o f b o tto m fau na fo r an offsh o re w in d fa rm (BSIK, We@Sea).
M.S.S. Lavaieye.
H otspot ecosystem research on th e m argins o f European seas, w o rkp a cka g e 2: Deep w a te r coral reefs (HERMES,
EU).
M.S.S. Lavaieye, G.C.A. Duineveld.
B io d ive rsity and ecosystem FU N ctioning in con tra sting sou thern European deep-sea e n viro nm en ts (BIOFUN,
ESF).
R. Jeffreys, G.C.A. D uineveld, M.S.S. Lavaieye.
B io d ive rsite it van de vo ile zee. (IMARES, LNV).
M.S.S. Lavaieye.
Hotspots o f B iodiversity in th e N o rth Sea (IMARES & D irectie Kennis en Inn ovatie o f M in istry o f Economy,
A g ric u ltu re and Inn ovatio n).
M.S.S. Lavaieye, M.J.N. Bergman.
Assessment o f th e in te ra c tio n be tw ee n corals, fish and fisheries, in ord e r to develop m o n ito rin g and predictive
m o d e llin g to o ls fo r ecosystem based m anagem ent in th e deep w aters o f Europe and beyond (CoralFISH, EU).
G.C.A. D uineveld, M.S.S. Lavaieye.
H otspot Ecosystem Research and M an's Im pact On European Seas (HERMIONE, EU).
M.S.S. Lavaieye, G.C.A. Duineveld.
P redator avoidance strategies in bivalves and possible shifts in c o m p e titive p o w e r (NEBROC).
H. Andresen, J. van d e r Meer.
In te g ra te d N e tw o rk fo r P roduction and Loss Assessment in th e Coastal E nviron m ent (IN PLACE; NWO-ZKO).
C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt, H.G. Epping (GEO), in co o p e ra tio n w ith NIOO-CEME, IVM-VU, RWS and Ecomare.
Causes and consequences o f selective fe e d in g by ju v e n ile bivalves, subproject o f p a rt o f consequences o f phos­
phorus red uctio n f o r t h e dynam ic tra n s fe r o f organic m a tte r (P-REDUCE; NWO-ZKO).
V. Le h m p fu h l, C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith NIOO-CEME.
The W adden Sea as a Long-term Ecological Research site (WaLTER; W addenacadem ie)
C.J.M. P h ilip p a rt, in co o p e ra tio n w ith IMARES and SOVON.
Beached bird survey m o n ito rin g program m e, 2009/2010 (R ijksw aterstaat N oordzee, Rijswijk)
C.J. Camphuysen.
Beached bird survey m o n ito rin g program m e, 2010/2011 (R ijksw aterstaat N oordzee, Rijswijk)
C.J. Camphuysen.
Porpoise Conservation Plan (M in istry o f LNV -> EL&I, The Hague)
C.J. Camphuysen.
Annual report 2010
GPS Logger p ro je ct Lesser Black-backed Guii (in c o lla b o ra tio n w ith IMARES & W a a rd e n b u rg Culem borg)
C.J. Camphuysen.
The im p le m e n ta tio n o f policies and activities th a t p ro m o te professional preparedness to m arine w ild life em ergency
responses in th e European coastal countries (EMPOWER)
C.J. Camphuysen.
P h ilo p a try in Lesser Black-backed Gulls (M in istry LNV; R ijksw aterstaat Noordzee)
C.J. Camphuysen.
Linkin g long te rm developm ents o f th e m acrozoobenthos w ith th e e u tro p h ic a tio n status in th e in te rn a tio n a l W adden
Sea. Com m on W adden Sea Secretariat, W ilhelm shaven.
J. D rent.
B udget m o d e llin g o f fines in th e Dutch coastal zone (B u ild in g w ith N ature, in co o p e ra tio n w ith FYS).
R. W itbaard.
Annual report 2010
68
Annual report 2010
Retrofit RV Pelagia, spring 2010
R in td e Vries1, Theo Buisman, Erica K o n in g *
NIOZ's flag ship, th e ocean-going vessel RV Pelagia needed a com pulsory 20 year special
survey f o r t h e classifying society Bureau Veritas in 2010. A fte r a European ten der, th e
w o rk was carried o u t at th e A stan der Shipyard in Santander, Spain fro m January to
A p ril. Besides th e im provem ents essential f o r t h e special survey such as new nautical
e q u ip m e n t and technical in sta lla tion s, a ballast w a te r tre a tm e n t u n it and a HiPAP o r
USBL u n d e rw a te r po sitio n in g in stru m e n t w e re installed. The to ta l re fit cost NIOZ 4.5M
and w e hope th a t th is w ill enable RV Pelagia to sail prosperously fo r a t least a n o th e r 15
years.
Since
* e• rw
1997
PAttttC
o t i Am
f OUl »
D fM V
The ever-expanding area o f op eration o f RV Pelagia: from th e N orth Sea (1991) via th e M e d iterranean
(1998) to th e Indian Ocean and th e tropical A tla n tic Ocean (2000 -2010)
RV PELAGIA is NIOZ's largest sea-going research vessel. The ship was b u ilt in 1990 at
V erolm e Shipyard in Heusden, The N etherlands and was o rig in a lly in te n d e d to w o rk in
th e N o rth Sea and adjacent areas. The d ire c to r at th e tim e . Prof. Dr. Jenne Zijlstra,
w a n te d a ship fo r N o rth Sea research and as a result decided th a t th e ship w o u ld only
need lim ite d cable le n g th on th e CTD w inch and accom m odation fo r up to12 scientists.
The ocean-going scientists a t NIOZ, however, to g e th e r w ith th e ship's b u ild in g c o m m it­
tee, made sure th a t 6000m o f cable was installed on th e ship, th e re b y exte n d in g th e
ship's possible w o rk in g range to th e ocean proper.
Since 1990, PELAGIA'S w o rk in g range has indeed extended steadily and th e ship has
since sailed fro m fa r up in th e N orth A tla n tic to Brazil and has by n o w sailed around th e
A frica n c o n tin e n t tw ice , via th e M e d ite rra n e a n , th e Suez Canal, th e Red Sea and th e
Indian Ocean
PELAGIA has n o w been in service fo r over 19 years. D uring th e last fiv e years th e cruis­
ing schedule has been o v e rfu ll w ith a peak o f 359 o p e ra tio n a l days in 2009. Thus, th e
need fo r an overhaul a n d/or re fit o f m ain th e com ponents on board became evident.
Such an extensive re fit w o u ld best be carried o u t to g e th e r w ith th e ship's com pulsory
RV Pelagia entering Durban Harbour (21- 03-2009)
in her original colours.
'20 year Special Survey' fo r Bureau Veritas (BV), th e classifying society, in 2010/2011.
1B u re au v o o r S c h eep sb o u w
‘ C o rre s p o n d in g a u th o r: e ric a .k o n in g @ n io z .n l
To prepare f o r t h e 20 year Special Survey,
as early as 2007 th e NIOZ directors con­
tra cte d th e 'Bureau v o o r Scheepsbouw'
(BvS, naval architects and m arine e n g i­
neers) to carry o u t an in d e p e n d e n t sur­
vey o f RV PELAGIA, to re p o rt on th e
actual c o n d itio n o f th e vessel and to give
advice on w h a t needed to be done to
m a in ta in th e vessel in a c o n d itio n th a t
meets th e req uire m en ts o f th e Dutch
An em pty engine room a fte r removal o f the
generato r sets.
PS diesel engines brought into th e engine room,
due to th e lim ited space it was a tig h t fit.
Flag A u th o ritie s and Bureau Veritas (BV)
fo r th e next 10 to 15 years. The firs t
Texel. The tim e on Texel was p u t to good
via th e co n ta in e r hatch and tra n sp o rte d
inspection on board was carried o u t in
use by sta rtin g w ith parts o f th e m a in te ­
to th e w o rksh o p fo r dism an tling .
N ovem ber 2007 on M adeira; a second
nance and re fit w o rk. New m ain circu it
On its w ay to th e w o rksh o p a fla tb e d car
tip p e d over and th e SB g e n e ra to r set fe ll
inspection to o k place in Las Palmas and a
breakers w e re installed in th e m ain
fin a l inspection, to g e th e r w ith in vited
sw itch boards, a new fire d e te ctio n sys­
fro m th e car, resu ltin g in serious dam age
subcontractors, in Barcelona. BvS
te m replaced th e old one, th e em ergency
to th e diesel engine and generators. The
re p o rte d in February 2008 and as a result
diesel g e n e ra to r was overhauled com ­
380 V o lt g e n e ra to r was beyond repair,
it was decided th a t th e ship w o u ld
p letely and th e starboard (SB) a ft knuckle
b u t fo rtu n a te ly th is g e n e ra to r had been
u n de rgo a re fit and m a jo r overhaul at
boom crane was rem oved fro m its pedes­
b u ilt by th e Spanish com pany In d a rth a t
th e end o f 2009 and in early 2010. In th e
ta l to be replaced by a new crane a t th e
was able to make a w h o le new g e n e ra to r
mean tim e , a m a jo r investm ent proposal
yard. On M onday January 25th PELAGIA
in a lim ite d tim e fram e, so eve ntua lly
was s u b m itte d to th e Netherlands
fin a lly arrived in Santander. A lm o st
m inim al tim e was lost and th e re-instal-
O rgan isa tion fo r S cientific Research
im m e d ia te ly th e w o rk on th e vessel
m en t o f th e sets could be com pleted
NWO, asking fo r fu n d in g fo r a d d itio n a l
began by rem o ving th e m ain mast,
be fore th e en gine room bulkh ead and
scie ntific e q u ip m e n t such as a Rem otely
A -fram es and winches. Because th e dry
tanks in th e co n ta in e r hold w e re closed.
O perated Vehicle (ROV), U ltra Short Base
dock was n o t available ye t it was decided
New, m ore fu e l e ffic ie n t and e n v iro n ­
Line (USBL), Dynamic P ositioning (w hich
to rem ove th e diesel g e n e ra to r sets
m e n ta lly cleaner C a te rp illa r diesel
w o u ld have m eant in sta llin g a re tra cta ­
th ro u g h th e co n ta in e r hold instead o f
engines had been ordered in th e USA
ble th ru s te r) and a deep-sea echo
th ro u g h th e SB hull. This m eant th a t a
m ore th a n a year in advance to make
sounder. Despite excellent reviews th e
pass w a y had to be made th ro u g h th e
sure th e y w o u ld be in The Netherlands
proposal was fin a lly rejected, th e re b y
fo rw a rd en gine room bulkh ead and
on tim e . The engines arrived in Papen-
lim itin g th e re fit w o rk m ainly to th e
th ro u g h th e 3 d o ub le b o tto m ballast
dre cht a t th e Pon/Cat w o rksh o p in
essentials needed f o r t h e com pulsory
tanks in th e c o n ta in e r hold, to a llo w fo r
N ovem ber 2009, w h e re th e y w e re fu rth e r
special survey and im provem ents on nau­
th e rem oval o f th e w h o le g e n e ra to rse ts
prepared fo r f it tin g on board and la te r
tica l and technical in sta lla tion s, includ in g
in one piece. The sets w e re hoisted o u t
on tra n s p o rte d to S antander by truck.
a ballast w a te r tre a tm e n t u n it because
in th e near fu tu re it w ill becom e com ­
pulsory fo r ships to tre a t th e ir ballast
w a te r b e fore it is released back in to th e
sea. BvS th e n com piled th e technical
specifications f o r t h e w o rk to be carried
o u t and prepared a European tender.
Nine shipyards a p plied fo r th e re fit, 3 o f
w h ich w e re asked to send in an offer.
Eventually, th e A stan der Shipyard in
Santander, Spain was aw arded th e con­
tra ct. It was th e n decided th a t Theo
Buisman (NIOZ) and Rint de Vries (fo r
BvS) w o u ld accom pany th e ship to
Santander to supervise th e re fit process.
F o rth e firs t h a lf o f January 2010, w h ile
w a itin g fo r th e con tra ct to be signed, th e
ship was m oored in her h o m e p o rt o f
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Annual report 2010
Pelagia in drydock gridblasting th e hull.
excellent jo b . Due to th e lim ite d space
In th e mean tim e th e ship had been dry-
most tanks w e re d iffic u lt to w o rk in b u t
docked and th e w o rk on th e hu ll, p ro p e l­
th e jo b was done th o ro u g h ly w ith excel­
lers, ru d d e r and o th e r parts started in
le n t result.
earnest. The hull and all ballast- and
fre s h w a te r tanks w e re grid-blasted . The
On th e m ain deck th e w o o d e n deck cov­
in itia l idea to locally grid blast some o f
ering was rem oved, th e deck and bul-
th e ballast tanks was abandoned a fte r a
w o rk w e re grid blasted a fte r w h ich
te st had revealed th a t th e o rig in a l coat­
a d d itio n a l co n ta in e r locks, to position
ing had hardened in such a w ay th a t all
containers, and lashing bars w e re w e ld e d
pa in t came o ff. It was th e n decided to
in. The steel deck u n de rnea th th e w o o d
grid blast all w a te rta n k s com pletely.
tu rn e d o u t to be heavily p it corroded and
fo r a couple o f days w elders did th e ir
best to fill in th e deepest holes, a very
tim e-co nsu m ing jo b , a fte r w h ich th e
deck was pa in te d and new w o o d cover­
ing could be applied.
On th e b ridg e alm ost all nautical and
Acces holes for removal and reinstalm ent o f the
bow thruster closed.
com m u nica tion instrum ents w ere
rem oved, th e consoles and chart ta b le
Removal o f th e grid a fte r gridblasting o f the
bulw ark.
was rem oved and replaced by new carpet
w e re m o d ifie d and new instrum ents
in th e cabins, and 'im ita tio n oak ship
w e re installed. The n a vig a tio n and com ­
deck' design vinyl in mess room , corridors
m un ica tion instrum ents had been
and o th e r m u ltifu n c tio n a l areas.
ordered w e ll in advance to make sure
The mess room was redesigned and
w h ich m eant a lo t m ore w o rk f o r t h e
th a t th e y w o u ld be available in tim e fo r
refurn ish ed com pletely. The in itia l p ro ­
p a in t co n tra cto r and a lo t o f a d d itio n a l
th e re fit. A ll rem oval and in s ta lla tio n
posal d ra w n up by ship's crew members
holes in th e ship's hull to give access to
w o rk was carried o u t by th e Kelvin
w ith in p u t fro m NIOZ personnel was fu r ­
th e tanks. A to ta l o f 26 access holes, tw o
Hughes Com pany in R otterdam w h o also
th e r w o rk e d o u t by Ronno H onigh, in te ­
fo r each ta n k and holes fo r rem o ving th e
delivered most o f th e new e q u ip m e n t fo r
rio r arch itect on Texel, and la te r fina lise d
b o w th ru s te r and drive m otor, w ere
th e bridge.
by O live r Design, a Spanish com pany spe­
made in th e hull, and o f course these all
In th e acco m m od ation , w o rk started by
cializing in th e arch ite ctu ra l design o f
Yachts, Ferries and Cruise Ships. O liver
had to be closed afterw a rds. The w o rkers
rem oving all th e old fu rn itu re fro m th e
o f Indasa, th e contractors responsible fo r
mess room and th e bar. In alm ost th e
Design was responsible fo r all th e w o rk
blasting and p a in tin g th e tanks, did an
e n tire accom m odation th e flo o r covering
carried o u t in th e accom m odation and
f o r t h e red eco ration w o rk. This also
involved in sta lla tio n o f Pullm an beds in 9
cabins to replace th e existing b u ilt-in
d o ub le berths. A ll mattrasses, bedding,
curtains etc. w e re renew ed. In to ta l 18
ba th ro o m doors in th e cabins had to be
renew ed because o f severe corrosion
dam age to th e existing doors. New th e r­
m ostatic co n tro lle d taps w e re fitte d in
th e show er cabins. One o f th e m a jo r jobs
New lay o u t o f b ridge consoles w ith new instruments.
71
Annual report 2010
The mess room cleared fro m fu rn itu re and flo o r
covering.
on hand was th e renew al o f all vacuum
also involved changing th e ha rd w ire d
do ub le b o tto m fu e l tanks to be able to
(sewage) p ip in g and h o t and cold fresh­
bridg e controls o f th e diesel engines and
f it th e o u tb o a rd valve and HiPAP cylin­
w a te r pipes on all th re e decks in th e
ballast system in to rem o te c o n tro l via th e
der. P ositioning th e e q u ip m e n t in th e
accom m odation; th is m eant th a t 75% o f
AMS system, to fre e space on th e bridg e
ship was critical because th e available
all ceilings had to be rem oved to give
consoles to suit th e ne w ly purchased
space was extrem e ly lim ite d , th e re fo re
nautical in stru m e n t such as tw o new
Theo and Rint had a hard tim e b u t in th e
Ecdis (electronic card) screens, a deep sea
end th e y m anaged to g e t th e po sitio n
echo sounder screen, and HiPAP con tro l
exactly rig h t. A second d iffic u lt p o in t to
Because o f th e contam ination in fresh w a te r
pipes they had to be renew ed.
access f o r th is jo b .
W h ile th e ceilings w e re open, a d d itio n a l
cabling fo r a new LAN system and f o r t h e
new in fo rm a tio n screens in accom m oda­
tio n , labs and CTD-room could be pulled.
F urthe rm o re, cables w e re pulle d fro m
th e b ridg e to th e en gine c o n tro l room
f o r t h e new A la rm and M o n ito rin g
System (AMS).
A p a rt fro m in sta llin g new e lectron ically
m anaged diesel engines and overhaul o f
th e generators and main electric p ro p u l­
Engineers Jaap and M arcel a t w o rk in th e Engine Control Room a fte r th e refit.
sion m otor, th e in s ta lla tio n o f a new AMS
system was th e biggest jo b th a t had to
units.
tackle was th e in s ta lla tio n o f t h e new
deep-sea echo sounder system. The
be carried o u t in th e engine room . A
The HiPAP o r USBL (u n d e rw a te r position
com p le te new in sta lla tio n was installed,
lo catin g in stru m e n t) is th e o n ly m ajor
Spanish BV surveyor did n o t like o u r solu­
replacing th e old Rietschoten en
piece o f s cie ntific in stru m e n ta tio n th a t
tio n at all and it to o k a lo t o f convincing,
H ouwens system, w ith several substa­
was installed as p a rt o f th e re fit.
even fro m BV's R otterdam office , to get
tio n s placed in th e accom m odation and
A lth o u g h th e m ajor in vestm en t proposal
it installed so th a t it w o u ld w o rk.
one substation on th e bridge. The jo b
In ord e r to be able to m a intain a pleas­
a n t w o rk in g te m p e ra tu re in th e con­
ta in e r hold w h e n sailing in tro p ica l
w aters, tw o large a ir-c o n d itio n in g units
w ith d u ctin g w e re installed, b u t this
made it necessary to increase th e capac­
ity o f t h e sea w a te r coolers in th e engine
Placing th e H ipap cylinder, to ge t it in was qu ite
an achievem ent.
was tu rn e d do w n and fu n d in g th e re fo re
lim ite d , th e USBL was considered to be
such a valua ble a d d itio n fo r deep-sea
research th a t NIOZ decided to purchase it
anyway. The USBL is discussed in m ore
d e tail in th e annual re p o rt o f t h e M arine
Sorting out th e Wires fo r th e new A larm and
M o n ito rin g System.
Technology D e pa rtm e nt. To install th e
HiPAP, a recess had to be made in tw o
72
Annual report 2010
W a te r Bai last Tre atm e n t U n it just fits in a recess
S B -A ft in th e engine room.
ments and was new ly coated before
being p u t back on th e ship.
Lots o f m in o r and m a jo r jobs came up
d u rin g th e re fit. Every day new a d d i­
tio n a l w o rk orders (a to ta l o f 223!) w ere
received fro m th e yard and th is was q u ite
fru s tra tin g at tim es. It was always d if f i­
cu lt to n e g o tia te w ith th e yard, as both
parties stood th e ir gro u n d b u t because
w o rk had to con tinu e, deals had to be
made and in th e end th e parties always
came to an agreem ent.
Early A p ril th e ship was ready fo r sea t r i­
als and these w e n t w e ll. Some jobs w ere
n o t fu lly finishe d ye t b u t because th e
ship had to be on Texel in tim e to be
com m issioned f o r t h e firs t scie ntific voy­
age, PELAGIA le ft Santander on th e 10th
o f A p ril. Back on Texel th e ship was fitte d
Testing th e new SB-aft crane
room .
had to be renew ed. F o rtu n a te ly Theo
The engine room had its ow n challenges
Buisman m anaged to g e t tw o renovated
to tackle: th e firs t one was h o w to move
pumps fro m H ydrauvision in th e
th e new diesel engines inside because
Netherlands so th a t th e system could be
these w e re slig h tly h ig h e rth a n th e old
com pleted.
ones. A second challenge was to fin d a
place f o r t h e new Ballast W a te r
A new knuckle boom crane, w ith m ore
T reatm ent U n it w h ich removes living
liftin g capacity and lo n g e r reach th a n th e
m icro-organism s fro m th e ballast w a te r
old one was installed SB-aft. This new
upon in ta ke and upon discharge. This
crane has its o w n in d e p e n d e n t hydraulic
Leaving A stander Shipyard for th e home voyage
to Texel
u n it n o w snugly fits in a small recess on
p o w e r pack.
o u t f o r t h e upcom ing research cruise and
th e SB side on th e engine room flo o r and
The to p o f t h e m ain n a vig a tio n mast had
several o u tsta n d in g jobs could be f in ­
does n o t ta ke up to o much space in an
to be renew ed because it was heavily cor­
ished th e n . On A p ril 23rd th e ship was
e n gine room th a t is already fille d to
roded. The com plete mast was grid
ready to sail fo r her firs t cruise a fte r th e
capacity. Finally a new bilge w a te r sepa­
blasted, m o d ifie d to f it th e new radar
Refit.
ra to r and a new Reverse Osmoses w a te r
scanners, V-sat and o th e r new in stru ­
g e n e ra to r w e re installed.
W orkers fro m Bakker Sliedrecht cleaned
and overhauled b o th Synthy drives (RPM
reg ulators o f t h e m ain pro pu lsio n and
b o w th ru s te r), w h ich to o k th re e persons
th re e weeks to accom plish. Propulsion
m otor, b o w th ru s te r m o to r and tw o g e n ­
erators w e re sent to Bakker Repair in
H olland fo r overhaul. Piet G risnigt, d riv ­
ing th e NIOZ tru ck, made several trip s to
tra n s p o rt machines, parts and stores to
and fro m Santander.
In th e w o rksho p, all w inches w e re dis­
m an tled com p le te ly and overhauled.
H ydraulic pumps, cylinders and w inch
m otors w e re sent all over Spain fo r over­
haul. Two pum ps w e re beyond re p a ir and
73
Annual report 2010
Leaving Texel a fte r th e refit
Open ship party.
Evaluation.
yard fro m th e street. D uring th e m onths
In S e p te m b e rth e ship re tu rn e d to Texel
w e passed this w a ll to go to th e yard,
fo r a sh o rt stay betw een cruises. This
th e w a ll was being renew ed and Theo
tim e was used to correct some sho rtco m ­
fe lt th a t th e w a ll was made up fro m th e
ings th a t had arisen d u rin g th e previous
m oney th e yard made o u t o f t h e a d d i­
trips. One o f t h e m ore d iffic u lt m atters
tio n a l w o rk orders. Before leaving th e
was to solve th e a p p a re n t p o llu tio n o f
yard he expressed his fee lin gs and pre­
th e fresh w a te r in th e tanks. The tanks
sented th e d ire c to r o f t h e Yard w ith a
w e re cleaned and inspected b u t no
copper plate engraved w ith th e w o rds
a p p a re n t cause could be fo u n d . W a te r
'Pelagia W a ll' w h ich th e y prom ised to
analyses showed a high iron c o n te n t in
m o u n t on th e w a ll. Recently w e received
th e w a te r, exp la in in g th e brow nish col­
p ro o f th a t th e y actu ally had!
our, b u t no o th e r particulars w ere
fo u n d .
Looking back on o u rtim e in Spain, it
was an in te re stin g tim e , long w o rk in g
On Septem ber 9th a very successful
days fo r every one b u t a nice experience
'ope n ship c e le b ra tio n ' to o k place fo r
nevertheless. Special tha nks to all th e
NIOZ personnel and relatio ns to show
NIOZ people involved, w h o had to w o rk
th e fin a l result o f t h e re tro fit. Recently,
in som etim es harsh co n ditions and had
in December 2010 and January 2011 th e
to w o rk long days. The yard succeeded
fin a lis t o u ts ta n d in g jobs w e re finishe d
in d e live rin g th e vessel on tim e , q u ite an
and already some new im provem ents
achievem ent w h e n ta k in g in to account
w e re carried out. Besides these o u t­
all th e extra w o rk th a t had to be do n e .'
stan din g jobs, norm al m aintenance jobs
w e re carried o u t to prepare th e ship fo r
th e
2011 cruise
program .
The r e tr o fit has im proved th e ca p a b ili­
ties o f t h e ship and should lead to less
m aintenance and lo w e r fu e l consum p­
tio n and cleaner exhaust gasses in th e
fu tu re . The standard o f living on board
has im proved as w e ll. We hope th a t
PELAGIA w ill sail prosperously fo r at
least a n o th e r 15 years.
A n a d d itio n a l com m e nt fro m Rint:
'D u rin g PELAGIA'S stay in dry dock w e
w e re lo dg ed in H otel Las Anclas a t w a lk ­
ing distance fro m th e yard. Every day w e
passed an old brick w a ll separating th e
Coffee break in th e superintendents office.
74
Annual report 2010
The Pelagia W all
Scientific Support Services
MARINE RESEARCH VESSELS AND FACILITIES
Erica K o n in g *
The NIOZ research vessel Pelagia sailed 226 operational days for 10 cruises. Of these 10 cruises, 4 w ere performed
w ith in the National Programme for Sea Research (ZKO: Zee- en Kustonderzoek), 4 w ere EU/ESF or NIOZ programmes
and 2 w ere charter cruises. Our active participation in the Ocean Facilities Exchange Group (OFEG) continued.
M a rin e Research Facilities
The M arine Research Facilities (MRF) is a
n a tio n a l structure in te g ra te d w ith in
NIOZ. MRF advises th e Earth and Life
Sciences branch (ALW) o f th e
N etherlands O rgan isa tion fo r Scientific
Research (NWO) on th e technical, logis­
tic and fin a n cia l aspects o f th e N ational
Program m e fo r sea research, m aintains
th e n a tio n a l e q u ip m e n t pool and runs
fa cilitie s, in clu d in g several m arine
research vessels. NIOZ-MRF supplies su it­
able ship capacity, dedicated technicians
and sea-going e q u ip m e n t to team s o f
scientists fro m Dutch research in stitu tes
and universities and assists th e chief sci­
entists in p la n n in g , p re p a ra tio n and exe­
cu tio n o f th e cruises. NIOZ participates
w ith RV Pelagia and its e q u ip m e n t pool
in th e Ocean Facilities Exchange G roup
(OFEG), w h e re in ship tim e is exchanged
be tw ee n
6 European
partners on a bar­
sha llo w W adden Sea. RV Navicula was
w ith a fe w excursions to th e German and
b u ilt in 1980 and e lon gate d in 1999,
Danish parts o f th e W adden Sea and th e
w ith a n o th e r m a jo r upgrade in 2004.
coastal N o rth Sea. 116 days o f Navicula
This year, a new kitche n was installed. In
ship tim e w e re fu n d e d by NWO w ith in
Research vessel Navicula is a 25 m ship
2010 RV Navicula sailed fo r 197 days and
th e N a tion al Program m e fo r Sea and
specially designed fo r w o rk in g in th e
w o rk e d m ainly in th e Dutch W adden Sea
te rin g basis.
Research vessels
Coastal Research (ZKO) and by th ird par­
ties. W ith th e start o f th e 'IN PLACE'
(ZKO), 'GETIJ' and 'B u ild in g w ith N a tu re'
program m es Navicula n o w accom m o­
dates a w id e va rie ty o f s cie ntific disci­
plines.
RV Pelagia is o u r largest sea-going fa c il­
ity, a
66 m
research vessel developed fo r
oceanographic research in coastal seas,
on co n tin e n ta l shelves and on th e open
ocean. RV Pelagia was b u ilt in 1991 (ISM
C e rtifie d ) and was designed as a m u lti­
purpose research vessel. O nboard scien­
t ific activities include seismic surveys, th e
o p e ra tio n o f a v a rie ty o f CTD and w a te r
sam pling systems, diverse b iolo gical
sam pling instrum ents and coring devices
* Corresponding author: erica.koning@ nioz.nl
76
Annual report 2010
as w e ll as th e d e p lo ym e n t and recovery
o f deep-sea m oorings and b o tto m
landers, in clud in g a deep-sea craw ler
(MOVE!). In th e firs t 4 m onths o f 2010 a
m a jo r m id life re fit was carried ou t, d u r­
ing w h ich all th e ship's fa cilitie s w ere
up da te d and Pelagia was o u tfitte d w ith
a USBL-system (U ltra Short Base Line)
en ab lin g s ta te -o f-th e -a rt com m u nica tion
w ith u n d e rw a te r in stru m e n ta tio n .
A m ore extensive re p o rt on th e re fit can
be fo u n d elsewhere in th is annual rep ort.
RV Pelagia cruise p rogram m e
Because o f th e m id life re fit RV PELAGIA
sailed a re la tive ly sho rt pro gra m o f 226
13 days w e re fu n d e d by NIOZ fo r a te c h ­
nical tra in in g cruise w ith in th e OFEG
fra m e w o rk . To a llo w a d d itio n a l ship tim e
fo r program m es th a t ran in previous
years b u t needed fo llo w -u p ship tim e ,
NIOZ and NWO pooled resources and set
up th e VTLP pro gra m m e (VaarTijd
Lopende Projecten), w h e re NIOZ fu n d e d
70 days o f ship tim e and NWO provided
a d d itio n a l fu n d in g to cover pro je ct costs.
The NiCYCLE pro gra m m e th a t sailed in
N ovem ber was fu n d e d w ith in th is VTLP
program m e. A n o ve rvie w o f th e Pelagia
cruises in
2010 (in clu d in g
charters) is pre­
sented below ; th is ove rvie w also com ­
prises th e cruises by o th e r research
vessels w ith Dutch p a rtic ip a tio n . Details
o p e ra tio n a l days d ivide d over
8 cruises.
The cruise pro gra m m e included tw o
O v e rv ie w o f cruises in 2010
ch a rte r cruises. The firs t cha rte r cruise o f
31 days sailed in A u g u st fro m H am burg
Pelagia cruises
Departure
arrival
area
Project
Chief scientist
fo r th e German Federal M a ritim e Hydro-
PE 318
Texel
Scrabster (UK)
North Atlantic
UCCtest
L. Gerringa (BIO)
graphic Agency BSH in Ham burg. A sec­
PE 319
Scrabster (UK)
Bermuda (UK)
North Atlantic
GEOTRACES-1
L. Gerringa (BIO)
PE 320
Bermuda (UK)
Bermuda (UK)
Carolina Margin
TRACOS
F. Mienis (GEO)
PE 321
Bermuda (UK)
Fortaleza (BRA)
North Atlantic
GEOTRACES-2
M. Rijkenberg (BIO)
PE 323
Texel
Texel
North Sea
BSH
H. Klein (BSH)
PE 324
Texel
Galway (IRL)
Irm inger Sea
CAMP/THOR
H. van Aken (FYS)
PE 313
Texel
Vigo (ES)
Porcupine
CoralFish/H ermione
M. Lavaleye (MEE)
PE 314
Las Palmas (ES)
Las Palmas (ES)
(sub) tropical
Atlantic
MOCA
G. Herndl (U Vienna)
PE 315
Las Palmas (ES)
Texel
North Atlantic
PC test OFEG
H. de Haas (GEO)
PE 316
Texel
Texel
North Sea
N iCYCLE/FOKUZ
L. Stal (NIOO-CEME)
Other cruises
Departure
Arrival
Area
Project
NIOZ scientist
R /V KNORR
Bridgetown
(Barbados)
Fortaleza (BRA)
Amazon offshore
Amazon paleoclimate
C. Zeii (BCG)
F.S.ALKOR
Warnemünde (DE)
Wamemunde (DE)
Baltic Sea
ILWAO
H. van Haren (FYS)
R/VG.O.Sars
Bergen (NO)
Bergen (N O)
North Atlantic
CoralFISH
G. Duineveld /M . Lavaleye (MEE)
program m es GEOTRACES and INATEX.
RVPOURQUOIS
PAS?
Brest (F)
Brest (F)
Atlantic
PC test cruise
J. Schilling / Y. W itte (MTM)
F urthe rm o re, NIOZ fu n d e d 54 days, 23 o f
FS METEOR
Reykjavik (IS)
St. Johns (CND)
Irm inger Sea
THOR
F. de Jong (FYS)
w h ich w e re fo r m atching o f EU/ESF
FS ALGOA
Port Elizabeth (SA)
Toamasina (MOZ)
SE Madagascar
INATEX
J. Ullgren (FYS)
FS POLARSTERN
Cape Town (SA)
Punta Arenas (Chili)
South Atlantic
CASO/CCAMLR
E. Jones (BIO) / KBakker (AA)
ond cha rte r cruise o f 30 days was carried
o u t in th e subtropical N o rth A tla n tic in
O cto be r fo r a science team fro m th e
U niversity o f Vienna, A ustria led by
fo rm e r NIOZ scientist pro f. dr. Gerhard
Herndl.
The N etherlands O rgan isa tion fo r
Scientific Research NWO fun ds seagoing
science projects w ith in th e N ational
Program m e fo r Sea and Coastal Research
(ZKO). In 2010, 97 days o f ship tim e w ere
fu n d e d by N W O fo rth e 2009-2011 ZKO
projects, charterers fu n d e d
77
Annual report 2010
66 days and
o f t h e cruises w ith in th e N ational
Program m e are given in th e next
subchapter.
To accom m odate th e cruises by RV
Pelagia, d ip lo m a tic clearance has been
gra n te d by Denm ark, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Norway,
P ortugal, Spain, and UK. Besides calling
a t h o m e p o rt Texel, p o rt calls fo r changes
o f crew and scie ntific pa rty as w e ll as fo r
(u n )lo a d in g o f s cie ntific e q u ip m e n t to o k
place in Scrabster (UK), Bermuda (UK),
Fortaleza (Brazil), H am burg (Germany),
Bergen (N orw ay), V igo (Spain) and Las
Palmas (Spain).
N atio n al Program m e fo r Sea
Research
3 cruises. Two cruises sailed on RV
aboard RRS James Cook (U.K.; arranged
3. INATEX (IN d o A T Iantic
E xchange ); C hief scientist:
Jenny U llg re n .
Pelagia and fo r logistic reasons th e
w ith in the barter agreement).
D eplo ym en t o f cu rre n t m eter m oorings
2: TRACOS (TRans A t la n t i c
COral Studies); C hief scientist
Furu M ienis.
The East M adagascar C urrent form s an
In 2010 th e N a tion al Program m e, fa c ili­
fro m Scrabster (UK) instead. The final
ta te d by NW O/ALW grants, consisted o f
leg currently sailed in March 2011
in th e East Madagascar C urrent
South A frica n research vessel FRS ALGOA
was chartered fo r th e INATEX cruise on
th e M oza m biq ue m argin. In c h ro n o lo g i­
cal o rd e rth e fo llo w in g program m es,
some o f w h ich are h ig h lig h te d below,
w e re carried o u t in
2010:
im p o rta n t pa rt o f t h e sou thw e st Indian
Ocean c ircu la tio n and is one o f th e links
The TRACOS p ro je ct form s a c o n trib u ­
betw een th e South E quatorial C urrent
tio n to WP4 o f t h e EU-HERMIONE p ro j­
and th e A gulhas C urrent, b u t n e ith e r
ect and aims to study th e ecology and
mean flo w n o r v a ria b ility o f th is cu rre n t
1. GEOTRACES leg 1
g e ological history o f t h e co ld -w a te r
are w e ll docum ented. T oge ther w ith o u r
2. TRACOS
coral (CWC) com m u nitie s th a t live on
o n g o in g m easurem ents in th e
3. GEOTRACES leg 2
m ounds in th e Cape L o o ko u t CWC area
M oza m biq ue Channel a new array o f 5
4. INATEX-PHYS
(N. Carolina M a rg in , USA). TRACOS was
cu rre n t m e te r m oorings m easuring th e
5. C oralFish/H erm ione
in itia te d in 2008 as a co o pe ration
flo w o f t h e EMC w ill help to com plete
6. Piston
be tw ee n th e NIOZ de pa rtm e nts o f
o u r u n de rsta nd ing o f t h e cu rre n t system
M arine G eology and M arine Ecology and
o f t h e Indian Ocean. In Septem ber-
partners a t th e H e rrio t-W a tt U niversity
O cto be r 2010 NIOZ em ployees Jenny
Core tra in in g
7. NiCYCLE
1: GEOTRACES (G lobal C hange
an d M ic r o b ia l O c e a n o g ra p h y in
t h e W e s t A t l a n t ic Ocean; C hief
scientist Loes G e rrin g a (leg 1)
an d M ic h a R ijk e n b e rg (leg 2).
(E dinburgh, UK), School o f Ocean
U llgren, Sander Asjes, Jack Schilling, and
Sciences (Bangor, UK), and at th e
Yvo W itte jo in e d th e South A frica n
U niversity o f N o rth C arolina at
research vessel FRS A lg o a on a research
W ilm in g to n (USA) to study co ld -w a te r
cruise fro m Port Elizabeth (SA) to
coral h a bita ts on bo th sides o fth e
Toamasina (Madagascar). A fte r e xp lo r­
GEOTRACES is an in te rn a tio n a l program
A tla n tic ocean sharing skills, te ch n o lo g y
ing a transect across th e c o n tin e n ta l
(w w w .g e o tra ce s.o rg ) th a t aims to
and o th e r resources. Landers and m o o r­
slope a t th e proposed lo catio n o f t h e
im prove th e u n de rsta nd ing o f b io g e o ­
ing eq uippe d w ith instrum ents recorded
m o o rin g array, recording w a te r de p th -
chemical cycles and large-scale d is trib u ­
th e p a rticle flu x to th e CWC com m u ni­
q u ite d iffe re n t fro m th e historical charts
tio n o f trace elem ents and th e ir isotopes
ties in c o n ju n ctio n w ith hyd rog raph ic
- and m easuring w a te r p ro pe rties all five
m oorings w e re successfully deployed.
in th e m arine en viro n m e n t. An ove rvie w
variables (tu rb id ity , te m p e ra tu re , cur­
o f t h e firs t results is given elsewhere in
re n t speed)in an a tte m p t to id e n tify
th is annual rep ort. In 2010, th e firs t tw o
fo rc in g factors o f t h e pa rticle and fo o d
transects o f th is pro gra m m e sailed w ith
supply to th e local CWC com m unities
4: Coral Fish / H erm ione; C hief
scientist: M are Lavaleye.
RV Pelagia, leg 1 fro m Reykjavik to
and trig g e rs fo r coral g ro w th and
The purpose o f t h e CORALFISH/
Berm uda and leg 2 fro m Berm uda to
m ound fo rm a tio n
Fortaleza (Brazil). Due to logistic p ro b ­
HERMIONE cruise was to collect observa­
tio n a l data and seabed samples fo r tw o
lems caused by th e e ru p tio n o f
EU-program mes: HERMIONE and
E yja fja lla jö ku ll on Iceland leg 1 sailed
CoralFISH. HERMIONE studies various
78
Annual report 2010
h o tsp o t ecosystems such as canyons and
cold w a te r coral m ounds (W h itta rd can­
yon and Belgica M ounds, Irish M argin).
Relations betw een se a flo o r m orp ho log y,
pa rticle tra n s p o rt and be nthic fau na in
W h itta rd Canyon w e re studied by means
o f m u ltib e a m , vid eo surveys, v id e o ­
g u id ed boxcore sam pling, benthic
la n d e r deploym ents and w a te r pum p
samples (SAPS). CoralFISH intends to
make estim ates o ffis h abundance on
and o ff coral m ounds (Belgica M ounds)
by means o f vid eo surveys across m ounds
and a novel ba ited vid eo lander. A video
clip o f a ve g e ta tia n ra tta il fish can be
seen a t w w w .n io z .n l/m e d ia .
Ocean Facilities Exchange
Group (OFEG)
OFEG's m ain purpose is to use resources
fro m its
6 European
m em ber states e ffi­
cie ntly by b a rte rin g (exchanging) ship
tim e and large e q u ip m e n t w ith o u t th e
need to exchange money. This arra ng e­
m en t has sig n ific a n t advantages because
it allow s scientists access to areas o fth e
ocean th a t w o u ld oth erw ise be o u t o f
reach. F urtherm ore, OFEG invests in th e
in te ro p e ra b ility and exchange o f m arine
technicians fo r tr a in in g and su p p o rt on
board. W ith in th is fra m e w o rk , several
tra in in g cruises w e re organ ized in
2010,
NIOZ scientists on fo re ig n ships
dedicated to piston coring and seismic
In a d d itio n to th e N a tion al Program m e,
coo pe ration .
NIOZ scientists p a rticip a te d in a num ber
o f cruise program m es on OFEG and nonOFEG ships. In M arch, G erard D uineveld
and Mare Lavaleye p a rticip a te d in a
CoralFISH cruise o ff N o rth e rn N orw ay on
th e N o rw eg ia n research vessel G.O. Sars.
In May, NIOZ technicians Jack Schilling
and Yvo W itte w e re in vite d to an OFEG
tra in in g cruise on th e French research
vessel POURQUOIS PAS? w h e re te c h n i­
cians fro m IFREMER, NERC and NIOZ
jo in e d forces to com pare and o p tim ize
piston core systems. In November, this
in itia tiv e was repeated on RV PELAGIA
on th e re tu rn tr ip fro m Las Palmas.
W hen leaving Las Palmas, Pelagia passed
FS Polarstern on her w a y do w n to th e
Southern Ocean w ith a NIOZ-MRF auto
analyzer co n ta in e r on board.
79
Annual report 2010
In 2010 NIOZ had its firs t b a rte r
exchange w ith o u r Spanish c o u n te rp a rt
CSIC w h e n RV Sarm iento de Gamboa
was used fo r th e recovery o f MOVE!
a fte r th e firs t 9 m onths d e p lo ym e n t East
o f M allorca.
OFEG m eetings and o th e r in ter­
natio n al activities
This year OFEG m et tw ic e fo r re g u la r
European Research Vessel O perators
m eetings, in A p ril at th e In s titu te o f
(ERVO) m ee ting th a t convened in
M a rine Research (IMR) in Bergen,
S ou tham p to n, UK in A p ril. F urtherm ore
N orw ay and in Decem ber at IFM-Geomar
she p a rticip a te d in th e In te rn a tio n a l
in Kiel, Germany. A lo ng side w ith OFEG,
research Ships O perators M e e tin g (IRSO)
th e OFEG-TECH g ro u p m et in December
th a t convened in Kiel, Germ any in May.
in Kiel as w e ll.
Erica K oning p a rticip a te d in th e
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80
Annual report 2010
MARINE TECHNOLOGY
M arck S m it*, Hein de Baar, M arce l Bakker, Jan Blom, Lorendz Boom, John Cluderay, Piet Grisnich, H enk de Haas, Johan
van H eerw aarden, Edw in Keijzer, Bob Koster, M a rtin Laan, Sven Ober, H a rry de Porto, Jack Schilling, Yvo W itte.
The first four months o f the year w ere quite calm for our seagoing scientific cruise support team , because of the
m idlife overhaul o f RV Pelagia in Spain (see elsewhere in this annual report). However, at the end o f the year, the
total am ount o f w o rk still proved to be about 3% higher than in 2009. In the second half of 2010, w e had a very busy
scientific cruise program. In total w e have been w orking on 299 projects throughout the year 2010 of which the
major ones th at w ere finished this year are highlighted.
Novel U ltraclean
PRISTINE® w a te r sam pler fo r
th e GEOTRACES1 Program
A fte r 3 decades o f w o rk in g w ith Go Flo
PVC samplers, o u r scientists needed a
cleaner and b e tte r w a te r sam pler f o r t h e
correct analysis o f th e u ltra -lo w levels o f
trace m etals occurring in th e open ocean.
Since these w e re n o t available on th e
m arket, w e decided to design th e m o u r­
selves in co o p e ra tio n w ith a com m ercial
p a rtn e r in A ustria (w w w .g e o rg .fish e r.a t ).
This has resulted in an e n tire ly new sam­
ple r made o f u ltra clean PVDF plastic
w ith m etal parts o f tita n iu m . Entirely
new b u tte rfly valves w e re designed fo r
closure o f t h e sam pling cylin d e r on both
sides. This new typ e o f w a te r sam pler
was baptized as th e PRISTINE® w a te r
sampler.
The valves are in a closed po stion w hen
th e samplers are passing th ro u g h th e sea
surface layer and th e y open a fe w meters
b e lo w th e surface. The openings w e redesigned as large as possible to ensure
excellent flo w -th ro u g h co n d itio n s d u rin g
dow ncast and upcast m ovem ents. Teflon
valves fo r sub sam pling are placed at
low est po sitio n to ensure drainage o f t h e
com plete sampler, in clu d in g se ttlin g par­
ticles. The to p valve can be connected to
gas pressure fo r f iltr a tio n a t th e b o tto m
sub sam pling valve.
24 PRISTINE® samplers o f 27 litres each
are m ou nted on an a ll-tita n iu m fram e
w h ich is de ployed w ith a new Kevlar
h yd ro w ire cable w ith in te rn a l signal
cables to a llo w o n -lin e com m u nica tion o f
th e te m p e ra tu re , salinity, d e p th and flu o ­
rescence values betw een th e Rosette
sam pler at de pth and th e C T D -operator
on board. This allow s fo r th e rapid u ltra ­
Figure.
Novel design
butterfly valve mounted
at both sides of 27L
cylindric P V D F sam pler
volume
27 Litres
clean sam pling o f t h e deep oceans fo r
m in u te levels o f trace metals.
81
Annual report 2010
1An in ternatio nal study o f m arine biogeochemical
cycles o f trace elem ents and th e ir isotopes (w w w .
'
,
fio n tr a c o c r i m i
^
.
.. _ .
* Corresponding
author: m arck.smit@ nioz.nl
1
A -fra m e fo r th e GEOTRACES
cruise
new fea tu res o f th is cable are 4 single
USBL (U ltra Short base Line) na vig a tio n
m ode o p tic fibers, 25% s tro n g e r and a
system was installed fo r th is purpose.
The Southern A tla n tic tra je c to ry o f th e
78% h ig h e r co n d u cto r surface.
This system consists o f a hu ll u n it th a t
GEOTRACES cruise w ill be carried o u t —
Because o f t h e change in cable diam eter,
com m unicates w ith transponders
on board o f th e British RV James Cook by
m o d ifica tio n s had to be made on 19
m ou nted on th e instrum ents o f w hich
OFEG ship b a rte r arrangem ents. For this
sheaves, th e grooved Lebus sleeves and
th e lo catio n has to be d e te rm in e d under
cruise it is essential to have th e NIOZ
th e cable drum . The 20' c o n ta in e rfo rth e
w ater. From th e co m b in a tio n o f sound
Kevlar Cabled Clean w in ch on board.
hydraulic pow er-pack was also renew ed.
travel tim e in w a te r, th e tim e needed to
A fte r extensive o p e ra tio n a l considera­
tion s, a special A -fra m e was designed
and constructed.
tra n s m it in fo rm a tio n betw een hull u n it
USBL subsea n avig atio n system
fo r RV Pelagia
and transponder, and th e d ire ctio n o f t h e
D e te rm in in g th e exact lo catio n o f an
transponder, th e po sitio n o f t h e in s tru ­
incom ing sound w ave tra n s m itte d by th e
in stru m e n t on land o r at th e surface o f
m e n ta tio n relative to th e ship (and thus
th e ocean is done by means o f s a te llite
th e geog raph ic coordinates) can be cal­
based GPS na vig a tio n , using rad io w ave
culated.
transm ission. Since rad io waves do n o t
The m axim um range o f t h e system is 10
0.2%
pe n e tra te in to sea w a te r, sound waves
km, w ith a po sitio n in g accuracy o f
are used as an a lte rn a tive to de te rm in e
o f t h e range. This system is expected to
th e po sitio n o f scie ntific instrum ents
become o p e ra tio n a l in th e firs t h a lf o f
un de r w ater. D u ring th e m id life re fit o f
2011.
de RV Pelagia, a Kongsberg HÍPAP100
Deep Sea Kevlar Cable W inch:
exten sive o verhaul and in stalla­
tio n o f n e w Hi Tech Kevlar cable
The m id life overhaul o f t h e RV Pelagia
created th e po ssib ility fo r us to realize a
vast nu m b e r o f repairs and m o d ifica ­
tions.
D u ring th e overhaul, th e w in ch was
equippe d w ith a new. Hi Tech Kevlar
cable, w h ich is un iq ue in th e w o rld . The
During op eration th e USBL deploym ent pole pierces 1.5 m belo w th e ship's bo ttom
The USBL sonar head in its docking station above
th e gate valve
The Deep Sea Kevlar Cable winch was almost
com pletely dissembled......
...and a fte r th e overhaul is was again as good as
new.
82
Annual report 2010
Bottom up view from under th e vessel looking in th e USBL opening,
In th e physical oceanography d e p a rt­
High accuracy calib ratio n ta n k
In au g u ratio n o f th e Lander test
basin
Happy clients express th e ir com ­
plim ents
m ent, th e g e n e ra tio n and b e ha vior o f
The con stru ction th e b o tto m land er test
The u ltra clean trace-m e ta l g ro u p o f t h e
in te rn a l waves are studied, because th e y
basin was fin a liz e d w ith th e in sta lla tio n
Biological O ceanography d e p a rtm e n t
play a main role in th e vertica l m ixing o f
o f a w a te r tre a tm e n t in sta lla tio n . N ow it
was really excited w ith th e fie ld results o f
th e ocean. Since in te rn a l waves are regis­
is ready to use f o r te stin g b o tto m landers
th e new PRISTINE sampler, as described in
te re d by means o f te m p e ra tu re d iffe r­
and o th e r seagoing instrum ents and
th e firs t paragraph.
ences, th e sea w a te r te m p e ra tu re s should
e q uipm en t.
For th is reason, th e y declared th e M arine
be measured over a considerable area.
Technology d e p a rtm e n t to be 'th e heart
For th is purpose, very accurate th e rm is to r
o f NIOZ' at a a festive m eeting and
strings have been developed. C a lib ratin g
argued th a t leading m arine te ch n o lo g y is
these the rm isto rs d o w n to 1 mK (0.001
a p re req uisite fo r p e rfo rm in g state-o f-
°C) was usually done a t sea, in te m p e ra ­
th e -a rt m arine science.
tu re stable w a te r layers in th e deep
ocean. In practice th is o fte n resulted in a
lim ite d ca lib ra tio n range o f 5 - 7 °C. In
th e ne w ly designed and constructed 80
lite r c a lib ra tio n ta n k , th e c a lib ra tio n
range o f te m p e ra tu re s has been
extended to -2 °C - 30 °C , w ith an accu­
racy o f 1 mK.
Eighteen lab containers on th e
road
The end o f t h e year was m arked by in te n ­
sive lo gistic activities fo r p re p a rin g th re e
scie ntific cruises: tw o cruises on th e
German RV M e te o r and one cruise on th e
British RV James Cook. A lo t o f w o rk had
to be done to prepare th e tra n sp o rts o f
18 la b o ra to ry and e q u ip m e n t containers.
U nder w in try con ditions, these co n ta in ­
ers w e re delivered in th e ports o f
R otterdam and A n tw e rp fo r fu rth e r
tra n sp o rt.
N e w d o u b le capstan w in ch fo r
m ooring o perations
D u ring m o o rin g cruises on British vessel,
th e effectiveness o f a dedicated d o ub le
capstan w in ch was experienced by o u r
scientists and technicians on board.
T here fore w e have purchased a copy o f
th is Lebus w in ch to im prove o u r m o o rin g
operations.
83
Annual report 2010
rnw voi EXCEPTION
Data M anagem ent Group
Taco de B ru in *, R onald de Koster, Jan N ieuw enhuis, Rob Louws, Ira van den Broek
2010 was a year w ith several major new initiatives for the Data M anagem ent Group (DMG) as w ell as consolidation
of many other activities. The DMG developed the PEPSy systeem, to keep track o f all scientific project-related infor­
mation. A one w ee k data processing actvity for polar data was organized a t the University o f Groningen. The DMG
took the lead in developing an international polar m etadata profile. A new system to log onboard measurements
was introduced and scientists and crew w ere instructed how to w o rk w ith the new system. In December, the DMG
was successful in w inning a grant for the NIOZ-led WaLTER project, as leader o f the data workpackage.
The DMG is a separate g ro u p w ith in th e
an in te rn a tio n a l, IS019115 c o m p lia n t
European data in fra stru ctures, w ere
d e p a rtm e n t o f Physical O ceanography,
po la r m etadata p ro file .
con tinu ed . The NIOZ data systems are
NIO Z-wide and n a tio n a l resp on sibility
Rob Louws, th e na tio n a l data m anager
data and in fo rm a tio n system w ith
fo r oceanographic data m anagem ent.
fo r th e ZKO W adden Sea projects,
hyd ro g ra p h ic data had an average o f
The DMG represents NIOZ and th e Dutch
engaged in de veloping a data and in fo r­
504 hits per day, w h ile th e Corebase sys­
fu n d e d by NW O-ALW and NIOZ, w ith a
being used very fre q u e n tly. The CODIS
academic oceanographic com m u nity
m atio n system fo r all scie ntific projects.
te m w ith sedim ent core m etadata even
w ith in th e N ational O ceanographic Data
This Projects, Expertise and Personnel
to p p le d th a t nu m be r w ith an average o f
C o m m itte e (NODC). It also serves as th e
System (PEPSy) is th e central p a rt o f a
721 hits per day. In 2010 m ore th a n 6000
N a tion al Polar Data Centre (NPDC). The
hyb rid system o f databases th ro u g h
datasets w e re d o w n lo a d e d fro m th e
m ain tasks o f t h e DMG are to assist sci­
w h ich b o th m etadata and data o f scien­
NIOZ data bases. Especially im p o rta n t
entists d u rin g all phases o f a pro je ct
tific projects carried o u t by NIOZ scientist
fo r NIOZ as a w h o le is expanding th e
w ith data m anagem ent and, secondly, to
and others, w ill be archived and made
scope o f t h e NIOZ data systems by lin k ­
archive and keep accessible all relevant
available. The PEPSy system w ill be
ing these to la rg e r n a tio n a l and in te rn a ­
data o f NWO- and NIOZ-sponsored
rolled o u t in 2011. Coupled w ith PEPSy,
tio n a l systems, such as th e data
cruises.
data systems fo r th e ZKO W adden Sea
in fra stru ctu re s o f t h e N ational
projects have been developed.
O ceanographic Data C om m ittee
(NL-NODC) and th e European
M uch a tte n tio n was given to su p p o rtin g
th e Dutch p o la r researchers, th e Dutch
Jan N ieuw enhuis is in charge o f long
SeaDataNet and EMODNet systems.
IPY projects and th e N a tion al A rctic and
te rm archiving o f all raw and fin a l data
These in tu rn , are th e European c o n tri­
A n ta rc tic Program m e (NAAP). Ira van
collected d u rin g cruises on b o a rd RV
b u tio n to glo b a l systems such as GMES
den Broek as th e Dutch N ational IPY
Pelagia and o th e r research vessels. As a
and GEOSS.
Data C oordinator, organ ized a w e ek
m em ber o f th e com m itte e w h ich started
dedicated to processing data fro m th e
to m odernise th e NIOZ w e bsite , he con­
In December, th e m anagem ent o f data
LASHIPA project. A system fo r m anage­
trib u te d his experience as w eb-devel-
fro m th e W adden Sea g o t a big boost
m en t o f th e data collected on th e fie ld
o p e r f o r t h e DMG to make several
w h e n th e WaLTER pro je ct was granted.
s ta tio n in Sweden by th e Vrije
pro je ct w ebsites as w e ll as m a in ta in in g
WaLTER stands fo r W adden Sea Long
U n ive rsite it A m sterdam was developed
th e cruise diaries on th e NIOZ w ebsite.
Term Ecosystems Research and aims to
data m anagem ent tasks. A ll these a ctivi­
Ronald de Koster, senior systems analyst
to rin g activities in th e W adden Sea on a
ties fo rm b u ild in g blocks o f a na tion al
and data base ad m in istra to r, is responsi­
na tio n a l and in te rd iscip lin a ry scale. Taco
p o la r data m anagem ent in fra stru ctu re .
ble fo r all data and in fo rm a tio n systems.
de Bruin is th e w o rkpa ckage leader fo r
On th e in te rn a tio n a l level, th e d o rm a n t
D uring th e m id -life overhaul o f RV
th e de ve lo p m e n t o f a data access p o rta l
w e bsite o f t h e SCAR Standing
Pelagia, a new French system fo r lo g g in g
fo r all data related to th e W adden Sea.
C o m m itte e on A n ta rc tic Data
all m easurem ent activities, was installed.
This W adden Sea data p o rta l w ill make
M an ag em en t (SCADM) was revita lize d
The DMG adapted th e system to NIOZ-
use o f and be linked to th e technical
and re b u ilt alm ost fro m scratch. A t th e
needs and in stru cte d crew and scientists.
in fra s tru c tu re developed w ith in th e
IPY conference in Oslo, th e Polar
The re g u la r activities, such as safe gua rd­
NL-NODC.
and scientists w e re assisted w ith various
ha rm on ize th e existing and fu tu re m o n i­
In fo rm a tio n Commons in itia tiv e (PIC,
ing th e (ra w and fin a l) data in a secure
w w w .p o la rco m m o n s.o rg ) was launched
archiving system, e n te rin g data in to th e
w ith m ajor in p u t fro m DMG. The DMG
data sharing systems th e DMG manages
also to o k th e lead in th e d e ve lo p m e n t o f
and c o n trib u tin g to th e n a tio n a l and
*corresponding a u th o r taco.de.bruin@ nioz.nl
http ://w w w .nioz.nl/dm g
84
Annual report 2010
The DMG s ta ff p a rticip a te d in a series o f
n a tio n a l and in te rn a tio n a l m eetings
related to oceanographic and p o la r data
m anagem ent. A t these m eetings, DMG
s ta ff m embers gave 13 oral presentations
and presented 7 posters on various
aspects o f s cie ntific data m anagem ent.
Taco de Bruin is th e NIOZ representative
in th e N ational O ceanographic Data
C o m m itte e (NODC) and chairs th e NODC.
As p a rtic ip a n t in th e NODC, NIOZ actively
p a rticip ates in in te rn a tio n a l o rg a n iza ­
tio n s as th e IOC C o m m itte e on
In te rn a tio n a l O ceanographic Data and
In fo rm a tio n Exchange (IODE) and th e
ICES-Working G roup on Data and
In fo rm a tio n M a n a g e m e n t.Taco de Bruin
also co-chaired th e IPY Subcom m ittee on
Data Policy and M a n ag em en t (u n til June
2010) and co-chairs th e new CODATA
Task G roup on G overnance o f Polar Data.
85
Annual report 2010
86
Annual report 2010
T //¡>
fi
Dissertations
1.
Bauersachs, T. Development and application o f proxies fo r past cyanobacteria! nitrogen fixatio n. Utrecht University,
2.
Boere, A.C. Validation and application o f fossil DNA as a recorder o f past marine ecosystems and environm ental condi­
3.
de Jong, M.F. Hydrographic v a ria b ility in the Irm inger Sea. Utrecht University, 208 pp.
4.
Hazewinkel, J. Attractors in stratified fluids. Utrecht University, 107 pp.
5.
Jonkers, L.P. Rapid oceanographic changes associated w ith last glacial ice-rafting events: Observations from the past
6.
Kraan, C. Spatial ecology o f in te rtida l macrobenthic fauna in a changing W adden Sea. Groningen University, 200 pp.
7.
M iddag, R. Dissolved A lum inium and manganese in the Polar oceans, 237 pp.
8.
van den Hout, PJ. Struggle fo r Safety: A daptive responses o f w in te rin g waders to th e ir avian predators. Groningen
168 pp.
tions. Utrecht University, 176 pp.
and present northern North A tlantic. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 142 pp.
University, 200 pp.
Refereed papers in scientific journals
1.
A g u ila r, J.A. e t al. (ANTARES-collaboration incl. H. van Haren). M easurem ent o f t h e atm ospheric m uon flu x w ith
2.
Aguilar, J.A. et al. (ANTARES-collaboration incl. H. van Haren). Zenith distribution and flu x o f atmospheric muons
3.
Aguilar, J.A. et al. (ANTARES-collaboration incl. H. van Haren). Performance o fth e front-e nd electronics o fth e
a 4 GeV th re sh o ld in th e ANTARES n e u trin o telescope. A s tro p a rtic le Physics 33, 86-90.
measured w ith th e 5-line ANTARES detector. Astroparticle Physics 34, 179-184.
ANTARES neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods Physics Research A 622, 59-73.
4.
Alderkam p, A.C., de Baar, H.J.W., Visser, R.J.W., A rrig o, K.R. Can p h o to in h ib itio n control phytoplankton abundance in
5.
Allan, I.J., Booij, K., Paschke, A., Vrana, B., Mills, G.A., Greenwood, R. Short-term exposure testing o f six d iffe re n t pas­
deeply mixed w a te r columns o fth e Southern Ocean? Limnology and Oceanography 55, 1248-1264.
sive samplers fo r th e m onitoring o f hydrophobic contam inants in water. Journal o f Environmental M on itorin g 12, 696703.
6.
Alves, J.A., Lourenco, P.M., Piersma, T., Sutherland, W.J., Gili, J.A. Population overlap and habitat segregation in w in te ­
7.
Andresen, H., van der Meer, J. Brown shrimp ( C r a n g o n
ring Black-tailed Godwits
juvenile bivalves
8.
L im o s a lim o s a .
M a c o m a b a lt h ic a
Bird Study 57, 381-391.
c ra n g o n ,
L.) functional response to density o f d iffe re n t sized
(L.). Journal o f Experimental M arine Biology and Ecology 390, 31-38.
A rifin , Z., Situmorang, S.P., Booij, K. Geochemistry o f heavy metals (Pb, Cr and Cu) in sediments and benthic com m uni­
ties o f Berau Delta, Indonesia. Coastal M arine Research 34, 205-211.
9.
Bahr, A., Pape, T., Abegg, F., Bohrmann, G., van W eering, T., Ivanov, M .K. A uthigenic carbonates from th e eastern Black
Sea as an archive fo r shallow gas hydrate dynamics - Results from the com bination o f CT im aging w ith mineralógica!
and stable isotope analyses. M arine and Petroleum Geology 27, 1819-1829.
10.
Balk, M., M ehboob, F., van Gelder, A .H., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Stams, A.J.M. (Per)chlorate reduction
by an acetogenic bacterium.
S p o ro m u s a
sp., isolated from an underground gas storage. Applied M icrobiology and
Biotechnology 88, 595-603.
11.
Ballantyne, A.P., Greenwood, D.R., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Csank, A.Z., Eberle, J.J., Rybczynski, N. Significantly warm er
Arctic surface tem peratures during the Pliocene indicated by m ultiple independent proxies. Geology 38, 603-606.
12.
Baltar, F., Aristegui J., Gasol, J.M., Lekunberri, I., Herndl, G.J. Mesoscale eddies: hotspots o f prokaryotic activity and d if­
feren tial com m unity structure in the ocean. The ISME Journal 4, 975-988.
13.
Baltar, F., Aristegui, J., Gasol, J.M., Herndl, G.J. Prokaryotic carbon u tiliza tio n in the dark ocean: g ro w th efficiency, leucine-to-carbon conversion factors, and th e ir relation. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 60, 227-232.
14.
Baltar, F., Aristegui, J., Gasol, J.M., Sintes, E., van Aken, H.M., Herndl, G.J. High dissolved extracellular enzymatic acti­
vity in the deep central A tla n tic Ocean. Aquatic M icrobial Ecology 58, 287-302, doi: 10.3354/ame01377.
15.
Baltar, F., Aristegui, J., Sintes, E., Gasol, J.M., Reinthaler, T., Herndl, G.J. Significance o f non-sinking particulate organic
carbon and dark C 02 fixatio n to heterotrophic carbon demand in the mesopelagic northeast A tlantic. Geophysical
Research Letters 37, L09602, doi:10.1029/2010GL043105.
16.
Bauersachs, T., Schouten, S., Compaore, J., Stal, L.J. Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Occurrence o f
C 35_C45
polyprenols in fila ­
mentous and unicellular cyanobacteria. Organic Geochemistry 41, 867-870.
17.
Bauersachs, T., Speelman, E.N., Hopmans, E.C., Reichart, G.J., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. Fossilized g lycolipids
reveal past oceanic N2 fixa tio n by heterocystous cyanobacteria. Proceedings o fth e National Academy o f Sciences of
th e United States o f America 107, 19190-19194; doi:10.1073/pnas.1007526107.
18.
Bendle, J., Weijers, J.H.W., Maslin, M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Boot, C., Pancost, R.D.
M ajor changes in Last Glacial and Holocene terrestrial tem peratures and sources o f organic carbon recorded in the
Annual report 2010
Amazon fan by the MBT/CBT continental paleotherm om eter. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 11, Q12007,
doi:10.1029/2010GC003308.
19.
Bijl, R.K., Hou ben, A.J., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., SI u ijs, A., Reichart, G.J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Brinkhuis H.
Transient M iddle Eocene atmospheric C 02 and tem perature variations. Science 313, 819-821.
20.
Beukema, J.J., Dekker, R. Extraordinary low m ortality rates reported in juvenile Pacific oysters in the German Wadden
21.
Beukema, J.J., Dekker, R., Philippart, C.J.M. Long-term va ria b ility in bivalve recruitm ent, m ortality and g ro w th and
22.
Bhavani, E.N., Renaud, P.E., Duineveld, G.C.A., Berge, J., Lavaleye, M.S.S., Reiss, H., Brattegard, T. Biodiversity trends
Sea. Elelgoland M arine Research 64, 69-70.
th e ir co n trib u tio n to fluctuations in food stocks o f shellfish-eating birds. M arine Ecology Progress Series 414, 117-130.
along the Western European M argin. Plos One 5, 1-19.
23.
Bij level d, A.I., Egas, M., van Gils, J.A., Piersma, T. Beyond the inform ation centre hypothesis: communal roosting fo r
24.
Biton, E., Gildor, H., Trommer, G., Siccha, M., Kucera, M., van der Meer, M.T.J., Schouten, S. Sensitivity o f Red Sea circu­
in fo rm atio n on food, predators, travel companions and mates? Oikos 119, 277-285.
lation to monsoonal va ria b ility during the Elolocene: An integrated data and m odelling study. Paleoceanography 25,
PA4209, doi:10.1029/2009PA001876.
25.
Blaga, C.I, Reichart, G.J., Schouten, S., Lotter, A .F., W erne, J.P., Kosten, S., Mazzeo, N., Lacerot, G., Sinninghe Damsté,
J.S. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in lake sediments: Can they be used as tem perature and pH proxies?
Organic Geochemistry 41, 1225-1234.
26.
Bochdansky, A.B., van Aken, El.M., Elerndl, G.J. Role o f macroscopic particles in deep-sea oxygen consumption.
Proceedings o f the National Academy o f Sciences 107, 8287-8291, d o i: 10.1073/pnas.0913744107.
27.
Booij, K., Smedes, F. An improved m ethod fo r estim ating in situ sampling rates o f nonpolar passive samplers.
28.
Bouruet-A ubertot, P., van Fiaren, El., LeLong, M.-P. Stratified inertial subrange inferred from in situ measurements in
29.
Boye, M., Nishioka, J., Croot, P., Laan, P., Timmermans, K.R., Strass, V., Takeda S., de Baar, H.J.W. Significant portion o f
Environmental Science and Technology 44, 6789-6794.
the bottom boundary layer o f Rockall Channel. Journal o f Physical Oceanography 40, 2401-2417.
dissolved organic Fe-complexes in fact is Fe colloids. M arine Chemistry 122, 20-27.
30.
Brader, A.V., van W inden, J.F., Bohncke, S.J.P, Beets, C.J., Reichart, G-J., de Leeuw J.W. Fractionation o f hydrogen, oxy­
gen and carbon isotopes in n-alkanes and cellulose o f three Sphagnum species. Organic Geochemistry 41, 1277-1284.
31.
Breitbarth, E., A chterberg, E.P., Ardelan, M.V., Baker, A .R., Bucci arel I i, E., Chever, F., Croot, P.L., Duggen, S., Gled hill. M.,
Hassellöv, M., Hassler, C., Hoffm ann, L.J., Hunter, K.A., Hutchins, D.A., Ingri, J., Jickei Is, T., Lohan, M.C., Nielsdóttir, M .C.,
Sarthou, G., Schoemann, V., Trapp, J.M., Turner, D.R., Ye, Y. Iron biogeochemistry across marine systems at changing
times - conclusions from th e workshop held in G othenburg, Sweden (14 - 16 May 2008). Biogeosciences 7, 1075-1097.
32.
Buehler, D.M., Bugoni, L., Dorrestein, G.M., González, P.M., Pereira, J.J., Proença, L., de Lima Serrano, I., Baker, A.J.,
Piersma, T. Local m ortality events in m igrating sandpipers ( C a lid r is ) at a staging site in southern Brazil. W ader Study
Group Bulletin 117, 150-156.
33.
Buehler, D.M., Tieleman, B.I., Piersma, T. How do m igratory species stay healthy over the annual cycle? A conceptual
34.
Buehler, D.M., Tieleman, B.I., Piersma, T. Indices o f immune function are lesser in red knots ( C a lid r is
model fo r immune function and fo r resistance to disease. Integrative and Comparative Biology 50, 346-357.
c a n u tu s )
recove­
ring protein than in those storing fa t during stopover in Delaware Bay. A uk 127, 394-401.
35.
Cahyarini, S.Y., Zinke, J. Geochemical tracer in corals as a sea surface tem perature proxy: records from Jukung coral.
36.
Campbell, K.A., Nelson, C.S., A lfaro , A.C., Boyd, S., Greinert, J., Nyman, S., Grosjean, E., Logan, G.A., Gregory, M.R.,
ITB Journal o f Science 42, 65-72.
Cooke, S., Linke, P., M illoy, S., Wallis, I. Geological im p rin t o f methane seepage on th e seabed and biota o fth e conver­
gent Hikurangi M argin, New Zealand: Box core and grab carbonate results. M arine Geology 272, 285-306.
37.
Camphuijsen, C.J. Declines in oil-rates o f stranded birds in the North Sea h ig h lig h t spatial patterns in reductions o f
38.
Camphuijsen, C.J., de Boer, P., Bouten, W., Gronert, A., Shamoun-Baranes, J. Mammalian prey in Laridae: increased pre­
39.
Camphuijsen, C.J., Gronert, A. De broedbiologie van zilver- en kleine m antelm eeuwen op Texel, 2006-2010. Limosa 83,
40.
Campos, J., Bio, A., Cardoso, J.F.M.F., Dapper, R., W itte , J.U., van der Veer, H.W. Fluctuations o f brown shrimp
chronic oil pollu tion . M arine Pollution Bulletin 60, 1299-1306.
dation pressure on mammal populations expected. Lutra 53, 5-20.
145-159.
c ra n g o n
41.
C ra n g o n
abundance in th e western Dutch W adden Sea. M arine Ecology-Progress Series 405, 203-219.
Castañeda, I.S., Schefuss, E., Patzold, J., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., W eldeab, S., Schouten, S. Millennial-scale sea surface
tem perature changes in the Eastern Mediterranean (Nile River Delta Region) over th e last 27,000 years.
Paleoceanography 25, PA1208, doi:10.1029/2009PA001740.
Annual report 2010
42.
Chenuil, A., Hoareau, T.B., Egea, E., Penant, G., Rocher, C., Aurelle, D., Mokhtar-Jamai, K., Bishop, J.D.D., Boissin, E.,
Diaz, A., Krakau, M., Luttikhuizen, P.C., Patti, F.P., Blavet, N., Mousset, S. An efficie n t method to fin d p o tentia lly univer­
sal population genetic markers, applied to metazoans. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 276.
43.
Chevalier, N., Bouloubassi, I., Stadnitskaia, A., Taphanel, M.EI., Lorre, A., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Pierre, C. Distributions
and carbon isotopic compositions o f lipid biomarkers in authigenic carbonate crusts from the Nordic margin
(Norwegian Sea). Organic Geochemistry 41, 885-890.
44.
Costa-Dias, S., Sousa, R., Freitas, V., Antunes, C. Factors influencing epibenthic assemblages in th e M inho estuary (NW
45.
Crutchley, G.J., Pecher, I.A., Gorman, A .R., Elenrys, S.A., Greinert, J. Seismic imaging o f gas conduits beneath seafloor
Iberian Peninsula). M arine Pollution Bulletin 61, 240-246.
seep sites in a shallow marine gas hydrate province, H i ku ran g i M argin, New Zealand. M arine Geology 272, 114-126.
46.
Dali, S.R.X., Schmidt, K.A., van Gils, J.A. Biological in fo rm atio n in an ecological context. Oikos 119, 201-202.
47.
Damm, E., Helmke, E., Thoms, S., Schauer, U., Nöthig, E., Bakker, K., Kiene, R.P. Methane production in aerobic o lig o ­
48.
Davies, A.J., Dumeveld, G.C.A., van W eering, T.C.E., Mienis, F., Q ua ttrin i, A.M ., Seim, H.E., Bane, J.M., Ross, S.W. Short­
tro p h ic surface w a te r in the central Arctic Ocean. Biogeosciences 7, 1099-1108.
term environm ental va ria b ility in cold-w ater coral habitat at Viosca Knoll, G ulf o f Mexico. Deep Sea Research Part I:
Oceanographic Research Papers 57, 199-212.
49.
de Bruin, T.F. Serving data from th e SCAR Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) using the SeaDataNet infrastruc­
50.
de Corte, D., Sintes, E., W inter, C., Yokokawa, T., Reinthaler, T., Herndl, G.J. Links between viral and prokaryotic com­
ture. Advances in Geophysics 28, 5-9, doi: 10.5194/adgeo-28-5-2010.
munities th ro u g h o u t th e w a te r column o fth e tropical A tla n tic Ocean. The ISME Journal 4, 1431-1442.
51.
de Vooys, C.G.N., van der Meer, J. The w h elk (B u c c in u m
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52.
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Refereed chapters in books
1.
A m ara l-Z ettler, L., A rtiga s, L., Baross, J., B harathi, L., Boetius, A., Chandram ohan, D., Herndl, G., Kogure, K., Neal,
P., Pedrós-Alió, C., Ram ette, A., Schouten, S., Stal, L., Thessen, A., de Leeuw, J., Sogin, M. A glo b a l census o f
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2.
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3.
Philippart C.J.M., Epping H.G. Climate change and Ecology. In: M arende H. (ed.) Q uality Status Report o fth e Wadden
4.
Philippart, C.J.M., Epping H.G. The W adden Sea: A Coastal Ecosystem under Continuous Change. In: Kennish, M.J.,
Sea 2009 (http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/QSR-2009/).
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403-435.
5.
Peperzak, L., Brussaard, C.P.D. Phytoplankton via b ility assay fo r oil compounds in water. In: Timmis, K.N. (ed.).
6.
Peperzak, L., Huisman, J., Galloway, T.S., Brussaard, C.P.D. Accidental spill detection, sampling, on-board sample w o rk ­
7.
van der Graaf, S., de Vlas, J ., Herlyn, M., Voss, J., Heyer, K., Drent, J. Macrozoobenthos. In: Thematic Report No. 10,
Handbook o f hydrocarbon and lipid m icrobiology, 4500-4505.
up and subsequent analysis. In: Timmis, K.N. (ed.). Handbook o f hydrocarbon and lipid m icrobiology, 3473-3488.
Q uality Status Report 2009, Common W adden sea Secretariat, W ilhelmshaven.
Annual report 2010
98
Annual report 2010
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N etherlands in clu d in g NIOZ, U trecht
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The N o rth Sea Days are organised by a
gram m e consisted o f th re e oral presen­
fish in g industry. A g re a t success in th e
na tio n a l com m ittee , chaired by th e
ta tio n s by Frank Peeters (VU
pro gra m was th e presence o f fisherm en
o rg a n izin g in s titu te in a pa rticu la rye a r.
A m sterdam ), Lucas Jonkers (UAB, Spain
in th e audience and th e presence o f t h e
For NIOZ Jan Boon (chair), Herman
and ex-NIOZ PhD) and Jan-Berend S tuut
large N o rth Sea tra w le r TX 36 'Jan van
R id d e rin k h o f and Carmen Blaauboer
(NIOZ).
Toon' equippe d w ith an experim e ntal
fo rm e d th e local o rg a n izin g com m ittee.
XRF Core Scanning W orkshop,
8-10 Septem ber
W ith a g ro w in g n u m be r o f XRF core
scanning labs and users, th e in te rest o f
th e co m m u n ity in sharing and exchang­
ing kn o w le d g e and experience also
increases. The aim o f th is at NIOZ w o rk ­
shop was to discuss and share experience
on a p p lica tio n and c a lib ra tio n o f XRF
data in geosciences, technical aspects
and processing o f data, and fu tu re
developm ents o f XRF core scanning. The
w o rksh o p was visited by m ore th a n 60
p a rticip ants fro m Europe, USA and
China. A ll m a jo r objectives discussed and
conclusions are sum m arized as a w o rk ­
shop re p o rt in th e Pages N e w sle tte r o f
May 2011. This w o rksh o p was organised
by Rik T ja llin g ii; m ore details on h ttp ://
w w w .n io z .n l/x rfw o rk s h o p .
DOESCHOT
Creatiefin
GERttlEFfl
Fijnmechanische precisielechniek
100 Annual report 2010
A
De Linge
CANBERRA
Héte autHn.ita¿!rlñQ
J
Symposia
th e s ta te -o f-th e -a rt o f results and
2 W o rkin g Group m eetin g of
th e COST A ction PERGAMON,
Brussels, Belgium , 18-20
October.
rem a ining open questions. It was con­
A series o f oral presentations w e re given
th e m solicited by experts in th e fie ld o f
m eteo rology, rem o te sensing, and paleoc lim a to lo g y) and 33 posters and o u tlin e d
elsew h ere , organised by NIOZ
scientists
cluded th a t since th e IPCC 2007 re p o rt w e
on te rre s tria l, m arine and atm ospheric
do have a b e tte r u n de rsta nd ing o f th e
topics related to m ethane release in th e
S outhern Connections
W o rksh o p , Bariloche,
A rg e n tin a , 15-19 February
role o f aerosols in th e clim ate system, b u t
A rctic. The W o rk in g Groups de fin e d th e ir
th a t th e effects still lack q u a n tific a tio n .
specific questions related to fu tu re
The w o rksh o p 'Controversies in th e Late
Both th e rad ia tive p ro pe rties o f aerosols
im pacts o f th e A rctic reg io n on glo b a l cli­
Q ua te rnary clim ate o f th e sou thern hem ­
as w e ll as th e ir effects on th e ocean's car­
m ate de velopm ent. New contacts
isphere' was organised d u rin g th e fo u r-
bon pum p are still p o o rly understood.
betw een m embers w e re established by
on th e PERGAMON w ebsite. 45 p a rtic i­
ogists w o rk in g on en viro n m e n ta l change
ISM E-13 Symposium 'M icrobes,
stew ards o f a changing p lan et',
S eattle, USA, 22-27 A ugust.
on th e sou thern hem isphere. The w o rk ­
Corina Brussaard organ ized th e session
shop a ttra cte d 19 abstracts and consisted
'B iogeochem istry: m icro b ia lly driven,
o f 8 oral presentations and 11 posters. It
g lo b a lly sig n ifica n t'.
listing ship cruises and fie ld campaigns
yearly m ee ting Southern Connections in
Bariloche. This m ee ting brings to g e th e r
paleo- botanists, ecologists, and c lim a to l­
de m on stra te d once m ore th e im portance
xL
pants jo in e d th is m ee ting , w h ich was
again chaired by Jens G reinert.
In te rn a tio n a l C onference &
Exhibition 'B allast W a te r
M a n a g e m e n t', Singapore, 1 -4
Novem ber.
Q uaternary. The w o rksho p's c o n trib u ­
17 In te rn a tio n a l Conference
on A q u atic Invasive Species, San
D iego (USA), A u g u st 29
A u g u s t-1 2 Septem ber.
tio n s w ill be published in a special v o l­
NIOZ had 5 speakers in th e session
to ships? This com m ercial and logistic key
ume o f th e Elsevier jo u rn a l 'Q u atern ary
'Ballast W a te r T reatm ent systems; cu rre n t
question was discussed d u rin g th e ses­
In te rn a tio n a l', w h ich is due in sum m er
status and fu tu re perspective' and Marcel
sion 'Ballast w a te r T reatm ent systems;
2011 and w h ich is gu est-ed ited by th e
V eldhuis as keynote speaker.
o f th e th re e con tine nts on th e southern
hem isphere in bo th reg io nal and global
clim ate d e ve lo p m e n t th ro u g h o u t th e
W ill th e re be instrum ents in th e near
fu tu re to ra p id ly sample and check th e
IMO D2 Standards w ith o u t causing delay
cu rre n t status and fu tu re de velopm ents'
w o rksh o p organisers Kershaw and S tuut
w ith 3 speakers fro m NIOZ and Marcel
(NIOZ).
Veldhuis as key-note speaker and session
convenor.
1st W o rk in g G roup m eetin g of
th e COST A ction PERGAMON,
Brussels, Belgium , 20-21 A pril.
This m ee ting a ttra cte d 25 pa rticip ants
and was chaired by Jens G reinert.
Strategies w e re discussed on h o w to
establish links betw een th e d iffe re n t
m arine, te rre s tria l and atm ospheric sci­
e n tific groups w e re discussed as w e ll as
th e o u tlin e fo r an ESF Theme call th a t
was s u b m itte d la te r in th e year. M ore
in fo rm a tio n on w w w .cost-pe rg am o n.eu .
Session 'A eo lian dust' a t th e
A n n u al Sym posium o f th e
European Geosciences U nion
(EGU), V ie n n a , A u stria, 2-7 May.
The session 'A e o lia n dust: in itia to r,
player, and recorder o f en viro n m e n ta l
change' was organised by Jan-Berend
S tuut d u rin g th e annual assembly o f th e
EGU in Vienna. The session a ttra cte d 45
abstracts fro m a w id e va rie ty o f disci­
plines w ith in th e aerosol com m unity. It
con tain ed 12 oral presentations (three o f
101 Annual report 2010
w estern W adden Sea, surveyed by RV
Courses at NIOZ
Navicula, tim e-series m o n ito rin g a t a
tid a l s ta tio n in th e M arsd iep -in let, and
Combined Courses 'M arine Biology and
sam pling at th e in te rtid a l fla ts 'B alg zan d'
M arine Ecosystems' 29 M arch-16 April.
and 'V la k te van Kerken'. The topics
This course is organ ized jo in tly by NIOZ
included hydrography, a m u ltib e a m sur­
and th e U niversity o f G roning en (RUG).
vey, core stratigra ph y, m icro p la n kto n
This year, it was organ ized by M a rg o t
fo o d w e b , be nthic com m unities, mussel
Bik, M arcel Veldhuis and Hein de Baar*
bed dynamics and th e d is trib u tio n o f
w ith th e co m m itm e n t o f several NIOZ
crabs. Subgroups o f 3 students processed
colleagues. The tw o annual practical
S a m p lin g a t th e tid a l f la t 'B a lg z a n d '
and presented th e ir fin d in g s at th e end
courses fo r m arine b io lo g y bachelor stu­
o f th e course.
dents o f th e U niversity o f G roningen
‘ Contact person:: herm an.ridderinkhof@ nioz.nl
w e re given as one package. A g ro u p o f
NEBROC and Ecolmas PhD course,
26 students was divide d in to six teams;
every team w o rk e d on tw o d iffe re n t
'Molecular Organic Biogeochemistry'. 27
research topics o f seven w o rk in g days
S e p te m b e r-1 O ctober
each. The topics covered a w id e range
in clud in g trace metals, invasive species in
The course was organised by Stefan
ballast w a te r, organic contam inants,
Schouten* and Ellen Hopmans in collab o­
ra tio n w ith several o th e r mem bers o f th e
optics and rem o te sensing, p la n kto n
com m unities in th e M arsdiep, tim e series
BGC d e p a rtm e n t in th e fra m e w o rk o f th e
M u ssetw a tch e x p e rim e n ts
o f chem istry and p la n k to n b io lo g y at th e
N etherlands Bremen O ceanography
NIOZ je tty , th e energetics o f blue mus­
C o lla b o ra tio n NEBROC ( and also par­
sels, viral im pact on p h y to p la n k to n
tia lly fu n d e d th ro u g h th is n e tw o rk). The
bloom s, DNA cha racterization o f cryptic
course consisted o f lectures by Stefan
species o f polychaete w orm s, and tid a l
Schouten, Jaap Sinninghe Damsté, Jan de
m ig ra tio n o ffis h larvae and ge la tinou s
Leeuw, Ellen Hopmans, Marcel van der
Z oop la nkton . On th e fin a l day o f th e
M eer (all NIOZ), Julius Lipp (Bremen
U niversity) and Gesine M o lle n h a u e r
course, th e stu d e n t team s presented
«
th e ir results.
In th e ir eva lu ation , th e students o ffe re d
ju
Accurate measurements o f th e body size o f crabs
(AW I-Brem erhaven). The topics included
th e use o f in stru m en ta l techniques,
high marks to th e course and, m oreover,
b io m a rke r lipids, org an ic proxies, kero-
contacts w e re made fo r fo llo w -u p
gen fo rm a tio n , stable isotopes and ra d io ­
research projects at NIOZ fo r th e ir MSc
carbon isotopes and in ta ct p o la r lipids in
degree program m e.
biocgeochem ical research and m icrobial
‘ Contact person: hein.de.baar@ nioz.nl
ecology.
FOKUZ M arine Master Course 'H o w does
tio n s o f analytical e q u ip m e n t w e re given
In a d d itio n to th e lectures, d e m on stra­
the sea work?', 4 - 1 6 July.
a t th e BGC lab and w o rk in g g ro u p ses­
This course was organ ized by M a rtie n
sions on th e in te rp re ta tio n o f analytical
Baars and Herm an R id d e rin k h o f*. It is an
data. The day ended by stu d e n t presen­
A fte r th e end o f th e FOKUZ course. M a rtien
Baars w e n t into retirem ent; seems he is going to
miss it....
ta tio n s in w h ich PhD students b rie fly pre­
in m arine research and ed uca tion by
students p a rticip a te d , w ith 6 m aster stu­
The course was a tte n d e d by 8 NIOZ stu­
NIOZ and th e Centre o f Estuarine and
dents fro m physical oceanography
dents and 26 external students, o f w hich
M arine Ecology (NIOO-CEME, Yerseke). In
(U tre ch t U niversity), 1 fro m a b io g e o lo g i-
1 5 fro m Germ any and th e rem a ind er
th e fra m e w o rk o f th e Netherlands
cal study (also U trech t U niversity), 13
fro m Scandinavia, UK, France, USA, China
M arine Master's Program - an ag reem ent
fro m m arine ecology studies (3 fro m th e
and Japan. Since th is course was oversub­
betw een FOKUZ and fo u r Dutch universi­
U niversity o f A m sterdam , 7 Vrije
scribed (>50 students expressed an in te r­
ties - th e course aims to make students in
U n ive rsite it A m sterdam and 3 G roningen
est to a tte n d ), it w ill be held again fro m
th e ir m aster study perio d fa m ilia r w ith a
U niversity) and 1 PhD stu d e n t fro m NIOZ
7-11 February 2011.
va rie ty o f fie ld w o rk in th e m a jo r disci­
itself.
‘ Contact person: stefan.schouten@ nioz.nl
plines in oceanography: physical ocea­
The lectures d u rin g th e course w ere
nography, m arine chem istry, m arine
given by 1 5 NIOZ and 3 CEME scientists.
b io lo g y and m arine geology. In to ta l, 21
Field w o rk consisted o f a section in th e
activity o f FOKUZ ('Fundam enteel
O nderzoek KUst en Zee'), a co-o pe ration
102 Annual report 2010
sented th e ir (fu tu re ) research project.
Public Outreach
Jan B o o n *
Two main events took place in October: the North Sea Days and the Open day. The Beagle Voyage of the clipper 'Stad
Amsterdam was broadcasted on the national VPRO TV until May, as the final part o f the Darwin Year.
In 2010, NIOZ scientists contributed to 38 articles in national newspapers (e.g. NRC, Volkskrant, Trouw,
Reformatorisch Dagblad, AD, de Telegraaf), 75 articles in regional newspapers (e.g. Texelse Courant, Noord-Hollands
Dagblad, Friesch Dagblad) and 25 articles in either Technical (e.g. Bionieuws, Visserij Nieuws, Technisch Magazine) or
popular Scientific (e.g. Quest, NWO hypothese, EOS) magazines. Together, this represented an advertisem ent value
o f €653,746. Our value for 2010 was also above th at o f 2009 (€500,126)**. A list o f all public outreach items is availa­
ble in the electronic supplement to this annual report.
Beagle V oyage 2009-2010.
The Beagle voyage by th e clip p e r 'Stad
A m s te rd a m 'w a s broadcasted by th e
Dutch com pany VPRO w ith w e e kly e p i­
sodes on Dutch and Belgian tele visio n till
th e end o f May. This pro je ct was in ho n ­
o u r o f th e 200th anniversary o f Sir
Charles D arw in and th e 1 50th an niver­
sary o f his fam ous bo ok 'O n th e o rig in o f
Species'. As in 2009, a nu m be r o f NIOZ
scientists jo in e d legs o f th e sailing trip .
M a rtie n Baars collected sea skaters
H alobates d u rin g th e Tahiti - Sydney leg,
Jan-Berend S tuut was involved in an e p i­
sode on th e fe a s ib ility to fe rtiliz e o u r
oceans w ith iron fro m dessert dust along
th e A u stra lia n coast and Herman
m u lti-m e d ia in te rn e t site (w w w .b e a g le .
R id d e rin k h o f explained th e in flue nce o f
vp ro .n l). NIOZ p a rticip a n ts co n trib u te d
th e g lo b a l ocean cu rre n t system on o u r
to 33 w e blo gs to th is site d u rin g 2010. In
planet's clim ate d u rin g a leg in th e
a d d itio n , th e re was a Beagle Day in th e
Indian Ocean fro m M a u ritiu s to Cape
Academ y B uild ing o f U trech t U niversity
Town. S cientifically very re w a rd in g was a
on 7 M arch w h e re NIOZ displayed her
separate e xp e d itio n by Geert-Jan
research to th e large audience o f Beaglefans o f The Netherlands.
Brum m er and Roei Nagtegaal to th e
Cocos Keeling Islands. Purpose was to
d rill a core o f a very large coral colony to
reconstruct clim ate changes in th is tr o p i­
cal area since D arw in tested his h y p o th e ­
sis on th e fo rm a tio n o f coral islands in
1836. The sam pling was very successful as
th e core th e y o b ta in e d showed annual
g ro w th rings b a c k to 1795! The TV e p i­
sode on clim ate change w ith Geert-Jan
and Roei was one o f th e h ig h lig h ts o f th e
Beagle series.
Beagle item s w e re also broadcasted on
radio and w e re presented on a large
: corresponding autho rjan .bo on@ n ioz.nl
*: source 'de K n ip se lk ra n t'.
103 Annual report 2010
O pen d ay on 9 O ctober
H ig h lig h t o f th e outreach to th e general
pu blic was th e Open day o f NIOZ,
IMARES and SOVON (all in h a b ita n ts o f
o u r b u ild in g ) on Saturday 9 October. We
can lo o k back to a very successful day on
w h ich 1315 people w e re actu ally counted
to have visited th e in s titu te ; m ainly fro m
Texel and th e province o f N orth Holland.
Silent w a te r and internal waves in a stratified
w a te r column
Take your own sample from th e sea floor.
Influence o f pressure on th e shape o f equ ip ­
m ent....
Special issue 'Tussen Duin en
Dijk on th e N o rth Sea
A n o th e r h ig h lig h t was th e special m arine
issue o f th e m agazine 'Tussen Duin en
D ijk' e n tire ly on th e N o rth Sea w ith 7
c o n trib u tio n s fro m NIOZ scientists: p la n k­
to n - Katja P h ilip p a rt, seabirds and
m arine m amm als - Kees Camphuysen,
th e Frisian fr o n t system - M a rtie n Baars,
m arine p o llu tio n - NIOZ associate Cato
te n Hallers. O ur re tire d b u t still very
active NIOZ scientist G erhard Cadee was
th e guest e d ito r o f th is issue.
Zee in Zich t/ Sea on Screen
The w e bsite 'Zee in Z ich t' on th e Dutch
reg io nal seas was fu r th e r restyled to
become m ore a ttra c tiv e fo r a teenage
audience and a new poster/postcard was
designed by illu s tra to r V alen tine
Edelm ann. The character 'Robbie
R o e ip o o tk re e ft' ('C opepod R o b b y ')w ill
act as a host on parts o f th e w e bsite , b u t
on ly on th e Dutch version since th e
English version Sea on Screen ta rg e ts a
s lig h tly o ld e r audience' ; w w w .ze e in zicht.nl o r ww w .seaonscreen.org
104 Annual report 2010
Themanummer Noordzee
NIOZ new s in th e media
published a paper in Science w hich
The m edia star organism o f 2010 was th e
showed a clear re la tio n be tw ee n th e
la te r stage. Kees Camphuysen was one o f
kno t. This w a d in g bird was good fo r a
high carbon d io xid e levels and te m p e ra ­
th e seven in te rn a tio n a l experts w h o
nu m b e r o f m edia m om ents, a lth o u g h
tu re d u rin g th e Eocene; th e peak in th e
po in te d o u t th e enorm ous risks w h e n th e
her and release h e r to th e open sea at a
n o t a t all happy: In 'De Groene
C 02 levels was a b o u t 3000 ppm , com ­
o rig in o f th e anim al in question is
A m ste rd a m m e r', Theunis Piersma
pared to 'o n ly ' 390 ppm in today's w o rld .
un kn o w n to th e responsible M in istry o f
explained th a t o u r W adden Sea lacks b io ­
Clear in dica tion s w e re o b ta in e d th a t th e
Economic A ffa irs, A g ric u ltu re &
d iversity com pared to th e Banc d 'A rg u in
te m p e ra tu re rise fo llo w e d th e rise in C 02
Inn ovatio n. Orca's live in fa m ily groups
in M a u rita n ia , th e w in te rin g area o f
levels.
and a fe w examples have shown th a t th e
these birds. Sea grass-fields represent th e
AI lo t o f m edia a tte n tio n was also given
release fro m capture o f an anim al can
richest h a b ita t th e re , whereas th e y have
to an a rticle on th e increase o f b io d iv e r­
on ly be successful w h e n th e fa m ily
alm ost com p le te ly disappeared fro m
sity in th e w estern W adden Sea. Towards
groups lo catio n is k n o w n and th e anim al
'o u r' W adden Sea. But even th e Banque
th e end o f th e year, o u r biolo gists Jan
can be reconnected w ith its fam ily. This
'd A rg u in is n o t an ideal place, since th e
Beukema and Rob D ekker published a
led to a strong controversy w ith action
w in te rin g knots face th e d a ng er o f being
paper w h ich showed to th e surprise o f
groups plea din g f o r t h e release o f
caught by birds o f prey. Young birds are
many th a t th e b io d ive rsity o f th e be nthic
M org an in to th e w ild .
m ore a t risk th a n o ld e r ones, w h ich
in ve rte b ra te macro fau na o f th e in te r­
NIOZ also to o k im m e d ia te action w h en a
a p p a re n tly learn to avoid danger. A ll this
tid a l f la t 'B alg zan d' has increased over
nu m be r o f very sticky dead birds washed
was shown by PhD stu d e n t Piet van den
th e last 40 years. A m on g th e organism s
ashore in N o rth Holland. Kees
H out, w h o gra d u a te d in December. Few
th a t increased w e re in vad ing species
Camphuysen organ ized th e ir collection
people get th e h o n o u r to have a species
fro m o th e r continents, organism s th a t
and some o f th e g lu e -like m aterial w h ich
nam ed a fte rth e m . It has happened to
im m ig ra te d fro m th e areas south o f th e
had to ta lly d e te rio ra te d th e plum age o f
Theunis Piersma, and o f course it is a
N o rth Sea, and organism s th a t m oved to
th e dead birds was analysed by th e BGC
kno t: Calidris canutus piersm ai, w h ich
th e h ig h e r parts o f th e fla t fro m th e g u l­
la bo ratory; it proved to be poly-iso bu ty-
lives in Asia and A ustra lia . This was fe a ­
lies. However, typica l cold w a te r species
lene, very p ro b a b ly fro m a tan k-w ash by
tu re d in th e Dutch version o f th e
decreased.
a b u lk carrier. This com pound is indeed
ard to x ic o lo g y sheet and re g ulated under
regarded as q u ite harmless in th e stan d­
N a tion al G eographic M agazine in
Im m ediately adjacent to th e rich Banque
C om m ents o f NIOZ scientists on
e x te rn a l events
d 'A rg u in is th e Sahara and its dust
NIOZ scientists are increasingly sou gh t to
M a ritim e O rgan isa tion (A nnex-ll), b u t
fo rm e d a n o th e r h ig h lig h t. Dessert dust
give th e ir o p in io n on events in seas and
clearly th e possible consequences fo r sea­
September.
th e MARPOL tre a ty th e In te rn a tio n a l
research in an O ceanographic Institute?
oceans. By fa r th e largest event in 2010
birds are heavily un de restim ate d. Kees
Yes, because off-sh o re w in d s tra n s p o rt
was o f course th e explosion on th e o il-rig
Camphuysen explained in th e m edia and
th is dust to w a rd s th e A tla n tic Ocean
'Deep W a te r H o rizo n ' and th e large
d u rin g th e N o rth Sea days th a t th e occur­
w h e re it fin a lly settles on th e sea floo r.
b lo w -o u t in th e G u lf o f M exico in w hich
rences o f spills o f o th e r com pounds tha n
NIOZ te n u re tra ck g e o lo g ist Jan-Berend
close to 800 m illio n litres o f oil w ere
m ineral oil by shipp ing a p p e a rto
S tuut and his co-w orkers fo u n d th a t fo r
fin a lly spilt. NIOZ b io lo g is t Kees
increase and th a t w e still k n o w very little
many ages in th e past th e re is a clear
Camphuysen explained already sho rtly
a b o u t th e ir id e n tity.
inverse co rre la tio n betw een th e am ounts
a fte r th e explosion in th e 'V o lkskra n t',
o f dust b lo w n in to th e sea and h u m id ity
th a t th e consequences o f such disasters
In M ay and June, high-num bers o f je lly ­
on land. This suddenly stopped in th e
o fte n bear no (linear) re la tio n to th e
fish occurred along th e Dutch coast and
m id 19th century, w h e n th e am ounts o f
am ounts o f oil being spilt, b u t th a t th e
swim m ers w e re rep ea te dly stung by th e
dust increased even in re la tive ly w e t
na ture o f th e ecosystem also plays a main
compass je lly fish . Hans W itte and PhD
years. This coincided w ith th e in tro d u c ­
role. He was heavily criticized fo r th is
s tu d e n t L o de w ijk van W alraven com­
tio n o f colonial pe an ut crop, w h ich rap­
statem e nt in th e b e g in n in g , b u t to w a rd s
m ented on th is by s ta tin g th a t, indeed,
id ly exhausted th e soil, leaving u n fe rtile
th e end o f th e year he proved to be
num bers o f je lly fis h in th e NIOZ fik e
sand th a t was b lo w n to th e ocean easily.
largely rig h t, at least w h e re seabirds and
a p p e a rto increase. The reason f o r th is is
Jan-Berend fe a tu re d in an a rticle in th e
m arine mammals are concerned. The role
at present still u n kn o w n ; possible candi­
p o p u la r science m agazine 'H ypo th ese ' o f
o f bacteria th a t can degrade o il in th e
dates are heavy fish in g , clim ate-change
o u r um b rella o rg a n iz a tio n NWO and he
presence o f oxygen was h ig h lig h te d by
and, in case o f th e com b -jelly M nem iopsis
also appeared several tim es on TV and on
Corina Brussaard in th e p rim e -tim e TV
le id yi, im p o rt w ith ballast w ater.
th e radio.
news pro gra m 'Pauw & W itte m a n '.
Toge ther w ith th e ir colleagues fro m
In M arch, a to ta lly exhausted fem ale
U trech t U niversity and th e U niversity o f
ju v e n ile Orca nam ed M org an was caught
S ou tham p to n - o u r biogeochem ists Jaap
by people o f th e 'D o lfin a riu m
Sinninghe Damsté and Stefan Schouten
H a rd e rw ijk ' w ith th e in itia l idea to cure
105 Annual report 2010
Compass je lly fish; a plague fo r swimmers? Photo: Astra Ooms
106 Annual report 2010
© Simon Smit p h o to g ra p h y
BOARD AND SCIENCE COMMITTEE
Board
As per 31 Decem ber 2010, th e Board consisted o f th e fo llo w in g members:
prof.dr.ir. P. V ellin ga (chairm an)
W age ninge n U niversity and Research Centre
prof.dr. E.A. Koster
U trech t U niversity , Faculty o f Geosciences
prof.dr. J.T.M. Elzenga
CEES, G roning en U niversity
G.F.C. van de r Kamp
Naarden
ir. A. Lubbes
Fugro, Leidschendam
prof.dr. W.P.M. de R u ijter
IM AU, U trech t University
In th e re p o rt year 2010, Board and directors gathere d five tim es, on 21 January, 18 March, 20 May, 24 Septem ber and 25
November.
On b e h a lf o f th e general d ire c to r o f NWO, th e m eetings w e re a tte n d e d by mrs. P. Vogel (NWO-CPI).
The m inutes w e re made by mrs. C.S. B laauboer-de Jong.
Science Committee
The Science C o m m itte e advises th e Board and th e directors w ith regard to th e general scie ntific policy o f th e F oundation and th e
In stitu te , she evaluates p e rio d ica lly th e scie ntific pro gra m m e o f th e in stitu te .
As per 31 Decem ber 2010, th e Science C om m ittee consisted o f th e fo llo w in g members:
prof.dr. W.P.M. de R u ijte r (chairm an)
IM AU, U trech t University, The Netherlands
prof.dr. A. Boetius
MPI fo r M arine M icro bio lo gy, Bremen, G erm any
prof.dr. P. B urkill
Sir A lis ta ir Hardy F oundation fo r Ocean Sciences (SAHFOS), Plym outh,
U nited K ingdom
prof.dr. J.J. M id d e lb u rg
NIOO-KNAW CEME, Yerseke and U trech t University, The Netherlands
prof.dr. P. W eaver
NERC, S ou tham p to n, U n ited K ingdom
In 2010, th e Science C om m ittee gathered on Texel on 20 and 21 May.
O rg an o g ram
Managem ent A ssistant
Managem ent
-
Physical O ceanography
Data Management Group
Facility Managern e n t
Marine Geology
Library
mechanics, electronics, instruments
Nutrients Laboratory
j
Ship M anagem ent
Logistics
Marine Organic
Biogeochem istry
Pelagia, Navicula, Stern
Biological O ceanography
Molecular Biology Laboratory
Marine Ecology
108 Annual report 2010
Jo u rn a lo f Sea Research
j
PhD's
16%
Tenured Scientists
17%
Postdocs
10%
Scientific support
Services & Administration
1 A°L
NIOZ fo rm a tio n as percentage o f to ta l FTE's
(225,49 ) a t 31 December 2010. Total o f
employees was 251 (undergraduate students
n o t included)
Technical staff
9%
Staff list
Directors and Staff
Physical Oceanography
G onzalez S.R.
Lopes dos Santos R.A.F. MSc
Heip C.H.R. p ro f. dr.
A k e n FI.M. van dr.
G rove C. MSc
M e e r M.T.J. van d e r dr.
R id d e rin k h o f H. p ro f. dr.
Maas L.R.M. p ro f. dr.
Flaas FI. de dr.
M ets A.
K o n in g F.A. dr.
B roek I.R.P. van den
Flenry-Edwards A.G. dr.
M ö h lm a n n P.J.
K rä lin g e n P. van
B ruin T.F. de MSc
Kasper S. MSc
O g ie r J.J.
B la au boe r-de Jong C.S.
Eijgenraam F.
Löbl L. dr.
Ossebaar J.
Raad I. de
G erkem a T. dr.
M ie n is F. dr.
P an oto F.E.
G roeskam p S.
M u ld e r L.L. MSc
Peterse F. MSc
Finance, Control & Contracts
Fiaren J.J.M. van dr.
N a gteg aa l R. MSc
P itcher A .M . MSc
Vos T. MSc
F lazew inkel J. MSc
O o ije n J.C. van
Ram pen S.W. dr.
A rk e l M .A. van MSc
Fliehle M .A.
Schogt N.
Rush D.J. MSc
G ootjes J.P.
FHi 11e b ran d M.T.J.
S te in h a rd t J. MSc
R ijpstra W.I.C.
G ro o t S.P.
Flout C.M. van d e r MSc
S tig te r H.C. de dr.
Schoon PL. MSc
P lonkoop P.J.C. dr.
Jong M.F. de dr.
S tu u t J.B.W. dr.
S tad nitskaia A. dr.
Keijser A.
Koster R.X. de
T ja llin g ii R.FI. dr.
V illa n u e va A lv a re z L. dr.
K o o ijm a n -B ie rm a n s M.PI.M.
Louws R.J.
W e e rle e E.M. van
W illm o tt V. dr.
P olea cov-M ara ia la C.
N a uw -va n d e r V e g t J.J. dr.
W itte A.J.M .
Zeii C.I. MSc
Rotee Q.D.
N ie u w e n h u is J.
Z in ke J. dr.
Tuinen FI.A. van
O be r S.
W e rn a n d -G o d e e I.
R a b itti A. MSc
M arin e Organic
V e ldh uis M.J.W. dr.
S teur de L. dr.
Biogeochemistry
Baar FI.J.W. de p ro f. dr.
Fluman Resource
Hessen M .C.FI. dr.
Sinninghe Damsté J.S. pro f. dr.
B le ijs w ijk J.D.L. van dr.
M an ag em en t
U llg re n J.E. dr.
S chouten S. p ro f. dr.
Boer M.E. de MSc
V ooijs PC.
W age m aa kers F.F.M.
Baas M.
Brussaard C.P.D. dr.
Evers J.M.E.
W e rn a n d M.R.
Bale N.J. dr.
Calvo Diaz M .A. dr.
D a pp er R.
Z im m e rm a n J.T.F. p ro f. dr.
B lo k k e r J.
C ra w fu rd K.J. dr.
K uipT .
Biological Oceanography
Bom m el R. van
D o gg en PR.
M arin e Geology
Booij K. dr.
Duyl F.C. van dr.
G re in e rt J. p ro f. dr.
Castañeda I.S. dr.
Evans C. dr.
Comm unication & Public
B ru m m e r G.-J.A. p ro f. dr.
G ibson R.A. dr.
G arritsen -van A rn h e m E.M.C.
Relations
B akker K.M.J.
Flopmans E.C. dr.
G e rrin g a A.L. dr.
Boon J.P. dr.
B o e rW .
Jonge C. de MSc
Flegem an J.
Baars M .A. dr.
C ra yfo rd S.J.
K ienhuis M .V.M .
F loo gstraten A. MSc
Epping FI.G. dr.
Kim J.H. dr.
Jones E.M. dr.
Fallet U. MSc
Le ng ge r S.K. MSc
Jong de J.T.M.
M u ld e r-S ta rre v e ld J.P.
109 Annual report 2010
K lim iu k A .M . MSc
Flaastrecht E.K. van MSc
Derksen J.D.J.
K lu n d e r M.B. MSc
Floek J. van de r
M alscha ert FI.
K ik k e rt K.C.
K le in e M .D .M . de
K o o ijm a n K.
F lolth uijsen S.J.
M an sha nde n G.M.
Maas J.J.M.
Laan P.
F lon koo p P.J.C. dr.
N a u w R.A.
N ie b o e r A.L.
L am ers-R utkauskaite A.
Plorn J.F.T. te n
Lamy D.L.J. dr.
Ipe re n J. van
Library
Plug A.J.
P uijm an E.A.
Liebich V. MSc
Jansen E.J.
G rip p e lin g R.S.M.
Seepma J.
M a a t D.S. MSc
Jeffreys R. dr.
B ru in in g -d e P o rto M.E.
Star C.J. van der
M id d a g R. MSc
Koolhaas A.
P ron k L.L.C. dr.
M o jica K.D.A. MSc
K o u trik A. van
M ü lle r B. MSc
Lavaleye M.S.S. MSc
Editorial O ffice JSR
Vis P.C.A. van der
N o o rd e lo o s A .A .M .
L e h m p fu h l V.V. MSc
P h ilip p a rt C.J.M. dr.
Vorsselen W.S.F. van
N o o rt G.J. van
Leyrer J. MSc
W a tm o u g h T.
Vries H. de
O g ie r J.J.
L u ttik h u iz e n PC. dr.
O osterh uis S.S.
M e e r J. van d e r p ro f. dr.
M arin e Technology
Stevens C.T.
V e rm e u le n G.P.
Vries M.J. de
Peperzak L. dr.
M ig u e l S.M.
Sm it M.G. MSc
Emeritus Scientists
Poll W .H. van d e r dr.
M u ld e r M.
P o rto H.H. de
Baars M .A. dr.
R uardij P. MSc
N ie u w la n d G.
M a rin e T echn ology
Bak R.P.M. p ro f.d r.
R ijke n b e rg M.J.A. dr.
Nus T.M.C. van MSc
In s tru m e n ta tio n
Beukem a J.J. dr.
Salt L.A. MSc
O ever A. van den
Boekei H.J.
Cadée G.C. dr.
S choem ann V.F. dr.
O ud m a n T. MSc
B akker R.
Leeuw J.W. de p ro f. dr.
S lo oten C. van MSc
Piersma T. p ro f. dr.
H e e rw a a rd e n J. van
W o lf P. de dr.
Snoek J.
Segers J.L
K eijze r E.J.H.
Star I.M. van d e r MSc
Sm ith J.W.
M a rin e T echn ology
S te h o u w e r P.P.V. MSc
Spaans B. MSc
E lectronics
B ik M .H . MSc
Taha I.A.O. MSc
S te lw a g e n T.
G ro e n e w e g e n R.L.
C ardoso J. dr.
T h u ro czy C.E. MSc
T h ie ltg e s D.W. dr.
Asjes A.J.
C o rte D. De Msc
Tim m erm a ns K.R. dr.
V ézina F. dr.
C lude ray J.M.N.
Fuhr F. MSc
W itte H.J.
W a lra ve n L. van
Franken H.
G oeij P.J. de dr.
Yo ko kaw a T. dr.
W aser A. MSc
K oster B.
H allers-Tjabbes C.C. te n dr.
Z in ke J. dr.
W a tm o u g h T.
Laan M.
Jager C. de p ro f. dr.
Leote C. MSc
Guest scientists
W e e rle e E.M. van
M a rin e T echn ology
M arin e Ecology
W itb a a rd R. dr.
M e ch a n ica l
LokT. MSc
Veer H.W. van d e r dr.
W itte J.IJ.
S chilling J.
Santos S. MSc
P h ilip p a rt C.J.M. dr.
Zee E.M. van d e r MSc
B akker M.C.
Saraiva S.A. MSc
Blom J.J.
Vooys C.G.N. de dr.
A a rts G.M. dr.
A n d re se n H. MSc
Facility M an ag em en t
Boom L.
B erghuis E.M.
K rä lin g e n P. van
Gieles S.J.M.
B ergm an M.J.N. MSc
Berbée-Bossen J.
G risnich PW.
Bij level d A.I. MSc.
Boks-Visser FI.
Visser J.D. de
B ol-den H e ije r A.C.
Bonne E.
W itte Y.
B rug ge M.C.
D a a ld e r R.M.
W uis L.M.
C am phuijsen C.J.
D apper-M aas M .A.
Daan R. dr.
G ro o t S.P.
Ship M an ag em en t and
D a p p e r R.
Pleerschap J.H.
Logistics
D e kin g a A. MSc
H ille b ra n d -K ik k e rt A.
Buism an T.C.J.
D e kke r R. MSc
Lakem an R.
A d ria a n s E.J.
D id e rich W.P. MSc
Sleutel A.
A lk e m a PR.
D re n t J. dr.
Trap B.
B u rkh a rd I.
D u in e ve ld G.C. MSc
W itte R.J.C.
Boon W.J.
D uijns S. MSc
Dresken J.T.
F ouw J. de MSc
Inform ation and
Ellen J.C.
G alam a Y.K.
Presentation Centre
F ra n k fo rt M.
Geest M. van d e r MSc
Pool W.G. dr.
Haaren J. van
Gils J.A. van dr.
A g g e n b a c h R.P.D.
H eide R. van d e r
G ro n d K. MSc.
B a rte n -K rijg sm a n N.
J ou rda n M.T.
110 Annual report 2010
Financial report
Financial Report
Tjerk Vos*
A ll am ounts should be m u ltip lie d by € 1000 and are rou nd ed to th e next € 1000.
N egative am ounts are given in brackets.
Balance sheet
all amounts x € 1.000
ASSETS
3 1 -1 2 -2 0 1 0
3 1 -1 2 -2 0 0 9
Fixed assets
Intangible fixed assets
Tangible fixed assets
LIABILITIES
3 1 -1 2 -2 0 1 0
3 1 -1 2 -2 0 0 9
0
0
Capital and reserves
0
1
37,267
32,646
Foundation capital
Free reserve
(4,681)
(5,168)
Designated reserve
6,847
6,076
Special reserve fund
32,542
28,959
34,708
29,867
Provisions
1,266
2,036
37,267
32,646
39
82
Rece iva b le s
9,689
5,509
Long term debts
1,846
1,996
Cash and cash equivalents
1,245
4,602
Short term debts
10,421
8,941
10,974
10,193
13,533
12,973
Current assets
Stocks
Total assets
4 8 ,2 4 1
4 2 ,8 3 9
Total liabilities
4 8 ,2 4 1
4 2 ,8 3 9
‘ Corresponding author: tje rk .vos@nioz.
112 Annual report 2010
P ro fit and Loss account
all a m o u n ts x € 1.000
r
w
2 0 1 0
actual
r
2010
budget
2009
actual
P ro fit
G rants
NWO basic fu n d in g
NWO in v e s tm e n t fun din g
NWO a d d itio n a l fu n d in g
P ro je ct-b a se d e x te rn a l fu n d in g
11 ,426
6,1 75
1,630
10,860
11 ,666
2,134
1,430
9,0 10
11 ,626
1,855
1,370
8,681
T o ta l gra nts
30,091
2 4 ,240
23 ,531
589
408
15
350
92
75
442
65
1,012
517
508
O th e r o p e ra tin g income
A vailable p ro visio ns
In te re s ts received
T o ta l o th e r income
Total p ro fit
3 1 ,1 0 3
2 4 ,7 5 7
2 4 ,0 3 9
Costs
P erso nn el costs
O th e r o p e ra tin g costs
D e pre ciatio n
A lloca tion p ro visio n s
In te r e s t paid
13 ,717
6,692
4,2 6 0
105
66
15,924
5,725
4,2 8 4
60
71
13,031
6,189
3,799
876
67
T o ta l costs
24 ,840
26 ,064
23 ,962
Financial costs
Change p ro je c t liabilitie s
S u b to ta l
Total costs
1,422
1,422
2 6 ,2 6 2
(7 7 0 )
(7 7 0 )
2 5 ,2 9 4
O p e ra tin g re su lt
4 ,8 4 1
(5 3 7 )
P rofit a p p ro p ria tio n
(4 ,3 5 4 )
1,279
487
742
Result a fte r p ro fit ap p ro p ria tio n
113 Annual report 2010
(1 ,5 0 0 )
(1 ,5 0 0 )
2 2 ,4 6 1
1 ,5 7 8
(3 6 1 )
1 ,2 1 7
Cashflow Statem ent
all am ounts x € 1.000
2009
2010
O p e r a tin g c a s h f lo w
Balance income and expenses
4,841
1,578
4,260
(770)
3,490
3,799
533
4,332
(4,180)
43
1,480
(1,661)
(3)
170
(2,658)
(1,494)
5,673
4,416
A d ju s t m e n t s
Depreciation
M ovem ent provision
M o v in g w o r k in g c a p ita l
Receivables
Stocks
Short te rm liabilities
5,673
M o v in g w o r k in g c a p ita l
Receivables
Stocks
Short term liabilities
In ve stm e n ts intangible fixed assets
In ve stm e n ts tangible fixed assets
Drop in investm ents
In vestm en t cashflow
0
(9,070)
190
4,416
0
(5,434)
2
(8,880)
(5,432)
F in a n c in g c a s h f lo w
Redem ption m ortgage
Finance cashflow
(149)
(145)
(149)
(145)
Total cashflow
(3,357)
(1,162)
Cash balance as a t January 1
Total cashflow
Cash balance as at December 31
4,602
(3,357)
5,764
(1,162)
1 ,2 4 5
4 ,6 0 2
114 Annual report 2010