Figure 7. -- Key to climax series, habitat types, and phases.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST!
phase description that fits the stand is the correct
one. )
Use this key for stands wi th a mature tree canopy
that are not severely disturbed by grazing, logging,
forest fire, etc.
(If the stand is severely disturbed
or in an early successional stage, the habitat type
can best be determined by extrapolating from the nearest mature Stand occupying a simi lar site.)
6.
Use the definitions diagramed below for canopy coverage terms in the key. I f you have difficulty deciding between types, refer to constancy and coverage
data (appendix c-1) and the habi tat type descriptions.
2.
Accurate ly identi fy and record canopy coverages for
all indicator species (appendix F).
7.
3.
Check plot data in the field to
verify that the plot is representative of the stand as a whole. If
not, take another plot.
In stands where undergrowth is obviously depauperate
(unusually sparse) because of dense shading or duff
accumulations, adjust the above definitions to the
next lower coverage class (e.g., well represented >1%,
8.
Remember, the key is NOT the classification! Validate
the determination made using the key by checking the
written description.
1.
4.
Identify the correct potential
climax tree species in the SERIES
key.
(Generally, a tree species
is considered reproducing successfully if 10 or more individuals per acre occupy or will
occupy the si te.)
5.
Wi thin the appropriate series,
key to HABITAT TYPE by following
the key literally. Determine
PHASE by matching the stand condi tions with the phase descriptions for the type.
(The first
common >0%).
KEY TO CLIMAX SERIES
(DO NOT PROCEED UNTIL YOU HAVE READ THE INSTRUCTIONS!)
1.
1.
Habitats on steep slopes (300)composed primarily of unstable
fine rock; undergrowth sparse, poorly developed and quite variable.
Habitats on sites with some soil development and stability;
undergrowth rather well developed and somewhat uniform . . .
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
7.
9.
Abies grandis present and reproducing more successfully than
Abies TiiSl:OCarpa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abies grandis not the indicated climax . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
PICEA SERIES (item D)
7
PINUS FLEXILIS SERIES (item A)
8
PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII SERIES (item C)
Pseudotsuga menziesii present and reproducing successfully.
Pseudotsuga menziesii not the indicated climax . . . . . . .
9
Pure Pinus contort a stands, with 1 itt Ie evidence as to potential
climax.-:-.-.-.-..................... .
Pinus contort a absent; Pinus ponderosa the indicated cl imax . . .
PINUS CONTORTA SERIES (item H)
PINUS PONDEROSA SERIES (item B)
Key to Pinus flexilis Habitat Types
Festuca idahoensis well represented or F. scabrella common.
--a. Festuca scabrella common.-. -.-.-.-.... .
b. F. scabrella scarce . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. idahoens is poorly represented and.!:.. scabrella scarce.
2.
2.
ABIES LASIOCARPA SERIES (item I)
6
Picea present and reproducing successfully. . .
Picea not the indicated climax . . . . . . . . .
A.
1.
ABIES GRANDIS SERIES (item E)
5
Pinus flexilis a successfully reproducing dominant; often sharing that
status with Pseudotsuga . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..... .
Pinus flexilis absent or clearly seral. . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.
8.
9.
THUJA PLICATA SERIES (item F)
4
Abies lasiocarpa, Tsuga mertensiana, or Larix lyallii present and
reproducing successfully, or Pinus al bicaul is the dominant tree
Not as above . . . . . . . . . - .-.-. . . . . . .
6.
6.
7.
TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA SERIES (item G)
3
Tsuga heterophylla present and reproducing successfully
Tsuga heterophylla not the indicated climax . .
Thuja plicata present and reproducing successfully . . . . .
Thuja plicata not the indicated climax . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
5.
SCREE (p. 121)
Agropyron spicatum well represented . . . . . . . .
12. spicatum poorly represented; Juniperus communis
(or ;!. horizontalis) well represented . . -.-.-.-.-.
PINUS FLEXILIS/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS h.t. (p. 25)
FESTUCA SCABRELLA phase
. . . . FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS phase
2
PINUS. FLEXILIS/ AGROPYRON SPICATUM h. t. (p.
24)
.PINUS FLEXILIS/JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS h.t. (p. 26)
PUBLISHED AS PART OF "FOREST HABITAT TYPES OF r-DNTANA" - INT 1977
B.
].
].
PINUS PONDEROSA/PRUNUS YIRGINIANA h.t. (p. 34)
SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS phase
PRlfNUS YIRGINIANA phase
2.
PINUS PONDEROSA/SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS h. t. (p. 33)
BERBERIS REPENS phase
SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS phase
2.
3.
3.
Symphoricarpos al bus we 11 represented
a. Berberis repens common
b.
Berberis scarce . "
..
~. albus poorly represented
. . . . .
·Purshia tridentata well represented . . .
..
. ......... .
a. Festuca idahoensis well represented or F. scabrella common
b. I. idahoensis poorly represented and F. -scabrella scarce
Purshia poorly represented . . . . . . . . . . . . -:- . - .-.-.-.-.
PINUS PONDEROSA/PURSHIA TRIDENTATA h. t. (p. 32)
FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS phase
AGROPYRON SPICATU~l phase
4.
PINUS PONDEROSA/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS h.t.(p. 31)
FESTUCA SCABRELLA phase
FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS phase
4.
5.
5.
Key to Pinus ponderosa !labi tat Types
Prunus virginiana well represented; only in southeastern Montana
a. Shepherdia canadensis well represented
b. Shepherdia poorly represented
f.. virginiana poorly represented . . . . .
Festuca idahoensis well represented or F. scabrella common
a. Festuca scabrella common . . -:- . - .-.-.-.-. . .
b.
F. scabrella scarce . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. idahoensis poorly represented and £.. scabrella scarce .
!-gropyron spicatum well represented . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~. spicatum poorly represented; Andropogon spp. well represented
C.
PINUS PONDEROSA/AGROPYRON SPICATUM h.t. (p. 30)
PINUS PONDEROSA/ ANDROPOGON h. t. (p. 30)
Key to Pseudotsuga menziesi i Habi tat Types
1. Yaccinium caespi tosum present . . . .
1 . .'::.. caespi tosum absent . . . . . . . .
2. Physocarpus malvaceus or lIolodiscus discolor well represented
a. Calamagrostis rubescens and/or Carex geyeri are the
dominant undergrowth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Physocarpus and/or Holodiscus dominate the undergrowth.
2. Physocarpus and Holodiscus poorly represented
3. Linnaea borealis common . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - - a.symphoricarpos albus well represented
b. Yaccinium globulare well represented
c. Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Linnaea scarce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Yaccinium globulare or XerophYllum ~ well represented
a. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Pinus pcnderosa common
b. Xerophyllum common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Yaccinium globulare and Xerophyllum tenax poorly represented
5. Symphoricarpos albus well represented . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Bunchgrasses well represented in old-growth stands
b. Calamagrostis rubescens well represented
c. Not as above . . . . . . . . .
5. ~. albus poorly represented . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Calamagrostis rubescens well represented . . . . . .
a. Bunchgrasses well represented in old-growth stands
b. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi common; sites capable of
supporting Pinus ponderosa and not too dry for
Pinus contorta (or Larix occidentalis)
c. Pinus ponderosa common
d. Not as above . . . . .
6. C. rubescens poorly represented
7. Carex geyeri we 11 represented .
7. f. geyeri poorly represented .
8. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi welJ represented and Pinus ponderosa
present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Arctostaphylos poorly represented or stands above elevational
limi ts of Pinus ponderosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Juniperus communis (or {. horizontal is) dominates the undergrowth
9. :!.. communis not the dominant undergrowth plant
10. Spiraea betulifolia well represented . . . . .
10. ~. betulifolia poorly represented . . . . . .
PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII/YACCINIUM CAESPITOSUM h.t.(p. 39)
2
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/PHYSOCARPUS MALYACEUS h. t. (p. 41)
CALAMAGROSTIS RUBESCENS phase
PHYSOCARPUS MALVACEUS phase
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/LINNAEA BOREALIS h. t. (p. 44)
SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS phase
YACCINIUM GLOBULARE phase
CALA}1AGROSTIS RUBESCENS phase
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/VACCINIUM GLOBULARE h.t.(p. 43)
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UYA-URSI phase
XEROPHYLLUM TEN AX phase
YACCINIUM GLOBULARE phase
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS h.t.(p. 45)
AGROPYRON SPICATUM phase
CALAMA(;ROSTIS RUBESCENS phase
SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS phase
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/CALAMAGROSTIS RUBESCENS h.t. (p. 47)
AGROPYRON SPICATUM phase
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UYA-URSI phase
PINUS PONDEROSA phase
CALAMAGROSTIS RUBESCENS phase
PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII/CAREX GEYERI h.t.(p. 51)
8
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UYA-URSI h. t. (p. 52)
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS h.t. (p. 53)
10
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/SPIRAEA BETULIFOLIA h.t. (p. 52)
11
11. Arnica cordifolia or Antennaria racemosa the dominant undergrowth
11. ~difolia and ~. ~ not the dominant undergrowth
PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII/ARNICA CORDIFOLIA h.t. (p. 54)
12
12. Festuca scabre lla common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. £.. scabrella scarce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/FESTUCA SCABRELLA h. t. (p. 38)
13
13. Symphoricarpos oreophilus well represented and Festuca idahoensis
scarce . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
13. Not as aoove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
14. Festuca idahoensis common; Pinus ponderosa scarce . •
14. ~O~llY scarce; Agropyron spicatum well
represented; Pinus ponderosa usually common . . . . .
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/SYMPHORICARPOS OREOPHILUS h.t.(p. 55)
14
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS h. t. (p. 38)
PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII/AGROPYRON SPICATUM h.t.(p. 37)
D.
Key to Picea Babi tat Types
PICEA/EQUISETU~1
1. Equiseturn spp. abundant . . .
Equiseturn spp. not abundant .
2. Clintonia uniflora, Comus canadensis, or Aralia nudicaulis
present (si tes in northwestern Montana).
a. Vaccinium caespi tosum present
b. Y... caespi tosurn absent . . .
2. Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . .
PICEA/CLINTONIA UNIFLORA h. t. (p. 59)
.
VACCINIU~1 CAESPITOSUM phase
. . . . CLINTONIA UNI FLORA phase
3
3. Physocarpus malvaceus well represented
3. Physocarpus poorly represented . . . .
PICEA/PHYSOCARPUS
4
4. Two of these moist-site forbs present: Galiurn triflorum,
Streptopus amplexifolius, Actaea rubra -.- - - - - 4. Not as above . . . . . . .
h.t. (p. 61)
PICEA/VACCINIUM CAESPITOSUM h.t. (p. 62)
6
PICEA/LINNAEA BOREALIS h.t.(p. 64)
6. Linnaea borealis common .
6. Linnaea scarce. . . . . .
7
7. Smilacina ste11ata or Thalictrurn occidentale present
7. Not as above; Senecio streptanthi fo lius present; undergrowth
depauperate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
......
a. Pseudotsuga menziesii common..
......
b. Pseudotsuga scarce (stands above its elevational limits)
E.
PICEA/SENECIO STREPTANTHIFOLIUS h. t. (p. 63)
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII phase
PICEA phase
. . . .
ABIES GRANDIS/CLINTONIA UNIFLORA h. t. (p. 67)
ARALIA NUDICAULIS phase
XEROPHYLLUM TENAX phase
CLINTONIA UNI FLORA phase
borealis common . . . . . . . . . .
xer<ijiilYllurn tenax well represented
Xerophyllurn poorly represented
scarce; Xerophy11urn common . . . .
F. & G.
PICEA/SMILACINA STELLATA h.t. (p. 65)
Key to Abies grandis Habitat Types
1. Clintonia uniflora present . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - - - a . Aralia nudicaulis, Gymnocarpiurn dryopteris,
Athyrium filix- femina common . . .
b. xer<ijiilYlliliii"tenax well represented
c. Not as above .
1. Clintonia absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABIES GRANDIS/LINNAEA BOREALIS h. t. (p. 69)
XEROPHYLLUM TENAX phase
LINNAEA BOREALIS phase
ABIES GRANDIS/XEROPHYLLUM TENAX h. t. (p. 69)
Key to Thuja and Tsuga heterophylla Habi tat Types
1. Oplopanax horridum well represented
1. Oplopanax poorly represented . . . . . .
THUJA PLICATA/OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM h. t. (p. 73)
2
TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA/CLINTONIA UNIFLORA h. t. (p. 74)
2. Tsuga heterophylla present and reproducing successfully
a. Aralia nudicaulis, Gymnocarpiurn dryopteris, or
Athyri urn fil ix- femina commOn . . . . . . . . .
b. Not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Tsuga heterophylla absent or not reproducing successfully
a. Aralia nudicaulis, Gymnocarpiurn dryopteris, or
Athyriurn filix-femina common
b. Menziesia"""""feTrugrnea-common
Not as above • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H.
ARALIA NUDICAULIS phase
CLINTONIA UNIFLORA phase
THUJA PLICATA/CLINTONIA UNIFLORA h. t. (p. 71)
ARALIA NUDICAULIS phase
MENZIESIA FERRUGINEA phase
CLINTONIA UNIFLORA phase
Key for Pinus contorta Communi ties
1. Clintonia uniflora present . . . . . . . .
1. Clintonia absent.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Two of these moist-site forbs present: Galium triflorum,
Actaea rubra, Streptopus amplexifolius - - - - - 2. Not as above . . . . . . • • . . . . .
3. Calamagrostis canadensis well represented
3. f. canadensis poorly represented
4. Vaccinium caespi tosum present
4. Y... caespi tosum absent
5. Linnaea borealis common
5. Linnaea
~1ALVACEUS
PICEA/GALIUM TRIFLORUM h. t. (p. 62)
5
5. Vacciniurn caespi tosurn present
5. Y... caespi tosum absent . . .
2. Linnaea
--a-.
b.
2. Linnaea
ARVENSE h. t. (p. 58)
2
. .
scarce-:- . . . . . .
6. Xerophyllum tenax common
6. Xerophyllurn scarce . . .
7. Vaccinium globulare well represented
7. Y... globulare poorly represented . .
8. Vaccinium scoparium well represented
8. Y... scopariurn poorly represented . . .
9. Calamagrostis rubescens well represented
9. f. rubescens poorly represented
10. Carex geyeri well represented
f.. geyeri poorly represented
10.
11. Juniperus communis (or L horizontalis) the maj or undergrowth
11. Not as above; Purshia t.ridentata present . . . . . . . • . . .
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CLINTONIA UNIFLORA h. t. (p. 82)
2
ABIES LASIOCARPA/GALIUM TRIFLORUM h. t. (p. 86)
3
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS h.t. (p. 88)
4
PINUS CONTORTA/VACCINIUM CAESPITOSUM comm. type(p. 118)
5
PINUS CONTORTA/LINNAEA BOREALIS comm. type (p. 119)
6
ABIES LASIOCARPA/XEROPHYLLUM TENAX h.t. (p. 94)
7
ABIES LASIOCARPA/VACCINIUM GLOBULARE h. t. (p. 97)
8
PINUS CONTORTA/VACCINIUM SCOPARIUM comm. type (p. 119)
9
PINUS CONTORTA/CALAMAGROSTIS RUBESCENS comm. type(p. 120)
10
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CAREX GEYER I h. t. (p. 105)
11
PSEUOOTSUGA MENZIESII/JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS h.t. (p. 53)
PINUS CONTORTA/PURSHIA TRIDENTATA h.t.(p. 117)
Key to Abies lasiocarpa Hahitat Types
I _
A_
Sites at or above the cold Limits of Pseudotsuga anJ
also meeting one of the following cri~
(a) Pinus albicaulis well represented;
(b) Luzula hitchcockii present;
(c)
Ribes montigenum prescnt:
A_
~~ot
(d)
Stands~timbcrlinc
UPPER SUBALPINE AND TI~IBERLINE h. t. s.
17
as above
LOWER SUBALPINE h. t. s.
1_
1_
ABIES LASIOCARPA/OPLOPANAX HORRIDU~1 h.t.
Oplopanax horridum well represented_
Q£.~opanax poorly represented
2_
Clintonia uniflora present
- - - a_ Aralia nudicaulis. Gymnocarpium dryopteris.
or Athvrium filix-femina common
b _ ~lenzie~ia ferruginea well represented
Vaccinium caespitosum or Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi common
d _ Xerophyllum tenax well represented
e. Not as above.
2 _ (1 intonia absent
3_
3_
4.
4_
S.
6_
6.
8_
Calamagrostis canadensis. Senecio triangularis. or
Ledum glandulosum well represented
a. Galium triflorum or Actaea rubra present_
b. Vaccinium caespitosum prese~
c _ Not as abo-ve-.- - f.- canadensis. ~. triangularis. and Ledum poorly
represented
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CALN.IAGROSTlS CANADENSIS h.t. (p. 88)
GALIUH TRIFLORlJl.l phase
VACCINIUM CAESPITOSU~1 phase
CALAl-IAGROSTIS CANADENSIS phase
ABIES LASIOCARPA/GALIUM TRIFLORUM h.t. (p. 86)
7
7.
7.
ABIES LASIOCARPA/VACCINIU~1 CAESPITOSll~1 h. t. (p. 87)
8
Vaccinium caespi tosum present.
~. caespitosum absent_
Linnaea borealis common
c. Not as above_ .
Linnaea scarce . .
II
12
b_
Vaccinium globulare poorly represented
and ~. scoparium abundant
Not as above.
12.
Vaccinium globulare well represented
12.
~ ... globulare poorly represented.
13_
13.
TSUGA HERTENSIA.'IA/XEROPHYLLlJI.l TENAX h. t. (p. 97)
ABIES LASlOCARPA/XEROPHYLLlJl4 TENAX h.t. (p. 94)
~ mertensiana well represented.
~ mertensiana poorly represented
a_
.
Vac.cinium scoparium (including}{. myrtillus) well
represented . . _
Calamagrostis rubescens common and
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi or Berberis repens
present _
b. Thalictrum occidentale corronon or
Viola orbiculata or Valeriana sitchensis
present .
c. Not as above.
~. scoparium poorly represented_
Clematis pseudoalpina (including ~. tenuiloba) present
14.
f:
or Pinus flexilis corronon.
VACCINIWI SCOPARIU~1 phase
· VACCINIUM GLOBULARE phase
ABIES LASlOCARPA/VACCINIUM GLOBULARE h. t. (p. 97)
13
. .
14.
ABIES LASlOCARPA/VACCINJUM SCOPARIlIM h.t. (p. 98)
· CALAl-IAGROSTIS RUBESCENS phase
· THALICTRur,1 OCCIDENTALE phase
VACCINIUfl SCOPARIUM phase
14
(Sites usually on calcareous
substrate-s.-)- -
15.
15.
ABIES LASIOCARPA/LINNAEA BOREALIS h. t. (p. 90)
XEROPHYLLlJr-l TENAX phase
VACCINIUtf SCOPARIlJt.l phase
LINNAEA BOREALIS phase
ABIES LASIOCARPA/ ALNUS SINUATA h. t. (p. 100)
10
Alnus sinuata well represented
~. sinuata poorly represented
Xerophyllum tenax conunon
Xerophyllum scarce . .
11.
11.
16.
VACCINIU'1 CAESPITOSUn phase
XEROPHYLLUn TENAX phase
CLI'ITONIA lINIFLORA phase
3
Two of these moist-site forbs present: Galium triflorum.
Actaea rUbra, Streptopus amplexifolius - - - - Not as above
9_
9.
10.
10.
ARALIA NUDICAULIS phase
~IENZIESIA FERRUGI~IEA phase
TSUGA ~fERTENSIN,A/nENZIESIA FERRUGPIEA h. t. (p. 94)
ABIES LASIOCARPA/'IENZIESIA FERRUGINEA h.t. (p. 92)
- - ~erophyllum tenax well represented.
b _ Vaccinium scoparium well represented.
8.
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CLINTONIA UNIFLORA h. t. (p. 82)
Menziesia ferruginea well represented_
Menziesia poorly represented
~ mertensiana well represented.
~ mertensiana poorly represented
5_
.
pseudoalpina absent and Pinus flexilis scarce.
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CLEt,fATIS PSEUDOALPINA h. t. (p. 102)
15
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CALAHAGROSTIS RUBESCENS h.t. (p. 101)
16
Calamagrostis rubescens well represented.
rubescens poorly represented_
.f.-
Carex geyeri well represented under well-developed forest
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CAREX GEYERI h.t. (p. 105)
canopies .
Pseudotsuga well represented; Carex geyeri
- sharing dominance in the undergrowth with
forbs such as Thalictrum. . . . .
. .
b. Pseudotsuga poorly represented; undergrowth
16.
PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII phase
CAREX GEYERI phase
ABIES LASIOCARPA/ ARNICA CORDIFOLIA h. t. (p. 103)
dominated by ~. geyeri alone.
~. geyeri poorly represented .
17.
Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii scarce and
Pinus albicaulis the indicated climax . .
17.
NOtas~
PINUS ALBICAULIS h.t.s. (p. 114)
18
18_
Timberline habitats; Abies lasiocarpa stunted;
Pinus contort a and Menziesia ferruginea absent
19
18.
Forest habitat;;; Abies lasiocarpa tall
SO feet or more at maturity)
20
19.
19.
20.
(generally
LARIX LYALLII-ABIES LASIOCARPA h.t.s. (p. 112)
PINUS ALBICAULIS-ABIES LASIOCARPA h.t.s (p. Ill)
Larix lya11ii present.
Larix lya11ii absent . .
Calamagrost is canadensis. Senecio triangularis, or
ABIES LASIOCARPA/CALAl-IAGROSTIS CANADENSIS h. t. (p. 88]
Ledum glandulosum well represented . . . .
20.
(p. 81)
C. canadensis, S. triangularis, and Ledum
poorly represented
21.
21.
.
. .-.-.-.
.
. . .
Luzula hi tchcockii present or Menziesia ferruginea
well represented . . _ . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . ~. hitchcockii absent and Menziesia poorly represented
22.
Tsuga mertensiana well represented . .
22.
- - ~nziesia
b. Menziesia
~ mertensiana poorly
a_ Menziesia
b. Menziesia
ferruginea well presented.
poorly represented . . .
represented . . . ferrUginea well represented
poorly represented . . .
23.
Vaccinium scoparium (including ~. myrti11us)
Carex geyeri well represented
. . . . . . .
23.
Not as above; Ribes montigenum present . . .
21
22
23
TSUGA MERTENSIAl-IA/LUZULA HITCHCOCKII h. t. (p. 110]
MENZIESIA FERRUGINEA phase
VACCINIUM SCOPARIlJI.l phase
ABIES LASIOCARPA/LUZULA HITCHCOCKII h. t. (p. 108)
HENZIESIA FERRUGINEA phase
. VACCINIUM SCOPARIlJI.f phase
ABIES LASIOCARPA-PINUS ALBICAULIS/VACCINIUM SCOPARIU~l
h. t. (p. 107j
ABIES LASIOCARPA/RIBES MONTIGENUM h.t. (p. 106)