"
This report not to be cited without prior reference to the Council*
International Council for the
Exploration of the Sea
C.M. 1993/F:6
Mariculture Committee
Ref.: E
Progress Report of the Working Group on
"Environmental Interaction of Mariculture"
•
prepared by
Harald Rosenthai
Abteilung Fischereibiologie
Institut für Meerekunde
Universität Kiel
Federal Republic of Germany
•
This document is areport of a Working Group of the International Council for the
Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council.
Therefore, it should not be quoted without consultation with the General Secretary
*Address
ICES, General Secretary
Palregade 2-4
DK-1261 Copenhagen K
np.nm~rk
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- - - - - - - - - -
2
Introduction
The Working Group continued to work by correspondence during the 1992/1993 intersessional period. A sub-group (with membership of Rosenthai, Gowen, Black, Davies,
and Alderman) met in November in Hamburg at the time of the EC Fish-Farm Effluent
Workshop to review progress of the Working Group.
Because of the largely fulfilled tasks of the "Working Group on Environmental Impact of
Mariculture "the Working Group proposed to the parent Committee at the 1992 Statutory
meeting to adjust the objectives of the WG in order to reflect the new direction of
maricultures environmental issues related to mariculture. This also requires a name
change for the group. The proposed name would be the "Working Group on Environmental Interactions of Mariculture" which would broaden the present mandate of the
Group to address the interactions between mariculture and other uses of coastal marine
resources. It would also provide advice on new strategies for site selection as weil as
improved approaches for criteria development and systems for monitoring and reporting.
The Committee endorsed this proposal.
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The new Terms Of Reference
The proposal was adopted by the Council under Council ResolutionC.R.1992/2:45 which
reads as folIows:
The Working Group on Environmental Impact of Mariculture will be renamed the Working
Group on Environmental Interactions of Mariculture to reflect a broadened interaction of
mariculture with other human activities in coastal areas with extended terms of reference
including:
a) developing cirteria and a standard system of monitoring and reporting;
b) delineating the scope and nature of environmental interactions between mariculture
and other uses of coastal marine resources;
c) providing advice on approaches in such areas as improved site selection and through
advances in husbandryy to minimize conflicts between mariculture and other coastal
zone activities;
d) reviewing and evaluating national monitoring programmes and preparing regular
status reports on the impact of mariculture within ICES.
The Working Group will work by correspondence in 1993, with a view to meeting in 1994
to:
a) update the cataloque of ongoing research programmes on environmental interaction
issues related to mariculture;
b) examine biological interactions between types of mariculture and other coastal zone
issues;
c) identify major long-term research priorities, particularly in the subject area of resolving
conflicts in use of the marine environment;
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3
d) assemble and compile, intersessionally, information on ongoing monitoring programmes in each country related to the assessment of the impacts and interactions of
mariculture, with a view to its publication in the ICES Cooperative Research Report
series;
e) evaluate the potential environmental effects of new mariculture systems in ICES
Member Countries;
. f) assemble and comment on the evidence for the interaction of complexed andl particlebound contaminants (e.g. antibiotics, antifoulants, parasiticides) from fish farms with
marine flora and fauna, and the significance of these interactions with marine
ecosystems;
g) prepare guidelines on the ecotoxicological information necessary to permit assessment of the relative environmental impacts of the therapeutants.
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Intersessional Activities of Working Group Members
Workshop on Fish farm effluents and their regulation in EC countries
Several members of the ICES Working Group were involved in the organisation of this
workshop and participated with a number of specific contributions which were closely
related to the new terms of reference of the WG. The recommendations prepared during
panel and drafting sessions by various sub-groups and conclusions drawn from position
papers contributed by various organisations and individual participants can be
summarized as folIows:
Recommendations
1. The EC should develop a framework within which member states would be called
upon to prepare coastal zone management plans.
•
2. The EC should encourage member states to formulate comprehensive water resources management policies that address all activities that may have adetrimental
effect on coastal water flow and quality.
3. That the EC should review methods for the ecological assessment of wastes
discharged to the coastal zone with a view to recommending criteria for such
assessments.
4. The EC should recommend analytical methods for critical variables in ecological
assessments and monitoring, and prepare appropriate certified reference materials
through the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). Intercomparison exercises
should be organised involving key laboratories.
5. That member states be encouraged to prepare coastal zone management plans
initially concentrating on areas where conficts between potential users may occur.
6. In order that the discharge of effluents from aquacu/ture operations is properly controlled, weil defined regional plans should be prepared at national level to ensure
the equitable use of the aquatic resource.
4
7. Member states should be encouraged to make greater use of the EG Directive on
Enviranmental Impact Assessment (85/337/EEC) in deriving ecologicalassessments of fish farming development praposals. This may require member states to
revise their interpretation of the Directive such that a greater proportion of proposals
are subjected to EA.
8. Assessment of the capacity of individual sites should be undertaken by individual
states. The EC should seek to harmonise procedures for assessing the ecological
'
impact of aquacultue wastes among EC nations.
9. Methods should be developed for monitoring the impact of the use of therapeutants
in mariculture on the ecosystem. The Workshop supported moves within the EC
towards harmonisation of the Iicensing veterinary medicines.
10. It is recommended that the EG arrange for the organisation of a symposium at which
the capabilities and potentials of the range of models for predicting the effects of fish
farm effluent on the environment. and the ability of the environment to accommodate
these effects, which are presently available or under development may be
compared and contrasted, with a view to sharing experience, and more effectively
directing research eftort.
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12. It is recommended that comparative studies on environmentallegislation governing
aquaculture such as the ongoing EIFAC survey being carriet out by the FAO Legal
Office, should be further supported and encouraged for the purpose of coastal
aquaculture including shellfish farming.
Priority Research Needs
1.
The development and validation of models for:
a) predicting the scale of impacts associated with aquaculture waste.
b) predicting the capacity of water bodies to assimilate anthropogenie inputs.
2.
The development of cost-effeetive instrumentation and techniqges for the assessment and monitoring of the effects of ehemicals used in fish farming and the impacts
of fish fsarm waste on the ecosystem.
3.
The continuation of work to develop improved teehniques for disease prevention
and contral leading to reduced requirements for therapeutic chemicals.
A detailed report on the outcome of the Workshop is presented in paper GM 1993/F: 13
"Aquaculture and environmental regulations in EC countries (a report on the outcome of
a Workshop held in Hamburg 23-25 November 1992).
Withdrawal times for certain drugs in same leES member states
The European Association of Fish Pathologists issued and circulated a questionnaire on
the use of drugs in fish and shellfish. It is claimed that previous questionnaires undertaken by other organisations have largely addressed governmental authorities which
have not necessarily been weil informed on fish. and shellfish-specific details. The
results of the response have recently been made available (see reference Anonymus
1992). The data obtained relate also to the withdrawal periods required in various states
for certain chemicals. Those relevant to the ICES area are summarized in the following
~üblG.
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5
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Table 1: Withdrawal times for certain drugs in various countries. Result of a
questionnaire of the EAFP 1991 (Anonymous, 1992, modified)
GA (2)
TGF (3)
OTG (1)
TMP/SA (4)
>9°G: 40d
>9°G: 40d
>9°G: 40d
Finland
<9°G: 80 d
<9°G: 80 d
<9°G: 80 d
0
500 d
6d
Francc
500 0 d
21-30d
14d
14d
21d
no Iicence
21d
41d
Germany
(30 d)
Italy
30d
14-30d
20-30d
5d
Japan
>12°G: 40d
>12°G: 40d
21d
>12°G: 40d
Norway
8-12°G: 60-180d 8-12°G: 60-180d DGV: 14d 8-12°G: 40-90d
<8°G: 180d
<8°G: 60
<8°G: 90d
o
>10
G:
40d
>9°G:
30d
Sweden
<9°C: 60d
<10°C: 80d
DGV: 4d
200 0 d
United Kingdom 400 0 d
500 0 d
..
(1) OTe =Oxytracychne; (2) =OA =oxohnlc aCid; (3) =TGF =tnchlorphon; (4) =
TMP/SA =trimethoprim/potentiated sulphonamides; DGV =dichlorvos
Because of the importance of the issue on withdrawal times, we report on the observations made by the EAFP on the changes in the regulations for drugs in fish and
shellfish in various countries. Even within EEC member states, there is no uniform
picture. The main problems as identified by EAFP are cited in the report as folIows:
"- lack of drugs registered specifically for fish,
- a wide-spread off-label use or illegal us of drugs,
- difficulties in establishing withdrawal times,
- a need to standardise methods,
growing concerns about possible environmental impact."
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In the EEG a number of related directives are coming into force in the near future. These
include "Directive No. 81/851/EEC" and its recent amendment by "Directive No 90/6761
EEG". For the first time, fish as an animal has been explicitly mentioned in these amendments. This means that in future, Community legislation governing veterinary medicinal
products fully applies to drugs for use in fish. This has implications for marketing authorisation with subsequent EEG requirements regarding maximum residue levels, extralebel use and other technical regulations.
Recent research activities in same leES member states
An attempt was made to update the list of ongoing, completed and new projects related
to environmental issues of mariculture. This is considered to be a continuing exercise to
fullfil one of the objectives of the Working Group, namely to identify priority research
needs within the ICES area. Although this exercise is always undertaken during the
intersessional period in preparation for the next working group meeting, the material
assembled so far is incomplete and does not allow a listing in this interim report, although several Working Group members and scientists from member states have provided documentation to the WG Chairman. This information has not always been crosschecked and confirmed by the national WG member. I have, however, briefly report on
several progress reports and publications in order to faciJitate exchange of information.
For detailed information the appropriate Workinq Grouo member (addresses can be
found in Appendix 1) should be contacted.
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6
Canada:
Geographie information system (Prinee Edward Island)
A Geographie Information System (GIS) is used to evaluate the extent to which the
c10sure of shellfish areas due to bacterial contamination effects the sheollfish industry in
Eastern Prince Edward Island. The GIS system is used to determine the area of shellfish
growing leases, sheillfish harvesting and contaminated closure zones. A camparisan is
made between the areas and an estimated value is determined. Further uses of the GIS
are presently explored, in particular, its use as a planning tool to avoid pollution sources
and to assist in priorizing research surveys. (reference see Legault, 1992).
Modelling environmental impact
Work on modelling environmental aspects of aquaculture operations in tidal coastal
waters continued in an attempt to assist licensing authorities in estimating the potential
impacts of new lease proposals. In arecent publication (Si/vert, 1992, see literature list)
the author, who is involved in the development of environmental models, outlines the
difficult scientific issues to be resolved before one can expect to be able to have fully
quantified models available. However, the models described are of a form that makes it
possible to combine many of the scientific uncertainties into one or two numerical values
that can be assigned conservative values until scientific research can provide definitive
results. It is argued that application of risk analysis to the confidence limits derived from
scientific observations provides at least a defensible basis for policy formulation. The
models were presented as posters and a Demo-version of the computer proramme was
shown to participants at the Hamburg Workshop on "Fish Farm Effluents and their
Control in EC Countries"
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Monitoring issues
During 1992, the baseline study (New Brunswick Environment) of all existing salmon
cage sites of the province was completed (see literature list, Thonney and Garnier, 1993)
The following information is extracted from the report.
The field component of the 1992 program of both the baseline study and new site
assessments consisted of eollection and analyzing seafloor sediments, biological specimens and oceanographic information to provide a site by site assessment of impacts
on the surrounding environment. A total of 52 sites were monitored. It is c1aimed that the
results of the baseline survey have contributed to (a) identify important parameters for
condueting site assesments, (b) develop a sampling protoeol for implementing site
evaluations, and (c) provide site specific mitigative recommendations designed to minimize impacts. Examination of data showed that sites prone to exeessive organic aecumulation had specific ratios of siltlclay contents, currents of less than Sem/sec, background (control) sediment organic content greater that 6%. and depths of less than 1Gm
at mean low tide.
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A comprehensive study (see Cross, 1993) was also implemented at the West Coast of Canada to
doeument the oeeanographie, physiographie and bathymetrie eharacteristies at five salmon netcage facilities considered to represent coastal areas regarded as optimal for finfish culture in
British Columbia. In addition to doeumenting bathymetry, water quality and eireulation dynamies,
the study also estimated farm-derived sedimentation rates (organie material inputs) and reported
epibenthic observational information far each of the 5 study sites.
7
West Coast considerations of environmental interactions of maricu/ture
Information has also been received fram the west coast (E.A. Black (Victoria, B.C.).
A one day meeting was held in June 1993 in Victoria, British Columbia, on "Fisheries
and Aquaculture Interaction" The organizers (Ministry of Agriculture Fischeries and Food
ofBritish Columbia, Victoria, Canada) put together some notes containing abstracts of
contributors and "Audience Notes" of the meeting. Most of the subjects dealt with are of
interest to the Working Graup and considered the following subject areas:
Benthic studies,
.
Interspecific interactions
Disease
Escapes and genetic implications.
The contributions on benthos interactions included the following presentations:
- Studies on sedimentation and recovery
- Sites associated with Iimited sediment built-up
- Evidence of fish feeding on waste feed
- Limiting sedimentation by controlled feeding.
Topics discussed on interspecific interactions were:
- caged fish predation on feral populations
- Sedimentation effects on herring eggs
- Mammalian predators on caged fish
With regard to disease the following subjects were addressed:
Fish farms as the initiator of algae blooms
- Fish behaviour and stress mediated disease occurrence
- Lessons fram Marine Anaemia, IHN and VHS (Norwegian Workshop)
- Investigations of potential disease reservoirs.
Documentation (Fisheries-Aquaculture Interactions: Bullpen Notes) on this meeting can
be obtained thraugh E.A. Black, Victoria.
Federal Republic of Germany
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A study was started on the geochemistry of sediments under a sma" cage farm in the
Kiel Bight located in the effluent plume of a coastal power station. The investigation
focusses on the structure of accumulated sediments, nutrient fluxes within layers, and
nutrient release to the water as weil as rates of gas ebulition. It is intended to relate the
data to the history of the culture unit which is in operation for over 10 years.
A comparative study is also under way to estimate the organic load derived from cage
farming of rainbow traut along the Baltic coast of the new "Länder", in particular in those
farms which continued opeartion after the unification of Germany. Results of this
comparative study are expected to be reported to the WG at the next meeting.
Ireland
A study is presently underway on the effect of harrowing and fallowing on sediment
quality under a salmon farm on the west coast of Ireland. The study was designed to
describe pre- and post-harrowing sediment conditions following a fallowing period under
a salmon farm. Such values as depth of the redoc layer and types and numbers of
benthic animals were used to describe the conditions which pertained both before and
after the narrawing took place.The data of this study are presently analysed and areport
is anticipated in the near future.
8
Norway
Characlerization of lrealed and unlrealed effluenls from landbased fish farms.
In arecent study by Eikebrokk and Uigenes (1993) it is suggested that remOval of
particles from fish farm effluents may lead to substantial reduction of the environmental
impact of effluents from land-based salmon farms. Based upon results from commercial
scale experiemnts, the study characterized treated (micro-strained) and untreated
effluents from Atlantic salmon smolt production and Atlantic salmon grow-out units, with
respect to concentrations and total discharges of suspended solids, organics, nitrogen
and phosphorus. Sludge characteristics have been determined and the effectiveness of
various commercially available microstrainers for particle removal were tested. The
available data suggest that commercially available microstrainers (60 IJm) may reduce
the effluent discharge levels by 70%. 44%, 57%. and 37% for suspended solids (SS),
organics (eGD), total phospharus (Tot-P) and total nitrogen (Tot-N), respectively. Some
options to use the data base to determine general effluent quality standards are
discussed. The data on the effectiveness of available effluent treatment technology far
f1ow-through systems suggest that with good hydraulic design criteria acceptable
standards (maximum discharge levels) far smolt and grow-out units can be developed.
Separation of farm operations and year classes
In an attempt to prepare for future expansion of the Atlantic salm on farming industry in
Norway, studies have been initiated that explore operational strategies to maintain year
classes and farmers separate in order to mimimize disease risks.
•
Figure 1. Separation of farm operations by area and of year classes within licences (with
permisson from Dr. H. Rudi)
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=
Figure 2. Suggested separation of operational farming steps to reduce environmental problems. SL
processing of harvest; LB land-base offarm operations; SF smolt production unit. (pers. comm. Dr. Rudi.
Norway)
=
•
=
The strategy employed on a trial basis attempts to separate year c1asses. For such
puposes farmers need at least three sites to stock smolts in subsequent years. One way
achieving it may be by joining activities of several farmers ((Fig. 1) and have for each site
aseparate home base with equipment ( nets, boats, ete) in order to avoid cross
eontamination. If the industry expands there is also a plan to separate processing
(slaughtering) smolt production und operational units and extent the distances between
E;btnlPJl1Jfl~M~cwc~ig 2.)
The use of hydrogen peroxide as a delousing agent"has been studied by Thomassen
(1993). When lice-infested salmon are exposed for 20 minutes to a hydrogen peroxide
eoncentration of 1.5g/L, about 85% to 100% of the adult and pre-adult Iiee will be removed. Hydrogen peroxide was found to be most effeetive against preadult and adult
stages of sea Iice, although substantial numbers of ehalimus stages were also removed.
Although hydrogen peroxide is toxie to salmon (eoncentration dependent), fish will survive 1.5 mg/L at temperatures up to 18°C and exposure times less than 30 minutes. In
another study (Kvenseth, 1993) it was found that wrasse can be used to contral sea lice
However, the suceess depends on the numbers involved. About 17,000 wrasse were
stocked together with 530,000 Atlantic salmon smolts in 6 net cages in a region exporiencing heavy salmon Iice problems in 1992. The addition of c1eanerfish has kept the
salmon relatively liee free over aperiod of 10 months ofer transfer to the net cages.
.--~~--~~--~~-----~
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The costs of using wrasse as cleanerfish is for the first year in the cages estimated to be
not more than 50% of the costs of a single chemical delousing activity using hydrogen
peroxide. The authar states, however, that hydrogen peroxide represents at the present
time the environmentally most friendly chemical delousing method available.
Nevertheless, studies on the use of cleaner fish will continue in 1993.
United Kingdom
A study on directly counted bacteria in a trout farm and its effluents was reparted by Carr
and Goulder (1993). Bacteria increased in abundance in water passing through a trout
farm in narth-east England and were not removed by a settling lagoon. Total bacteria in
the effluent were such that they might potentially bring about immediate increase in the
bacterioplankton populations of recipient rivers. Although this study was performed in
freshwuter, much can be learned from this study when considering land-based marine
farms
Interactions between wildlife and aquaculture were also studied in England. Arecent
publication discusse~ predation by grey herons at cage fish farms in Argyll, western
Scotland (Carss, 1993). This two year study assessed abundance of herons on sea loch
shares, running and standing freshwater bodies and at the trout farm. Herons visited the
farm almost exclusively at night or during twilight periods and, as a consequence, were
seen mare often by farm staff in winter than in summer. It is also claimed that by recording only wounded fish, farm staff considerably underestimated their losses to heran.
Nevertheless, the study states that losses were small compared with other farms of fish
mortality.
Further prajects in England and Wales are presently in progress and relate to the
following subject areas:
1. Persistence of TBT in the mame environment in England and Wales (M.J. Waldock,
Fisheries Laboratory, Burnham on-Crouch, Essex). The programme will terminate by
the end of 1993, the repart is in press.
2. Impact of Manila clam (Tapes philippinarum) cultivation on infauna (B.E. Spencer,
Fisheries Laboratary, Conwy, Gwynedd). The project is expected to continue until
1996.
3. Movement, growth and survival of hatchery-reared lobsters released onto natural and
artificial reffs in the sea. (J.F. Wickins, Fisheries Laboratory, Conwy, Gwynedd). The
project has started in 1992 and 'Nill terminate in 1995.
4. Characterization of natural and artificial habitats far lobsters. (J.F. Wickins, address
see above). The project will terminate in 1995.
Interactive Consultations with the GESAMP Working Group on
"Aquaculture and the Environment in Coastal waters"
Contacts between GESAMP and ICES Working Graup members regarding the WG 31
on "Environmentallmpacts of Coastal Aquaculture" continued during the intersessional
period. Assistance was given in developing terms of references for the next phase of
WG31 activities. GESAMP agreed to concentrate its effort on the following aspects:
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11
(1) the establishment of scientifically-based monitaring requirements and procedures for
aquaculture pollutants leading to the assessment of the environmental capacity of
existing and planned coastal aquaculture operations,
(2) preparation of review and guidance documentations far the safe use of chemicals in
coastal aquaculture, and
(3) the review of concepts and experiences related to the integration of aquaculture into
coastal area management schemes.
In the past, the ICES Warking Group has extensively considered pertinent monitaring
issues. However, there is still a need to derive at purpose-ariented monitoring strategies.
•
The third term of reference is closely related to issues of central interest to the renamed
ICES Warking Group as interactions between aquaculture and the environment have not
only biological aspects but also management implications where ever other human
activities are involved and compete for the use of the same resources. Two Warking
Group Members (R. Gowen, H. Rosenthai) will be actively involved in the acitivities of
GESAMP 31 in an attempt to c10sely link the wark and harmonize effarts of both groups
whenever key issues are addressed wich are important to both groups
leES Recommendations for the 1994 WGEIM meeting
Since the Working Group did not meet in 1993, the recommendations endorsed by the
Mariculture Committee and adopted by the Council during the Statutory Meeting in 1992
under Council Resolution CRes 1992/2:45 a-g should be reconsidered by the the Parent
Committee at the 1993 Statutory Meeting far adjustment if necessary. Date and place of
the 1994 WG meeting should also be identified at this meeting.
It is recommended that the Working Group meets for 4 days in April 1994 in Dublin,
Ireland.
Recent Literature
•
Anonymous, 1992. European Association of fish pathologists: questionnaire on the use of drugs in fish
and shellfish: evaluation of responses. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 12(2): 39-44.
Barg, U., Van Houtte, A. 1993. FAO and EIFAC Activities and Considerations on Aquaculture and the
Environment. (Position Paper) pp. 37-52. In: Rosenthai, H., Hilge, V., Kamstra, A, Black, E.A.,
Burbridge, P., Davies, 1., Doyle, J., Gowen, R., Alderman, D., Poxton, M., Silvert, W.S. (Eds.). 1993.
Report on the "Workshop on Fish Farm Effluents and their Control in EC Countries". Dep. Fishery
Biology, Kiel, 205 pp.
Bird,K.T. 1993. Aquatic plants for treatment of aquaculture wastewater. Aquacul. Magazin Jan/Feb: 39-42.
Blyth, P.J., Purser, HG.J. 1993. Detection of feeding rhythms in sea-caged Atlantic salmon using new
feeder technology. pp. 209-216. In: Reinertsen, H., Dahle, L.A., Jorgensen, L., Tvinnereim, K. "Fish
Farming Technology", Balkema: Rotterdam (ISBN 9054103264).
Carr, O,J., Goulder, R. 1990. Fish-farm effiuents in rivers. I. Effects on bacterial populations and alkaline
phosphatase activity. Water Res. 24: 631-638.
Carr, O.J., Goulder, R. 1993. Directly counted bacteria in a trout farm and its effluents. Aquaculture and
Fisheries Management 24: 19-27.
Carss; D.N. 1993. Grey heron, Ardea inerea L., predation at cage fish farms in Argyll, western Scotland.
Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 24: 29-45.
12
Cross, S.F. 1993. Oceanographic Characteristics of net-cage culture sites considered optimal for
minimizing environmental impacts in coastal British Columbia. Province of British Columbia 86 pp +
Appendices (ISBN 0-7718-9349-3).
Doering, P.H., Kelly, J.R., Oviatt, C.A., Sowers, T. 1987. Effects ofthe hard clam Mercenaria
mercenaria on benthic fluxes of inorganic nutrients and gases. Mar. Biol. 94: 377-383.
EI FAC 1992. Report of the third session of the EIFAC working party on fish farm effluents. Tihany, Hungary,
28-31 May, 1991. Rome FOA EIFAC/XVI1/92/1nf.4, 16 pp.
EI FAC 1990. Report of the second session of the EIFAC working party on fish farm effluents, Verona, Italy,
October 10-12. In: Report of 16th Session of the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission,
Praque, Czechoslovakia, 15-22 May 1990. FAO Fish. Rep. 446: 69-77.
Frentzoes, A.A. 1993. Position of the Federation of Greek Maricultures with regard to regulation Fish
Farm Effluents. pp. 59-60. In: Rosenthai, H., Hilge, V., Kamstra. A, Black, E.A., Burbridge, P.. Davies,
1., Doyle, J., Gowen, R, Alderman, D., Poxton, M., Silvert, W.S. (Eds.). 1993. Report on the
"Workshop on Fish Farm Effluents and their Contro! in EC Countries". Dep. Fishery Biology, Kiel, 205
pp.
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Fridman, R., Shpigel, M., Ben-Ezra, 0., Gordin, H. 1993. Culture of the Manila clam Tapes
semidecussatus using fishpond effluents. p. 56.
Gifford, G.A. 1992. Licencing requirements for fish vaccines in Canada. Bull. Aquacult. Assoe. Canada
92-1: 61-63.
Glunder, G. 1989. Vorkommen von Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides
und Clostridium perfringens in der Darmflora von Graureihern (Ardea cinerea). J. Vet. Med., Series B
36: 217-225. [In German].
Hislop, J.R.G., Webb, J.H. 1992. Escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., feeding in Scottish
coastal waters. Aquacult. Fisheries Management 23: 721-723.
Jensen, A. 1993. Carrying capacity for nutrient salts in coastal waters. pp.151-154. In: Reinertsen, H.,
Dahle, L.A., Jorgensen, L., Tvinnereim, K. "Fish Farming Technology", Balkema: Rotterdam
Koivisto, V.M., Blomquist, E.M. 1988. Does fish farming affect natural Baltic fish communities? Kieler
Meeresforsch. Sonderh. 6: 301-311.
Kristiansen, T.S., Svasand, T. 1992. Comparative analysis of stomach contents of cultured and wild
cod, Gadus morhua L. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 23: 661-668.
Kvenseth, P.G. 1993. Use ofwrasse to contro! salmon lice. pp. 227-232. In: Reinertsen, H., Dahle, L.A.,
Jorgensen, L., Tvinnereim, K. "Fish Farming Technology" Balkema: Rotterdam (ISBN 90 5410 326 4).
Legau It, J.A. 1992. Using a geographie information system to evaluate the effects of shellfish c10sures on
shellfish leases. aquaculture and habitat availability. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. aquat. Sei. 1882: 1-10.
Loland, G. 1991. "Current force on and f10w through fish farms". Dissertation, Division of Marine
Hydrodynamics., The Norwegian Institute of Technology. ISBN 82-7119-269-8.
Loland, G. 1993. Water f10w through and around net pens. pp. 177-183. In: Reinertsen, H., Dahle, L.A.,
Jorgensen, L., Tvinnereim, K. "Fish Farming Technology" Balkema: Rotterdam (ISBN 9054103264).
Melotti, P., Loro, F., Impiccini, R. 1993. Impact of predator birds on intensive sea bass (Dicentrarchus
labrax L.) farming. Rivista Italiana Aquacoltura 28: 17-23. [In Italian].
MitcheII, H.M. 1992. Furunculosis treatment, control and chemotherapeutic regulatory approaches to
salmon aquaculture in the United States. Bull. Aquacult. Assoe. Canada 92/1: 22-28.
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..
13
O'Connor, B., Hartnett, M., Costelloe, J. 1991. Site selection and environmental monitoring in the
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"Aquaculture and the Environment". (European Aquacult. Soc., Spec. Publ. 16.)
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Davies, 1., Doyle, J., Gowen, R., Alderman, D., Poxton, M., Silvert, W.S. (Eds.). 1993. Report on the
"Workshop on Fish Farm Effluents and their Control in EC Countries". Dep. Fish. Biol., Kiel, 205 pp.
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•
Appendix 1
Working Group on "Environmental Interaction of Mariculture"
List cf WG Membership 1993
Professor Dr. H. Ackefors
Department of Zoology
Stoekholm Univcrsity
106 91 Stockholm
Sweden
Dr. D. Alderman
Fish Diseases Lab.
14 Albany Rd
Weymouth, Darset DT 4 8UB
United Kingdom
Tel: +44-305-772137
Fax: +44-305-770955
Mr. J. Aurc
Institute of Marine Research
POBox 1870
5024 Bergen - Nordnes
Norway
Dr. E. A. Black
Aquaeulture and Commercial
Fisheries Branch
808, Douglas Strcct
Victoria B.C. V8V 2Z7
Canada
Tel: 604-387-9686
Fax: 604-356-7280
Dr. I. M. Davie~
Marine Laborntory
POBox 101
Victoria Road
Aberdeen AB9 8DB
United Kingdom
Tel: 44224 876544
Fax: 44 224 295511
Dr. R. Dijkema
Netherland Institute for
Fishery Investigations
POBox 77
4400 AB Yerseke
Netherlands
Tel: 11312791
FAx: 1131 3477
Mr. M. A. Dosdat
IFREMER
Urest Center
Bp70
29280 Plouzane
France
Tel: 98 224040
F~y' Q~
?? 4'\ 47
Miss 1. Doyle
Dept. ofthe Marine
Fishcrics Res. Centre
Abbotstown
Dublin 15
Ireland
Tel: 01 8210111
Fax: 0 I 8205078
Dr. (Ms) L. A. Dushkina
Russian Federni Research
Institute of Fisheries and
Oceanography
17, Verkhne Krasnoselskaya
Moscow B-l 07140, Russia
Ms. M. Engelstad
EWOS Aqua AlS
P.O. Box 73
1373 Sk<ercslctta
Norway
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Mr. A. Ervik
Institute of Marine Research
POBox 1870
5024 Bergen - Nordnes
Norway
Tel: 05 238300
Fax: 05 23 83 33
Mr. E. Gaard
Fiskirannasoknarstovan
PODox 3051, Noatun
FR-110 Torshavn
Faroe Islands
Denmark
Dr. R. Gowen
Dept. of Agriculture ofN.I.
Aquatic Sciences Research Div.
Newforge Lane
Belfast, Northern Ireland
United Kingdom
Mr. K. Grave
Norv;egian College ofVet. Medicine
POBox 8146 Dep.
0033 Oslo 1
Norway
Dr. M. Berat
IFREMER
RI>. 133
17390 La Tremblade
france
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15
Mr. E. Hoffman
Danmarks Fiskeri- og
llavunders0kelser
Charlottcnlund slot
2920 Charlottenlund
Denmark
Tel: 4531628550
Fax: 45 3162 8536
Mr. RLauterbach
Institut für Ostseefischerei
An der lägerbäk 2
2510 Rostock-Marienehe
FedernI Republic ofGermany
Mr. T. Mäkinen
Finnish Game and Fisheries
Research Institute
Aquaculture Division
POBox 202
SF-00151 Helsinki
Tel: +358 0624211
Fax: 358 0 631 513
Mr. P. Margonski
Sea Fisheries Institute
Kollataja 1
81-322 Gdynia, Poland
Mr.l. Menezes
Inst. Nacional de Investiga9ao
das Pescas I NIP
Avenida de Brasilia
1400 Lisbon
Portugal
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M. M. Merceron
IFREMER, Centre de Brest
BP70
29280 Plouzane, France
Tel: 98 22 40 40
Fax: 98 22 45 48
Dr. A.L.S. Munro
Marine Laboratory
POBox 101
Victoria Road
Aberdeen Aß9 80ß
United Kingdom
Tel: 44 224 876544
Fax: 44 224 295511
Mr. C. Newell
Great Eastern Mussel Farms
POBox 141
Long Cove Road
Tenants Harbor ME 04860
USA
Prof. F. Ollevier
Zoologisch Institut
Naamsestraat 59
3000 Lcuvcn
Belgium
Mr. W. Pelczarski
Sea Fisheries Institute
ul. Kollataja 1
81-322 Gdynia, Poland
Mr. M.M. Roberge
Dept. of Fishcries & Oceans
POBox5667
St 10hn's, Nfld AIC 5XI
Canada
Prof.Dr.Dr. H. RosenthaI (Chairman)
Institut für Mecreskwldc an der
Universität Kiel
Düsternbrooker Weg 20
24105 Kiel
Fedcral Republic of Germany
Tel. (49) 431- 597- 3916
Fax. (49) 431- 565-876
Mr. F. Ruano
.
Inst. Nacional de Investiga~ao das Pescas
INIP
Avcnida de Brasilia
1400 Lisbon
Portugal
Dr. 1.C. Smith
Oept. of Fsheries & Oceans
rOBox 5030
Moncton, NB EIC 9B6
Canada
Mr. B. E. Spenccr
MAFF Fisheric:i Lab.
Conway Gwynedd LL32 8UB
United Kingdom
Tel: 0492593883
Fax: 0492592123
Mr.1. SteIiwagcn
DIFfA
Nors0centret
9850 HirtshaIs
Denmark
Dr. J. E. Stewart
Dept. Fishelics & Oceans
Bedford Institute ofOceanogr.
r.o. Box] 006
Dartmouth, NS IlZY 4AZ
Canada
Te]: +9024268145
-,
16
Dr. E. Verspoor
Marine Laboratory
POBox 101
Victoria Road
Aberdeen AB9 8DB
United Kingdom
Dr. D.Wildish
Dept. of Fisheries & Oceans
Bedford Institute of Oceanogr.
POBox 1006
Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2
Canada
•