International Council for the
Exploration of the Sea
Dublin, 1993.
CM/1993/L:30
Biological Oceanography
Committee
Dinophysis species in Irish waters 1990 - 1993
D. Jackson and J. Silke
Fisheries Research Centre, Dept. of Marine, Abbotstown,
Dublin 15, Ireland .
•
Abstract
The distribution and abundance of Dinophysis species as
recorded in the national phytoplankton monitoring
programme are described. An apparent spread in the
occurrence of Dinophysis to the west coast of Ireland is
reported. The lack of correlation between the
concentrations of Dinophysis in the water and DSP
toxicity in shellfish is reported on and discussed.
Introduction
•
Dinophysis species have been implicated as the cause of
DSP (Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning) in Europe since the
early eighties. Kat (1983 and 1985) reported that D.
acuminata was the distinct cause of DSP in the
Netherlands. In Norway concentrations of Dinophysis
species of 20000 - 30000 cells per litre were reported to
cause DSP (Dahl and Yndestad, 1985). In this case the
most abundant species were D. acuta in the autumn and D.
norvegica at the end of the year with D. acuminata
occurring in more modest numbers.
Lassus et a1 (1985) reporting on DSP in France caused by
D. acuminata cited 200 cells per litre as being the
action level at which areas are closed to shellfish
harvesting and Marcaillou-Le Baut et a1 (1985)
established a correlation between D. acuminata
concentrations in excess of 200 cells per litre and DSP
toxicity.
This paper describes the recorded occurrence of
Dinophysis species at concentrations higher than 200
cells per litre in Irish coastal waters.
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Methods
Phytoplankton samples were collected using a Ruttner
sampling bottle which was then subsampled. Samples were
preserved in lugols iodine for later identification and
enumeration using settling chambers and an inverted
microscope.
Results
Four species of Dinophysis were recorded during the
course of this study, D. acuminata, D. acuta, D.
rotundata and D. norvegica. Only two, D. acuminata and D.
acuta were recorded in concentrations in excess of 200
cells per litre.
4t
In 1992 there was a sharp increase in the number of
samples in which Dinophysis species were recorded over
the previous two years (Table. 1). It is too early to say
if this increased number of records will be maintained in
1993.
D. acuta
Samples examined
Year
D. acuminata
1990
68
43
2175
1991
43
50
2302
1992
141
120
2803
Table
1.
Number of samples recorded with
concentrations higher than 200 cells/l.
There was a similar increase in the number of locations
where Dinophysis species were recorded at concentrations
in excess of 200 cells/l in'1992 (Fig. 1). In 1992 D.
acuminata and/or D. acuta were recorded at eight
locations on the west coast. In fact one of the earliest
occurrences of D. acuta, in significant numbers, ( 240
cells/l) was in Ardbear Bay, Co. Galway (Table. 2). In
1993 Dinophysis species are again being recorded on the
west coast in significant numbers.
4t
..
_.
~---.-_._,
I
Year
1 st Record
Max cells/l
Last Record
1990
16 July
(Bantry)
400
11 Aug
(Bantry)
279000
30 Aug
(Youghal)
cells/l
840
1991
19 June
(Bantry)
1440
11 Sept
(Bantry)
2160
15 Sept
(Bantry)
880
14 June
(Bantry)
440
8 Aug
(Youghal)
2960
24 Aug
(Bantry/Kenmare)
cells/l
240
25 July
(Bantry)
440
11 Aug
(Bantry)
176000
28 Aug
(Bantry)
1040
cells/l
14 July
(Bantry)
880
11 Sept
(Kenmare)
11000
26 Sept
(Bantry)
720
eells/l
14 June
(Bantry)
800
15 July
(Bantry)
1680
Aug
24
(Kenmare)
eells/l
280
1992
•
a. D. l1culIlinatl1
1990
1991
1992
•
cells/l
b. D. acutl1 (southwest eoast)
1992
15 June
(Ardbear)
240
27 July
(Killary)
1120
22 Sept
(Killary)
eells/l
520
c. D. l1cuta (west coast)
Table 2.
Oeeurrenee of Dinophysis speeies at
eoneentrations greater than 200 eells/litre.
[Date, (loeation), number of eells/l]
Dinophysis species have occurred in inner Bantry Bay
every year during the study period (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).
These eoneentrations have given rise to DSP toxieity
annually. However it has not been possible to show a
elose eorrelation between Dinophysis and toxieity (Fig.
3) •
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Diseussion
The oeeurrenee 6f Dinophysis speeies at an inereased
number of loeations in 1992 and 1993 has been aeeompanied
by the oeeurrenee of DSP toxieity at an inereased number
of loeations (Jaekson et a1, 1993).It is not elear
whether this represents a spread: of the problem or is
just a manifestation of normal interannual variations in
the oeeurrenee of Dinophysis.
While it remains a good indieator of areas requiring
toxieity testing, the lack of good eorrelation between
Dinophysis numbers and DSP toxieity limits the usefulness
of phytoplankton monitoring as a tool for toxin
predietion. The diffieulty in obtaining a good
eorrelation may be due to the relative abundanee of non
toxie speeies eo-oeeurring with the toxie ones as
suggested by Sampayo et a1 (1990). Another possibility is
that we may be missing pulses of: Dinophysis whieh eome
into the bays during relaxation of upwelling events and
leave again as upwelling is re-established (Raine et a1,
in press).
•
Rcfcrenees
Dahl, E. and Yndestad, H. 1985
Diarrhetie Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) in Norway in the
autumn 1984 related to the oeeurrenee of Dinophysis spp.
In: Toxie Dinof1age11ates Anderson, D., White, A. and
Baden, D. Eds. Elsevier, New York:485-488.
Jaekson, D., Silke, J., Doyle, J., Nixon, E. and Taaffe,
B. 1993
The oeeurrenee of DSP toxieity in Ireland.
ICES CH/1993/F:29
Kat, H. 1983
Diarrhetie mussei poisoning in the Netherlands related to
the dinoflagellate Dinophysis aeuminata.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 49:417-427.
Kat, H. 1985
Dinophysis aeuminata blooms thedistinet eause of Duteh
mussei poisoning.
In: Taxie Dinoflagella~es Anderson, D., White, A. and
Baden, D. Eds. Elsevier, New York: 159-164.
Mareaillou-Le Baut, C., Lucas, D. and Le Dean, L. 1985
Dinophysis aeuminata Toxin: status of toxin bioassays in
Franee.
In: Toxie Dinof1age11ates Anderson, D., White, A. and
Baden, D. Eds. Elsevier, New York: 485-488.
•
~.-T~.-
.
1- :: ~: ~~.
.-
Raine, R., Whelan, D., Conway, N., Joyce, B., Moloney,
M., Hoey, M. and Patching, J. (in press)
The oceanography of southwest Ireland: Current Research.
Proc. 6 th Lough Beltra workshop Gillooly, M. Ed. Dept. of
Marine, Dublin.
Sampayo, M. De M., Alvito, P., Franca, S. and Sousa, I.
1990
.
Dinophysis spp. toxicity and relation to accompanying
species.
In: Toxic Marine Phytoplankton Graneli, E., Sundstrom,
B., Edler, L. and Anderson, D.
Eds. Elsevier, New York:
215-220.
Youghal
Bantry
Figure 1a.
Ba.'f-==:....-/.~~
Dinophysis (greater than 200 cells/l) 1990
•
Ounmanus
Figure 1c.
Dinophysis (greater than 200 cells/l) 1992
-"-"-_ ... _.. __ -:.-.. .. --
.
Dinophysis species in Bantry area 1990
4500
4000
I
§ D.acuminat~
~ D.acuta
3500
3000
~
Qj 2500
u
X 2000
<ll
1000
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50:
L
::E
1500
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CD
N
Week Number
Dinophysis species in Bantry area 1991
;
§ D.acuminata :
800
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Qj
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