APPLICATION
DAMAGED
OF
REMOTE
SENSING AND
FOR RENEWABLE RESOURCES
BY TYPHOON 'GAY'
: CHUMPHON
GIS
PROVINCE
Manu Omakupt
Director of land Use Planning Division,
Land Development Department,
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand.
ISPRS Commission VII.
Abstract
On the 4th of November in 1989, Thailand encountered the natural disaster caused
by typhoon 'Gay' wi th it's velocity near the storm's center of about 120 kilometer/hour.
It extremely damaged the people of Chumphon Province in the southern part of Thailand.
Remotely sensed data was only one source of
damage and to identify the areas.
damaged were agricultural
38,002
information used to assess the degree of
It was estimated that about
250,675
land with 446 deaths and 154 people
injury.
hectare of
A number of
houses were destroyed causing 153,472 people being homeless.
Due to this natural disaster,
the Thai government had to set the urgent policy,
both short and long term development plans, in order to regain the normal life of the
people who
are living
in this
area.
Land
Use Planning
Division,
Land
Development
Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives was assigned to make proper land
use
plans
to
renew
the
damaged
resources
particularly
agricultural
areas.
Recent
advances in remote sensing technology and GIS has provided new and powerful tools for
assisting resource planners
and managers
to use
information
effectively in making
decisions on resource allocation and development.
This paper will discuss how remote sensing and GIS can be applied to solve these
problems rapidly and economically.
Key Words
Remote Sensing, GIS, Renewable Resources.
744
Background
Thailand locates in the central part
of Indochinese peninsular as well as the
entire Southeast Asian region and covers
an area of 550,000 km 2 approximately. It
lies latitudinally between 5° 45' and 20°
30' North and longitudinally between 97°
30'
105°
45'
frontiers
East.
with
It
Democratic on the
has
common
laos
People's
North and
Northeast;
the
with the Kampuchea on the East; and with
the
Burma
on
the
North
Peninsular Thailand
is
South
The
by
Malaysia.
and
West.
bounded
on
the
population
is
about 56 millions with an annual rate of
increase of about 1.3 %.
Thailand has a climate dominated by
the monsoon. Most of the country can be
classified as tropical savannah with the
exception
of
peninsular,
the
east
where
predominates.
and
southern
tropical
monsoon
There
are
three
main
seasons namely: a rainy season from May
to
October;
a
cool-dry
season
from
November to February and a hot-dry season
from
March
to
May.
The
eastern
coast
of
the
1,000
2,000
mm of
southern
country
and
receive
figure1-
precipitation per
year. The average temperature,
27° C,
Map of Thailand
tll'ld
location of ChumpilOl'l
Province .
is
relatively uniform and is influenced by
the relative proximity to the sea and by
the
regularity
and
seasonal i ty
of
the
rainfall. The average annual humidity is
75 % approximately.
The Typhoon 'Gay' was developed from
an
Physiographically,
active
low
Pressure
cell,
which
Thailand can be
originated on the outer part of the Gulf
roughly divided into four regions, namely
of Thailand on 31 October and moved NW -
Central;
Northern;
Northeastern;
ward almost parallel to the Eastern coast
Southern
Peninsular
Regions.
Chumphon
Province
locates
in
and
Locally,
of Southern Thailand into the mid-Gulf of
Southern
Thailand. It was reported that the height
Peninsular region of Thailand (Figure 1).
of sea waves were
more than 10 m with
wind velocity of more than 120 km/hr. It
hit
Pathiu
District
with
the
wind
velocity of about 30 km/hr on 4 November
1989
745
(Figure 2).
Figure 2
Objectives
J
Diatrom of Typhoon Gay moveTn&nl
.,0 8.,. . ,AO_~
,
To assess the degree of damaged by
Typhoon 'Gay'.
4 NOVEMBER 1989
.,,,,-,,,,...0•
7.00
~4.oo 05.00
Churnphon 06,00
~3.~.
To
2.
23.00
000
ident i fy
the
areas
damaged
by
Typhoon 'Gay'.
{
3
1900
18.00
17.00
1600
15
formulate
potentially
To
appropriate land use plans.
3.
NOV.
1989
the
140
1000'ld.03;JioOQ
I'L/I:
¢'JrE~
Study Areas
:TUN FIELD
ERA'MiN FIELD
Peninsular Thailand consists of 14
90 1.00
3 NOV. 1989
9,9.00
9
provinces
covering an area of
2
70,715 km or 14% of the country
2 NOV. 1989
13.00 2 NOV. 19B9
About 40% of this
mountainous
land.
experiences
higher
heavier rainfall
area.
hilly
and
peninsular
The
temperatures
and
frequentially than the
during
regions
other
Songkhla
region is
about
the
Northeast
Monsoon.
The areas damaged by Typhoon
disaster were about
This tremendous typhoon caused heavy
flooding
and
several
hundred
landslide
which
lives,
ha
250,675
'Gay'
located
within 3 Districts of Chumphon Province,
claimed
devastated
namely
Thasaej Pathiu District and the
property and damaged large agricultural
upper part of Muang District.
areas. On the mountainous land, large
areas of rubber plantation and trees were
at
uprooted and destroyed by landslides. On
19" longitudinally with adjacent to other
plain
the
many
below,
10°
30'
to
00"
11°
I~
l'
located
53"
N
latitudinally and 9~ 53' 31" to 99° 31'
areas as following :
agricultural
settlements were totally overwhelmed by
sandy
sediment
paralyzed
the
acti vi ties
in
and
mud.
social
the
The
and
adjacent
North
flash flooding and were buried underneath
Burma
disaster
areas.
and
the
Republic
Prachuap
of
Khirikhan
Province.
agricultural
affected
to
The
Muang District.
South
estimated cost of damage was about US$
East
the Gulf of Thailand.
268 million.
West
having
common
boundary
with
Republic of Burma; and Ranong
In order to regain the normal life
of the people living in this area,
Royal
Thai
Government
Province.
the
Methodology
immediately
established a Central Committee for rapid
rehabilitation of flood - affected areas.
The
Land
Use
Planning
Division,
The
Development Department under Ministry of
Agriculture
Cooperatives,
and
methodology
stereoscopic
was
interpretation
photos,
plans
incorporation
renew
the
damaged
this
resources
of
manipulation,
computer
commissioned to formulate proper land use
to
of
study
includes visual interpretation of Landsat
by
imagery
followed
SPOT
TM
and
Land
of
aerial
and
g ro u nd t ru t hi n g
information and socio - economic survey.
particularly the agricultural areas.
746
Map Sheet No. 4830 I, II, III, IV
Remotely sensed techniques have been
used as an aid
Thailand
for land use survey
since
radiometric
1970s.
and
in
According
geometric
Map Sheet No. 4831 II, III
to
Map Sheet No. 4730 I, II
properties
Map Sheet No. 4729 I, IV
related to the physical; biological and
Map Sheet No. 4829 IV
land use parameters, an original image of
this
study
was
interpreted,considering
2. Topographic maps
the spectral and spatial aspects of that
image.
Visual
images
was
interpretation
taken
by
important
diagnostic
including
shape;
texture;
using
tone
and
taken
closely
taken
4. A SPOT
imagery acquired
5. Landsat
TM
scale of 1
the
1989
maps.
They
and
were
subsequently
confirmed
taken
white
October
(Thematic
Mapper)
250,000
at
a
taken in July
6. Aerial Photos at a scale of 1 : 15,000
Stereoscopic interpretation of black
and
in
1 : 50,000
during
groundtruthing.
aerial
parallelly
'Gay'
into
interpreted details were transferred to
Base
typhoon
1989 at a scale of
consideration during interpretation. The
verified
the
The
existing land use of Chumphon Province in
were
before
disaster
1979 and the map of coconut plantation in
1986
1
3. Aerial Photos at a scale of 1 : 15,000
fcolor;
pattern.
scale of
the
most
characteristics,
size;
contrast
of
the
at a
250,000 prepared by RTSD
using
photos
was
after
the
typhoon
done
as
7. Land Use Map of Chumphon Province at a
referenced maps. These were also verified
scale of 1:100,000 in 1979 prepared by
and
The Division of Soil Classification,
updated
topographic
immediately
'Gay' disaster
during
field
maps
survey.
The
incorporation of updated groundtruth data
into
socio
economic
possibly. The
data
damaged
was
areas
Land Development Department
done
were
8. Suitability Map of Coconut Plantation
identified and then estimated areas were
in
measured by using dot - grid counting.
scale
Geographically, the current damaged
maps
were
manually
overlaid
with
1986
of
of
1:
Chumphon
50,000
Province
prepared
at
by
a
The
Division of Soil Classification, Land
soil
Development Department
map; soil potential and suitability map;
maps of water resource, forest resource,
climatic
factor;
constrains
to
and
socio
formulate
9. Report
economic
the
on
economic
potential
Muang
land use plans as maps.
crops
prepared
Survey
District
by
and
Development
The remotely sensed data and other
maps
used
in
groundtruthing
alternative
land
and
land
use
in
use
The
affected
Thasae
for
areas:
District
and
Chumphon
Province
Division
of
Classification,
Department
Soil
Land
(Technical
Paper no. 122 : December 1989)
survey,
formulating
plans
are
Results and Discussion
as
following :
The results of using remote sensing
1. Topographic maps
50,000
Suitability
in
District,
Pathiu
Data Used
Soil
prepared
at a
by
scale of
The
Royal
1
techniques as an aid in the assessment of
Thai
natural disaster clearly showed the total
Survey Department (RTSD) :
devastated areas caused by Typhoon Gay.
747
The areas were about 250,675 ha
by
damaged
covering
disaster
the
in Figure 1.
this devastation can be renewed by making
rehabilitation
categorized
by
the
degree
themselves
improvement
of
zonation
the
The criteria used in this assessment
be
soils/lands
the
properties
can
of
and
3 Districts of Chumphon Province as shown
to
be
and
implemented
as
described below
of
damage as follows :
1. Severely damaged area was assigned to
1. Severely damaged area was the areas of
be
more than 70 % devastation.
needs
zone'
'development
a
develop
in which
good
plan
the
renewable
2. Moderately damaged area was the areas
sustainably.
More
of 30 % - 70 % devastation.
should be totally
3. Slightly damaged area was the areas of
plans.
to
manage
it
and
resources
importantly,
land
reformed prior
to
implementing the appropriate land use
less than 30 % devastation.
2. Moderately damaged area was assigned
to be
Within
this
criteria,
the
existing
'rehabilitated
zone'.
Some
of
the lands will be reclaimed to as it
land use with can be identified as shown
used
in Table 1.
remanaged and developed to regain its
Land Use
T;vpe
to
be
while
some
will
be
normal effectively,
Areas of Dalagedlhal
Severel;v Ifoderatel;v Slightl;V Total
3. Slightly damaged area was assigned to
Agricul ture-Ifonocrop
Upland crop
Coconut
17,271
Coffee
2,210
Oil palm
3,761
Para rubber
21,996
Orchard & Trees
136
Agricul ture-HiIed crops
Mixed Orchards
10,780
Coconut & Coffee
2,860
Coconut & Trees/Orch.
450
Paddy field
Forestland
Peatland
Villages & Buildings
Unident if ied areas
Improved pasture
Wasteland
Water resources
2,244
12,458
4,353
2,579
62
1,059
903
9,314
18,404
294
1,811
760
3,387
172
5
4,545
20,574
15,171
17,434
42,980
492
be 'improvement zone', This area will
be
managed
to
increase
the
productivity of land.
16,039
4,343
455
10,394
87,636
3,771
605
4. The rest of those identified areas can
be developed and managed in terms of
tourism,
industrialization,
animal
husbandry and etc.
363
25,437
436
However, the urgent need is to develop
the
250,615
Total
easily
agricultural
land
be
to
used
productively and conservatively in order
Table 1 : Land use type and devasted areas identification
to regain their normal life as well as to
From Table 1., there was only 10 % of
total
areas,
unidentified
250,675
Socio -
economic survey was
to formulate the feasible land use plans.
no-identified
general
the
the
the future.
then incorporated with the physical plans
having
to
prevent the possible natural disaster in
the
importance economically. There was about
%
due
having
less
34
areas
ha,
assessment
degree
of
with
damage.
Conclusion
Whereas there was about 47 % having the
clear assessment of severely, moderately
The combination of remotely sensed data
and slightly damages in the percentage of
with groundtruthing information provided
23.71, 9.70, and 13.43 of the total area
most
respectively.
warned
devastation caused by Typhoon Gay, then,
planners to make decision on particular
to identify the areas and to do mapping
These
figures
of
use of land and management carefully,
on
Consideringly,
allows
on
the
basis
of
land
748
the
the
best
topographic
quick
and
ways
maps.
good
to
assess
This
in
sources
the
turn
of
information
to
be
used
in
making
the
damaged agricultural areas renewably and
productively.
In addition, Decision makers will have
the good and right
information in time
while they need it.
Hence the reliable
and
sensible
activities,
decision
budget
schedule and etc.
decision
makers
on
development
allocation,
working
could be made by the
with
high
confidence.
This will be the great benefit to people,
The Royal Thai Government and the nation
finally.
References
Land Development Department, 1989.
Soil Suitability for economic crops in
affected areas: Muang District, Thasae
District and Pathiu District
Chumphon
Province. Division of Soil Survey and
Classification,
Land
Development
Department, Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperatives, Thailand. (Technical Paper
no. 122)
Land Use Planning Division, 1990.
Land Use Planning : The natural Disaster
Caused
by
Province.
Typhoon
'Gay'
in
Land Use Planning
Chumphon
Division,
Land Development Department, Ministry of
Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand.
pp 78.
Meteorological Department, 1989.
Monthly
Department,
Report.
Meteorological
Ministry of Transport
and
Communication.
749