Environmental Studies by Pattern Classification for
Evaluating the E:ffect of Civil Engineering Project
under Construction
Taichi OSHIMA*
Abstract
In constructtion of large civil engineering projects, environmental studies bPfore its construction,
during construction and after construction <II"<' n·quirl'd from both the natural side and human side
and their scientific systematic approaches an· 11ow lx·ing studied irorn the point of pattt·rn dassific:Jtion using computer analysis.
This paper describes the f uudamental enviro11mental studit•s by mc•ans of photographic informations such as natund color, infrared color, multiphutos and thermal images and how to evaluate their
elements relating to the construction of civil engineering projects :1s '' system. The latter discusses
the evaluation environmental evaluation by t·umputer analysis for cuastruction of furest roads.
§ 1.
Environmental evaluation by computer analysis for
construction of a forest road
1.
Purpose and place
Since the design works of a forest road are important from the point of development
and protection of natural resources, natural conditions must be considered from both the
long and short-range viewpoint in the total planning system.
The main factors of natural conditions are such items as topography, geology soil,
animal and vegetation and weather conditions.
difficult to classify the quantitative values.
As they include scientific contents, it is
These studies are connected to computer data
analysis for evaluating natural environment by correlated analysis using the computer in
case of constructing a forest road.
Moreover the moderate processing methods using the many factors relating to construction are examined in connetion with the data printing methods, especially important
considerations were mostly placed on the relationship between development and protection
of natural resources.
The author selected the test site (area, about 3. 71 km2 ) in the reservoir along the
Oi and Abegawa River in Shizuoka Prefecture situated in the center part of Japan.
The reason in selecting this test area is that area is that this district includes various
kinds of typical social engineering factors and natural conditions which can be solved by
an integrated system and related data is easily available.
In the test area, the forest road connecting Tashiro villege, Onezawa-sawa and Kurasawa-sawa (the place of forest cottage) was planned.
* Prof.
Dr. of Civil Engineering Dept.,
Tokyo, Japan 184.
This road is required for forest
Faculty of Eng., Hosei University Kajinocho, Koganei,
131
28
(IJB55. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
Item 10.
I
Class
Tashiro
rH=700m)
Vehicle velocity for pranning
Velocity
for
First
40
or
30
Second
30
or
20
Third
20
Item 15.
Velocity
Fig. 1
Automatic drawing of forest roads researched by specifications of forest roads
Curve radius
Radius (m)
I
40
60
40
:Jo
30
20
15
20
12( 8)
Item 20.
1: 25,000
planning (km/h)
Profile gradient
----··
Vehicle velocity
2llkm/h
Velocity
Profile (%)
I
Road class
Second order
40
7
10
Profile gradient
10%
30
12
Radius
12m
20
8
9
14
-
Fig. 3
Planning factors
Fig.
:~
Specification for construction of forest
road
planting and hauling the timbers from the forest.
Fig. 1 shows the automatic drawing of forest roads researched by specifications
shown as follows.
Fig. 2 shows the specification for construction of a forest road.
Fig. 3 shows the
planning technical factors of the second class road.
2.
System of Data Processing
The Fig. 4 shows the system flow chart used for this study for environmental
analysis for the construction of a forest road.
In the first stage, total general planning, its program and approach are needed.
Especially problems which are most likely to be encountered in each practical processing
stage must be cleared and related and effective information and materials must at the
same time be collected, such as existing statistical data, maps and reports. Adding to the
conventional field survey, the photo images of remote sensing techniques from airplane
and satellite also provide very useful information.
But these data are arranged in a
certain fixed list and must be tabled in a numerical inventory which is called the basic
map of data.
Secondly the basic map must be converted to a numerically arranged program for
input into a computer which can be stored for processing the next step.
For this purpose, the test area is divided into square meshes having fixed intervals
and each legend data of the basic map are replaced with a numerical code weighted to
the natural conditions.
This work is known as the formation of mesh data.
Files are
prepared for each basic map data. In the first step of numerical coding, the file number
is equivalent to the number of the basic map and each file can be analyzed into the
details necessary for inventories under consideration for each relationship. For example,
132
Taichi OSHIMA
Remote Sensing
Field Survev & Observation
(/ue~tionai re
lntcniew Survey
Aerial Photos
& 1'< at ura I
Color Infrared, l\1 ul ti band
Satetllite Images
Ground Photos
~I onochro
Syml1ol zation)
--
------,i.
Evaluation & :-.Iodelling
Formation of ~lathematical
!\latrix
Output of necessary Data
:.lumnical Formulation
\Y ei r<ht<•d Factors
Classification
Studies of Environment
Specifications
Formation of Decision Table
I
r ----
-Y--- ------------- --------- -·C0mpilation of Data Map
Data_File
Ii!Unit
t..::..:.:..:...:---:..,.:_
_...J
f--
I
I
I
:\atural Data
Top graph
\'egetation etc.
s,cial Engineering !lata
l'opul.it ion
Transportation
I
I
I
:I r - - - -~' - - - - ,
1! ~laster File
I
I '----,----'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
r-=-----:--'------:-::-:---,
II Evaluation Sheet!
I '-----,--------'
!_____
Compilation of Analysisl\lap
Inclination
Direction of Unit Area
Sunshine Energy
Cutting/ Banking
Field Data of Vision
Stereo- Model etc.
--------
Fig. 4
topographical data can be obtained, such as data on inclination of topography, direction
of unit area and sunshine energy, etc.
and the newly formulated data files, which is
called a master file, increase during processing of analysis in proportion to percentages.
The stored information in the master file can be outputted in analogue form which
IS
called a computer map typed out from the line printer and also these drawings can be
done by using the automatic drafters.
The advantage of this process is that vanous kinds of statistical information is
typed out from the systematized master file and at the same time select the meshes that
are equivalent to natural environmental conditions.
In this stage, the necessary data are
outputs for numerical formulation with the mathematical matrix to satisfy certain environmental condition tables, called "Decision Tables".
133
30
(IJB55. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
Accordingly, the modelling work needs an objective and purpose for the projects and
for the formation of the decision tables. Severe and descreet selection of related factors
and the relationship of each factor must be throughly considered in a well-systematized
process.
3.
Processing system of Environment Data
The outline of the processing system of environment data
1.
preparation of basic map
2.
preparation of mesh data
3.
preparation of data file (correlation of master file)
4.
IS
as follows.
environmental evaluation
.'1. !.
Preparation of basic map
The materials and data for analysis of the environment were collected in 1974 and
1975 and the results were arranged in a form of a topographic map, water flow map
(river system map), landslide map, vegetation map,
soil map and geology map.
They
are shown in the basic data of the first column in Fig. 5.
Especially, the map showing the number of landslides were completed in 1974 using
aerial photos at a scale of L 20,000 and on the aerial photographs at a sacle of 1/20, 000
taken by the Government Forest Agency, landslide areas occupying more than the 1 mm
X 1 mm on the photos were interpreted.
3. 2.
!'reparation of mesh data
To store each type of data in the computer, the test was divided into square meshes
consisting of one unit 450 m X 575 m
Primary Processing
Basic Data
ll_~;_;_:,_g_·,_~_,_,-_1;1>_1-"rl
- J
and each legend data of the basic map was read
----
Primary Evaluation
\~":'" ·sh~;:t}·
---K-~~,;;A-_~"--~-ys-i-~-·-~-"~8- __ _n::;·!;,~ti;~,;
~~<.round l'ro<iurt!vtly
sprct
Anal)·si~ Map
-·------
---c-·------- ....,
Map showin!(
'
numher of l.andsl~~
Map showing
area of Lands! ides
jVegetatio~- Vegetation Map
(;round l•:lf'V;i~ior}
Slope Anai." ;,
Soil
i::~:J~;u.;~-v;1,:-:. fj;-;:;;l'z.r ~
Dangrr I'rQh31H l i 1 ~ hy 1.and Slide
--------
·-
·-- ----
Slope Anal)'"'
Vegetion
Geology
Eveluation Value Sheet of
Vegetation Protection
Natural Grade Classification
Vegetation Classification by
Elevation Range
Fig. 5
Environment analysis by computer
134
~ccundary
Evaluation
vv a l~atl~-;1--
l
Val ur Shrel of
-- I. and tJ se
I'ronahi I i ty
.
-~-----------
Evaluation
Value Sheet
of Forest
Protection
j
Taichi OSHIMA
31
within each unit area mesh and denoted by numbers.
1.
Topographic map-minimum ground elevation reading 10 meters at the center of
2.
Geology map-from first to third rank m order of geological classification occupied
3.
Landslide frequency map-map showing number and area of landslide.
4.
Vegetation map-from first to third rank in order of area occupied in vegetation
one unit mesh.
in one unit mesh.
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Fig. 6
135
i?
32
(JlB55. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for C'valuating
classification in one unit area.
5.
6.
Soil map-from first to third .rank m order of area occupied in soil classification.
Water flow map-density of number of valleys.
3. 3.
(river system map)
Formation of data file
Various basic map data can be input into the computer, each file m a matrix-form,
known as a unit data file.
The drawing by the line printer can be called a computer
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10
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57
33
Taichi OSHIMA
There are inclination slope analysis map, slope direction analysis map, valley density
map, map showing number of landslides, map showing area of landslides, vegetation
map, soil map and geology map.
From this topographic unit file,
slope analysis, direction map and sunshine energy
map were outputted by the compter.
3. 4.
Correlation of unit data
The computer map file can be used for correlation analysis of each unit data file.
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3 \?<l00997700Pl>552?6M6!F775 5 ~577771.! 1.! 551.111 \WHHHHHS 5665566776<'](,1' 'iMt''
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66 7722337799.1l"i7 :s 5<¥999li:P'77f.IB 77!3"RXX771Hl66'•SJ3:'..34H3 "11111221.1 116"rr"!'41.r', ~S ',M
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99 OOD448R997799666644 77RR6MR66DB'87777R8556666n~26f>')'55577 ',J'' S',', ~. 77
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77!l8 8~11 461566 6666 99<1 4? ?669981! 77(1(1889 95 5 7?77441.1 4994 (j 5 54 4 55 55 66 :'!32 2q ll::. "·411
00888"8fl~8~6 6 55 77995 5 7777 ~· 5 77R866 c; 5 7700 66666699 XX8877776 6778!"44 3 3'!,85 ': 5 'l
77 6t'i778R008 RS 55 56~ 'i l'i 6 6P:~4 I1666666XXOO 998fl 'f. X55 9900 77$99 9flfi8P:8Ril 099 9%"' 5
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3 866995 566X Xf<R61'i 77'<9999 9 5 566 9977 41.& 77995 5~85 577008 866998!'9'<8888 ,, 3!l8776(
4 4 88 5 566668R 775 566662222 5 55511 II 5566 55 ~:3 557744R8'667766 55 3:3 5 56 699 77 7'9"'
55 77660081388 ~>i4't 6677775544 668877558 855 5500Pi8 7766 777766411 3 3:3:35 55 56 G~' ;I}
66 77559 93 39977557766 5 5554466Pi866888BB8778B4466Xxr0664 411 ll 554 ~ gp;onn o s S[,:J
44 >i86699779977774L! M 55 3:33 3776677777788660077778Pi77M6655 777766 6677~..; 55
99 55 6 6 776 6 7 7 7 777666 6 2 22:2 8 8 X X99 9 9 66 9 9 8' 8 66 7 7 889 96 6 6 688 8 88 32 2 5 511 Ll 2 2 't II 7 7 5 S
68668899999977411 55 77 3344668fl' 77990077666,\J38778866 :S 3 7788775 566M :S :3 335 ~'
7777995 55 599774/J 5 50(166 77660(16666664 4 55l!4 778!':77885 5LII.j 774 4 555 5114114 HH' ~.IJO
7 7 77 X X0 077 8 8 p;g 5 5114 ~:tR 8 R7 76 611 4 6 666 00 7799 55 776 6 8 8 9 96 6 3 3 8 8 55 411 9 99 9 7 72 2 f'' 1 5 ~
7744 9988883 31l:866 7766 55 558 88R 66(1 43138888 77775 59 9004~ 66665 588'9977'3 84 4 1', 3 :)
6688005544 775 566775 5 66Qn997'fi87788X XXX99007777996655411 5 5888 1!2?'<Jl;99 ~ 'K 11
8~88775 55566 "i6999 966 66XXXX66XX8855 XX9'<7799R89977SS411 775 56 6 55226 6f- 6 ;' I II
p; p; 8 BXX 777 7 55 6 622 6 6X X fiB 7 7X X 7788 88 669 99 9 0£17 78 8 9 9 55 55 7799 8 R6 66 6 55 7 7~ 8 5> ·~??
88 888>177~ IJ5 5995 566 77996600!!~88996688777788RP:88 5 588889 977667744 66775 ~. ·' ~
81'1 7777885588772266 5 5777777778 ~ 77 334113344 665 5411114 5 55 SXX666600771! ~-;54 4 ??
4 4 778Pi666 69944£1488 66? 2668Pi778R779977559977888866J355 88 776688776( 3 33 \liH
5 5887777666666662255 55 7777889966777 722 77 3377XX7755667788 556611 :33 5 52/ Ho-!
6 6776677008'877775 5XX 666699XX995588665 588 3:166 776666665 56t'\ 3J6622 66; 211 I' 55
411 7 777 X X008 .1!7 717 55.1{ I! 7 7668866 R 8 99 9 9 6 6 9 9 8 8 4 ~ S 56 68 88~ 3 3 3 3Jli Pi 55 5 5HH HH HHi('· 55
6 6 7 79 9 7766 7 ?X X66 ~ 4 77 55 55 77 66 X X9 9 663 36 6 00 7 70 000 779 9 666 666 5 5662 2 HHH H 7 7 6 6
772281!881!877996666 'i 55 5997744 556t'IJ333998800XXX X8B997766 775 5443311 ~IH7766
7722 7788 66 7777 8 888 ~6 4 4 66 77 3 3 5 50000 778 899 X X9 9 £l 0 99 X X775 55 5 88 5 5R8 55 22 7 7 G6
55 66 55 3 35 59 9 6699 7 712 4 La 55 88 55 3 3 99 XX 009 9 77 66 9 9X XS866 33 6 6 5 58888'771i 66 66 6 4 4
7 777664 4228 8 7777 55 77 5 566 7 722 4 4 66 669 9776 6 77000 0887 7 4116 6 0 (l 8 81.& 4 22 55 6 6 6 ~ 3 :3
9 9 XX? 766889 99 9 77 4 4 88 4 4 8R 77 55 5 56 600 00 7766 5 56 688 778 "66 5 599 00 5 541.& 7700 77:3 3
7 78 86699662 2 7 777 3 3 66 4 4 777766 6666888 BX X88 7799 X X666 6 66 55 7 766665 52 2 9 98 ~ 7 7
77 7 7779 966 4[1 8 BXX 41.& 66 4 4 88 886 6 66 3 3 5 54 4 77 779 9 7777 5 59 9 999977 778 8'4 4 22.411 55 8 8
9~
He·:, t I-UN IVERS ITV
VALLEY Dt::N511Y
1976.?.111
7.Su~
P1EAN-
QATA HAPPED l" 10 LEVELS 8ETWtEN EXTRF.ME VALUES OF
ST.4NOA~D
DEVIATION -
1. sn
2. so
~fiXI~If"1
2.50
3.5l1
.~·~~
1. 50 ANn
Af"')OlLITt VALV£ RANGE .APPLYING TO EACH LEVfL
r--tNI11Lr'1
11
3. 5rl
4.5!'
so
7. 50
7.50
8.50
6.
PfRCENTAG£ Of TOTAL A8sOLVTE VALUE RANGE APPLYING TO EACH LE'VEL
1.'13
1.'J3
1.03
l.IJ:S
1.(13
1.0.!
ffF.QUfNCY OISTRI~VTION OF DATA POINT VALIJES IN FACH LEVEL
LOU VALUFS
l fVELS
0
5YI1FIOL<:;
111111111
11 It 111 I I
1111LI111
111111111
111111111
2??222222
2222?22?.2
22?2 22??
22??2?222
222222?22
44444~4t.4
33333."1:33}
333.:533:3:33
33:3:3 3333
.B3D3331
555555555
555555555
4111.14 44411 555~ 5555
4114111144t.~ 555555555
:S:S333J3J3
41144~41lltfl
444~114444
555~55555
90. 7?
HIGH VALUES
10
666666666
666666666
6666 6666
666666666
666666666
777777777
777777777
7777 7777
777777777
777777777
265
263
8!18888888 999999999
888~88888 999999999
8888 88RB 999~ 9999
8888R88R8 999999999
88138R8fl88 999999999
00Pl1000• 0
0000000no
0000 OOPO
OQ00000\10
0rJ(·Il000ll(l
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXX XXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::.. ===== ====== ====== ==::::::::::::::: ====:..: =- ===::: ========= === ===== == :::::::;; == =====:;; :::::::::;::: ::::::;:::;::;;:;;:;;:;; =:;; :;;::: ==== ======= === =120
Fig. 8
137
231
136
63
II
HHI.lHHHHilK
HHK\.JHHKHH
HHHhHHiiHfl
HHHHHHHHl-l
f-!HHHHHHf<~
34
(IJB55. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
The final purpose of environmental evaluation by computer is to determine the potentiality of land use and forest protection which can be shown as primary evaluation in the
former figure of environmental analysis by computer mentioned above.
They are explained in the following divided into three categories.
1)
Evaluation of Danger probability of landslide by correlation
This evaluation can be done from th~ unit file of topographic slope, geology, vegetation and distribution of landslide frequency which are considered as main factors for
1 l HH4ii22HH2211JIH11 HH22551 1 221!HH ttl 1 3355''1' 11'1
11 t 122HHI12233HH111111HHHH1111J-IIIH':zz3~. 1 ~:•n,q
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HI-IHH2222 3322HHHH22HHHH1 122.?..23 322H ,: I l l 11\H '5 311
22L!42211 HHHHHHHH:Dt 1HK223322il i1 1111333 3HIH 111
33£!11HHI tHH! 1 HHD2222HH 33HHHHHI111H'-11 I HH'22 1i '•11-1
331111222222HHHHHHHHHH 1 I l l HHH 4HHHH II HH221 I !iH
114422£,4 3 3HH It 2211 33331111111111 I t HH22HHHHHHHHHHH~ II HHHJ-IHH 33HHHHH HI' "IIH
1 12244D11HHHH11HHI t 331122HH1111 HHHH55HHHHHHHHHHHH'! ttt4HHHHHHHHH?..2f''"! 1fH
11111 t 1122HHHHHH 111 1 22HHHH1122HHHHHH II HHHH 11 HH 11 HHVHHH 1-<111-lHHHHH H 11 Hl1H 11
22HH22Hl-t22HHl.lH221 gq ~:31 122553311 HHHHHI!HHHH11 HHHHHH11111122HHHHHHHH<j\, 33
3322111 1HHHH~HHH11??.1111223:3HHHHHHHHHHHH1 !HHHHHHHII1111HI!111 PlHHHHHI.J'"IHH
HH22221 l HHHHH!!f!HHI.Jl-fH22HHHH22HH2?3JHH2222331l1111HHHHHHHH11HI.J22HHHI-!1!11
H! 1:BHIIHHHHDHH 111111221122HHHH 221111223 311 HH 11 HH 11 HHHH 11 HHHHHH H HHHHHHH
1 1 HH1122HHHHHH111 I :'>34112?111 I HH 11 HH22HH 3311?21111HHf-IHI122HHI-IHHHI-[HHfJI-1 '122
HH2222! 111221 tHHHH3311 1122551 I 11112211221111 HHHHHHHHHH221-1H111111!1H:rHH
331111 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH221.Jll2211 HHHHHHHH11221122HH 1111 HHHH 11 HH 11 HY2? 111111
HHHH!Il!HHHIII 11 t t 1112222111122HHt 1HHHH11 ?21111 HH11HHHHHHHHHHI-IHHHHH.-H!l
HHHHHH11 HHHHI-IH I 1 HHHH 111 1HH1111112211HH It 33HHHHflH 1 I HH11 HHt 1 HHHHHHl.lHH11J 1
HHHH22221!22 H!-12211 f/H 1 1HH 1122HHHH221 11122 I 1HH 1111 HHHHHHHHHHHHt t 1 I HHI-i ·;:1-1
HH22 I 122HHHHHHHHHHHI-I112:? I 1 HH221 t 111 111 3 32211 HH II HHHH I 1 HHHHHHHH 1 1 HH2tHH
11111111HH11HH11 HHHHHHHI-!11 HH1 t 1 t I 12211 HHHHHHI-'H111122HHHHHHHHHifi-IHHHH: • •
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH221 J 1 1 11 HHHHHHHHHHI 1 HH22HHHHHHHH1122112 2HHI-lHI-IH HH HHI-I'-iHI-I
I!HHHHHHH1!HHHH1 1 HHI-IHHHHH11111-fHHHHHHHHH3311 HH331122221111 HHHHHHH Hi-fH~"fi4H
HHHHHHHHt t HH1 1 HHHH 11 1 I 11HH 11HH 113311 HH 3311HH2211 HH 1111 HH3311 HHfPHIIJ1! HH
HHI-IHHHHHHHt 111HH11?211 I tHHHHt 11111 t 111221111 t 111222222HHHHIIHHHHHJ.fl1H"!
t I HHHHHHHHHH 1111HH 11 HHI 1 HHHHI1 1 t 1 t II HHII 1 11122HH1 IHHHH 1 1 Hl.! 331 1HHI.!Hflf- ,,H
HH HHHHHHHHHH3 31 1222 2HHHHHHHH 11 HHHHHHHHHH 1 t 11 HHHHll HHHH1llli.!22HH I{ HHHHI-IH'
HHHHHHHHHH1122HHHHHHHHHP111122HHHH22f-IH 11?2HHHHHH11 HHHH2211 HHHH>i ffHHHI-lHH
HHHH 112211 HH2211 HHI-lHHHHf-IHHHH 11 22113~HHHH 11 1 111 HH•'H I l l ! 1111 HHHH HHH H>i I~HH
1 t HH2222 t I HH2222HHf-IHHHHHHHHH 11111 I HHHHHHHH 1 1 11 HHHHHHHHHJ.fHHiff-IHH 22H HHJ;fi h
11HH 11 33HH11! t HHH'iHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI111 HHH!lt 1 HHHHll ?.2HftH~
HHHH 11 t 1 HHHHHH 11 HHJ./HHHHH1111 HHHHHHHHHH J 1 HHHHHHHH t 1 1 1 HH11 HHHHI-IH H fl HHH'•~Il
1 1 1111 HHHHHHHH1 t HHHHHHHH11 HHHHHHHH 3 3HH t I l l HHPH 1 1 11 HHHHHH 1111 HHH H HHH~JH!-<
HHHHHHHHHHHH1111 HHHHHHHH 11 HH HHHHHH 1 1 HH 1 1 HHHHHH 11 HHHHHHHHHHHHHH H HHHHPHH
HH11 11 HHHHHHIIII HHHH 1122223322HHHHHH 1122HHHHHHHH11 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHiflli H
1 t 11 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHPH 1 tHHHH22HHHHHHHHHH!1 I 111 HHHH1 1 11 HHHt!HHHHHHHHHHIHlHH
HHHH111111 HHHI-lHHHHHHHHHHI I 11111 t 11 HHHHHH2211 HHHH!l H4HHHH11 HHHHH HHHI· t·'!
11 HH t tIt HHHHHHHHHH!IHHHt 1 HHHH 11 HH 11 HHHHHH 33HHHH11 HHHHHHH I-IHHHHHH4 HH HHI1 HH
11HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI-iHHH3311HHt 1 HHHHHHHHHHI-iHHHHHHHHHHH II 1 1 HH 11111-iHHH• •lili
HHHHHHHHHHt t HHt t HH1122HHHH11 HHHHHHt tHH 1111HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 5511HHHHHHHH
22HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!iHHHJ 1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 11 HHHHHH 11 HHH HHHl-IHHH
112222HHHHHHHHHHHHiiHHH1 t I 1HHHHHHHH11HH1 tHHHHHHHHH1!22HH1 t ttHI-IHHHHI! H"''H!i
HH22 t t 11111! 2211 HH4H 1 1 t II t qq H!iHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 11 HHHH t 1HHHHHHHil22H HHHI: \" \fH
HHHHHH112211111122HHHHHHHH 11 HHHHHHHHHHHH 11 HHHHHHHIIHHifHH HHH li.D l 1 li!{H!-'H:;
7 UV[LS
UAT.A MAPPED II/
A~SOLUH
~"lNlH!Jr'
VALUE
RMlG~
~lHIE.E.I'l
EX1Rtr-:E VALUES OF
1.50 AND
Al'f'LYING TLl EArH U. "[L
l.'iO
2.50
~AX1Hll"',
2.50
3.50
3.5(l
Lt.50
Lj. '50
5.50
5.50
6.50
~.'50
7.
',~
1.
sa
3.50
PlRCC:NTAGl OF TOTAL ABSOLUTf VALUE RANGE APPL'HNG TO EACH LEVEL
1Lj.?9
1Lj.?.9
14.29
JLj.29
JLj.29
FREQUE~
··y OISTRir.HIO'l OF" DATA POINT VALUES IN EACH LEVEL
lEVELS
l0\.1 VALUFS
0
::=
SY'1rOLS
HIGH VALUE<;
= == "'"' =
:=:::-
111111111
111111111
lllllll1l
111111111
111111111
:::= ""
2
3
~
5
===" ========= == == =====================================-=;:;=====:;:;;::;::;::;:: ==;:;==== =-=1 =
22?222?22
?22?2??:??
22?? 27?2
22.':>2n22
2??22??2?
333333333
3:3333.D33
3:D3 333:3
33.3333"33
3333333.33
qqqqiJLjLj£tl.! 5555555"5 (i»%666666
1.!4l!Ljl.!ll4114 555"55555 656666666
Lj/j~ll 111~~4 5555 5555 6666 6<>66
1.!41.!1.!4Ljl!q4 5SS'i555"S 666666666
1.!41.!1illll44ll 555555555 6t\"/,66"iff66
777777777
777777777
7777 7777
777777777
777777777
8~8888R88
888888888
8388 R888
888888888
888888888
HHHHHHI-I H
HHHHHHHHN
HHHHHiiHHf!
HHHHHHHH11
HHHHHHHHH
86?.
142
Fig. 9
138
Taichi OSHIMA
35
landslide occurrence.
As the reinfall condition
2)
IS
not included, these are mainly primary causes.
Evaluation of ground productivity
Not only the evaluation of ground productivity but land use probability has been done
by using the data file on soil, topography, slope grade and ground elevation.
The soil
classification can be classified by the classification standard of the soil product probability
and adding the ground elevation grade which is related directly to the air temperature.
I IHH2.'llHH11 1 IHI-IIlfiHt IIII.U5nJ.IH\llll P;>l-! '~:If
t 11111HK111111 HH11LL114HHHI1H).IHiiHfC2i I LUl '1ff
IIHHLL2211HHLLHHLLHH4Ht I 1 I LlltHHHIIHHI!IIll.liH
HHHII!t I 11111 YHHH11 HHHHIIZ255221 tHHLU L11Hl t?.2
l\lllllLHHHHHHHH4411HH11111 11111 llllllHHl!D
I "HH!I HHtl HHI t llltHHIIHHHHHJ.l tli-IYLLHH II HI-'
!J ll?:>Z211!1HHHHHHHHHH1111HHHHHHHH1 LH~'I ll!HH
Ill! I II! I l i l t HHtl HHHHHHHHHHHH II HHHHI-IYII HH1-!HHHI!i-1HH
LLI111 1111 HHHHLLHHLLl I 111 tf!fll I II HHHH!I HHHHHHiiHHHHHLLLLHHHHHHHHHHLLH'iH:I
LLIILLI111HHHI4HH2?.1 Lt IHH!iHlll il·il-lf!HHHII HHHHLLHHLLHJ.ll 1 HHHI-IHHI-I4HHHH11 Y cHH
11 HH!IHHIIHHHH!t111111LLI1111111 HHHHHHIIHHH11HHHHHHLL1 11 I 1 t HHIIHHHHH...I 1ill
II J 12211HHHHHHHHllll111 t 1111HHHHHHHHHHHHLLHHHHHHHHI 122HHittlliHHHI-lH~HHH
HHt lt122HHHHHHHHHHiiH1 IHHHHI tHHt ll1HHt ll111LLIILLHHHHHHHHLLHHIIHHHHLLLL
HH I tHHHHHH!IHH!!lll 1221 lttHHHH2?Llt !111111HHLLHHLLHHHHIIHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
II HH!IIt HHHHH~LU 1221 tllttll HHIIHHt I ffHI 1 J 1221 t IIHffHHLLll HliHHHffl-fHI-IHHHII
HHI I l l L l l l l 1 LLHHHHt 1 1 ILLI t 1 I LL1122111 1 112211HffHffHHHHHH11 HffLLLLLLI P.P1HH
111111 HHHHifHHHHHHHHH 111122LLHHHHHHHfft 11111221-fH 1 tLLHHHHt 1 HHLLHff I 122 E l LL
HHHHLLll HffHHLL1111Ll Itt 1 tttt IIHH I tHHHHI I 11 t 111Hfflt HHHHHHHffHHHffHHHHHHll
HffHHHHLLHHHH~HLLHHHHLL t IHHLLLL 1111LLI-IHLL11HHHHHHI t HHtt ffHt t HHiiHHHHHHHLL
HHHHilil22LLJ tHH22LLI-iHt tHHLL 1 I HHHHt 1221111 LLHHLLt 1 Hl-lHHHHffl-lffffHHLLLLffffH;JHH
HH It 1 It 1 HHHHHHHHHffHHt I It ttHHtt I 11 t LLtll t t lliHHt IHHHff I !Hf-lHHHHHH 11 HHlt HH
I It lilt 1 HH11HH11 ffHIHfHHHHLLHHt tlLI 1 t ILlHHHHHHHHt 1 I 1111-fHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HffHHHffHHHHHHHI-JHHII Lllll t HHffHffHffHHHLLHH I tHHHHHHHHLl22 I 1 I I HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHt 1 HHHHI t HHiiHHHHH 1 t 1 IHHHHHHHHHH 2211 HH 1122 t 122LlLLffHHHHHHffffffJ-l~HH
HHHI-IHffHHLLHHt tHHffHLLLL1 tHHt 1HH111111HH221 tHHIIIIHHll LLHHttll!iHH'f'iHLLHH
HHHHHHHHHH1111Hff1 1111111HHHH22LL1111LLB11 t I 1 t i l l t 1111 HHHHLLHHHHHHII HH
11 HHHffHHHHHHLLLLHHLLHH 11 HffHH ll LLLL22HH 11 LLLL 11 ffHt 1 HHHHI 1HH It LUiHHHtHiHH
HH HHHHHHHHHH II LL2211 HHHHffffHH 11 HffHHHffHHHH221 t ffHHH It HHHff 111 t 11 HH HffHHHl-Hfl{
ffHffHHHffHHHLLt 1HHHHI1HHHHH22I 11 IHHHHt 1HHI 11 tHHffHHHLLHHHHll J !HHHY4HHHHHHH
HHHH 1 11 1 LLiiH 1 1 t 1 HH 1lYffHffHffHHH1111 1 1 11 HHHH t ILLIIHHHH II t tLLI 1 HHHHHffHHH 11Hff
ill! HHt I 1111 HH1 t t 1 HHJIHHHHffHHHHLLII t 1 HHHHHHHH 1111 HHHHHHHHH 11ffriHHHff It ff ff~ HHH
22HHt t I 1 HHllLLHHHHJ-IHffHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHffHHHHHHHHHKHJ I l l HHHl-11 1 HHHHII I 1 HHHH
HHHHt I IIHHffHHHt 1 l·iH'iHHHHHLL1 1 HHHHHHffHHHII HHHHI-IHHHLLII HHt 1 HHHHHHHHffHHHHH
3311 LLHHHHHHHH It ffHHHH ffHHLLHHHHHHHff22HH111 1 HHHHLLII HffHHffHI t LLHHffHHHH ffHH
HI-IHHHHHHHHHH 1111 HHHHHHffH 11 HffffHHHHH 1 t ffff 11 HHHHHHt1ffHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HI-It 1111-iHHffHH 111 t ffffHff 1 t 11 I 111 t 1 HHHHHHLL22HHHHHHHH t tHHHHHl-IHHHHHHHHHHH HHH
Ll t 1 HHHHHHHHl-IHHHHH~l-ILLHHffHI! Hff!iHHHHHHHl t ttlliiHHHlt LLHHHHHHHH!1HHHHHH HHY
HHHHt 1 lllLHHHHHHHHHHHHHHl 1 LLI J 11 LLHHHHffHt tLLHHHHLLHHHHHHI t HffffHHHHHHHHH
LLHHt 1 LLHHHHHHHHHff)-{HHH 11 ffH!iHLLHH 1 tHHHHHH 1 t HHHHLLHffHHHHHHHHHHffHHHHHHHHH
t I HHHHHHHHHH~HHHHHHHHff 1111 HH t t HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHffffHHHLLLLHHt 1 1 1 HHHHHHHff
HffHHHHHHHH 1 tHH 11 HH J 1 11 HHHHll HHHHHHLLHH 1 1 LLHHHHHHffHHHHHHHHH 11 I 1HHH ffff HHH
1 t HHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHff 11 HHffHffHHHHHHHHHHHffHHHHHHHLLHHHHHHLLHHHffHHH HHH
11 1 t I tHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHll 1 1HHHHHHHH'11 Hff t t HHHHHHHHHH11 HH 11 LLHHHHHH 11 Hl-lHH
HHI t LLLL111 t 1111HH~HLL1 t t t 1 JHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLLHHHH11 HHHHHHHHt 1 HHHHHffHH
HffHHHH 111 t 1111 LL22~HHHHHHHt I HffHHHHHHHHHHLLHHHHffHffHHHHHHHHHLLll LLHHH HH~
ll1111 B22HHLLI
t 1111 I
~PLA OF LAND SLICE
HEM/ -
8 LF.'VELS flETIJFEN
OIHA MAPPED IN
EXTRE~E
59 .. 159
VALVES N
STANDARD rJEVIATlOtl-
1.50 AND
415.49
90 .. 50
AUSQLUTE VALIJE RANGE APPLYl:-.G TO EACH lEVEL
I"IN'JMU~
1.50
12 .. 63
23.75
~'AXIMU"!
12.63
23.75
3il.81"
79.3~
57.13
68.25
90. sa
12.50
12.50
PFRCF:"JTIIGE OF TOTAL ABSOLUT£ VALUE RAI--!GE APPLYING TO EACH LEVFL
12.50
12.50
12.50
Ff<FOUt>.JC'i' DIS1RI8UTTON OF nATA POINT VALUFS
12.51J
12.50
IN •fAf'H LF:Vf[
LOl,/ VALUES
LEVEL'i'
";YMf• 'l_'i'
fRtOUPI':'Y
HJG4 VALllf '\
9
0
LLlLLLLLL
l LLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLI.LL
LLLLLLLLL
11 I 111111
1111 I 11 11
! 1 I I Ill t
111111111
111111111
2222??.?~2
.333333Y~3
2222222?2 .DD33333
?.2?.~ 2?.?? :,'>333 33~3
22~222?.22 333.D3''D
?22222222 33:33333:3:3
liililllilil£&1.!11
illlililililllill!
'~44!! ililil4
il4ll4il4ililil
1.!4il1.!4illllll!
555555555
555555555
5555 5555
555555555
555555555
666666666
666666666
66~6 t'\666
666666666
666666666
777777777
777777777
7777 7777
777777777
777777777
!S88f)8Ji8!J~
HffH:HHffHHI-<
R8888R88R HH11HHHHP11
~88!li i-1888 HI!HHHHHill(
ft~~f\'S>Sf\'88
R888''3~~~~
HH~I1HHHI
H1-!HHHHHl-:i1
"'
142
Fig. 10
139
36
(IJE55. 3)
3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
Evaluation of Vegetation
This was evaluated using files on vegetation, ground elevation and sun shine energy.
The vegetation was classified by the natural grade of vegetation regulated by the Environmental Agency of the Government. In case the same kind of vegetation is distributed
in several places on the ground elevation, natural grades of the ground elevation considering the statistcal distribution of ground elevation were decided.
Moreover, sun shine
energy calculated from the inclination and direction of the unit area on the inclination
LL!ULLLLill
,,,,.,....j.~Lo•••~+-+-+:._ttt++•"l""...._..
lllllllllloooo•oooooooHH,.,.~+H~-i~~:
~-<-{
LLLLLI.oo+.j.oooooooooooo..._,~,,...,.:_!+-+,,,,.;..·~
L~
+-+Lt.Llo, o,,,,,,, o ol LLI ""+++9&++++++,,, ,++-r..-LL
oollllooo ooo
oooo69LI.HHo~-~+++,
o ,,+++"'-~-•.._
•••••••••••••••• LtHH~+++ ... ,,++,,+ ... ,
.~.~I.
o o o o o o llo o o o o • o o o o HH+++4o-++-++++++++++t+-++++~
I
OOOOLLLlLll! !1 llllllllllo,,,,, •• o oooo o o o o o o ,HH++++++++ •• ++~+++~+1 1
LLLLLLLLllllLLLLLLLLLLLlll~ ••• , o , , ,,,,,,,HHLL++++++,,,,++ •• ,,, ............
LLLLlllll Lllllllllll.LLLL+++++-+-o o,,, ,, o o o, oHHHH++++++++,.,.,. LLLL++"'-++-'l Ll LL Lo , llll LLLLLLL\.9&++++++-1-t, , o , o o , o , , HH++etiHH++++•+.._.., , •• 66+++++..._
LLLLLLLLLLll ++,, Ll ++++++++++++,, , , o , , , +++-t-++969&++++++++++ •• LL +++++++""
++LLLL, • LLI .. L++, , LLL 1.. +++++-+++++o , o o ++++++++++. ,++69+++++++-t+i-l Ll. L+++~+
++++I L++++,,, ,,,LJ . J L++++++++,, 11oo++++++++,, •• ++++HHHH++++LLLLLL+""-++++
++++ll+>+++++1 oLLLLJ LLL++++++,,,,~++&e++++++++,,, ,++++[ ll lo ,++++>"'-+
LL++++++++-++,, LLLLI..LLLLLLL, o o o o ,+++++-+-+++-+-+-+++++,, • • • • LL ++l.U 1,,,, ,++++
L L++++++++++, olllll ll L, • llo , , , , 1~+++++++ ...... -+-+ o • • • • • ++++, , HH++ •••• +++ ...
LLLL++++++++l LLLLL, LLLLLL •• Llo ,+++~++++++, • o • • • • ,++++o o • o ••••• ,++++
LLLLLL-++++++! L++LL ••• •••• ,,, , .LL++++++oo••••• •••• ,,,++, •••, ••• •• • .1 · LLLL++++++++Lt ++++++,,,, •• LLLLl L++++++, • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
l Lllll++++++oooo++l l,,++ •• LLL! LL++++, o ••• ••••••1 o ••• ••• ••• o ooo++o o o •·,
lLLL+-J--+.+++++++,,++++++, o • • LllLLLo• o 1 o • o o 1 o o o 1 • • oll...._,,, •• 1 • oooo • • •• • • •
+++++++++++-+-++,,++++++,, •• LL++++1 ,++++, o o o o ollllll++o o o o++++HHHHo 1,, o o
++++++++, ,++++, .++++1 ~- •• - , .-LLooo o o o o ollo 1 o o o o ,,++++++, •• ,., o o., o o
- L L++++,, , .++++++++ 1 o • , , o o, , , • , lll lllllllo , • , , , , , , , • ,++++, • -++Jl[i. , , •
++++++-+-+++ ••• ,++++++++, ••••••••• LLLLLlllllo. r Ll. I • • I • • • ' • • • ,++>++Hil ••••
++++++++o o •, • ,-++, o, ,++LL++++,,,, Lll..l"++llllllllo o • o 1 • • • • • , , , , , , ++, .11!1. •
LL++++++++o. 0 • • ' • • • I • • • • • • • • • • LLLL++LLLLLLLLLL - · •••••••••••• 0 . 0 0 . HH ••
LLLLLL.oo++IO• ........... Oooo ,-+-+LLLL++++LLLLLLLLLL++,,, •••• I • • • • • • • • • • tlH,.
LLLLLL •• 0 0 • • I . · · - · I • • • • • 0 . o++l L++++++LLLLLLLLLL ••••••••• ,++++ •••••• 1-!H
ll LL.,, , • o++o , , • ++++++, o o o, , LLLL ++++++LLL L++++o , , o o o • • • • , , , , ++.. , , • , • >< H
L LL! .. Llo , • 0 ++++++++++ o o, , , , LL++Ll +-+-++, o o .LL++-, o o o • o o o • • 1 • o o o 1 o o • • • • • •
LL++LL •• 0 0 • • 0 .++ •• I I • • • • ++LLLL++++++, ,++LL++++++ •• - - · •••••••••• 0 • • HH
++++, o,, • ,++, o++o o o o o , , o ++++LLLL ++++++++++++. , ++, o • • • • • • , , , , , o o o , o , • fl H
++++++,. o o++++++o , , , , , •• ++ •••••• ++++++++++ ••• , , , ++ o o , o o , , • o , , o , , , • HHHH
LLLL ++++ •••• ++++HH ••• 0 • 0 ee •.•••• +++++++-;-++. 0 LL. 0 • • • • • • • I • • • olll!l •••• tl :1 ••
LLLLLL++, , • o++++++++, , , o , , , , ++, ,++ o o o ,+++-+, ,l lo , , , • , , , o o++++HHHHHHH fl, ,
Lll L+++-+, , , ,++++++, , - · ••• ++++LL. , • , , , -++++o • , • , , , , , , ++++, , HHH HHH ••• ,
LLLL. o++++++. , o, , , , , ++. ,++, o , , LL. , • , • ,++, o++,. ++++, o ++++. , ••• o • , HH, , , o
............................. ,++++, · - · •••• ,++, ••• ++ •••••• ++. ,++++ ••••••••••••••••
++++++++++ •••• 0 o++o •••••••••••••••• 0 • • - - . 0 . ,++++ •••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • •
++++++++++. ,++. ,++. 0 • • • I++ •••••• 0 • • • • • ++, ••••• HHHH96HH •••••••• 0 • • • • • • •
++++++++++ LLL L,, , ,+-~++, , , , , , • o • , • , o , • , • , , • • , •• - · o , , , • , , • • , ••• • • • • • • • •
++llo o o o o ,++++++ o o •• , • o o o o 1 o , • , , • • • o •• , , , o o o • ,++++ • , • • • • , • • •, , , • , , • , , ,
LL,,,,,,++++++++,o, ••• 01 o •••o•••••••· ••• ·••• •••• • oo•• oo•••• oo•• •• •• •• •
HOSEI-Ut~JVFRS!TY
\lfGETf.TION
ts7.s.
9.
1r
{l~lA
.'1APP£0
IN 10 LEV[LS ""fT,,FF"' HTRF"F VA!IIFS
1>'1 <;0LUTF VALUE RANGF API-'LY!t'C: TC EACH LEVFJ.
ui'lii"'lW
~·I' :ti'"''J"'
!5fl,"f·
:!5G."(I
25f'l,[1(1
35", ,.n
PffiCfNTfi\.E OF TOTAL ,AI1<;0LUH VALUF RANGF
1 Clo ,
tn. •w
r -QUEt'CY
35n.(1"
~50, n,
APPLVJ~Jr;
1 (1.
r~
115f·,llll
5"". "'(I
5S'1,fHl
65!J.r.r
TO FfiCH LEVfl
1 .• nn
t O."G
650,00
75(l,OQ
750,'1(1
55[l,f'C
~
,
95fl.l 1'1
<150,'1
I '50. 'l
10.0[)
1£'.!)0
1C1o0
OF DfiT/'o PQI"lT Vfi!..UfS ItJ FArH Lfi'Fl
L0\1 V.ALVF
t rvn c;
r
ll..l LLLLLt
I Lt U! t ll
Ll!Lll..!!.'
LLLLLLL.ll
u 11 1 u t r
<;'f''''•'[.<;
>ilFQUf r
nTST>:I~UTION
nr
cv
10
, .. ••••••
" ' ' ' " ,,, +++++++++ XXXXX¥XXX 000000000 ~66 000000000 IUIIIIIJI
, •, ••• ,,, ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' •• ,, ,, , o, +++++++++ X¥XX~XX'I::X 000000000 eeee&ee66 000000000 I)II~FHUIII!tl
,,,,t,,,. ''''?'''' ,,,,;,,,,. +.._++[[++++ YXlCX5XXXX 000060000 669e7ee&6 0000-\0000 IIUH!lii911CUJI
••••••••• ' ' •' • ' ' ' ' ••••••••, +++++++++ XXXYXXX~X 000000000 0000661396 QDOOQOOOO !t!t'::liJI!IJ!!ll
••••.•••• · • · • • • · • • , , ••••••• +++++++++ nxxxrxxx ooooooooo eeeeeeeee ooeeee~Jeo ~nsnDmll
12
?~li
Fig.ll
140
IJJGH V.ALUFS
11
111111111 HHHHHHHHH
111111111 HliHHHHHHH
1111•1111 HHHHI.:IfHKH
111111111 HHHHHHHHH
111111111 HHHHHHHI1ri
37
Taichi OSHIMA
was the essential factor for evaluating the ecological and practical engineering sides of
the existing field vegetation during construction and thus the evaluation of forest protection and land use probability were completed in the secondary evaluation process.
4.
Result of studies
4. 1.
Computer map
This study aims to evaluate the natural grade conditions by the pattern classification
using computer in the test area.
xx .............. ~ •• +~+-&&-o-+++'
&e •••••••••• +-+-+-~+++++'
............ -
• ••••
ee· • • •
•ee· ·' · .,.,++' · • •
''''''+-"-.,+~··
••
••• ,,,,,++++++' •' '++++++++€1G'' ,,++++-++++, •• •
•••••• +-~--+~++&&"+++++++'.'. ,,-+-+++++ •••• oo
,, , •• , , , , .+~~HH•-+++++-1-1-,,-1-1-~+.._.+++,,
++ •• &e' '++++++++++HH++,,++++' ',,++++++++' ' ' '
o otto',,++++-+-!++' o • o o o •• • ,++++, oo ,++++++++++HH++++' otto t • ,++++++too' o o
• I++++,.++,,++ t' I • ' ' ++, ,+++i-I-+++++++++++++++HH+++-+49GG++ •• +-!++++++++. I
I·~-·· '&e ••••••• , •• ++++++++++++++++HH++++&e ........ ++++++++' ' . '
• • • • ~' I • ' • • ++G&I-+. •
+++++-~--++HH+++++++-1-++++++++' I • ' • •
++++-~-+-++++++' • • • • • •• ee.,-.....+++
+++-t-+++++-1-++++++++++',. '++
+of. o I o I++-+-+ 0 I 0 I +++.j. o t I 0 + + I o -~++++++-t+++++++++++++++++-1-.j. o 0 ++++
++++ •• """+++++. '++++++ •• ++++ •• ' I++++++ ••• ,++++++++++HHHH+-+++++++++++++++
++++++ •• ++++ v '1:++++. , • , '! '1++ • • ++++++++++. ,
HH++++++.to+++++' '
................ ~-· '-+4,,++++++++ •• ++'' •• ~++-+-+++ ...+++.++++' '++
++++++++++++++++XX++++++++ ••• ,++++++ •• ' '
+++++++++++' '++
++++++++---++++++++ ++-+++++++++ •••• ++++ ••••••
++++++' '++++++' '++' '++++++++++ •••••• ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++' '++++
+-+ •• ~++++'' ++t-+-++++,.' ••••• ++++
++++++++++++
++ •• ++++++++++++++++-++++++-t-+++++ •••• ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++ •• ++++++++++++ •• ++++++++++++++++
++++++
++++++++++++++++~ •• +-+-++' '++++++' '++++, ••• ~++++++liH++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++' ' •• ' · -••• 0 • • • • • • ++++++++++++.++++-~-++-+
~+--+++++++++++
•• ++++'. ··-··· ,++,
,++++++ot-1-++++++
++,,+-t-+++++-1-+++--+++-+-+
+++++'' ••• ••••• ++++++++++++-++HH++++
0.
''++ite++'''' ,,++++++-++++++++++++>+-+++HH++
++ •• ~++++++
~~-.-++'!~+++-+++++++++++''
0
-~~. o++++' ' 0
''++++ •• 00++..
++++HH+-+
0
'++++6900, ,+++++++++-+++++++++++++/iH++
''++' '++++++++++++++++++,,++++,.' '++ •• &&++ •••••• +
+.+++-+++HH
• ••• ++++++
.t-+++++++
' ' . '++++++++-++++++++++,,++, ••• +-+++++ •••••••• ++++++++++++++++++++ •• ++++
1
1
'++ • o o • ++++++++++++++++++, , ++++++++, • ' e&+++++++++++++++++++oh~+++++++
'' '.
00+++++++++++++++++++++++-+-++++++++, ••.,,, ,++++++++XX+++++++++,..++++HHHH
+++++++++1111-++
++++++++++++++
++++++-++++, , ++e&+++++
-+++-t-+II++++HH++
-:-; .. ++++ .. ++'-!-++++++
••••
~
+++++~~~~~~~
.++++++' •
.+-+++++'.
HH+++++-+++++++++oH++++' '
xx--......-::::
++++++''''''
HCS[f-UI•d VfllS JTY
SOIL
'STANOAiln OEVIATION- 161!, 7~j
DATA "'111PP[0 I•l tO LF"Vfl<; flfTllfFr• EXTRf"lE VALU>S OF
A 'il'}lUH VAllJf PA!'<Gf AP!'L'!'JH; T0
"lNl"'J'"",
ton.sn
"'A Xl"'·
'
1rr.ornnt~f
?
N
TC•TJII.
AR-;f"llUT~
'). "l
FA~I-f
LEVFL
!IR.'.i~
4?7,5"
536.50
754.'51)
863o50
9??.5n
),;ll't.s·.
II9Cl.50
ll ;> 7, Sfl
5 ~ 6 o Sfl
7 51j, 50
I!' 6.3 o 50
972. 50
l r.81. 5 fJ
1 I 90, 5 •
129 9, 50
VAtUF RA'IGF APFJVIN' TO ff.C'lf LFVFL
'l, ,._
S. 11'1
9. ~9
18, 1 E
Soll9
r 9. ~ 0
2"9.~0
~ 1R, 5 n
Ff> lVF•rY nJSTRJ'J'JTION OF f)AH !'0lrJT VPl.liE<;
9.09
IN FACH lf1 'L
L\'W vn_VF<;
I f '.' f
~
•;
1 :J
.3
f"l
~::_-::co
: ·-
~-
:-:. ""-
l! l Ll.ll! 1
llllUlLL •••••• , •• ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
LLI.U,Lll 1 •••• 1 •••• ' ' ' '?'' ' '
l Lll LLLl; •••••• , • , ' ' ' '' ' ' ' '
Ll.i i LLl L! .••••••••• ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
~;;.
HIGH VALUES
11
- - ::::..; :. :::::::::--- - :::::::; ::: :::::.::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::"O::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
, , •,,,, • •
111111111 HHHHHHHHH
XXXXXXXXX 000000000 ~ 000000000 118!1!1!1 111111111 HHHHHHHHH
'1XXX5YXXX 000060000 &90070000 0000~0000 IC1ctii9UQ1QI 1111•111& HHHHIIIHHHH
+++-t-t-+-t++ XXX~ XXX XX 000000000 999&6%&9 000000000 lftiGGIIIIII
.. ,,,,._, ~+++
,, ,, 3, ,,, -++++11~+++
, o.,,,,,, +-++++~+++ XXX XX XX XX 000000000 e&eaeaeee 000000000 8l!IHU!Il!lf"l 111111111 HHHHHHHHH
,, ,,,, ,,, +++-++++++ XXYXXXXXX 000000000 eee&eeeee 004000000 ll!II'H~Imt.HH!l 111111111 HHHKHHHHH
::::::::...:;::::;- :::::: ,:;.:;;;.:::::: ==== .::;_:: :::-::====c=:..o == -=========-==:::.:::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:: .:;:::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::: ========== ==== ===============
l ';.5
112
111;6
7
Fig. 12
141
0
27
3
26
38
(aj355. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
At first, the basic maps were formed from each file of factors relating to the construction of forest road. These files were printed out as computer map for clarifying the
existing natural conditions.
4. 2.
Slope Analysis Map
The slope was calculated from the difference of ground elevation between the center
of one mesh and the next mesh. The result was classified into 10 ranks as shown in fig. 17.
The slope distributing between 37. 3~65. 3% (20°~32°) occupies one half of the total test
++ • • •••••••• LL •••• • • +++++-+~"'-"+efleeaeeGr 'UlJ
•••••••••• Ll. o o.' '++++++++++)' Y00€-959Y "I 'I YC€00
o,., •• LI.LL ••••• ,+++++++-+++YY89001 Y+-6-++-<-~<~(16
• , LLL!.t.L ... , •• +++-+++++++ X:XXX )1''1 :o:' ....._.+++X 1H¥tll
LLLLLL., • • • .++++++++++++++YX+++++++,...++e9&.31!
LLLl .•••••• ++++++++ HH++++++++++++++++++e99fll!l
LL., •••• ~HH~+++++++++..._..OO!IIf
• • , ••••••••••• LLL LL L Lt Llll •••••••• ++++++++++HH++++++++++++++++ Y)'&009&9
, , •••••••• Llll LLLU l l LI.L. ••••.' '++++++++++++HH~++-1-+++eeasoqa-a
•••••• LLLLLLli.LLlLLLI.L, •••• ,++++++++++~+HH++++++~++++YX~Gi1Ga
•• LLlLLLLLLLI LLLLL •••••• ''++~~++HH+++-+++++-H-++0090000G'(f
LLLLLLLLLLLlll.LL ••••• ,+++++++++++++~++-+-~-++~+++XYGGG8Gee&H­
LLLLU LLLLLL •••••• ''+++++++++-++++++-+++++++++++' ' ' ' ' '++++++00898988\ '++
l LLLLLLLLJ .•••• ' '+++++
•••••••• ''++++++XY.8889986&++++
LL LLLL •••••• I • +++++++
•••••••• • • -++++++++ooeeeeee r x... +++
LLLL ••••• 1 ' '++++++++•++-+++++++++' • •••••••••• I '++++++++YY.OOG9G9.99++++++
LL. ••• ' ' ' ' ' '+-~-++-++++++++++ •••••• ••. ••. • •• •' '++++++++XX&9990099YX ............. ++~
1
••••••••••
'++++++''' • •••••••• LLLL •••••• ++++++++YYXXe&&e&e99'1(X+++-+++++
1
••••••••••
I • I • • • • • • • • • • LLLLLLLL •••• • • ++++++++xxeeeeooeeooee+:~-+++++++ ...
L L • • • • • • • • • •••• • ••• • l LLLL LLLLL •••• ' '++++++++Y X&eee&eOOeee&+-1-+""+++++...++
•• •• ••·•• ... l.t lLLLLLLLLlllLLU •• ' '-+-+++++++XXe&e&e&eeaeeeYY++++oH-YX++++
Ll •••• LLLLLLLLLLLLILLLLLLLLL •• ' '++++++XJC'XXooe99G99&&99&9++++++X;t++++OO
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLU.LLI .•••• ' '++++XXXX~9e&eeeeeeGe++++++++.XX++++99
Ll L LLLLLLLLL l Llllll LL l l L •• o • ++++XX XX9900&eee00ee&&e&++++++++X X ++++99++
l LllllLLLlllll Lll LLL. ••••• ++.............. XX~89 88 8 8 88 888 8X Y++++++ X X'l: X++++++++
LLLLlllllllLLLLL ........ -M-++++XXXX.eeGG9e00000088t It
1 t tXX++++HH++++
LLLLLLLLLLLLJ.l •••••• ' ·~;rxrxeeeooeooeeeen+++++++-+++XJC'XX++++++HHXX
LLLLLLLLLL •••••••• ++++++++XXX)('6e&66&689988 t t t t I I I I I I XXXX.............++++HH++
LLLLLLLLLL •••• ''-++++++XYY.XXX~:t.X++++...,......+++++XXXXXX++++++'!XP.H++
L Lllll LL •••• ++++++++ Y. XX Xneeeeeeoox XXX++++++++++++ X~ XXXY ++++++X X+++"'HH
LLLLLL •••• ++++++++YX X XXHX&eOOXX XX XX++++++++++++ XX XXX X++++++X X++++++ HH
LLLL •• • .++++++++XX"XXXXX&OOGXX:XJI+++
XXXXX)(XX++++XX'fX++-+-+-++++
LL •••• ++++++++X XX XV X X Xee69XY H++
++X XXXXX++++XX XX++++++++HH
••• ,111·1 II II I II tXXXXGeXXXX++++++''++++++++++XXXXXXo+-+-++XYXX++f.+.+............. +HH
•• ''~XXXXXXXXXX++++--1-+' '++t+++++XXXXXXXX++++.XXXX++++++:++++HHHH
•• 111111 I II lttXXXXXXXX++++++' '+++++:+++XXX)'XXXX+++++t-XX++++++++.++++HH++
XXXXXXXX++++++' '++++++++XXXXXXXX+++-+XXX"X++++++++++HHHHHH++
' ' ' '++++++++ YXX X++++++' '++++++++++XXXXX XXX++++XXX X XX ++++++++HH HHHH •• • •
~
§E§§++;?~
''.
I.
'++++++++XXXXXXXX++++YXXXXX
.......
I • • '++++++++XXXXXXXXXX~YXXXGe++++++++++++ •••••••• ++
' ' •• ++++++X XXX XXX XXX XX XXX X9GOOX X++++++++ •••••••••• ' '+.+1 I 111111 I II+' ••••• ++++++XXXXXXXX:XXXXXX'XXGeeeYX++XX++++ •••• LLLL •••• ++++
++++++++++' ' • o •• ++++-++X XXXX XX XXYXXY XX X&ee009++++++++ • • • .LLLL. • • .++++++
++++++++' ' •••• • '++++xxxxxxxxxxxxxxeooeeeooxx++++++ •••• Lt •••••• I'++++++
++++++. • • .LL. • ++++X X XXX XYXXX X XXXe&&eeeOOX X"'-+++++ .. • LLL l. • •.•• ' '-+............... XX
H0.$ E l-UN! VErS ITV
GF'OLOGY
1976.9.1[1
STI<NI'lAPD OFVIATION-
t9.nn
AllSQUJH VJ\I.UF RM<GF AfrLYH G TO FJ\CH LfVH
I"Hn~u...
19,rr.
?9.\.r
39.!1"
~/IXJMt)t-:
P~I?Cft,TAI":F
29,'"•[1
49~1"1
39,·,i'
'19.(lr;
';9.fl(:
1
Clf" TOTAL Aq'ii'ILUTr ~'ALUf PMJGE APFLYrt.•·
14.:-'9
14.29
\II, :>•;
A::~
r~~
17.25
69.£1~
59.['0
69.80
!'19oM
79, DC
14.?9
14.29
'rC'II I FVFL
11; .)')
t!IGH
<:""Vr<~o.rt'>
1.1 LLU l U
t l l l l l ! LL oooo•••••
LLLIL.i.Lll •oo•l •••• ' ' ' ' ? ' ' ' '
LULLLlLI ••••••·oo ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1
u.r Ill r 1 ~ •••• o • • • • • •
I
•
•
•
•
•
•
VALIJF'~
•
+++++++++ X"l::XVXXXn ~se OOOOOOOOe 111111111 HHHHH~!-lH:i
......_+++++ XXXYXYXXX &ee98-0098 COCOOOOeo 111111111 HHHHHHHHH
++++~++++ XXX"~t.YXXX
00985&e&e COfiOt'iCH'IOO 111!171111 J.lHHfUlHHHH
+++++++++ XXXtXXYJIX 0089Mf1Ge eoeeeeoee 11111181111 HHHHHHHHH
+++++++++ xrxnYYrY eeeeeoo&a eeeoeoeeo 11111111111 HHHfillf.iHHH
Fig. l:i
142
Taichi OSHIMA
area. And it is said thr,t this district is relatively steep and has severe natural conditions.
4. 3.
Slope direction Analysis
The slope direction was classified into 10 classes as shown m figure 18.
facing south is 20% occupying 76 km2 (20% of total area).
The slope
The next faces east and
southeast, west and north occupying half of the total area and the three directions except
east occupy each 12% of the total area.
-:m-~:.::;~
~ 2 Fairly High
~ 3Medium
Fig. 14
§
4 Fairly Law
0
5Law
Evaluation value sheet of danger probability by land slide
""
II
1
II
!
I
~
----··- .. - ---- -·- -------
m
5High
1
t-C::=:=J
4 Fairly High
I. _,:'-;--l
:::J
3 Medium
j
Evaluation value sheet of ground productivity
I
2Fairly.l.aw
L~~--=~~-=--
143
~--,
\
[ k=:=-J
Fig. 15
--
-Remarks-
---------
j'
40
(f!B55. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evalutaing
- - · - - - - - - - - - · - -l
I
-Remarks-
[:m;J
h=TJ : ;:~:ly
1
1
f~
1.
i r-=-~
I l~=]
Fig. 16
I Levell
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Levell
Slope C%)
I
I
I
i
Mesh
No.
I
1
2
3
4
5
south east
6
South
7
8
9
10
South west
Pit
North
North east
east
west
north west
Peak
Fig. 18
Mesh
No.
5 Law
Evaluation value sheet of vegetation protection
Levell Number/unit mesh I Mesh No.[ Percent (%)
I Percent I Area
(%) I Cklrr)
0.0- 9.3
172
9.3-18.7
113
160
18.7-28.0
23.0-37.3
154
37.3-46.7
173
266
46.7-56.0
56.0-65.3
236
65.3-74.7
138
55
74.7-84.0
12
94.0-93.3 I
Fig. 17 Slope analysis
Direction
3Medium
4 Fairly Law
12
3
11
43
171
116
219
171
307
131
194
95
57
43
28
40
39
45
66
58
35
14
3
10
12
17
16
9
4
1
I Percent
C%)
3
12
8
14
12
20
9
12
6
4
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
862
410
142
51
13
6
Fig. 19
I
Area
I Cknr)
11
43
29
55
43
76
33
46
21
14
Land slide number
Levell
Area/unit mesh
(ha)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
- 0.25
0.25- 3.00
3.00- 5. 75
5. 75- 8.50
8. 50-11. 50
11. 50-14. 25
14.25Fig. 20
Levell
Number
1
2
3
4
5
0
1- 3
4-6
7-9
10-13
144
IMesh
No.I Pecent (%)
58
10
29
3
0
0
0
0
863
142
428
42
5
3
1
1
Land slide area
I
Fig. 21
Aspect analysis
58
28
10
3
1
0
Mesh No.
I Percent(%)
24
133
592
630
105
Valley density
2
9
40
42
7
Taichi OSHIMA
Mesh
Remarks
No.
I
(%)
178
12
213
14
56
4
Middle shale & sand stone
631
5
Lower turbidite
212
43
14
6
Lower shale & sand stone
166
11
71 Metabasalt
0
0
8
5
()
! Upper tiurbidite
2
Upper shale & sand stone
3
Andesitic tuffbrettia
4
Lowest shale
~-~
0
23
,_L:ke ______ _
Fig. 22 Geology (dominant species by the mest
occupied area)
~-r--·
4. 4.
Percent
Land slide ferquency
The figure 19 and 20 show the number
and area of landslide frequency m one
The number between 4-6 has the
mesh.
most landslides and the next area is between 4-6. Therefore, there are relatively
many landslides in this district compared
with the other districts.
This must be
considered very carefully for planning road
construction.
1. 5.
Valley, Density
--;~arks---- -~-MN~h-~ Percent !
The number of Valleys was counted
1· ;~- -c~~ifer~~~-f~res_t__ -- -24~-- ----~-~
by computer from the river systems cross-
02
Planted forest
:356
03 Decidious coniferous forest
04 Decidious broad leaved
l)
24
u
330
2~
forest
05
Mixed forest
497
:J3
06
Alpine plant
u
()
07 Grassland
08
Treeless land & bareland
09
Plouwed field, orchard
Puddy
11 Settlement
12 Miscellaneous
10
Fig. 23
3
Remarks
01
Alpine lithosol Alpine
meatow
Alpine Grass land Alpine
podzol
02 Slightly podzolic soil
03 Dark brown forest soil
04 Dry brown forest soil
1. 6.
G.
Geology, Vegetation and Soil
Statistical analysis of basic data
1
The contents of the computer map
0
with the natural factors such as topographic vegetation, soil,, geology etc. were al-
1
0
0
0
39
3
·--~Mes~~
Pe~cent
No.
(%)_
2
25
ready explained, but it is required for the
integrated environmental evaluation with
the correlation system to clarify each relationship of natural factors.
In this article, combined relationship of
the two fators of natural conditions of the
computer input data is discussed as follows.
130
9
112
8
1
05
Moderately moist forest soil 1, 146
06
Wet drown forest soil
Regosol
the total meshes.
0
76
08
ing between 4-9 occupies almost SO% of
(J
8
07 Block soil
The
figure 21 shows, number of valleys distribut-
12
Vegetation (dominant species by the
most occupied area)
-----'-----------
ing the four sides of the unit mesh.
7
0
0
0
0
27
2
1)
relationship between ground elevation and vegetation
2)
relationship between landslide of
geology
3)
relationship between landslide and
slope
4)
()
09
Rocky land
10
Field soil
0
()
relationship between landslide and
vegetation
Puddy soil
0
0
It is clear from figure 25 that the
3
0
distribution of vegetation species differ from
26
2
each ground elevation zone. This result can
11
12
Settlement
13
River reservation Dam
Reservoir
be
Fig. 24
Soil (dominant species by the most
occupied area)
145
used
for
the
integrated
evaluation
to weigh each vegetation species.
Each
42
CllE55. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
-Vegetation Remarks_.... 01
Q...--(1 02
:t-···X 04
t.-.o;·A05
b.-.dQ6
o-c 07
....... 08
o----o 11
Coniferous Forest
Planted Forest
Decidious Broad Leavt"d Forest
Mixed forest
Alpine plant
Grassland
Treeless land & Barel and
Sttlement
x-~t 12 Miscellaneous
-Land Slide
Number Remarks0
1
2
400
.·•
300
200
~~·'·0
I' ~
1SO
IOOJ
I
I
I
! .
sol
I.
;
i
\
1
11
,
J, '{
' ........
/
5
6-10
•···~
150
~
;::'"
I
\.
100
~~. . •. ~ ~~
.0\ \_) \ . ~ J.:~\
(1·
3
4
:,.0:
\
1
\I
i~ •
0
X--'<
Q-<J
.__.
l\
;.._·.-
\
50
•
-~~~~·
\
,_.,_. .......... ,_.1:\jNNNN
I
WCJl.....:t!.O,_.WCJ1""'-lt01-"WUl.....:ttO
00000000000000
00000000000000
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
l-"1-'t-'1-',_.NNNNN
~NW~UlCl-JOO(.OO
??????<7'?7??
I
WUl.....:JtO,_.WUl.....:ttO,_.WCJ'l-...ltO
00000000000000
00000000000000
1-'NW>t:>-UlO"l-lD"JtOO
0000000000
Slope! %1
Altitudeim)
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Altitude vegetation
600
500
400
300
-Geology Remarkso--o 1 Upppr Turbidite
......... 2 Upper Shale & Sand Stone
a--a 3 A ndesi tic Tuff bretti a
l\---A4 Middle Shale & SandSton<>
x-x 5 Lower Turbidite
Q--0 6 Lower Shale & Sand stone
- 8 Lowest Shale
200
o
7.: 150
~
1
~
~~
't
-Vegetation Remarks-
~ .~.'
-
\\
II
1
1\
100
Land slide-slope
~
01 Coniferous Forest
o..--c 02 Planted ForPst
t-- 04 Ile-C'idious Broad Lc>avf:'d Fon><.;t
~- 1 05 Mixed Forest
C--flQ6 Alpint• Plant
.......... 07 (;rassland
c .. -(IQB Tn•(•lesslami & Bareland
I,\\\
\\\
50
b~-~-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
!.and Slidt• l\umher
!.and Slid<' Number
Fig. 27
\~
Fig. 28
Land slide-geology
146
Land slide-vegetation
Taichi OSHIMA
vegetation has a peak at a certain elevation point and has a different normal distribution
pattern in each vegetation species.
To clarify the occurrence tendency of landslides with the combination of species of
geology, vegetation and slope is very important for planning forest roads in mountanious
districts in Japan.
Landslides generally occur very often at the grade angle of about 30-50 degrees.
But in scopes with grades less than that, the number of landslide occurrence decreases.
Landslides in connection w}th geology and vegetation species, occur often in the middle and lower shale and sandstone districts. In the districts of Alpine plants and Treeless
A
Route
Mesh No.I ValueX
mesh No
Value
c
B
Mesh No.I Value X
Mesh N 0 I ValueX
Mesh N I ValueX
mesh No.
o. mesh No.
'
mesh No.
-----~
5 Law
4 Fairly law
3 Medium
2 Fairly migh
1 High
6
30
13
32
21
0
D
I
---
6
30
4
52
96
42
17
17
29
68
51
58
23
32
20
92
96
21
41
15
84
123
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
65
222
3
---;;;;a-1-~- -7LI_~~~ ,_1__69__.__ _20_7_.I_
Fig. 29
Route
19
13
25
9
6
Medium
Fairly law
law
I
72
95
52
75
18
6
I
20
10
17
13
9
246
I
Fig. 30
Mesh No.
Value
Fairly law
Medium
Fairly High
High
I
72
I
226
19
22
158
Fig. 31
95
88
33
2
7
11
1
7
I
60
225
I
15
29
17
0
4
I
65
c
B
75
116
51
0
4
I
246
D
ValueX
N I ValueX
N I ValueX
Mesh N o. I mesh
No. Mesh o. mesh No. Mesh o. mesh No.
15
12
27
94
10
I
100
40
51
26
9
Evaluation value of ground productivity
I ValueX
mesh No.
3
:3
9
47
10
Law
Total
69
A
Route
5
4
3
2
1
D
Mesh No.I ValueX
Mesh No.J ValueX
Mesh No.I ValueX
Mesh No.I ValueX
mesh No.
mesh No.
mesh No.
mesh No.
High
Fairly High
Total
c
B
A
Value
5
4
3
2
1
Evaluation value of danger probability by land slide
15
12
9
78
21
3
3
3
39
21
I
69
I
135
3
3
8
29
17
I
60
'
I
Evaluation value of vegetation protection
147
15
12
24
58
17
126
2
2
10
8
18
82
14
6
41
14
I
65
I
132
(IJB55. 3)
44
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
land and Bare land, the occurrence of landsldes are most frequent, followed by coniferous
districts.
6.
Environmental Evaluation for ·construction of forest roads
In this article, an actual example of environment evaluation for construction of forest
roads is discussed.
As explained before in the former articles, mesh maps and the rela-
tionship of the related factors of natural conditions are prepared in order to select the
best route out of four preliminary selected routes.
Four selected routes are compared with the evaluation for Danger probability by
landside, vegetation protection and ground productivity.
The evaluation value multiplied
by the mesh number and compared with each route is shown in figure 29, 30 and 31.
In this figure, the evaluation value (ranks from 1 to 5) is regulated by each statistical
For example, in deciding the evaluation value of landslide occurrence
distribution data.
probability, the cause factors of landslides such as slope, geology, vegetation etc. are surveyed statistically as discussed in the former article.
~--5---4
Weight
1
3
-~--J7oz--
Slope (%)
1
40-70
Vegetation
1
6
8
1
__8,_6~
7
I
G_e_ol_og_Y_ _ _ _ _
~I
Fig. 32
1 - ; ; - - - 1- - - - - 1
30>
1
1
1
4, 5
1 2, 3, 7
1
1 --4
5
I
0
9-12
_l_ ____
Superposition of evaluation of danger probability by land slide
Slope grade
I 0-10 j10-20 1;0-30 130-40 140-50 150-60 160-70 j 70-80 180-90 190-1001100-
Landslide frequency
I
201!
229[
t:01
447i
5571
5821
Number of mesh
I
4271
3691
4231
5891
652i
706~
Landslide outbreak probability ~-O~~G9-;.· 711
0. 761
0. 851
0. 82J
*
3921
2301
341
- 41
2
224~~- 41
0. 92~~ 1. ool 1. 001
_426l
2
1. OOj
Landslide outbreak probability=Landslide frequency/number of mesh
Fig. 33 Landslide frequency & landslide outbreak probability
2
4
5
6
7
Geology grade
I
Landslide frequency
I
2041
3241
8ol
7421
1751
1, 0791
11
Number of mesh
I
3181
4151
1091
1, 1801
9261
11
I
0. 641
731
0. 631
3321
I
0. 531
1.161
11
Landslide outbreak probability
Fig. 34
1
I
3
I
0. 781
I
0.
I
I
Landslide frequency
1
I
2
I 3 I 4
1-1, 0501
2901
9881
8411
41
I
4951
5
I 6
I
Landslide outbreak probability
8
I
192
154
---
1. 25
I
I 1. 061 0. 341
Fig. 35
---~ 71
8
I 9
I
10
I
u
I 12
ol
13
341~1
11
71
68
o. 791 2. o4J o. 5011. ~3~--o-1-~~
I
21 . 70711, 0411
1301
21 0. 701
I
ol
2651
-
7
ol
825)
-.
I
Landslide frequency & landslide outbreak probability
Vegetation grade
Number of mesh
I
Landslide frequency & vegetation
148
401
Ol
0.19
Taichi OSHIMA
-----------Weight
Factors
~----Vegetation
(natural grade)
5
4
1
I
3
I/C 901,), o~/-04,
o;--r-;;;~1
(10)/ 8 ), ( 8 )[C 6 ), ( 6)
Vegetation by ele~~~-:- ran;--~-- ~-~--4--~
Sunshine energ:
i(7.1_l}
--
Fig. 36
_xac:~~l
)1(6.
07
( 5)
I
3
6~7. 0)1(6.126. 5)!(5. 6~6.1)!( ~5. 5)1 ____
I
4
3
:~
I
~~_I~~-~-c~i=i~fT&=~~~ (~~=~6~
I
I
I
I
500m
I
1, oo om
1, OOOm
I
l, 500m
I
I
---~-~----.--~:_:_~~--
1 _ _:_:___,1_
1, 500m
I
1
I
I
~!6~- )
2, OOOm
I
1
Fig. 37
Superposition of evaluation of ground propuctivity
1
Remarks
02
03
Grade of
probability
of soil
productivity
I Alpine lithosol Alpine meatow I
I Slightly podzolic soil
I Dark brown forest soil
05 I Moderately moist forest soil
I Wet brown forest soil
07 I Block soil
081 Regosol
09
I Rocky land
10
I Field
~1-~
soil
Puddy soil
12 I Settlement
131 River reservation Dan reservoir
I
I
Route
Evaluation value of ground
productivity
5
Evaluation valuf of danger
probaoi!ity by land slide
s
Total
Alpine grass land Alpine podzol
04 I Dry brown forest Soil
06
5
I
Fig. 39
4
I
1
2201 2071 2101 222
------~~--
1
466! 4331 4351 468
Evaluation value of ground productivity
Evaluation value of danger probability
by land slide
1
I
J
I
I
3
Route
5
Evaluation value of ground
productivity
I
IAIBiciD
1246,226,2251246
5
I
Evaluation value of vegetation, 158 , 135 , 1261 132
protectwn
-
I
I
Total
-
Fig. 40
-
I
I
-
Fig. 38
I
I
2, OOOm
1
01
_______;
0
2
Slope
::
500 m
I
10
08, 11, 12 I
( 2) (1), (1), (1)1
------------
I
I
I( 209,),
I
0
-~- -~ --~----0--
2
Soil
Alutitude
1
Superposition of evaluation of vegetation protection
I
5
2
1
Grade of probability of soil productivity
table
149
1 4041 3611 3511 373
Evaluation value of ground productivity
Evaluation value of vegetation protection
46
(w,;!55. 4)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
In figures 32, 33, 34 and 35, landslide frequency and landslide occurrence probability
in relation to the slope grade of topogra.phy, geology species and vegetation species are
shown. From these statistical data, the evaluation of the Danger Probability by landslide
ts decided.
In the same way, evaluation of vegetation protection, and ground productivity are
calculated with the statistically related data file.
In this evaluation value table for the danger probability by landslide and vegetation
protection, it should be noted that the bigger the number becomes, the lower the value.
For the evaluation value of ground productivity, the lower the number, the lower the
value.
I A I B I C ID
Route
Ev_a_l_u_a_t_i_o_n_v_a_l_u_e_o_fd~nger
I'd
b b .l.t by Iand s1e
proatty
Evalua~ion
value -of
I
I
I
Eval~~~~n va~~f
1
damger
probability by land slide
158 1 135 ~-126 1 132I
14- 3-:I~~r;~1
'-------
Evaluation value of
protection
Route
I
ve~~~t~:~
~~~~- 207
1
210 1 222
__
I ~~I 568~-~~1! 6o~-
Fig. 42
Evaluation value of ground productivity
Evaluation value of danger probability
by land slide Evaluation value of vegetation protection
I
A
I
Evaluation value of ground productivity
158 f 135Il 126 !f 132
i
__
T_ot_ar
Evaluation value of danger probability
by land slide Evaluation value of vegetation protection
Eva. factors
{1)
1
1
1
Total
Ev:lu~~~~-~i::e of~roundlI:,,1 : ~ ~ ~5~L:,
productivity
220 207 j 210 i 222
v~~;ationl
protectiOn
Fig. 41
~--~
1
3. 417
---~----------------_,______
I
B
3. 275
c
D
3. 750
3.785
-----
Evaluation value of danger
3.500
3.415
3.~
3.~
Probability by land slide
l--13-1--+~-E_v_a_lu_a_t-io_n_v_a_lu_e_o_f_v_e_g_e-ta-t-io_n_p_r._o_te_c_t-io_n______ r_-;~~-4--;.9-.-57---2-._10_0_ _ _
2_-0_3_1_
~
1
Evaluation value of ground productivity
{4)
Evaluation value of danger
3.236
3. 138
3. 625
3.600
2.625
2.478
2. 717
2. 723
2.802
2.616
2. 925
2.908
Probability by land slide
Evaluation value of danger
{5)
Probability by land slide
Evaluation value of vegetation protection
{)
6
I Evaluation value of veget~~~~~--;~otection ---~
Evaluation value of ground productivity
- - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Evaluation value of ground productivity
{7)
Evaluation value of danger
2.889
2. 744
Probability by land slide
Evaluation value of vegetation protection
Fig. 43
Evaluation value per one mesh area (Eva. va./mesh No.)
150
3. 117
3.077
Taichi OSHIMA
I
~
Route
A
------of -;~o~~ p~ductivity ____ --~- 8. 519
Eva. factors
-·lVI £:al:~v~lue
I
(2)
Evaluation value of
B
c
D
8.256
9.474
8. 410
-------~-------------------------------------
dang~r
I
.. -
7.619
7.562
8.842
7.590
-~;-)-~-Ev~lu-a~o~ ~~lu~-~f ,:e~~ati<;n protecti~n---~-~;
4.932
5.305
4.513
Probability land slide
·- . ------;---------------------------------------1
Evaluation value of ground productivity
(4)
8.069
Evaluation valu<' of danger
Probability by land slide
·--- ··---
--
..
·--·-·-·---·
-
-.
---
7.909
6.000
9. 158
I --·--------· · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Evaluation value of danger
(5)
Probability by land slide
6.545
6.247
6.863
6.051
6.996
6.594
7.389
6.462
7.203
6.916
7.874
6.838
Evaluation yalue of vegelation protection
·-------c--- ·-··------- ·-·--- ··-----
Evaluation value of vegetation protection
{6)
Evaluation value of ground productivity
Evaluation value of ground productivity
Evaluation value of danger
(7)
Probability by land slide
Evaluation value of vegetation protection
Fig. 44
Evaluation value per orne km length (Eva. va./total length)
--
·--
~d'el
1
2
3
Grade
1
2
3
4
1)
c
D
B
Route
B
2)
B
3)
c
A
c
c
c
c
D
B
A
A
c
A
A
A
A
B
D
A
B
c
D
Eva. fa
Eva. factors "'
Ill
D
c
(2)
c
A
c
D
c
c
D
(3)
(4)
(51
(6)
(7)
Fig. 45
c
D
c
D
D
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
I
~I
4
B
4)
R
B
B
B
5)
6)
7)
Final grade of integrated
Fig. 46
D
B
B
D
B
D
B
D
I Total length(km)
28,875
27,375
23,750
29,250
Final grade of Integrated evaluation (Eva. va./km)
evaluation (Eva. va./mesh No.)
~.,Ro.
' ute
Eva.~
I Ground productivity
. ·-A--r-
High CEva. 4_.=-5)
~--~Law
. ·--c---[High
D
I
(Eva.
Danger probability
Law (Eva. 4--5)
~=-3) 1-Law
(Eva. 4--5)
(E~~.~=3)--[ I~igh (E~a.
Law (Eva. 1--3)
1--3)
I
I
I
I
~--High CEva~;--~·
I
Total
A
(9~)
I
I
5) I
15( 20
4(
17( 24)
6(
9)
25( 41)
1
D (%)
21c 32)
1
16( 27)
1
50)-~
33( 48)
16( 27) 1_1__
8~_2_8)_
n(loo)
[----;;C10D)
3(
I
5)
Evaluation value of land use probability (Mesh No.)
151
(%)
13( 19)
------------~--------
Fig. 47
c
I
17( 24)
36C
B (%)
60(100) 1
3(
5)
23( 35)
65(100)
'-------'
48
(llj-155. 3)
Environmental Study by pattern classification for evaluating
~~Vegetation protection I
---· -A--1-I-ligh (Eva. 1- ·2)
--
I
--B--~---Hi~h
Danger probability
I HighCEva. 1--2)
(Eva. -;_::_2)--~
__
1-2)
B (%)
I
I D (%)
C (%)
I
40( 35)
2(
I
32( 46)
3) I
1(
1)
I
45( 75) I
I
0(
0) I
72(100)
I
69(100)
I
60(100)
I
Evaluation value for forest protection (Mesh No.)
-Remarks-
I
!
Simbol
Evaluation V t f
Value for
ege a IOn
Forest
I I'
.
Protection ; rotectJOn
Danger
Probability
--+:-.
High
I i'~gh
}_va. 1-2) (Eva.
A
[_J
l.=;
B
[~j
c
D
D
1-2)
---High
Law
I Eva. 1-2) \Eva. 3-5)
~~--
Fig. 49
High
Law
(Eva. 3-5) (Eva. 1-2)
Law
Law
(Eva. 3-5) I Eva. 3-5)
Evaluation value sheet of foresy protection
--Remarks-
s'"'""""l
Value of
Land
I
L~sc
)
..
l'roLaLdlt)
d
Probabilitv I roductlVlly
--
A
·=:-1
B
ee-l
c
High
High
(Eva. 4-5) I Eva. 1-3)
~J
D
La\v
High
(Eva. 1-3) I Eva. 1-3)
High
Law
(Eva. 4-5) (Eva. 4-51
ILaw
Law
I Eva. 1-3) lEva. 4-5)
Evalation value sheet of land probability
152
...
Danger
Jroun
·-·'
-'
Fig. 50
55( 85)
0(
0)
3-5)----T,-1_3_(_1_8_)-i-~--8(_11_)-i~--14_(_2_3_)-:-~-1-0-(~1-5_)
I
Total
I
A (%)
r·-1~UDI~;;c~1-)-l--u--;)l--o-(_0_)_ 1
L~~=-5) I
--C---~- Law (E~~:-~~hCEva.
=~-;
~-La-w (Eva. 3 -5) I Law(Eva.
Fig. 48
I
65(100)
Taichi ( )SH!lv!A
To L·larify the relationship of these two and three related factors, correlated evaluations are ct!culatecl as shown in figures 36, 37 and 38.
For the four selected roads, correlation of two and three related factors was L'<~ku­
lated as shown in ttgures 39, 40, 41 and 42.
These we:-e calculated for the total length of each route and total meshes which the
preliminary rout:>s exp,-:ct tu pass.
Therefore, the figures 43 and 44 shuw the evaluation
value for one unit mesh per one km. of the total route length and the final grade of
integrated evaluation is shown in figures 45 and 46.
There is one unit evaluation value which is closely related to the cost of construction and a little different from the total evaluation value.
From the !mal gracle of Integrated evaluation, per unit mesh and per one kilometer,
C route is the best iollowed hy A ro;1te.
From the Evaluation value sheet of land use
probability and foreo:t protection, the best is C route followed by D route.
Tu clarify the heal charact<:>r to generalize this system the e\aluation value sheet of
land use probability and forest protection were drawn by automatic drafter.
lhese are
shown in fig. 49 and flO.
The final route selection from analysis of computer data considering the natural environmental conditions was desided as C route.
Conclusion
The puttern classification hy computer has played an important role for environmental
evaluation of civil engineering projects as shown in this paper.
But there are various
problems 11·hich must be solved if this method is to be applicable systematically through
the final stage of
cun~truction
using the multispectral data.
Since only a fundamental solution for evaluation study by pattern classification for
evaluating the e [[ect of civil engineering projects has been given, we must perform more
research in order to Gnd integrated techniques in considering economical and easily applcable conditions.
Acknow Iedgments
The author is very indebted to members of the urban de1·elopment section, Pacific
Aero-Survey Co., Ltd. especially .\l!r. Kawasaki, Chief of that section, Mr. Ando, member
of that section & also want to thank Mr.
Shimazoe and Mr. Ishii, students of Hosei
University, without whose assistance this article would not have been possible.
153