SI4000 SUMMER 2004
UAV Brief
UAV Development and History at
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Ryan Aeronautical Center
Norman S. Sakamoto
norm.sakamoto@ngc.com
619.203.5726
File Name.1
As of (date)
UAV Family Tree
Historically, no single, universally accepted definition has
adequately categorize the Unmanned Air Vehicle.
Vehicle
Ballistic
Powered
Guided
Unguided
Smart
Bomb
Free Fall ICBM
Bomb
Bullet
Shell
Simple
Rocket
Unmanned
Expendable
Remote
Control
Automatic
Control
Guided
Missile
Cruise
Missile
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As of (date)
Unguided
Guided
Manned
Recoverable
Remote
Control
Automatic
Control
RPV
Drone
Expendable
Recoverable
Kamikaze
Conventional
Aircraft
Current
Definition
of a UAV
Unmanned Air Vehicle Origins
Necessity, the “mother of invention” produced flying bomb concepts during
the First World War. The armistice halted experiments on all but targets.
•
1917: French artillery officer, Rene`Lorin
proposed flying bombs using
gyroscopic and barometric
stabilization and control.
•
1918: Germany halts development of
guided weapons.
•
1918: Charles Kettering (USA) flies Liberty
Eagle “Kettering Bug” and Army Air
Corps orders 75 copies.
•
1920: Elmer Sperry perfects the gyroscope
and the first enabling technology
makes flight control feasible
•
1932: RAE “Fairey Queen” crashes,
technology is still in its infancy.
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As of (date)
Fairey Queen IIIF Mark IIIB, 1932
USA - Targets Become Successful
1935 - Reginald Denny develops the RP-1 and launches the Radio Plane
Company, later to become the Northrop Ventura Division.
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V-1 Debuts in 1943
Advanced technologies of the Forties provided control, guidance and targeting.
Azimuth Control by
gyroscope governed
by magnetic compass
Speed was determined
by engine performance
at max. power
Aneroid barometer
altitude control
Propeller driven “airlog” governed range
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As of (date)
Launch Systems
A wide variety of launch systems have been developed for UAV applications
Pneumatic Catapult
Air Launch
JATO/RATO Launch
Runway Launch
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UAV Recovery Techniques
Recovery schemes are determined by application and UAV size, the trend is
toward autoland capability
Parachute
ABIAS
Mid Air Retrieval System (MARS)
Net
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As of (date)
Conventional
SI4000 SUMMER 2004
UAV Brief
Ryan Aeronautical
UAV History
Norman S. Sakamoto
norm.sakamoto@ngc.com
619.203.5726
File Name.8
As of (date)
Ryan XAAM-A-1 Firebird
Firebird ushers in the missile age at Ryan in 1949
Speed was determined
by engine performance
at max. power
7.5’ without booster
Aneroid barometer
altitude control
Early radar guidance was a forerunner to Sparrow missiles
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BQM-34 Firebee Subsonic Aerial Target
High Performance, Jet-powered UAV designed to simulate
hostile aircraft or missile threats
• Primary Missions
– Air defense weapons development, test &
evaluation
– Air defense weapons training
• Secondary Missions
– Aerial reconnaissance
– Experimental aerial platform
• System Capabilities
–
–
–
–
Ground launch
Air launch from C-130
Recovery by parachute on land or at sea
8-12 flights per vehicle
• Flight Control and Navigation
– Remotely piloted from airborne or ground
control station
– Preprogrammable Microprocessor Flight
Control System ( MFCS) for autonomous flight
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As of (date)
BQ-34 Firebee
evolved from
the Ryan KD-A
BQM-34E Firebee II Supersonic Aerial Target
Turbojet Powered UAV designed to simulate high speed
hostile aircraft and anti-ship missiles
• Primary Missions
– Air defense training
– Aerial combat training
– Weapons systems development
• Secondary Missions
– Test vehicle for advanced
aerodynamic technology research
(NASA)
• System Capabilities
– Ground Launch
– Air launch from C-130
– Recovery by parachute on land or at
sea
– 8-12 flights per vehicle
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As of (date)
Firebee II with external fuel tank in
subsonic flight
AQM-91A Compass Arrow
Twenty plus vehicles built in the late ‘60’s, still holds the
unmanned turbine powered altitude record, 80,000 ft.
• First large UAV specifically designed to survive by stealth.
• Compass Arrow operated at altitudes in excess of 80,000 ft. while
traveling at subsonic speeds.
• Incorporated several low observable features.
• Significant reduction in the RCS features of
the aircraft as seen from the ground.
• Vertical tails and fuselage sides canted toward
centerline to eliminate the specular reflections
from the side aspect at or below the horizontal
plane.
• The engine inlet, located on top of the fuselage
was lined with RAM, to conceal it from angles
below the horizontal plane.
• Exhaust nozzle was cooled to reduce IR
signature, and like the inlet, was placed so as
to be hidden by other airframe features at
many aspects of observation. RAM was
applied to the leading edges of the wing and to
some portions of the fuselage.
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As of (date)
AQM-81A/N Firebolt
Rocket-powered target missile
designed to replicate high
altitude and high speed
threats.
• Primary Mission
–Provide a realistic threat simulation of
advanced enemy threats that fly in the upper
reaches of earth’s airspace for…
– Air defense training
– Aerial combat training
– Weapons systems development
• Reusable Hybrid Rocket Powered Target
Missile
–Air Launch
–Recovery by MARS over land or sea
–20 Flights per vehicle
• Flight Control and Navigation
–Pre-programmable Mission Logic Control Unit
(MLCU)
–Remotely piloted from Ground Control Station
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As of (date)
YQM-98A Compass Cope
Two units built and flight tested in 1976, held the unmanned turbine engine
endurance record of 28 hr. 11 min. until surpassed by Global Hawk on March
21, 2001
• Primary Mission
–High altitude endurance reconnaissance
and surveillance
• Minimum 24 hours of endurance
• 750 lbs. payload capability
• Triple redundant autoland system
• Dual redundant avionics system
• Quadruple redundant Command &
Control System
• First major Use of GOTS/COTS
hardware
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Model 410 Long Endurance UAV
Economical aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system for civilian or
military customers
• Primary Mission
– Provide a long-range or longendurance aerial platform for:
– Military reconnaissance
– Electronic communications
relay
– Electronic warfare
countermeasure
– Law enforcement, drug
interdiction
– Border surveillance
– Disaster area observation
– Natural resources
monitoring
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Model 410 Long Endurance UAV (continued)
Economical aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system for civilian or
military customers
• System Components
– Long Endurance Aerial Vehicle
–
–
–
–
Composite construction
Modular design
Two-man assembly / disassembly
Short, unimproved runway capability
– Ground Control Station
– Self contained, transportable, fully
integrated
– Autonomous flight control & mission
programming
– Remote manual flight & sensor control
– Real-time datalink
– Image data processing
– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation
– Central Flight Control Computer (CFCC)
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
– Auto takeoff and landing
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– Payload
– 300 pound capacity
– 24 cubic foot volume
– Stabilized retractable sensor platform
Model 324 Medium Range
Mobile and transportable advanced technology unmanned aerial
reconnaissance system
• Primary Mission
– Conduct autonomous tactical aerial
reconnaissance and surveillance
• System Components
– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
– Composite airframe
– Ground launch from mobile
transport trailer
– Recovery by parachute with air-bag
attenuation system
– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation
– Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)
– Inertial Navigation System (INS)
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
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Model 324 Medium Range (continued)
Mobile, and transportable advanced technology unmanned aerial
reconnaissance system
• System Components (con’t)
– Mobile Launch & Recovery Vehicle (LRV)
–
–
–
–
8 wheel all-terrain tractor
6 wheel trailer transport/launcher
Self-contained command 7 control shelter
Autonomous flight control & mission
programming
– Remote manual flight control
– Command tracking & telemetry system
– Payload
– CAI/Recon Optical KS-153A camera
– Loral IRLS D-500 Infrared line scanner
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004
UAV Brief
Ryan Aeronautical
Modern UAV Design & Technology
Norman S. Sakamoto
norm.sakamoto@ngc.com
619.203.5726
File Name.19
As of (date)
Model 350 Medium Range UAV
Advanced technology tactical unmanned aerial reconnaissance system
• Mission
– Provide near real-time optical and/or
infrared images of heavily defended areas
– Target detection
– Target identification
– Battle damage assessment
• System Components
– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation
– Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)
– Inertial Navigation System (INS)
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
– Payload
– Advanced Tactical Aerial Reconnaissance
System (ATARS)
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Model 350 Medium Range UAV
Advanced technology tactical unmanned aerial reconnaissance system
• System Components
– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
– Ground launch
– Air launch ( from F/A-18 and F-16R)
– Soft landing recovery by parachute or by
Mid-Air Recovery System (MARS)
– Local Control & Monitoring Station (LCMS)
– Self-contained, transportable
– Autonomous flight control & mission
programming
– Remote manual flight control
– Command, tracking, telemetry & image
data link systems
– Image data processing system
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As of (date)
Global Hawk HAE UAV
High Altitude Endurance Unmanned Aerial Reconnaissance System
• Mission
– Provide continuous day /
night, high altitude, all
weather surveillance and
reconnaissance in direct
support of allied ground and
air forces across the
spectrum of conflict
– Increase the reach of existing
and future surveillance
systems
– Extraordinary range and
endurance
– Fewer number of systems
required to maintain global
ISR coverage
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As of (date)
Global Hawk HAE UAV
The Global Hawk is an Integrated System
Speed
(n.miles/hour)
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As of (date)
Global Hawk System Overview
INMARSAT C2
COMMUNICATIONS
UHF-Band:
C2 LOS
C2 SATCOM
UHFSATCOM
Ku SATCOM
INMARSAT or Equivalent
C2 and Sensor
SATCOM
X-Band CDL: C2 and Sensor
LOS
ATC Voice
Ku-Band:
MISSION
CONTROL
ELEMENT
(C2 &
SENSOR)
C2 &
SENSOR
C2 &
SENSOR
C2
CDL
SENSOR
CDL C2 &
SENSOR
C2
C2
C2 LOS
LAUNCH AND
RECOVERY
ELEMENT
(C2 ONLY)
SENSOR
ATC VOICE
TACTICAL USERS
(SENSOR ONLY)
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Global Hawk Vehicle Size
U-2
63.1 feet
Length:
Wingspan:
104.8 feet
Height:
16.7 feet (at tail)
Max Takeoff Wt:
40,000 lb.
Maximum Speed:
410 kts. TAS
Operational Ceiling:
over 70,000 feet
Max Unrefueled Range: over 3,000 NM
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As of (date)
B-737
Length:
97 feet
Wingspan:
94 feet
Max Takeoff Wt:
130,000 lb.
573 kts. TAS
Loiter Speed:
Operational Ceiling:
40,000 feet
Max Unrefueled Range: 2,700 NM
Global Hawk
Length:
44.4 feet
Wingspan:
116 feet
Height:
15.2 feet (at tail)
Max.Takeoff Wt:
25,600 lb.
343 kts. TAS
Loiter Speed:
Operational Ceiling:
65,000 feet
Max Unrefueled Range:over 12,000 NM
Global Hawk Integrated Sensor Suite
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As of (date)
SI4000 SUMMER 2004
UAV Brief
Ryan Aeronautical
Future UAV Technology
Norman S. Sakamoto
norm.sakamoto@ngc.com
619.203.5726
File Name.27
As of (date)
Telepresence
Telepresence, also called virtual presences, is participation in an environment
from a remote location
•
A subset of virtual reality, telepresence uses
external mechanics to view the environment,
•
Lethal UAV weapons delivery systems of the
1970’s put the shooter out of harms way.
•
Ryan developed systems to launch a variety of
guided standoff weapons from BGM-34C UAV’s.
•
Virtual Reality software today contains the
following features:
– Object database - descriptions of virtual objects or
environments
– Attribute database - color, texture, orientation
– Sensor driver- monitors tracking devices to
know actual position
– display driver- reality engine updates object
for display
– Simulation manager - coordinates entire
system maintaing proper perspective between
objects
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Virtual Reality Web sites
Commercial VR packages are available from many houses on the web.
•
•
•
•
•
World Tool Kit
Sense8
www.sense8.com
VR Development Systems
VREAM
www.vream.com
Walk Through
Virtus
www.virtus.com
Virtual Reality Studio
Danmark Software
WWW.domark.com
Cyberspace Development Kit
Autodesk
www.autodesk.com
•
File Name.29
As of (date)
Recent check of the links, Red are no longer pertinent or active.
Fuzzy Logic / Neural Nets
The development of an adaptive control system to enhance engine
performance is on the horizon
• Fuzzy logic algorithms and hardware have
enjoyed a recent development frenzy
• The technology is ready for transition to
UAV class engine controllers when the need
is great enough
• Current F/A-18 Fuzzy logic engine control
work is funded and ongoing
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Voice Directed UAV
Speech recognition could replace some navigation logic allowing mixed use of
UAV’s and manned aircraft
•
Neural Network computing methods could be
applied to artificial speech recognition and UAV
command language
•
This will increase asset interoperability for a
force commander or commercial air traffic
controller
•
Minimizes ground control station assets
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Damage Detection / Failure Prediction
UAV Mission Failure rate can improve airframe monitoring and failure
prediction.
•
In high threat areas, damage may occur due to
hostile action.
•
With proper sensors, a UAV could “decide” to
return to base if damage or failures were detected
prior to catastrophic failure.
•
Smart structure technologies will detect damage,
predict useful life, continue operation at optimal
flight conditions.
•
The UAV will react by reducing speed, flying
minimum G profile or dumping fuel and returning
to base
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004
UAV Brief
UAV’s Where We’ve Been and Where
We’re Going
Norman S. Sakamoto
norm.sakamoto@ngc.com
619.203.5726
File Name.33
As of (date)
Customers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
USAF
USA
USN
USCG
RCAF
JDF
GOI
GOE
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NATO
DEA
DNA
DOT
CIA
FBI
NSA
INS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sandia
Los Alamos
LLL
NASA
DARPA
DARO
MDA
Performance
•
•
•
•
•
•
Altitude
7 Ft to 100,000 Ft
Velocity
60 Kts to Mach 4
Endurance
7 Minutes to 40 hours
Range
25 NMi to 14,000 Nmi
Take-Off Gross Weight 200 Lb to 34,500 Lb
Payload Weight
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25 Lb to 3,000 Lb
Missions
•
•
•
•
•
•
IMINT
SIGINT
GPS Pseudolite
Air Sampling
Strike
EW/ESM
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•
•
•
•
•
Decoy
BPI/BPLI
Target
Cargo / Logistics
ACN
Aerodynamics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conventional Airfoil
Rogallo Wing
Laminar Flow
SuperCritical
Ailerons, Elevators, Rudders,
Ruddervators, Spoilers, Speed
Brakes, Flaps, Elevons
BLC
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Twin Verticals
V - Tails
Canards
V/STOL
Non Atmospheric
Hypersonic
Airframe
•
Metallic
–
–
–
–
•
Aluminum
Steel
Titanium
Magnesium
Composite
– Fiberglass
– Graphite
•
Molded
– Sheet Molded
Compound
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Low Observables
•
•
•
•
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Radar
Acoustic
Visual
IR
Propulsion
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reciprocating ( Aircraft)
2 Cylinder 2 Cycle
Turbo Prop
Turbo Jet
Turbo Fan
Ramjet
Pulse Jet
Rocket
Electric Motors
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Payload Sensors
•
Cameras
– Still
– Motion
– Panoramic
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electro-Optical
FLIR
IRLS
SAR
ISAR
IFSAR
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chaff
Active EW Jammers
COMINT
ELINT
ESM
Ordnance
Leaflets/Propaganda
Navigation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dead Reckoning
Doppler
LORAN / Omega
INS
GPS/DGPS
INMARSAT
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Flight Controls
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analog
Digital
Hybrid
Duplex
Triplex
Electrostatic
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•
•
•
•
AHRS (Gyros)
Inertial
Formation Flight
Autonomous Flight
– Active Real-Time
– Re-Planning
– Re-Tasking
Secondary Power
•
•
•
•
Batteries
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
Solar
Generator
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Actuation System
•
•
•
Hydraulic
Pnuematic
Electro-Mechanical
– Linear/Rotary
– Push/Pull
– Cables/Pulleys
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UAVs - Current Development
and Emerging Uses
File Name.46
As of (date)
The Networked Vision of the Future
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As of (date)
UAVs Are A Major Part of the Vision
Warfighter’s Challenge ~ Future Combat
• Regional & Global Asymmetric Warfare
– Proliferation of Ballistic Missile/Cruise Missile Threats
– Proliferation of WMD Capabilities /Systems ~ and the Will To Use Them
• Uncertainty In Situational Awareness/Decisions
• Non-Traditional Roles & Missions ~ With Force Structure Pressures
• Acquisition of Advanced Technology Force Structures
– Technologies, Applications, Systems & Insertion Sequencing
– Force Mix, Postures, Basing, CONOPS & Employment Concepts
– Sustaining Capability in the Transition/Transformation
– Establishing & Sustaining Affordability - No Immunity To Budget Constraints
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Understanding & Integrating UAVs Is A Significant Part of the Challenge
Some of the Emerging Concepts & Requirements
That UAVs Can Meet
Military
BM/C4ISR
BPLI - Theater Ballistic Missile Defense
These Lists Are
Cruise Missile Defense - BM/C4ISR & Intercept
By No Means
Battlespace ~ Infosphere Comms & Reach-Back
Comprehensive
Kinetic & Non-Kinetic Combat Operations
PSYOPs & SOF Operations
SBIRS Low Adjunct & Tactical Surrogate
Satellite / Sensor Test Bed
Civil Authority & Commercial Applications
Space Sensing
Communications
Space Surveillance
Law Enforcement
Space Tracking
Drug Interdiction
Space Comms/Data Relay
Disaster Preparedness & Management
Military Science
Global Meteorological (NOAA)
Military R&D
Forest Fire Surveillance
Augmentation of GPS
Environmental Monitoring, Management & Enforcement
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Agricultural Resource Surveillance & Management
Natural Resource Surveillance & Management
Scientific Research
Questions?
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