BICENTENNIAL ISSUE
IN CONGRESs, JULY4,
1776.
A DECLARATIO N
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JOHN HANCOCK, PItESID'ENT.
A -r r o , r
CITAKLES THOMSON, SOC.OE.O,Ir
O!0
Jo F
Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
Lane County Historian
LANE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
Vol. XX, No. 2
Eugene, Or.gon
Summer, 1975
LANE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
Mrs. C. A. Huntington, Route 2, Box 277, Eugene, Oregon 97401
Stuart W. Hurd, Rt. 2, Box 345, Eugene, Oregon 97401
President
Membership Secretary
LANE COUNTY HISTORIAN
lnez Long Fortt (Mrs. James 0. Portt)
Editor
3870 Watkins Lone, Eugene, Oregon 97405
The Lone County Historian is a quarterly publication of the Lane County Historical Society, a non-profit
organization.
Membership in the Lone County Historical Society includes subscription to the Lane County Historian.
Annual dues: $3.00; family membership: $5.00.
CONTENTS
AMERICA'S BICENTENNIAL YEAR, JULY 4, 1975 - JULY 4, 1976
By Inez Long Fortt, editor, Lane County Historian
Inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States of America
All photographs used in story, "America's Bicentennial Year, July 4, 1975- July 4, 1976," ore from
the Lane County Pioneer Museum Library
22
,4merica
i
d?cenienniaf ?Jear
4, 1975
-
4, 1976
By Inez Long Fortt
1975-1976 is a time for remember-
America "came to be" only because
a small number of men on the Atlantic
ing.
seaboard sought to be free men. In
July 4th, 1975 is the start of the Bicentennial year in America. For two
hundred years we have been a nation
of many peoples. In the merging together of people from the nations and
races of the world, there was created
a new and unique country; as wave
their struggle for freedom, the Revolutionary War was fought, followed over
half a century later by the Civil War,
a war fought that slaves might be free
men. And, in our century American
boys have traveled across oceans to give
their lives in wars in foreign countries
so that the peoples in those countries
might be free and also have the right
to LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS.
In the late 1770's, freedom was not
after wave of immigrants arrived, each
left an imprint of its culture on the
unfolding country.
We have been called a polyglot na-
tion, not of languages alone, but of
peoples and therein lies our strengths.
As the emigrants from all over the
world poured into America, the new
nation with its promise of freedom and
its hopes for the future, they brought
with them their visions and ambitions,
their varied talents, skills and trades.
Together they forged a nation and led
yet a right of all men. In the New
World in a group of colonies along
the Atlantic seaboard, the colonists
found their conception of being free
Englishmen at variance vith that of
the Mother country, England.
In England the colonies were conceived of as a "possession" of the
the world with their many achieve-
Crown and regarded as a source of
ments in industry, sciences, inventions,
arts, et cetera.
income to the Crown. As far-away sub-
jects of the King they were under his
dominion and liable to his rule. The
colonists considered themselves Englishmen but as "free" Englishmen they
had no representation in Parliament,
nor did they have any choice of governors. Their Royal Governors were
selected by the Crown.
When the French and Indian Wars
ended in 1863 England acquired Canada from France as part of the final
But it did not all come at once.
America was a long time "a-borning."
How easy it is for us to forget our
heritage and our traditions. How easy
it is for us to forget the people who
have gone on before and their struggles
to build a nation. And, sometimes too,
we forget our inalienable rights on
which America is founded and which
too often we take for grantedthe
right of all men to LIFE, LIBERTY
AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPI-
settlement of the war. The war also
added one hundred million pounds to
the British National Debt.
NESS.
23
posed on imports into the colonies, on
tea, oil, paper, glass, lead and paints.
England claimed the war was fought
in defense of the colonies and therefore should be paid by the colonies.
However, the colonists felt they were
The duties would bring in
defending their o w n 1 a n d s in the
French-Indian War. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1794, "Americans' own
blood was spilt in acquiring lands for
their settlement . . . for themselves
they fought, for themselves they conquered and for themselves alone they
have the right to hold."
To help raise revenue for the British
right of England to tax the colonies
without representation. The Royal Gov-
ernor in Virginia dissolved the House
of Burgesses.
Resistance continued a g a i n s t the
duties. In 1770 the "Boston Massacre"
National Debt, England imposed the
Stamp Act on the colonists. The Act
created a furor in Boston. The Sons of
Liberty was formed by the Radicals in
occurred at the waterfront. It began
as a minor skirmish between British
soldiers and the Sons of Liberty but
Boston and soon spread to other areas.
The Stamp Act was repealed.
wound up with the waterfront strewn
with dead Bostonians. The soldiers had
fired into the crowd gathered at the
But the King had not given up. In
1767
40,000
pounds a year to the Crown.
Reaction from the colonies was immediate. Virginia joined Massachusetts
in resisting the Townshend duties and
the House of Burgesses at Williamsburg issued a Resolution rejecting the
waterfront. It was a scene of horror.
the Townshend Duties were im-
"Boston Massacre"
24
Boston "Too Party"
The Townshend Duties were repealed with the exception of the one
on tea, this was maintained as a re-
Sons of Liberty met and branded the
tea importers enemies of America and
pledged a boycott.
minder to the colonists that the Crown
had the right to tax the colonies.
The first of three tea ships, the Dart-
mouth, arrived in the Boston harbor
on November the 2 7th. Resolutions
In 1773 a new tax on tea was im-
were passed at two mass meetings that
posed on the colonies. The purpose of
this tax was to save the East India Tea
the tea must be sent back to England
and without payment of any duty.
Company from bankruptcy. In addition to the tax, the Company was allowed to undersell the American Tea
Instead, the ships docked at the
waterfront. Boston reacted with the
companies.
"Famous Boston Tea Party."
On the evening of December 16th,
The opposition of the colonies was
not upon the duty on tea alone but
upon the threat of monopoly by the
East India Company. When a half
8,000 people assembled in and near
Boston's Old South Church and heard
Captain Rotch of the Dartmouth tell
million pounds of tea was consigned
by the Company to a picked group of
merchants a mass meeting was held in
October in Philadelphia; a broadside
was issued in New York in November
which warned harbor pilots against
guiding tea ships up the harbor and
in Boston the end of November the
Sam Adams, chairman of the mass
meeting, that the Governor refused to
release the tea ships to return to England without payment of the tea duty.
At a signal from Sam Adams a
disciplined group of men disguised as
Mohawk Indians rushed to Griffin's
25
Wharf, boarded t h e t e a ships and
working through the night dumped all
the tea into the harbor, three hundred
and forty-two chests of tea. No other
property aboard was damaged.
Adams and Paul Revere. The colonists
thought of themselves as British subjects and only wanted to be treated as
"free" Englishmen were treated in England.
The Boston Tea Party marked a
Oppression by the Crown continued.
crucial point in the deterioration of relations between the colonists and the
mother country.
The King was inflamed with anger
by the incident itself as well as the affront to the Crown of the "Boston Tea
The seed of freedom which had been
implanted by the "radical movement"
epitomized by the Sons of Liberty grew
and spread throughout the colonies.
Instead of desiring freedom as free
Englishmen and subjects of the Crown
in England, the colonists talked of
Party." He ordered the Boston Port
freedom as "Americans."
closed and imposed what came to be
known as "The Intolerable Acts" upon
the colonies. The Acts stated no meet-
Other "patriots" added their voices
and the cry of freedom, the right to
live as free men, the right to make
their own laws and have their own
ings of colonists could be held without
the permission of the Royal Governor,
that British soldiers were to be quar-
government with responsibility for law
and order was being heard throughout
the land.
tered in private homes and 18,000
pounds were to be paid for the destroyed tea.
The colonists were outraged.
Out of the cry and the need to be
free men the Revolution was born,
the war which created our n at i o n,
As yet there was only "talk" of independence by the radicals such as Sam
America.
Radical Patrick Henry before the Virginia Assembly
26
Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775
Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1776
27
Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence
28
On July 4th, 1776, the Declaration
of Independence was approved "without one dissenting voice." Thomas Jef-
Copies of the Declaration of Independence were signed by John Hancock, President of the Congress and
ferson, author of the Declaration of
Charles Williams, secretary of the Con-
Independence said he "turned to neither
gress and sent to all the State Assemblies on July 5th and the Declaration
book nor pamphlet in preparing the
paper." He drew upon the "natural
was to be proclaimed in each of the
rights" political philosophy.
United States."
Declaration of Independence proclaimed in Philadelphia
29
Po nt ng by Howard Chand er Christy
DELEGATES S GN THE U S CONST TUT ON ON SEPTEMBER 17, 1787
31
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CONSTITUTION OF THE
I
,If4.V4'
4?
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
33
After the end of the Revolutionary
War and the birth of the new nation
word spread to all parts of the world
that America was a nation where all
men were free and equal. Soon, the
told and handed down by our ancestors.
And, we are proud of our American
heritage and traditions.
Also, we are proud of our western
history with its own unique heritage
and traditions. With our own written
poor, the oppressed and the persecuted
traveled across the seas to the "land
and unwritten history of the American
of the free." Others followed.
west we have added our "bit" to the
To America came the skilled and
historic past of America.
the unskilled, the educated and the uneducated, the laborer, carpenters, farmers, men from all walks of life seeking
We remember Lewis and Clark oii
their memorable expedition to the west.
wave of them, to settle in the new land.
Unknowingly, they helped to build the
Sent by President Thomas Jefferson,
the author of the Declaration of Independence, Lewis and Clark were not
only a part of the annals of the early
American colonies and the Revolution
but also a part of our western heritage
America of today. For two hundred
years a steady stream of immigrants
and traditions.
As Lewis and Clark traveled through
freedom and the right to live as free
men.
They came and came, wave after
have entered the portals of America to
become free and equal and where all
the western wilderness at e as, over
mountains and along rushing rivers,
through deserts and forests to the
had the right to pursue LIFE, LIBERTY AND HAPPINESS.
As the people came the boundaries
Pacific Ocean, they learend about the
west and recorded it for a Post-Revolutionary War President.
of America expanded until the day
came when America stretched from
ocean to ocean, the Atlantic to the
Pacific, from Canada to Mexico and
We, in the West, remember the
wagon trains, the Indian wars, the
Whitman Massacre, the early mission-
the Gulf of Mexico.
Today in America we are celebrating the start of the Bicentennial Year,
July 4th, 1975-July 4th, 1976.
All over America the Bicentennial
is being celebrated, in every state, in
cities large and small, cross-roads vil-
aries, the Gold Rush, the stern-wheelers,
the Provisional Government of 1843,
the Territorial Government of 1848
and Statehood in 1859.
The Revolutionary War was remote
from an unsettled and unexplored west
but the Civil War found strong partisans oh either side, the North and the
South. A skirmish was fought on the
Long Tom in Lane County and strong
southern sympathizers charged up the
cemetery hill in Canyon City to place
a flag during the Gold Rush days in
lages and towns and on the farms.
From the mountains to the plains,
from the deserts to the forests, the
people of America will remember their
Past and celebrate this great Bicentennial Year.
eastern Oregon.
During the Spanish-American War,
Oregon sent its sons to the Philippines,
the first time American boys were sent
overseas to fight a war on foreign soil.
And in the West, remote and almost unknown at the time of the
Revolution, we, too, will relive the
days of Colonial America a n d the
trauma of the Revolution from stories
34
Lewis and Clark meet with Indians on 1804-06 Expedition to the West
The west played its part in the his-
onstrated in our Bicentennial Year,
tory of America. Today, all of America
is our heritage, the heritage which
July 4th, 1975-July 4th, 1976.
This is our heritage of freedom, independence and the inalienable right
to LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS.
every American inherits at his birth.
Our pride in our heritage will be dem-
Wagon Train on way West
35
& centennial' Ce/ct ration in ci2ane Counl,i
community who recall early days in
In Lane County the Bicentennial will
be celebrated with a year-long series of
events and happenings.
The Lane County Bicentennial Com-
the county.
A growing movement in the county
to restore early historic buildings has
mittee established its headquarters at
been spreading from community to
community. Coburg received a grant
to restore and refurbish several of its
the Smeede Hotel in Eugene with Paul
Lansdowne as chairman. The committee has worked throughout the county
with the various communities, towns
and cities on their plans for the Bi-
early structures.
According to Chairman Lansdowne
centennial.
An over-all plan designed by the Bi-
Oregon Bicentennial Commission. Other
another grant
is
expected from the
projects are in the offing. Applications
for grants for further projects must be
sent to Chairman Paul Lansdowne of
centennial Committee was two-fold;
special events would celebrate the Bicentennial Year and special projects
the Lane County Bicentennial Com-
of historic interest would be developed
mittee by October 1st, the deadline.
which would be of "lasting value" to
Special events to celebrate the Bicentennial Year are many with more
the county.
The Lane County Bicentennial Com-
events not yet scheduled.
mittee received a grant of $14,000
from the Oregon Bicentennial Commission to fund special projects. The
sum was the largest awarded to any
However, the Bicentennial Year in
Lane County will start on July 4th
appropriately with an Independence
county commission.
Day Parade through Springfield. On
the same day the
All of the grants made are on a
Jaycees' annual
Broiler Festival will be held in Spring-
one-to-one matching basis. No project
was approved unless it would contrib-
field.
ute to the history of the area and be
of "lasting value."
Various museums in the county have
been given grants. The Lane County
Pioneer Museum received $925 to catalogue a collection of photographs. The
Siuslaw Pioneer Museum received $950
to complete an oral history of the area.
The Oakridge Museum received $500
for the purchase of artifacts.
The Lane County Historical Society
may receive a grant for a series of oral
interviews with descendants of pioneer
families and with "old-timers" in the
Old Kyles Store, Florence, Oregon
36
citizens being sworn in which will be
followed by a tea in their honor.
Also, on the 4th, St. Alice Church
in Springfield will have a "Tavern on
the Green" (Beer Garden).
On September 18th, the Springfield
American Legion Auxiliary will honor
the Gold Star Mothers with a tea.
A Willamette Folk Festival will be
a special feature of the day.
On Mohawk Boulevard in Spring-
As usual the 4th of July fireworks
display by the Eugene Active 20-30
Club will be held at Autzen Field.
field on September the 30th to October
1st, there will be a special display of
weapons of all kinds and makes, elaborate and plain, big and little, historic
and recent.
Out in the Mohawk Valley area
will be the Mohawk Valley Potlach
celebration with special features and
Hallowe'en night will feature a Bicentennial theme. Parks in Eugene and
Springfield will hold a special "Youth
Night."
good food through July 5-July 6.
Eugene will have a "Pioneer to Heritage Days" on July 30 through August
1st. There will be continuous enter-
One of the most important events,
actually the most important event, of
the Bicentennial Celebration will be
the Freedom Train which will make a
stop on November 17-18 in the Eugene-Springfield area. It will be the
only stop for the Freedom Train in the
tainment and Eugeneans, hopefully, in
pioneer dress will recall the past.
During the first week of August,
the Applegate Trail Days Festival will
be held in Elmira Emphasis will be
stressed on the early history of the area.
State of Oregon. The train will be
placed on a siding in Springfield.
The Freedom Train which is travel-
August will be a month of celebra-
tion. Coburg's annual Golden Years
ing at present throughout the United
States during the Bicentennial period
is loaded with two hundred years of
Festival will be held August 23 through
August 24th. The popular Junction
City Festival will be held as usual.
memorabilia of American history. The
collection is priceless and will be the
high point of the year for the Eugene-
On the 21st of August a luau will
be held on the campus of Lane Community College to celebrate the admission of Hawaii to the Union.
Springfield area and for all of Lane
County and the State.
To wind up the first half of the
A day has been set aside to remember our national anthem, Star Spangled
1975-76 Bicentennial year, South Eugene High School will have a special
Thanksgiving pageant to recall pioneer
Thanksgiving Days in the colonies on
the Atlantic seaboard.
Banner. On September the 14th, the
anniversary of the song written in 1814,
radio stations will play the anthem
and relate the story of Francis Scott
Key who wrote the verses during the
bombing by the British Fleet of Ft.
On December the 23rd a Christmas
party for the children will be held to
McHenry.
celebrate the day that the historic May-
flower set her sails on a r r iv a 1 in
On Citizenship Day, September 17th,
there will be a special ceremony of new
America.
37
George Washington with Lafayette at Mt. Vernon
FORMS FOR TESTAMENTARY GIFTS
Language to be used for bequests designating the Lane County
Historical Society (a tax exempt organization) as a beneficiary of your
Will:
"I devise to the Lane County Historical Society, a corporation existing under the )aws of the State of Oregon,
$
to be used for the benefit of the Lane
County Historical Society in such manner as its Board of
Directors may direct"
"I devise to the Lane County Historical Society, a corporation existing under the laws of the State of Oregon,
$
to constitute a permanent endowment
fund to be known as the
Fund. Such fund shall be kept invested by the Board of
Directors of the Lane County Historical Society, and the
annual income therefrom shall be used for the benfit of the
Lane Coimty Historical Society in such a manner as its
Board of Directors may direct."
38
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LANE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
Non-Profit
Organization
740 West 13th Ave., Eugene, Oregon
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
Permit No. 96
Eugene, Oregon
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Signatures of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence