DRAFT
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS,
TABLES, TIME ZONE OFFSETS,
AND RADIO TRANSMITTING
STATIONS FOR TIME SIGNALS
N
E
W
S
1000
0
1000
2000
Appendix B-1
3000
4000
DRAFT
MAP DISTANCES TO LAND DISTANCES
PER INCH
OF MAP
PER CM
OF MAP
ONE LAND
MILE
MAP
SCALE
LAND
MILES
LAND
METERS
LAND
MILES
LAND
METERS
500,000
7.891
12,700
3.107
5,000
250,000
3.945
6,350
1.553
100,000
1.578
2,540
50,000
0.789
25,000
20,000
10,000
5,000
MAP
INCHES
ONE LAND
KILOMETER
MAP
CM
MAP
INCHES
MAP
CM
0.127
0.322
0.079
0.2
2,500
0.253
0.644
0.157
0.4
0.621
1,000
0.634
1.609
0.394
1.0
1,270
0.311
500
1.267
3.218
0.787
2.0
0.394
635
0.155
250
2.534
6.436
1.575
4.0
0.316
508
0.124
200
3.168
8.046
1.968
5.0
0.158
254
0.062
100
6.336
16.090
3.937
10.0
0.079
127
0.031
50
12.672
32.180
7.874
20.0
Table B-1
CELCIUS TO FAHRENHEIT
C = F
C = F C = F
C = F
-15
5.0
0
32.0
15
59.0
30
86.0
-14
6.8
1
33.8
16
60.8
31
87.8
-13
8.6
2
35.6
17
62.6
32
89.6
-12
10.4
3
37.4
18
64.4
33
91.4
-11
12.2
4
39.2
19
66.2
34
93.2
-10
14.0
5
41.0
20
68.0
35
95.0
-9
15.8
6
42.8
21
69.8
36
96.8
-8
17.6
7
44.6
22
71.6
37
98.6
-7
19.4
8
46.4
23
73.4
38
100.4
-6
21.2
9
48.2
24
75.2
39
102.2
-5
23.0
10
50.0
25
77.0
40
104.0
-4
24.8
11
51.8
26
78.8
41
105.8
-3
26.6
12
53.6
27
80.6
42
107.6
-2
28.4
13
55.4
28
82.4
43
109.4
-1
30.2
14
57.2
29
84.2
44
111.2
Table B-2
F = 9/5 C. + 32
C=
Appendix B-2
5( F. - 32)
9
DRAFT
LINEAR MEASUREMENT
CONVERSIONS
FROM
METERS
FEET (INTERNATIONAL)
FEET (US SURVEY)
TO
EQUATION
FEET (INTERNATIONAL)
FEET (US SURVEY)
FEET (BRITISH ORDNANCE)
FEET (INDIAN old)
FT = M / O.3048 exact
FT = M / O.30480060960
FT = M / O.304800756
FT = M / O.30479842
FEET (SURVEY OF INDIA)
YARDS (INTERNATIONAL)
STATUTE MILES
NAUTICAL MILES
FT = M / O.3047996
YDS = M x 1.093613
METERS
STATUTE MILES
NAUTICAL MILES
M = FT x 0.3048 exact
METERS
METERS
M = FT x 0.30480060960
M = FT x 1200 / 3937 exact
STATUTE MILES
NAUTICAL MILES
SMi = FT / 5280 exact
NMi = FT / 6076.1033333
SMi = M / 1609.344 exact
NMi = M / 1852 exact
SMi = FT / 5280 exact
NMi = FT / 6076.1033333
FEET (GREAT BRITAIN
METERS
ORDNANCE SURVEY)
M = FT x 0.304800756
FEET (INDIAN old)
M = FT x 0.30479842
Used by US and Great Britain for
surveys in India and border nations.
METERS
FEET (SURVEY OF INDIA) METERS
M = FT x 0.3047996
STATUTE MILES
KILOMETERS
KM = Mi / 0.6213712
KILOMETERS
STATUTE MILES
Mi = KM x 0.6213712
Table B-3
Appendix B-3
DRAFT
ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
CONVERSIONS
Table B-4
SYSTEM COMPARISONS
FULL CIRCLE
3/4 CIRCLE
HALF CIRCLE
1/4 CIRCLE
MILS
6400
4800
3200
1600
DEGREES
360
270
180
90
GRADS
400
300
200
100
1 Deg = 60 Min
1 Grad = 100 Min
1 Hour = 60 Min
1 Min = 60 Sec
1 Min = 100 Sec
1 Min = 60 Sec
RADIANS
DEGREES
GRADS
TIME
Dec. DEGREES TO MILS
Dec. DEGREES TO GRADS
Dec. DEGREES TO RADIANS
MILS = DEG / 0.05625
GRADS = DEG / 0.9
RADS = DEG x (exact)
RADS = DEG x 0.0174532777
MILS TO Dec. DEGREES
MILS TO GRADS
DEG = MILS x 0.05625
GRADS = MILS / 16
GRADS TO MILS
GRADS TO Dec. DEGREES
MILS = GRADS x 16
DEG = GRADS x 0.9
RADIANS TO Dec. DEGREES
DEG = RADS x
MISCELLANEOUS CONVERSION FACTORS
360 DEGREES = 21600 MIN = 1296000 SEC
1 DEGREE = MILS
1 MIL = 0.05625 DEGREES = 3.375 MINUTES
1 RADIAN = 57.2957790 DEGREES = Deg
1 DEGREE = 0.0174533 RADIANS
1 HOUR = 15 DEGREES
1 DEGREE = 0 Hr 4 Min
Appendix B-4
DRAFT
MISCELLANEOUS CONVERSION FACTORS (Cont.)
Area Measurements:
144 square inches
9 square ft
30 1/4 square yd
160 square rods
640 acres
1 Acre
= 1 square ft
= 1 square yd
= 1 square rod
= 1 acre
= 1 square mile
= 43,560.21 square ft. (International)
MILS TO DEG, MIN, SEC
Step 1: Mils x 0.05625 = Dec. Degrees
Step 2: 60 x number to right of decimal = Dec. Minutes
Step 3: 60 x number to right of decimal = Seconds
Example: Convert 2198.876 mils to Degrees Minutes and Seconds
Step 1: 2198.876 x 0.05625 = 123.686775°
Step 2: 60 x 0.686775 = 41.2065'
Step 3: 60 x 0.2065 = 12.39"
2198.876 mils = 123° 41' 12.39"
DEG, MIN, SEC TO MILS
Step 1: (Minutes x 60) + Seconds = Number of seconds
Step 2: (Number of seconds / 3600) + Degrees = Dec. Degrees
Step 3: Dec. Degrees / 0.05625 = mils
Example: Convert 123° 41' 12.39" to mils
Step 1: (41' x 60) + 12.39" = 2472.39"
Step 2: (2472.39" / 3600) + 123° = 123.686775°
Step 3: 123.686775° / 0.05625 = 2198.876 mils
123° 41' 12.39" = 2198.876 mils
Vertical Angle (mils)
VA = Vertical Interval / Range in Km x 1.0186
Appendix B-5
DRAFT
World Time Zones
Table B-5a
For selected countries, listed alphbetically, the local standard time offset from Greenwich (UTC) is given with
daylight savings time where observed. These offsets can be used to convert a UTC time to a local time (ie. PLGR
needs the offset to display local time). To determine Greenwich Mean Time from local time, a Time Zone
correction is needed. Time Zone corrections are determined by changeing the sign of the offset.
Information accurate as of Apr 2, 1997
Country
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Local Standard Time Offset
+4.5 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
-11 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua
Argentina
+1 hours
-4 hours
-2 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
-4 hours
-3 hours
Argentina western prov
Armenia
Aruba
Ascension
Australia Northern Territory
-4 hours
+4 hours (Local summer +5 hours)
-4 hours
0 hours
+9.5 hours
Australia Lord Howe Island
Australia New South Wales
Australia Queensland
Australia Victoria
Australia Australian Captial Territory
+10.5 hours (Local summer +11 hours)
+10 hours (Local summer +11 hours)
+10 hours
+10 hours (Local summer +11 hours)
+10 hours (Local summer +11 hours)
Australia South
Australia Tasmania
Australia Western
Austria
Azerbajian
Azores
+9.5 hours (Local summer +10.5 hours)
+10 hours (Local summer +11 hours)
+8 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+3 hours
-1 hours (Local summer 0 hours)
Bahamas
Bahrain
Balearic Islands
Bangladesh
Barbados
-5 hours (Local summer -4 hours)
+3 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+6 hours
-4 hours
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
-6 hours
Appendix B-6
DRAFT
Country
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire
Local Standard Time Offset
+1 hours
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
+6 hours
-4 hours
-4 hours
Bosnia Hercegovina
Botswana
Brazil Acre
Brazil Atlantic Islands
Brazil East
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+2 hours
-4 hours (Local summer -5 hours)
-1 hours (Local summer -2 hours)
-3 hours (Local summer -1 hours)
Brazil West
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
-4 hours
+8 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
0 hours
+2 hours
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada Central
Canada Eastern
Canada Mountain
+7 hours
+1 hours
-6 hours (Local summer -5 hours)
-5 hours (Local summer -4 hours)
-7 hours (Local summer -6 hours)
Canada Yukon & Pacific
Canada Atlantic
Canada Newfoundland
Canary Islands
Canton Enderbury Islands
-8 hours (Local summer -7 hours)
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
-3.5 hours (Local summer -2.5 hours)
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
-11 hours
Cape Verde
Caroline Island
Cayman Islands
Central African Rep
Chad
-1 hours
+11 hours
-5 hours
+1 hours
+1 hours
Channel Islands
Chatham Island
Chile
China People's Rep
Christmas Islands
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
+12.75 hours (Local summer +13.75 hours)
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
+8 hours
-10 hours
Colombia
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
-5 hours
+1 hours
-10 hours
-6 hours
0 hours
Croatia
Cuba
Curacao
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
-5 hours (Local summer -4 hours)
-4 hours
Appendix B-7
DRAFT
Country
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Local Standard Time Offset
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Dahomey
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
+1 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+3 hours
-4 hours
-4 hours
Easter Island
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
England
-6 hours (Local summer -5 hours)
-5 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
-6 hours
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
Equitorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
+1 hours
+3 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+3 hours
Falkland Islands
Faroe Island
Fiji
Finland
France
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
+12 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
French Guiana
French Polynesia
-3 hours
-10 hours
Gabon
Galapagos Islands
Gambia
Gambier Island
Georgia
+1 hours
-5 hours
0 hours
-9 hours
+4 hours
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
0 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
-3 hours (Local summer -2 hours)
Greenland Thule
Greenland Scoresbysun
Grenada
Grenadines
Guadeloupe
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
-1 hours (Local summer 0 hours)
-4 hours
-4 hours
-4 hours
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Guyana
+10 hours
-6 hours
0 hours
-1 hours (Local summer 0 hours)
-3 hours
Appendix B-8
DRAFT
Country
Haiti
Honduras
Hong kong
Hungary
Local Standard Time Offset
-5 hours (Local summer -4 hours)
-6 hours
+8 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Iceland
India
Indonesia Central
Indonesia East
Indonesia West
0 hours
+5.5 hours
+8 hours
+9 hours
+7 hours
Iran
Iraq
Ireland, Republic of
Israel
Italy
+3.5 hours
+3 hours (Local summer +4 hours)
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Jamaica
Japan
Johnston Island
Jordan
-5 hours
+9 hours
-10 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Dem Republic of
Korea, Republic of
+6 hours (Local summer +7 hours)
+3 hours
+12 hours
+9 hours
+9 hours
Kusaie
Kuwait
Kwajalein
Kyrgyzstan
+12 hours
+3 hours
-12 hours
+5 hours (Local summer +6 hours)
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Leeward Islands
Lesotho
+7 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
-4 hours
+2 hours
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
0 hours
+2 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Macedonia
Madagascar
Madeira
Malawi
Malaysia
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+3 hours
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
+2 hours
+8 hours
Maldives
Mali
+5 hours
0 hours
Appendix B-9
DRAFT
Country
Mallorca Islands
Malta
Mariana Island
Marquesas Islands
Marshall Islands
Local Standard Time Offset
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+10 hours
-9.5 hours
+12 hours
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Melilla
-4 hours
0 hours
+4 hours
+3 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Mexico
Mexico Baja Calif Norte
Mexico Nayarit
Mexico Sinaloa
Mexico Sonora
-6 hours
-8 hours (Local summer -7 hours)
-7 hours
-7 hours
-7 hours
Midway Island
Moldova
Moldovian Rep Pridnestrovye
Monaco
Mongolia
-11 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+8 hours
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
0 hours
+2 hours
+6.5 hours
Namibia
Nauru, Republic of
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+12 hours
+5.75 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
-4 hours
Nevis Montserrat
New Caledonia
New Hebrides
New Zealand
Nicaragua
-4 hours
+11 hours
+11 hours
+12 hours (Local summer +13 hours)
-6 hours (Local summer -5 hours)
Niger
Nigeria
Niue Island
Norfolk Island
Northern Ireland
+1 hours
+1 hours
-11 hours
+11.5 hours
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway
+10 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Oman
+4 hours
Appendix B-10
DRAFT
Country
Local Standard Time Offset
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
+5 hours
+9 hours
-5 hours
+10 hours
-4 hours (Local summer -3 hours)
Peru
Philippines
Pingelap
Poland
Ponape Island
-5 hours
+8 hours
+12 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+11 hours
Portugal
Principe Island
Puerto Rico
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
0 hours
-4 hours
Qatar
+3 hours
Reunion
Romania
Russian Federation zone one
Russian Federation zone two
Russian Federation zone three
Russian Federation zone four
Russian Federation zone five
Russian Federation zone six
Russian Federation zone seven
Russian Federation zone eight
Russian Federation zone nine
Russian Federation zone ten
Russian Federation zone eleven
Rwanda
+4 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+4 hours (Local summer +5 hours)
+4 hours (Local summer +5 hours)
+5 hours (Local summer +6 hours)
+6 hours (Local summer +7 hours)
+7 hours (Local summer +8 hours)
+8 hours (Local summer +9 hours)
+9 hours (Local summer +10 hours)
+10 hours (Local summer +11 hours)
+11 hours (Local summer +12 hours)
+12 hours (Local summer +13 hours)
+2 hours
Saba
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome e Principe
Saudi Arabia
-4 hours
-11 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
0 hours
+3 hours
Scotland
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
0 hours
+4 hours
0 hours
+8 hours
Slovakia
Slovenia
Society Island
Solomon Islands
Somalia
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
-10 hours
+11 hours
+3 hours
South Africa
+2 hours
Appendix B-11
DRAFT
Country
Spain
Sri Lanka
St Christopher
St Croix
St Helena
Local Standard Time Offset
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+5.5 hours
-4 hours
-4 hours
0 hours
St John
St Kitts Nevis
St Lucia
St Maarten
St Pierre & Miquelon
-4 hours
-4 hours
-4 hours
-4 hours
-3 hours (Local summer -2 hours)
St Thomas
St Vincent
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
-4 hours
-4 hours
+2 hours
-3 hours
+2 hours
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
Tahiti
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
-10 hours
+8 hours
+6 hours
+3 hours
+7 hours
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuamotu Island
Tubuai Island
0 hours
+13 hours
-4 hours
-10 hours
-10 hours
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
1 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+5 hours
-5 hours (Local summer -4 hours)
+12 hours
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
USA Central
+3 hours
+2 hours (Local summer +3 hours)
+4 hours
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
-6 hours (Local summer -5 hours)
USA Eastern
USA Mountain
USA Arizona
USA Indiana East
USA Pacific
-5 hours (Local summer -4 hours)
-7 hours (Local summer -6 hours)
-7 hours
-5 hours
-8 hours (Local summer -7 hours)
Appendix B-12
DRAFT
Country
USA Alaska
USA Aleutian
USA Hawaii
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Local Standard Time Offset
-9 hours (Local summer -8 hours)
-10 hours
-10 hours
-3 hours
+5 hours
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands
+11 hours (Local summer +12 hours)
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
-4 hours
+7 hours
-4 hours
Wake Island
Wales
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Windward Islands
+12 hours
0 hours (Local summer +1 hours)
+12 hours
-4 hours
Yemen
Yugoslavia
+3 hours
+1 hours (Local summer +2 hours)
Zaire Kasai
Zaire Kinshasa Mbandaka
Zaire Haut Zaire
Zaire Kivu
Zaire Shaba
+2 hours
+1 hours
+2 hours
+2 hours
+2 hours
Zambia
Zimbabwe
+2 hours
+2 hours
Appendix B-13
DRAFT
Radio Transmitting Stations
For Time Signals
Table B-5b
Call Sign
Location and Position
Freq (MHz)
BPV
Shanghai, China
N
31° 12'
E
121° 26'
5.0
10.0
15.0
CHU
Ottawa, Canada
N
45° 18'
W
75° 45'
3.330
7.335
14.670
HBG
Prangins, Switzerland
N
46° 24'
E
06° 15'
0.075
JJY
Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
N
35° 42'
E
139° 31'
2.5
5.0
10.0
15.0
LOL1
Buenos-Aires, Argentina
S
34° 27'
W
58° 21'
5.0
10.0
15.0
MSF
Rugby, United Kingdom
N
52° 22'
W
01° 11'
2.5
5.0
10.0
VNG
Lyndhurst, Australia
S
38° 00'
E
145° 02'
4.5
7.5
12.0
WWV
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
N
40° 41'
W
105° 02'
2.5
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Appendix B-14
DRAFT
Table B-5b (cont)
Call Sign
Location and Position
Freq (MHz)
WWVH
Maui, Hawaii, USA
N
20° 46'
W
156° 28'
2.5
5.0
10.0
15.0
ZUO
Olifantsfontein, South Africa
S
25° 58'
E
28° 04'
5.0
ZUO
Johannesburg, South Africa
S
26° 11'
E
28° 04'
10.0
Time by Broadcast or Telephone.
a. When using a watch or HCS in astronomic observations, the time should be checked with radio signals to
determine the watch correction. The time signals for the western hemisphere are broadcast by radio station WWV at
Fort Collins, Co., at frequencies 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 megahertz (MHZ). Signals for the Eastern Hemisphere
broadcast by radio station JJY at Koganei, Tokyo, Japan and can be received at frequencies 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 MHZ.
Each minute during the day, a tone is sounded and the exact time is announced. The voice announcement begins
about 10 seconds before the time signal with the words "At The Tone,_____ Hours, _____Minutes, Coordinated
Universal Time." This announcement is followed by the sounding of the time. The time announced is universal
time.
b. U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY, TIME SERVICE DEPARTMENT, 3450 Massachusetts Avenue, NW,
Washington D.C. 20392-5420
VOICE ANNOUNCER:
"U.S. Naval Observatory Master Clock, at the tone, Eastern (Daylight/Standard)
Comm: (202) 762-1401
Time (Time)." BEEP "Universal Time (Time)." BEEP
DSN: 762-1401
TIME VIA MODEM
Comm: (202) 762-1594
DSN: 762-1594
TIME SERVICE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil
Appendix B-15