PARTS OF SPEECH
REVIEW
ENG 7
#1 THE NOUN
Perhaps the words most frequently used are those that identify someone or
something. These name words are called nouns.
NOTES FOR NOTEBOOK:
Definition – A noun is a word used to name
1) A person
2) A place
3) A thing
4) An idea
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 342
#1 NOUNS
• Review Definition
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 342
COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS
(ADD TO GRAMMAR NOTES)
• There are two classes of nouns, proper nouns and
common nouns.
• A proper noun names a particular person, place,
thing, or idea and is always capitalized.
• A common noun names any one of a group of
persons, places of things and is not capitalized.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 342 -343
COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS
(ADD TO GRAMMAR NOTES)
COMMON NOUNS (Any)
PROPER NOUNS (Particular)
scientist
Carl Sagan, Sheldon Cooper
female
Beyonce, Michelle Obama, Heidi Klum
city
Cairo, St. Louis, Paris
building
World Trade Center, Buckingham Palace
continent
North America, Africa, Asia
mountains
Rockies, Alps, Blue Ridge Mountains
day
Monday, Thursday, Sunday
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 342 -343
COMPOUND NOUNS
Two or more words may be used together as a single noun.
EXAMPLES
hair stylist
Captain Brown
Mexico City
toothpick
Merry-go- round
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 344
COMPOUND NOUNS
The parts of a compound noun may
be written as one word, as two or
more words, or as a hyphenated
word. Here are some other
commonly used compound nouns.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third
Course, p. 344
EXAMPLES
volleyball
newsstand
news room
cold front
sister-in-law
push-up
Stratford-on-Avon
COMPOUND NOUNS
If you are in doubt as to how to write a compound
noun, you should consult your dictionary. Some
dictionaries may give two correct forms for a word;
for example, you may find the word vice-president
written both with and without a hyphen. As a rule,
use the form the dictionary list first.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 344
#2 THE PRONOUN
Definition:
• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.
A pronoun is a word used in place
of a noun or of more than one
noun.
• Definition:
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 345
#2 THE PRONOUN
EXAMPLE
• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.
Gloria stepped back from the
picture and looked at it carefully.
• Definition:
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 345
#2 THE PRONOUN
EXAMPLES
• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.
1. Where is Lois?
She said she would be
here on time.
2. Our teacher and Mrs. Barnes said
they would go to the meeting.
• Definition:
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 345
#2 THE PRONOUN
the antecedent • A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.
“something going before.”
• Definition:
refers to the noun on which the
pronoun depends for its meaning
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 345
EXAMPLES
#2 THE PRONOUN
• Definition:
• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.
Jill opened her book and read from it.
Janet took her dog to the veterinarian.
The coach showed the players how they should throw
the ball.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 346
#3 THE ADJECTIVE
You may wish to describe, or make more definite, a noun or pronoun.
You then MODIFY the word by using an adjective.
An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun.
To modify a word means to describe the word or to make its meaning more
definite. An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by answering these
questions:
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 349-350
#3 THE ADJECTIVE
NOTICE HOW THE BOLDFACED ADJECTIVES THAT FOLLOW ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE NOUNS MODIFIED.
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
gray sky
old shoes
clever dog
low price
that girl
next day
either way
last chance
five fingers
many rivers
fewer hours
some
problems
taken from Warriners English Composition and
Grammar, Third Course, p. 350
#
PRONOUN OR ADJECTIVE?
Notice that in the phrases in the previous slide, that, either, many, fewer, and some –
Words that may also be used as pronouns – are adjectives, because they modify the
nouns in the phrases rather than take the place of the nouns.
The words my, your, his, her, its, our, and their are called pronouns;
they are possessive forms of personal pronouns, showing ownership or
relationship. Some people, however, prefer to think of these words as
adjective because they tell Which one? about nouns:
my sister, your book, our team, their tents.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 350
#
NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES
SOMETIMES YOU WILL FIND NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES.
NOUNS
crisp bacon
blinding snow
last December
NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES
Bacon sandwich
Snow sculpture
December sale
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 350
NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES
SOMETIMES YOU WILL FIND NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES.
December sale
Notice in the example
above that a proper
noun, December, is used
as an adjective. Look at
how some other proper
nouns are used as
adjectives:
PROPER NOUNS USED AS
ADJECTIVES
Texas chili
Jackson concert
Maine coast
Sioux warrior
Brazil nut
Picasso painting
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 350
#
ARTICLES
The most frequently used adjectives are a, an and the. The words are called
articles.
A and an are indefinite article; they refer to one of a general group.
EXAMPLES
A girl won.
An elephant escaped.
This is an honor.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 351
ARTICLES
A is used before words beginning with a consonant sound.
An is used before words beginning with a vowel sound.
This is an honor.
Notice in the example above that an is used before a noun beginning with the
consonant h, because the h in honor is not pronounced.
Honor is pronounced as if it begins with a vowel. Remember that the SOUND
of the noun, not the spelling, determines which indefinite article will be used.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 351
ARTICLES
The is a definite article. It indicates that the noun refers to someone or
something in particular.
EXAMPLES
The girl won.
The elephant escaped.
The honor goes to her.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 351
#
ADJECTIVES IN SENTENCES
In all of the examples you have seen so far, the adjective comes before the
noun it modifies. This is its usual position in a sentence.
Ms. Farrell tells all students that good workers will be given special privileges.
A sweating, exhausted runner crossed the line.
Sometimes, however, adjectives follow the word they modify.
A dog, old and overweight, snored in the sun.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 351-352
ADJECTIVES IN SENTENCES
Usually, the adjective comes before the noun it modifies. This is its usual position in a
sentence.
Sometimes, other words may separate an adjective from the noun or pronoun
modified.
Beverly was worried. She felt nervous about the play.
Delighted by the news, he smiled broadly.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 351-352
#
THE VERB
A noun or a pronoun, no matter how many modifiers it may have, CANNOT
make a sentence.
The noun or pronoun must act in some way, or something must be said about
it. The part of speech that performs this function is the VERB.
Some verbs express action and some tell something about the subject.
A VERB is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps make a statement.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 354
ACTION VERBS
Words such as do, come, go, and write are action
verbs. Sometimes action verbs express an action
that cannot be seen: believe, remember, know,
think, and understand.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 355
ROUND TABLE ACTION VERBS
Students take turns writing on own paper then pass it on to teammates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
Take your notes out of your notebook.
Write Action Verbs
Teacher announces topic / gives “think time”.
Each teammate writes his/her short answer to the topic on own paper then passes the paper on
to the next teammate.
3. Writing continues until the teacher says stop.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 355
ROUND TABLE ACTION VERBS
Topic:
Action Verbs
Try to include and underline at least five verbs that
express an action that cannot be seen.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 355
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LINKING VERBS
Read handout and be prepared for
discussion.
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taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 356-357
LINKING VERBS
Complete Exercise 8 and 9.
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taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 357-358
VERBS
Complete Exercise 10.
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taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 357-358
VERB PHRASES
Re-read the handout, “Verb Phrases.”
Complete Exercise 11
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taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 359
THE ADVERB
We have learned that nouns and pronouns are modifies by adjectives.
Verbs and adjectives have modifiers, too, and their modifiers are called
ADVERBS.
Adverbs also modify adverbs.
Adverb – a word used to modify a verb,
an adjective or another adverb.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 360
ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS
Sometimes an adverb modifies (makes more definite the meaning of) a verb.
Look at the following adverbs in boldfaced type.
What questions do they answer?
We lived up there.
She quickly agreed.
May we go up tomorrow?
I am completely happy.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 360
ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS
What questions do they answer?
Where? When? How? To what extent (how long or how much)?
WHERE?
Please step up.
I have the ticket here.
WHEN?
Water the plant weekly.
We’ll see you later.
HOW?
The rain fell softly.
Drive carefully.
TO WHAT EXTENT?
He hardly moved.
Did she hesitate slightly?
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 360-361
ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS
Adverbs may precede or may follow the verbs they modify, and they
sometimes interrupt the parts of a verb phrase. Adverbs may also introduce
questions.
EXAMPLE Where in the world did you ever find that pink and
purple necktie?
The adverb where modifies the verb phrase did find. Notice,
too, the adverb ever, which interrupts the verb phrase also
modifies it.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 360-361
ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS
Complete Exercise 12
for homework.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 360-361
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ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
Sometimes an adverb modifies an adjective.
EXAMPLES
Beth did and exceptionally fine job.
The adjective fine modifies the noun job.
The adverb exceptionally modifies the
adjective fine, telling how fine.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 361
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
Sometimes an adverb modifies an adjective.
EXAMPLES
The car had a slightly damaged fender.
The adverb slightly modifies the adjective
damaged, which in turn modifies the noun
fender.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 362
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
The most frequently used adverbs are too, so, and very.
In fact these words are overworked. Thy to avoid overusing them in speaking
and particularly in writing; find more precise adverbs to take their place.
Look at this list of adverbs. What do you notice that they have in common?
Extremely
entirely
unusually
dangerously especially
Definitely
completely surprisingly terribly
dreadfully
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 362
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
The most frequently used adverbs are too, so, and very.
In fact these words are overworked. Thy to avoid overusing them in speaking
and particularly in writing; find more precise adverbs to take their place.
Look at this list of adverbs. What do you notice that they have in common?
Extremely
entirely
unusually
dangerously especially
Definitely
completely surprisingly terribly
dreadfully
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 362
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
Complete Exercise 13 and
14 as homework.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 362-363
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ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS
Sometimes an adverb modifies another adverb. Notice in the first column that
each italicized adverb modifies a verb or an adjective. In the second column
each added word in boldfaced type is an adverb that modifies the italicized
adverb.
EXAMPLES
Calvin was never late.
Calvin was almost never late.
We’ll meet afterward.
We’ll meet shortly afterward.
She slept late.
She slept too late.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 363
ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS
Complete Exercise 15
as homework.
taken from Warriners English Composition and Grammar, Third Course, p. 363-364
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