Engineering 10
Chp.6 Future
Challenges
Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
1
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy & Humans
 James Watt and His Predecessors
(e.g., Savery & Newcomen) FREED
Human-Kind From Muscle Power
 The Heat Engine Was One of the Great
Advances in Human History
• Enabled the “Industrial Age”
 The Generation & Application of Energy
Multiplies The Capabilities of EVERY
Person
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
2
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Watt’s Engine
Watt, James (1736-1819)
Scottish inventor and
mechanical engineer,
renowned for his
improvements of the steam
engine. Watt was born on
January 19, 1736, in
Greenock, Scotland. He
worked as a mathematicalinstrument maker from the
age of 19 and soon became
interested in improving the
steam engines, invented by
the English engineers
Thomas Savery and Thomas
Newcomen, which were used
at the time to pump water
from mines.
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
3
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources
 Let’s LIST Real And Potential Energy
Sources OTHER Than Fossil Fuels
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
4
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
USA Electricity Production Mix - 2011
Electrical Power Source
Solar
0.04%
Source = USA Energy Inf ormation Adminsistration Annual Energy
Review - 2011
* http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/showtext.cf m?t=ptb0802a
Other
0.27%
Other Gas
0.27%
GeoThermal
0.41%
BioMass
0.48%
Petroleum
0.68%
Wood
0.90%
Wind
2.91%
Hydro
7.91%
Nuclear
19.22%
Natural Gas
24.72%
Coal
42.18%
0%
USA_Electricity_Mix_1309.xlsx
5%
10%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Fraction of Total Electrical Generation
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
5
15%
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
45%
50%
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 Wind Power
• Wind Turbines Are VERY Attractive
– Energy Input to Produce is Low
– Incremental Added Capacity
– NO Emissions of Any Kind
• Limitations
– Low Energy Density
 Must Cover Large Areas to Produce Much Energy
 Limited Viable Sites
– Balance of System Costs (AC→AC Freq Converter)
– Danger to WildLife; Particularly Birds (Raptors)
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
6
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 Split Wood, Not Atoms → BioMass
• Burning Garbage or Plant Matter
is Attractive
– Simultaneous Solution to Energy
and Solid-Waste Problems
– “Renewable” Resource
– Low Energy Input to Produce
• Limitation: Emission Stream
is VERY Unpleasant
– Scrubbing Wood-Smoke is MUCH Harder than
Cleaning Gasoline Combustion ByProducts
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
7
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Glen Canyon Dam – Page, AZ
 Electrical Power Generation
• River: Colorado River
• Plant Type: Conventional
• Powerhouse Type: Above Gnd
• Turbine Type: Francis
• Original Nameplate Capacity:
950,000 kW (950 MWe)
• Installed Capacity:1,304 MWe
• Year of Initial Operation:1964
• Net Generation (FY 2005):
3,208,591,407 kWh
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
8
• Rated Head:510 Bruce
feet
Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Glen Canyon Dam
Aerial View
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
9
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Glen Canyon Dam – Page, AZ
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
10
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Glen Canyon Dam – Power Gen
150 rpm
48 Poles
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
11
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Glen Canyon Dam – Power Gen
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
12
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Glen Canyon Dam – Power Gen
 Set-UP Transformers
13.8kV  230kV
or
13.8kV  345kV
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Francis Turbine
Generator System
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
14
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 HydroElectric Power
• Fancy: Can Provide for Future Growth
• Fact: Almost ALL Viable Hydro Sites
Have Been USED
– Damming More Rivers is a Political Issue
 Ethanol as AutoMobile Fuel
• Fancy: Ethanol Can Replace Oil As a
Source for Automobile Fuel
• Fact: Making Ethanol from Corn May Use
MORE Energy than It Produces
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
15
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 Ethanol Continued
• DISTILLATION of Ethanol from Fermented
Corn Requires Large Amounts of Energy
– Usually Provided by Burning Fossil Fuels at the
Distillation Site, or at the Electrical Power Plant
 Solar PhotoVoltaics (solar cells) Can
Supply Future Energy Needs
• Photovoltaic Solar-Electric Cells Have
Many Advantages
– Remote Siting, Incremental Expansion
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
16
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 Solar Cells Continued
• BUT Making a Solar Cell Requires
Large Amounts of Energy
– Silicon Cells are Made by, in the
Beginning, MELTING SAND
– Production Processes Can be
Energy Intensive as Well
• Connecting to the Existing Electric Grid
Includes a Great Deal of “Balance of
System” Components
– DC→AC “Inverters”, Special Electrical boxes
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
17
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 Solar Cells Continued
• Solar Radiation has a
Very Low “Energy Density”
– Requires LARGE Areas to Collect
Significant Amounts of Energy
Proton
Exchange
Membrane
(PEM) FC
http://fuelcells.si.
edu/basics.htm
 Can Crowd-Out Other Uses:
Solar-Farm vs. Tomato-Farm
 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
• Based on Chemical Reaction
2H 2  O2  H 2O
See also http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/java/fuelcell/
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Solar-Farm vs. Orange Orchard
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
19
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 Hydrogen Fuel Cells Continued
• The Fuel Cell Reaction Looks Very Good
– NO VOCs/HydroCarbon Emissions
– NO NOx emission
– NO Greenhouse Gases (CO2)
• But WHERE Do We Get the HYDROGEN?
– There are NO Hydrogen WELLS or MINES
• The Viable Sources of Massive Amounts of
Hydrogen themselves Require Large
Energy or Carbon Inputs
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
20
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
 In Apr04 Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger
has proposed an ambitious network of
hydrogen filling stations by 2010
 See also http://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov/
 But How can we MAKE
all the Hydrogen
needed to Replace
Gasoline?
 There are 3 Viable Alternatives
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
21
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
1. Use WIND or NUCLEAR Power to
generate Electricity which, in Turn,
would be Used to Electrolize WATER
•
Electrolosis applies Electrical current to
water and splits it into oxygen and
hydrogen, which are then separated…
•
The Chemical Reaction
2 H 2O  2 H 2  O2
ElectricalEnergy
 This is a Very Energy Intensive Process;
about 75% efficient
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
22
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Ulf Bossel, “Does a Hydrogen Economy Make Sense?”, Proceedings
of the IEEE | Vol. 94, No. 10, October 2006, pp 1826-1837
Electric Cars: H2 vs ElectroChem
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
23
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
2. Steam reforming of natural gas
•
If you take methane, the main component
of natural gas, and expose it to steam,
the final products are primarily carbon
dioxide and hydrogen. Chemically
CH4  2H 2O  4H 2  CO2
• This is already a Large-Volume Industrial
Process, but it produces a LOT of CO2 –
a GreenHouse Gas
• Natural Gas Supplies seem ample
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
3. Coal gasification
•
hydrogen could be produced at
centralized plants, compressed and most
likely transported in trucks.
•
Coal is mostly carbon & hydrogen, but
also contains some sulfur. Exposed to
water at high temperature and high
pressure, it chemically reacts to yield
carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen.
– But CO is Poisonous to Humans
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
25
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources  Fact & Fancy
3. Coal gasification, cont.
•
Oxygen from additional water vapor turns
carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. So
the end products are primarily carbon
dioxide and hydrogen gas. Chemically
CH 0.8 S0.005  xH2O  yH 2  zCO2  wH 2 S
• We have LOTS of Coal, but still need to
clean up the CO2 and H2S
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
BloomBlox → Reformed CH 4
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
27
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources – Fact & Fancy
 Question – Which Energy Source Has
These Attractive Aspects
• NO HydroCarbon or NOx Emissions
• NO GreenHouse Gas Emissions
• Very High Energy Density
– Easy to Transport Fuel
• Plug-Compatible With Existing
Electrical Grid
• Can Easily Produce Hydrogen During
“Off Peak” Hours
• Low Energy Inputs to Produce?
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Answer → Nuclear (Fission) Power
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
29
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Sources – Fact & Fancy
 Nuclear Fission Limitations
• Waste Handling is a Political Issue
– Have Technological Solutions
 Waste Concentration, and Then Storage in WaterFree, Geologically Stable Salt-Mine Structures
• Fear of Accidental Radiation Releases Due
to Loss of Coolant Accidents Such as TMI
– New Designs are Fail-Safe; LoCA’s can Be
Engineered OUT
• ByProduction of Nuclear-Weapons
Compatible Materials; e.g., Plutonium
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
30
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Electric Car Electricity Estimate
 To Run our vehicles on Electricity we
would need to open a NEW Nuclear
PowerPlant EVERY MONTH for TEN
YEARS
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
31
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
New Electricity for Cars Compared
 The TOTAL generating Capacity in the
USA is about 1 070 000 MWe
• The Electricity for Cars would add about
25% to the USA total
 The Total generating Capacity in
CALIFORNIA is about 56 000 MWe
• The Electricity for Cars would require
about 4 NEW Californias
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
32
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/overview.html * 2009
USA Primary Energy
Production by Source
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
USA Total Energy Mix - 2011
0.3%
1.5% 0.2%
4.1%
3.7%
5.8%
30.1%
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
10.6%
Nuclear
BioMass
Hydro
NGPL
15.3%
Wind
GeoThermal
28.4%
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Solar
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy  BackWork Ratio
 The BIG QUESTION for Any Energy Src
• For Every Unit of Energy OUTput, How Much
Energy was INput for the ENTIRE Production
Stream?
– In Electrical Power Generation, for the Steady-State
Condition, this is called the “BackWork Ratio”
Power to Run the Plant
BWR 
Power Output of the Plant
 Many Energy Sources Fail This Question
• e.g., Many Solar-Electric Systems will NOT
Return the Energy Required to Make Them
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
35
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
Energy Summary
 In My Humble Opinion ENERGY
PRODUCTION is the SINGLE MOST
IMPORTANT Technology Issue Facing
Human Kind
• A Low-Cost, Low-Environmental-Impact
Energy Source GREATLY Facilitates The
Solution of All Technical Problems
– Food Production
– Medical Advances
– Water Production
– Housing & Shelter
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
All Done for Today
California’s
Hydrogen
HighWay
There were 143
H2 vehicles in
2007
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
A Potential Energy Scenario
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
USA Electricity Production Mix - 2008
Solar
0.02%
Electrical Power Source
Total = 4 125 675GWhe
Other
0.28%
Geo
Thermal
0.36%
Source = USA Energy Inf ormation Adminsistration
* http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf /electricity/epa/epates.html
Fuel Oil
1.12%
Wood &
BioMass
1.33%
Wind
1.34%
Hydro
6.18%
Nuclear
19.54%
Natural
Gas
21.69%
Coal
48.13%
0%
USA_Electricity_Mix_0810.xls
5%
10%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Fraction of Total Electrical Generation
Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
39
15%
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt
50%
55%