I
Tropical Resources Institute
No.2
Fa111986
Message from the Director
This spring, TRl's grant from the AW. Mellon
Foundation was renewed. This funding support has
enabled us to continue our program of tropical resource
education and to expand our geographical focus beyond
Puerto Rico to include,other areas in the Caribbean, Latin
America and Asia.
Contents
In this second issue of TRI NEWS, readers will find
information about the Institute's activities as well as those
of our cooperators. This newsletter is an aspect of our
information management program. Through this
publication, we hope to collect and spread information
about the work that is being done by our readers. Thus,
we would like to encourage readers to send in information
about their research or the activities of their organization.
In addition, TRI NEWS is looking for illustrations and/or
photographs of people and natural resources of the tropical
world. Any contributions which TRI NEWS publishes
will have a credit line acknowledging the contributor.
Cooperators
Virgin Islands Resource
Management Cooperative
5
Cooperator Notes
7
TRI Notes
9
Message from the Director
Research Profiles
Dean Wang
Ricardo Russo
2
3
Book Review
11
Literature
12
Developing joint research and education programs with
individuals and institutions in the U.S. and abroad is an
important aspect of the TRI program. Through links with
other universities and research organizations, we hope to
provide students and faculty with access to information,
and research and educational opportunities not available in
New Haven. We also hope that TRI can serve as a
network for all students and professionals interested in
tropical resource management by connecting institutions
with other institutions, and individuals with individuals.
TRI Bulletin Archives
Do Not Remove/rom Office -Thanks!
q
FI
Nutrient-Use Efficiency in Five Tropical
Trees
Deane Wang, Associate Research Scientist
The potential production of biomass in many tropical
areas with satisfactory soils and adequate rainfall is higher
than that in most of the temperate forested areas of the
world. Use of short-rotation, "super" tree species promises
even greater yields of fiber for fuel wood, lumber and
fodder. On the negative side of these projections, the old
ecologists' adage that there is "no such thing as a free
lunch" suggests that the long-term consequences of high
yield forestry on site quality should be considered. In
contrast to the considerable time-scale logistics of
studying long (50+ years) forest rotations in north
temperate biomes, studies of tropical plantations can be
planned and completed in a span of time (5-10 years)
compatible with human life-spans and acceptable to
supporting agencies.
A research plantation planted in 1980 in southwestern
Puerto Rico offered a unique opportunity to investigate
the effects of short-rotation, high-yield biomass
production on site quality. This plantation, initiated by
the Institute for Tropical Forestry (ITF, USDA Forest
Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station), caught the
attention of Dr. Ariel Lugo of ITF and Professor Herbert
Bormann (Yale School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies) and a cooperative venture was born. In August of
1985, sponsored by a research grant from TRI, I left for a
month-long trip to Lajas, Puerto Rico.
The plantation at Lajas was started with six fast growing
species that are planted in tropical areas throughout the
world: Eucalyptus robusta, Casllarina equisetifolia,
Albizia procera, Leucaena leucocephala PR, Leucaena
leucocephala K-8, and Cassia siamea. The Cassia did not
establish in an orderly pattern, making study of its growth
more difficult, and it was not investigated. The trees were
planted in blocks and randomized within blocks, thus
making statistical comparisons possible. Plots were 10 by
10 meters square, initially planted at 1 meter intervals, and
thinned to 2 meter intervals by the end of two years. Our
studies of biomass growth and nutrient uptake reflect five
years of growth.
Given this experimental design, we felt that it was
possible to answer several questions: 1) How does
biomass production at this site differ between the five
species? 2) How do the trees vary in their nutrient-use
efficiency, ie. the ratio of nutrients used to produce a
given amount of biomass? 3) What is the nutrient "cost"
2
of a single rotation, and what is the ability of the soil to
sustain multiple rotations? 4) What is the effect of each
species on the site, ie. in terms of forest floor and soil
profile development?
The plantation plots grew rapidly and produced many fiveyear old trees in excess of 15 meters in height and 10 cm.
To a north temperate ecologist, this rate of height growth
was truly astonishing. The most productive species,
Casuarina equisetifolia, produced the equivalent of 200 dry
metric tons/ha in five years (about 40 Mtlha/yr,
aboveground biomass). By comparison, a northern
hardwood forest (Hubbard Experimental Forest, New
Hampshire) produces between 2 and 7 Mtlha/yr.
Table 1 compares the five studied species by tissue type
and for total aboveground biomass.
Table 1. Aboveground Biomass (Mg/ha)
Species
Part
CE
Stemwood 143
Stem bark
10
Branches
25
13
Leaves
Dead branches 8
CE = Casuarina
ER = Eucalyptus
AP = Albizia
AP
101
11
4
3
4
ER
45
11
5
6
1
K8
37
6
2
2
1
PR
24
3
2
1
3
K8 = Lellcaena K-8
PR = Leucaena PR
The ratio of parts to the whole aboveground biomass
varies between species and suggests different nutrient-use
efficiencies, with higher ratios of leaves and bark to
stemwood indicating more costly (for nutrients) total
biomass production.
Nutrient analyses of each of the tissue types for a variety
of nutrient elements is presently underway in cooperation
with Dr. Clyde Asbury of the Center for Energy and
Environment Research (CEER, U.S. Dept. of Energy,
University of Puerto Rico). Our own results for selected
nutrients indicates important differences in nutrient-use
efficiency between species (Table 2).
Because of the different rates of growth of each species,
the rate of nutrient extraction from the soil for each
species (Table 3) is slightly different from the ranking of
nutrient-use efficiency (Table 2). For example, Casllarina,
produced 4 times as much biomass as L. leucocephala K8
(199 vs. 47 Mg/ha) using about tlle same amount of
potassium (169 vs. 184 Kg/ha, respectively). These types
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
of analyses allow forest managers to consider long-term
effects of intensive forestry using rapidly growing trees.
While not answering the question of long-term
sustainability of high-yield biomass production,
consideration of nutrient-demands by different species
allows management options to be considered.
Table 2. Nutrient-use Efficiency
(Biomass/unit Potassium, Mg/kg)
Species
Part
Total abv.
Stem only
CE AP ER K8 PR
1.2 0.38 0.74 0.26 0.28
2.2 0.45 1.0 0.32 0.33
K8
PR
CE = Casuarina
ER = Eucalyptus
AP = Albizia
=
=
Leucaena K-8
Leucaena PR
Table 3. Rate of Nutrient Extraction
(potassium, kg/hal5 yr)
Species
CE
Part
62
Stemwood
Stem bark
9
Branches
40
Leaves
46
Dead branches 14
Total
169
AP
193
58
33
40
6
330
CE = Casuarina
ER = Eucalyptus
AP = Albizia
ER
43
11
12
23
1
90
K8
75
58
27
23
1
184
PR
51
33
17
13
4
118
\
K8 = Leucaena K-8
PR = Leucaena PR
Future work includes continuation of research on tissue
nutrient analyses, analyses of soil properties, comparative
analyses of litter nutrient accumulation, and nutrient-use
efficiency of these same species at a site in the northern
part of Puerto Rico (Corazal).
Cassia Siarnea Lam
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Elythrina poeppigiana a Resource in
Costa Rica Farms
Ricardo O. Russo, postdoctoral fellow*
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walpers) O.F. Cook
(Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) is a known as "poro
gigante Oextranjere" in Costa Rica and by several common
names in other countries such as "barbatusco" in
Colombia, "bucare" or "cachimbo" in Venezuela,
"amasisa" in Peru, and usually known as "coral tree" or
"immOltelle" in English (Cook, 1901; Cook and Collins,
1903; Standley and Steyermark, 1947; Holdridge and
Pveda, 1975). There are more than 100 species of
Erythrina throughout the world usually in tropical and
subtropical countries of the American, African and Asian
continents. They are used as ornamentals, as shade trees
for other crops or for medicinal purposes. One other
species, Erythrina edulis has edible seeds. Several other
species are used as live fence posts.
Erythrina has a natural distribution range from Bolivia to
Panama, although it has proven to be well adapted in
other tropical areas where it has become naturalized
(Raven, 1974) such as Costa Rica, the West Indies, Africa
and Malaysia, where it was introduced as shade for coffee
and cacao (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). The tree
is found throughout the lowlands and middle elevations in
the tropical zones with medium to high rainfall (1500 to
3000 mm and more) with a dry season of 0 to 6 months;
altitude in Costa Rica ranges from sea level to about 1400
meters (Borchert, 1980). However, in Colombia and
Venezuela, trees have been observed at, or slightly above,
1900 meters.
In Costa Rica, this nilTogen-fixing species has been used
as a shade tree for coffee since the beginning of tl1is
century. It is interesting that in this country, coffee
farmers employ a particular management practice known
as pollarding where the tree is heavily pruned. This
practice has been found to produce benefits to the
associated coffee crop, such as uniform flowering in coffee
bushes and ripening in coffee berries, addition of organic
matter to the soil, and recycling of nutrients in the
system. Furthermore, the pollarded branches can be used
as forage.
For instance, biomass production from pollarding twice a
year, provided 11.8 tons/halyear of dry matter with about
230 kg of nitrogen (Russo and Budowski, 1986). Initial
experiences at CATIE, Costa Rica show promising results
for alley cropping and for interplanting with grasses
Pennisetum purpureum and Cynodon plecostachyus (Kass
and Barrantes, 1984; Rodriguez, 1985; Bronstein, 1984).
Farmers usually propogate the species by planting large
3
cuttings (2.5 meters long and 8 to 12 cm in diameter).
When established, poUarding once or twice a year is
usually practiced and the branches are spread on the
ground. The foliage has been fed to small animals such as
rabbits and goats with good results. Leaves contain
between 25 to 30 percent of clUde protein and are readily
eaten by cattle. Digestibility varies between 50 and 80
percent, and is highest in the bark of young branches.
Swine apparently suffer loss of hair when ingesting
leaves. Nitrogen fixation has received little investigation.
Escalante, Herrera and Aranguren (1984) and Lindblad and
Russo (1986) found annual nitrogen fixation to be around
12 to 40 kg/ha/year when planted for shade in coffee and
cacao plantations.
Because of its fast growth, its capability to produce high
amounts of biomass, its nitrogen fixing ability, its easy
propogation by cuttings, its excellent response to plUning
practices and its high content of clUde protein, the tree
show a high potential as a resource in agroforestry
practices.
* (Last April, Dr. Ricardo O. Russo came from the
Tropical Agricultural Center for Research and Training at
CATIE in Costa Rica to join the Program for Forest
Microbiology (PFM) at the School as a postdoctoral
fellow. Dr. Russo is a native of Argentina where he
graduated in agronomy from the University of Buenos
Aires. He did postgraduate research at C1\TIE for five
years on nitrogen~fixing trees, mainly Erythirna spp.,
under the direction of Dr. Gerardo Budowski, former head
of the Renewable Natural Resources Department. Dr.
Russo's work with PFM concentrates on Alnus spp. and
the interaction of Frankia and vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizas.)
REFERENCES
Borchert, R. 1980. Phenology and ecophysiology of
tropical trees: Erythrina poeppigiana O.F. Cook. Ecology
61 (5): 1065-1074.
Bronstein, G.E. 1984. Produccion comparada de una
pastura de Cynodon pler:tostachyus asociada con arboles de
Corida alliodora, asociada con arboles de Erythrina
poeppigiana y sin arboles. Tesis Mad. Sc. Turrialba,
Costa Rica, UCR-CATIE. 109 pp.
Cook, O.F. 1901. Shade in coffee culture. Washington,
D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of
Botany. 79 pp.
Cook, O.F. and G.N. Collins. 1903. Economic plants of
Puerto Rico. Contributions from the U.S. National
Herbarium 8(2): 57-269.
,
Escalante, G., R. Herrera and 1. Aranguren. 1984.
Fijacion de nitrogeno en arboles de sombra (Erythrina
poeppigiana) en cacaotales del norte de Venezuela.
Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 19(supp):223-230.
Holdridge, L.R. and L.J. Poveda. 1975. Aroboles de Costa
Rica. v. 1. San Jose, Costa Rica, Centro Cientifico
Tropical. 546 pp.
Kass, D.C.L. and A. Barrantes. 1984. Leguminous trees
as nitrogen sources for annual crops. Turrialba, Costa
Rica, CA TIE. 31 pp.
Lindblad, P. and R. Russo. 1986. C2H2-reduction by
Erythrina poeppigiana in a Costa Rican coffee plantation.
Agroforestry Systems 4:33-37.
National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical legumes:
resources for tl1e future. Washington, D.C. 1979. 321 pp.
Raven, P.H. 1974. Erytl1rina (Fabaceae): Achievements
and opportunities. Lloydia 37:321-331.
Record, SJ. and Hess, R.W. 1947. Timbers of tl1e New
World. New Haven, Ct. Yale University Press. 640 pp.
Rodriguez, R. 1985. Produccion de biomasa de poro
gigante (Erythrina poeppigiana (Walpers) O.F. Cook) y
King grass (Pennisetum purpureum X P. typha ides)
intercalados, en funcion de la siembra y frecuencia de poda
del poro. Tesis Mag. Sc. Turrialba, Costa Rica, UCRCA TIE. 96 pp.
Russo, R.O. and G. Budowski. 1986. Effect of pollarding
frequency on biomas of Erythrina poeppigiana as a coffee
shade tree. Agroforestry Systems 4:145-162.
Standley, P.c. and Steyermark, lA. 1946. Flora of
Guatemala. Fieldiana: Botany 24:258-269.
Budowski, G., D.C.L. Kass and R.O. Russo. 1984.
Leguminous trees for shade. Pesquisa Agropecuaria
Brasileira 19 (supp ):205-222.
Budowski, G., R. Russo and N. Glover. 1986. Erythrinas
provide beauty and more. Nitrogen Fixing Tree
Association Highlights. Jan. 1986 (2): 1-2.
4
Coffee
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Virgin Islands Resource Management
Cooperative
The Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative
(VIRMC) was formed in 1982 to bring together local
expertise to work towards the solution of resource
management problems. VIRMC is made up of the
National Park Service and 13 other members which
include terrritorial and federal govemment agencies, and
private research and educational institutions based in the
U.S. Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands and Puerto
Rico. One of VIRMC's research programs is detailed
below.
Initiation of a Long Term Monitoring
Program for Coral Reefs in the Virgin
Islands National Park, St. John,
U.S.V.I.
m
Caroline S. Rogers and Evonne S. Zullo
ABSTRACT
A long-term monitoring program was initiated for the
coral reefs of the Virgin Islands National Park and
Biosphere Reserve in recognition of the need for
quantitative baseline data to provide information for
resource assessment and effective management. Major
stresses to the reefs in the park include terrigenous runoff
following watershed development, storm damage, and
damage associated with boating activities.
terrigenous runoff, 2) storm damage and 3) boat damage.
One of the major environmental concerns on St. John is
siltation of nearshore marine habitats from accelerated
erosion following watershed development. Erosion and
runoff are potentially serious problems on St. John
because of its extremely steep hillsides.
Rapid, and in some cases uncontrolled, development on
St. John has led to increases in terrigenous runoff. After
heavy rains, bays bOtll witllin and outside the park have
highly turbid water. St. John residents believe that corals
in Hawksnest and Cinnamon Bays on the north shore of
the island were killed from siltation following
exceptionally heavy rains in April 1983 (18 inches in 24
hours). Development of private lands witllin the park
boundary and development outside the park boundary can
both contribute to turbidity in park waters. New roads are
continuously being carved into tlle hillsides creating
potential for accelerated erosion and runoff.
Storms have undoubtedly caused the greatest destruction to
coral reefs off the SOUtll side of the island. Hurricanes
David and Frederic (1979), known to have caused
considerable damage to reefs off St. Croix, are most likely
responsible for the widespread fragmentation of the
dominant branching coral species seen in Fish Bay, Reef
Bay, Coral Bay and elsewhere. Tropical Storm Klaus hit
the U.S.V.1. on Nov. 6-7, 1984 with winds gusting to 50
knots and very heavy sea swells. About 9 inches of rain
fell during the storm but the damage was primarily from
the heavy swells rather than turbidity. (The effects of the
storm on one coral reef studied during this project are
described below.)
Transects were established on coral reefs in Reef, Fish and
Hawksnest Bays. Tropical Storm Klaus (Nov. 1984)
resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the mean
percent cover of live coral (from 26 percent down to 21
percent), an increase in diversity and evenness, and a slight
decrease in spatial index at the Fish Bay site. The percent
cover by the dominant coral Agaricia agaricites decreased
significantl y from 17 to 11 percent. At Reef and
Hawksnest Bays (for which there are only post-storm
data), mean percent coral cover was 20 percent and 26
percent respectively.
Close to one million people annually visit the Virgin
Islands National Park, with most of them using marine
resources (boating, snorkeling, diving). While not as
extensive as storm damage, damage from boats striking
and grounding on coral reefs near and within popular bays
is a serious problem in localized areas.
These quantitative data will serve as a basis for
documentation of deterioration or recovery of coral reefs in
these three bays. Monitoring and management guidelines
for Caribbean coral reefs are presented.
INTRODUCTION
White band disease has killed extensive amounts of the
most abundant coral at Buck Island Reef National
Monument, St. Croix, and on other St. Croix reefs. The
disease has not been correlated with human activities.
Although present on St. John reefs, it·is not currently
widespread.
Major stresses affecting the coral reefs of Virgin Islands
National Park on St. John, U.S.V.I. include: 1)
Studies carried out in 1984 by VIRMC resulted in an
extensive amount of general information on the nearshore
TRI NEWS Fal11986
Collection of corals for souvenirs and breakage from
careless snorkelers are other consequences of excessive
use, particularly evident at the underwater trail at Trunk
Bay.
5
marine ecosystems off St. John, including qualitative
surveys and maps of major benthic communities (e.g.
Beets et ai, 1985). VIRMC projects for 1985 emphasize
an interdisciplinary approach to watershed management in
three bays on St. John, including studies of fisheries,
sedimentation, and coral reefs. This VIRMC project was
initiated as part of a long-term monitoring program for the
coral reefs of the Virgin Islands National Park and
Biosphere Reserve.
This study had both scientific and nonscientific objectives.
The major scientific objective was to carefully select areas
for long-term monitoring to allow documentation of
deterioration or recovery of coral reefs around St. John.
Research was carried out in disturbed and undisturbed
watersheds in conjunction with other VIRMC studies.
Several 1985 VIRMC studies were intended to begin to
answer the following management questions: To what
extent is terrigenous runoff affecting the reefs on St.
John? Are the reefs within Virgin Islands National Park
and Biosphere Reserve deteriorating and if so what can be
done to eliminate or minimize the damage?
Critical nonscientific objectives of the project were to
involve local people in an applied research study with
educational and training aspect~, and select methods that
would be easily taught and repeated accurately without an
extensive amount of training. The eventual goal would be
a model monitoring program that could be used by other
Caribbean island countries in their parkslreserves. Six
individuals have assisted us in this study, five of them
College of the Virgin Islands students. We made an effort
to use methods which could be easily taught and which
might prove suitable for use on other Caribbean islands
with limited resources for monitoring and management.
STUDY SlTES
This study focussed on coral reefs associated with tlu'ee
6
watersheds on St. John with different development
histories.
Reef Bay The Reef Bay watershed has remained
undisturbed since the decline of the sugar plantation there
in the late 1800s. (A small plot which has been recently
cleared in the western portion of the bay is far from the
study site.) The study site, near the center of the bay, is
along a fairly steep slope ranging from c. 11 m up to c. 3
m. At the base of the slope at about 11 m is a sand
channel which often has very turbid water.
Hawksnest Bay TIle Hawksnest Basy watershed on the
north side of the island is the site of a new medical clinic.
Construction of the clinic in 1982 may have contributed
to siltation in the bay. Study areas in shallow patch reefs
near the bay's southern shore ranged from c. 3 m deep to
the surface.
Fish Bay The Fish Bay watershed is currently
undergoing subdivision, road building and construction of
houses. Although the lands are out~ide the park, the study
reefs are in park waters and could deteriorate with increases
in siltation from erosion associated with the rapid
development of tllis area. The shallow study area (3 m) is
just seaward of the reef crest and emergent rubble zone of
the reef in the eastern side of Fish Bay. The area was
severely damaged by Hurricanes David and Frederic. The
deeper study site (11 m) is in the forereef area with a well
developed and diverse coral community.
At all study sites, with the exception of the shallow stormdamaged area in Fish Bay, the areas with the most live
coral and best developed reef structure were intentionally
selected because the objective was not to characterize the
overall reef, but to establish a baseline against which
changes could be compared.
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
COOPERATOR NOTES
The Caribbean National Wildlife Refuge has
several ongoing cooperative research projects on Refuge
lands. One of these projects is the Desecheo Island Goat
and Booby project. The Desecheo National Wildlife
Refuge is a rugged 146 ha island located 22 km off the
northwestern coast of Puerto Rico. Historically, the
world's largest brown booby colony occurred on Desecheo
(J.B. Nelson, The Sulidae, 1978). Avifaunal surveys
conducted in the 1970s indicated that boobies were not
nesting on the island and that they had probably relocated
to adjacent Mona and Monito islands. It is believed that
factors leading to this major shift of nesting sites in the
past were intermittent bombing of the island by the U.S.
Navy, egging and poaching, and the introduction of rhesus
monkeys. It is anticipated that by the end of 1986, the
removal of rhesus monkeys will be completed and it is
hoped that boobies will begin responding with improved
reproduction. Research needs that will be addressed are: 1)
to determine the number of breeding pairs and nesting
success, 2) describe nesting sites, 3) determine breeding
chronology, 4) document mortality factors, 5) initiate a
banding program to document site tenacity, possible
exchange between colonies at Desecheo, Mona and
Monito islands, and movement patterns.
In addition, the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife
Refuge is interested in documenting the impact, if any, on
Desecheo's communities by feral goats and obtaining an
idea of their population dynamics. Research needs on feral
goats include: 1) to determine population numbers, 2)
estimate population age structure, 3) estimate population
growth and fecundity rates, and season of births, 4)
determine habitat utilization patterns, 5) ascertain food
habit, and 6) assess impact of goats on vegetation through
enclosure plots and browsing index. Cooperating
institutions for this project will be Louisiana State
University and Fish and Wildlife Service. Field work is
scheduled to begin in J anaury 1987. For more information
about this project and other research going on in CINWR,
contact Dr. Jaime A. Collazo, Wildlife Biologist,
CINWR, Box 510, Boqueron, Puerto Rico 00622.
The fIrst hydrologic investigation of the largest interior
valley of Puerto Rico is being conducted by the U.S.
Geological Survey in cooperation with the Puerto
Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and the
Department of Natural Resources. The fIrst phase
in the three-year investigation includes comprehensive
well and ground-water use inventory. At present, a total of
77 wells have been located throughout the valley, of
which 45 are active and 32 abandoned wells. The total
ground-water withdrawals for public supply in the valley
is about 4 million gallons per day. The drilling of about
15 test wells and the installation of automatic digital
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
recording instruments for continuous ground-water level
monitoring programs were scheduled to begin this
summer. Engineer Juan Puig is the Project Chief.
The proceedings of the "Third Caribbean Islands Water
Resources Congress" held July 22nd tlu'ough the 25th of
this year in St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. are now available for
purchase. The book includes 17 of the 20 papers presented
at the Congress. Copies can be ordered at $10.00 each
from the Puerto Rico Water Resources Association, GPO
Box 4424, San Juan, PR 00936.
Activities of the Institute of Tropical Forestry
over the past year included research in plantation culture
by Dr. L.R. Liegel, Puerto Rican Parrot Research by Dr.
J.W. Wiley, a study on a palm floodplain forest by Dr.
Ariel Lugo and a tree growth predictability study by Dr.
Frank Wadsworth. ITF held a conference on
"Management of the Forests of Tropical America:
Prospects amd Technologies" from September 22 - 26 at
Rio Piedras in Puerto Rico. Topics included: the
management outlook, natural forest management, forest
plantation planning and practice, utilization and markeL~
and outreach for forest managers. The conference was cosponsored by U.S.A.I.D., the International Society of
Tropical Foresters, the U.S. Forest Service and the
Department of Natural Resources of Puerto Rico.
Additional information about conference proceedings or
other ITF activities can be obtained by writing the
Southern Forest Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical
Forestry, P.O. Box AQ, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928,
telephone: (809) 763-3939.
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
currently is in the process of establishing ties with the
International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD) in Kathmandu, Nepal.
ICIMOD was established in 1983 to promote integrated
mountain development in the Hindu Kush - Himalaya.
Upland - lowland and regional and international
cooperation are essential for rational resource
management. ICIMOD was created to fill the need for an
international centre through which regional cooperation,
via links between decision makers, development program
implementors and local communities, could be put into
practice. The Centre plays a supplementary and reinforcing
role, rather than a cooperative one, with existing
institutions of the region. The specifIc objectives of the
Centre are: multidisciplinary documentation and
information dissemination, training and applied research,
and consultative service provision on resource
management and development activities. Regional
members include: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Burma, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. For more
information about ICIMOD, write them at G.P.O. Box
3226, Kathmandu, Nepal.
7
Cornell's International Program in Natural Resources
has four professionals from developing countries visiting
for a year of study and practical experience through the
Hubert H. Humphrey North-South Fellowship Program.
These professionals are: Mr. Muhamed Noel Ahmed AbouZied, Assistant Manager for Ras Muhamed Park, a marine
life and coral reef preserve in Eygpt; Mr. Kishore Rao,
Deputy Director of Wildlife Conservation in the
Government of India; Mr. Yoav Sagi, Secretary General of
the Society for the Protection of Natural Resources in
Israel; and Mr. Francisco Serrano who works on natural
resource management and conservation efforts in EI
Salvador.
Plans are underway for the College of the Virgin
Islands to become the Eastern Caribbean Center for
educational, technical, cultural and scientific interchange.
The College, working closely with the territory's Delegate
to Congress in March 1984, received initial endorsement
to develop an Eastern Caribbean Center from the House of
Representatives Interior and Insular Affairs Conunittee.
The Center is envisioned as an international educational
institution fully integrated in the College with its primary
focus on offering cooperative programs of study, research,
and training for the people of the Eastern Caribbean
region. For more information about the Center or about
other programs at the College of the Virgin Islands, write
Director, Land Grant Programs, College of the Virgin
Islands, P.O. Box "L" Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S.V.I.
00950.
Island Resources Foundation, which has offices in
both the U.S. Virgin Islands and Washington, D.C.,
completed nine major projects during 1985 and received
gifts, grants and contracts funding exceeding $400,000.
One of IRF's projects was a regional fisheries assessment
effort under contract for U .S.A.I.D. The objective of this
study was to review and evaluate previous donor-funded
fisheries development schemes, assess various program
development options and provide a preliminary plan for
future AID funding strategies in seven island areas: St.
Kitts-Nevis, Antigua-Barbuda, Montserrat, Dominica, St.
Lucia, Grenada and St. Vincent. Other projects include: a
marine archaeological survey in the Virgin Islands at Long
Bay in the St. Thomas harbor; and a cultural and historical
resource utilization project. A list of IRF publications and
further information about research projects can be obtained
by writing Dr. Edward Towle, Island Resources
Foundation, Red Hook Box 33, St. Thomas, U.S.V.I.
00802.
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Bcnth.
8
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
r
t
TRI NOTES
The following notes give brief details of the activities of
students, faculty and staff over the sununer as well as
plans for the upcoming semester. More detailed
information about TRI activities can be obtained by
writing the Institute.
In March, TRI Director William R. Burch presented an
invited paper and participated in a workshop on "Strategies
for Improving the Effectiveness of Asia-Pacific Forestry
Research for Sustainable Development" at the East-West
Center in Hololulu, Hawaii. Dr. Burch is on leave for the
fall term of the 1986/87 school year. In September, he
traveled to Yugoslavia for the International Union of
Forest Research Organizations conference. For the
conference, Dr. Burch, along with Dr. Robert G. Lee from
the University of Washington, developed the first noneconomic, social science session not on forest recreation.
After Yugoslavia, Dr. Burch journeyed to Scotland to visit
the University of Aberdeen and Dr. Adrian Marshall at the
University's Institute of South-East Asian Biology. Before
coming back to the U.S., he stopped in England to visit
the Oxford Forestry Institute, where he met with Dr.
Jefferey Burley. He also visited Dr. Gill Shepherd at the
Overseas Development Institute and Asmeen Khan (MF
'85) at Oxfam.
This summer, Dean Gordon spent the month of July in
India as part of a consulting team of Winrock International
on their agroforestry project. The team visited academic
institutions and research centers in Delu'a Dun, Jodhpur,
Bangalore, Coimbatore and Hyderabad.
In August, Drs. David Smith, Bruce Larson and John
Wargo visited several places in Mexico both to explore
the possibilities for increasing the number of Mexican
graduate students at Yale and to develop ideas for joint
research. Two current Doctor of Forestry students, Carlos
Rodriguez-Galvez and Enrique Serrano-Galvez, arranged
the visits and participated themselves. The group visited
the headquarters of the Mexican Institute for Research in
Agricultw'e, Forestry and Animal Husbandry, as well as
iL~ field research stations near Mexico City and Yuruapan,
and in the State of Quintana Roo. They also visited the
main forestry school of Mexico at the Autonomous
University of Chapingo, as well as the Colegio
Postgraduados, which is also in Chapingo.
Dr. Graeme Berlyn and Dr. Thomas Siccama traveled to
Costa Rica in August to look into the area for possible
research projects and to check in with master's student
When dee Silver who is working on a socioeconomic
survey of secondary forests for land owners in Costa Rica.
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
When dee is working in conjunction with CATIE on this
project. When dee's work is an aspect of TRI's Tinker grant
program which was established to develop a program of
natural resource education in Latin America. Her study
addresses the extent and type of forest utilization and
specific species economic use, as well as motivation of
the land owner to develop and manage secondary forests on
a long-term basis.
Another master's student, Alan Ragins, was also in Costa
Rica this summer through the Tinker Grant program.
Alan worked on a wildlands projects to study information
needs and flow at the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve. His
work builds upon work done in similar reserves in Puerto
Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Two master's students went to Puerto Rico this summer
to work on internships. Judy Stone worked with Jerry
Bauer of t11e Department of Natural Resources Forest
Service on a forest inventory project, and Sharon
Dougherty worked with Dr. Jim Wiley on the captive
breeding project of the endangered Puerto Rican Parrot.
The study took place in the Caribbean National Forest
(CNF) on Loquillo Mountain. Sharon also worked with
Jerry Bauer on an assessment of human use and attitudes
towards wildlife in CNF.
On St. John in the U.S. Virgin Islands, master's student
Anne Reilly worked on a long-term forest monitoring
project developed by John Earhart (MF '84), the New
York Botanical Garden and the National Park Service.
Dean Gordon visited the Virgin Islands this summer to
establish closer ties with the College of the Virgin
Islands. During his stay in the Virgin Islands, the Dean
had the opportunity to visit Anne and the project site on
St. John.
Master's student Kathy Rorison retmned to the School
this year from Niger where she was working on an
agroforestry project with CARE.
TRI distibuted funds for research and travel in May.
Projects which received funding support include: Dr. Clark
Binkley and John Perez-Garcia's project on the effects of
alternative tropical deforestation scenarios on timber
prices; Dr. Graeme Berlyn and Ambrose Anoruo's project
on genetic stability and physiology of Caribbean pine
seedlings and regenerated plants; Guillermo CastillejaGonzalez's study of tree diversity and dominance patterns
in a sub-tropical dry forest in Puerto Rico; and Jeff
Vincent's research on the effects of trade barriers upon
forest utilization in Malaysia. Jock Conyngham received
support for travel to Kenya to do preliminary field work in
preparation for his doctoral research on the ethnoecology
of interactions between pastoralists and wildlife.
9
Doctor of Forestry candidate Nora Devoe received support
this summer for travel to Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica
to evaluate potential sites for a forest regeneration
experiment, and to scope out potential collaborators for
the projcct.
This semester, TRI is sponsoring a new course on plant
systematics which is being taught by Dr. Brian Boom of
the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Boom received a
grant from The Charles A. Lindbergh Fund for research on
"The Panare Indians and Their Forest: an Ethnoecological
Inventory in Venezuela and Guyana" in 1985-1986. In
addition, Dr. Boom recently received a Fulbright American
Republics Research Grant for 1986-1987. The award will
be used to conduct field work on the Theaceae in Guyana.
The taxonomic study of that family will be for the Flora
of the Guyanas project, an international effort coordinated
by the Institute of Sytematic Botany and the University of
Utrecht.
Last year, master's student Jim Chamberlain completed a
list of organizations involved in international natural
resource management and development. This list is
available both to faculty and students and to graduates and
others outside of the School. It contains information
about the focus of each organization as well as a contact
name when available. Anyone interested in a copy of this
list, please write TRI.
GRADUATES
Many of the master's students who participated in TRI in
1984 have gone on to jobs in international work with
development agencies, non-profit organizations or have
emolled in graduate programs. Ed Backus, after working
on an AID project in Rwanda, returned to the U.S. and is
working for Nature Conservancy International. J.B. Friday
and Kathleen Stearns Friday have joined the Peace Corps
and are stationed in the Philippines. Molly Olsen is
working for the Park Service in Australia. Mark Ashton,
after working on a silviculture project in Sri Lanka, has
returned to the School to enter the Ph.D. program. Jane
Ceraso is working for the Environmental Defense Fund in
New York, Bob Clausi is in Sudan, working for CARE,
J on Anderson is working for AID in Senegal and Asmeen
Khan is working for Oxfam in England. Two students are
working at the School: Peggy Rasmussen King is
working for TRI as an Assistant Director and Stephen
Lowe is Assistant Director for the Program in Forest
Microbiology. Alexander Brash and Jennifer Haaser are
emolled' in Ph.D. programs at other universities in the
Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.
Ken Andrasko and Julia Falconer had internships with the
International Institute for Environment and Development,
Mark Dillenbeck worked for the World Resources
Institute, Nancy Sheehan had an internship with the
National Park Service's Man and the Biosphere program,
and Jim Chamberlain is working for the Office of
Technology Assessment. In Puerto Rico, Edgardo
Gonzalez is working for the Forest Service. In New
England, Betsy McGean worked for the Altantic Center
for the Environment in Massachusetts and now is working
for the World Resources Institute. Steve Miller was also
in New England this summer working for tl1e Shoals
Marine Laboratory.
From the class of 1983: Eva Muller and Dave Gibson are
working for CARE in Rwanda; Doug Henderson is
working for the Peace Corps in the Cook Islands; Vicky
Dompka is at the Better World Society in Washington.
From 1984: Chun Lai is working for AID in Mali. Also
in the Peace Corps in Togo is masters' student Louann
Rank who is currently on leave.
Susan Huke (MF '84) is working with Save the Children
in Somalia in an agroforestry extension program. She
writes that the thrust of her work has been in the
provision of seedlings and training to refugees so that they
can plant trees around their compounds. The extension
program began as a part of a larger three-year forestry
program funded through a cooperative agreement with AID
and the Somali National Range Agency. The project
aimed at establishing a large forestry nursery, fuel wood
plantations and conducting research and training activities.
U.S.
Many of the last year's graduating class have gone to
Washington for internships or short-term positions. Both
10
We would welcome any contributions, long or short, by
graduates of the School who are doing international work.
Please send all news to Katherine Snyder, Editor, TRI
News.
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
REVIEW
Ramachandra Guha
Visiting Lecturer in Social Ecology
TREE GROWING BY RURAL PEOPLE. 1986. FAO
Forestry Paper No. 64, Rome.
This paper is perhaps the flrst systematic treatment of the
social and political issues involved in the continuing
deforestation in Third World countries. It begins with a
review of the wide variety of forest conservation practices
among rural people, and explains the breakdown of these
traditional institutions of resource management in the
light of recent economic and demographic pressures. It
then goes on to identify different reforestation strategies
appropriate to different land and tree tenure systems at the
village level. The concluding section deals with the wider
framework of community and farm forestry, outlining the
role of governmental and non-governmental organizations
in financing, evaluating and servicing rural forestry
projects.
The historical and sociological perspective is welcome,
and helps in debunking several myths widely current in
the literature. These include: the belief that peasants need
to be educated about the importance of tree cover; that
rural firewood needs (and not conmlercial and industrial
demand) is the main cause of deforestation; 'that shifting
cultivation has historically been an unsustainable form of
agriculture; and finally, that increased state intervention
and punitive sanctions are the solution to tl1e present
crisis.
The one criticism I would make of this report is its failure
to locate rural forestry issues in the context of
development strategy as a whole. One could make a strong
case that what Michael Lipton has called the "urban bias"
in development planning is the root cause for most Third
World environmental problems. This caveat
notwithstanding, I would emphasize tllat the present
document is a major contribution to the field. In the
circumstances, one hopes that distribution of this
document to researchers and development activitisl~ will
be more widespread that FAO papers usually are.
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Cocus nucifera L.
11
__________________________________________________________________________________________________J
Noted below are selected, recent additions to the TRI
bibliographic database. Beginning with the next issue of
TRI NEWS, this section will be expanded, particularly in
its coverage of technical reports and papers. As previously
stated, TRI will list in-house documents and other
publications submitted by cooperators and readers. These
publications will be indexed, entered into the database, and
microfilmed where appropriate.
Searches and printouts of the database will be available on
demand. We can also provide copies of some items. For
example, we can now loan microfiche copies of F AO
documents, like the ones listed below under Technical
Reports: FAO". Send your requests to Katherine Snyder,
TRI, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies,
205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT. 06511.
If you do not have publications to send for indexing and
filming, send us citations of publications you judge to
have special importance for tropical resources managment.
These citations will be added to the database and will
enrich our cooperative effort.
Bibliographia sobre recursos naturales
renovables. CATIE ; serie bibliotecologia y
documentacion, Bibliografia no. 8, 1983. 513 pp.
Impounded rivers; perspectives fol' ecological
management. Petts, G.E. John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
326 pp.
Indigenous agricultural revolution i ecology
and food production in West Africa. Richards, P.
Hutchinson, London, 1985. 192 pp.
Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems;
principles and their application in management
and conservation. Jordan, C. F. John Wiley & Sons,
1985. 190 pp.
Preservation of timber in the tropics. Findlay,
W.P. K. ; ed. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers,
1985.273 pp. Discussion of tlle natural durability of the
commercially available species in the tropics, hazards they
face and means for protection.
Tools for agriculture; a buyers guide to
appropriate equipment. Intermediate Technology,
London, 1985.264 pp.
The state of the world's parks. Machlis, G.E. ;
Tichnell, D.L. Westview Press, 1985. 131 pp.
ARTICLES AND PAPERS
The building materials industry in developing
countries; an analytical apprasial. United Nations
Industrial Development Organization, Sectoral studies
series no. 16, v.l, 1985. 195 pp.
Confronting industrial pollution in rapidly
industrialising countl'ies--myths, pitfalls, and
opportunities. By H. 1. Leonard. Ecology Law
Quarterly, v. 12, 1985, pp. 779-816.
Conservation, science and society. UNESCOUNEP, Natural resource research, XXI, 1984. 2 vols. S
942 +158 1983 1-2 (LC) Contributions to the first
International Biosphere Reserve Congress, Minsk,
Byelorussia/USSR, 26 September -2 October 1983.
Delivery systems for rural development in
India: a field view of institutional linkages. By
A. Ray. Public Administration and Development, v. 5,
1985, pp. 353-362. Studies block-level rural development
administration and discusses problems of integration and
coordination.
Desertification in the Sahelian and Sudanian
zones of West Africa. Steeds, D. The World Bank,
1985. 60 pp. Response to growing concern that not
enough had been accomplished to combat the
desertification problem in West Africa.
The ecology of neotropical savanas. Sarmiento,
G. Harvard University Press, 1984. 235 pp. Translated by
O. Solbrig.
Final report; consultative meeting on Asia and
the Pacific regional activities on tropical
forests. United Nations Environment Programme,
Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. United Nations,
1983. 169 pp.
12
All ecosystem approach to soil conservation.
By H. Hurni. In Soil erosion and conservation,
Edited by S.A. EI-Swaify, and others, Soil Conservation
Society of America, 1985, pp. Presents a geo-ecosystem
approach to detecting bottlenecks in soil conservation
programs.
Effective conservation farming systems for the
humid tropics. By R. La!. Soil Erosion and
Conservation in the Tropics, American Society for
Agronomy, Special Publication 43, 1982, pp. 57-76.
Example of mechanized land clearing for agriculture
followed by no-tillage system that reduced runoff and
erosion.
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Tillage Research, v.5, 1985, pp. 179-196. Simple
rating method to indicate soil conditions where no-till
agriculture can succeed and where mechanical tillage is
absolutely necessary.
Rainfall erosion in the tropics: a state of
the art. By S. A. El-Swaify and E. W. Douglas. Soil
Erosion and Conservation in the Tropics, American
Society for Agronomy, Special Publication 43, 1982,
pp. 1-25. Assesses the sketchy, quantitative evidence
on tropical erosion. Stresses importance of collecting
data for erosion prediction and control.
TECHNICAL REPORTS: FAO
Tectona grandis L.
Case study of irrigated Eucalyptus
microlheca plantations in Gezira province,
Environmental influences on the development
of traditional conservation in the South
Pacific Region. By M. D. Chapman. Environmental
Conservation, v. 12, 1985, pp. 217-230. Examines
some assumptions about traditional conservation
practices.
Sudan. FAO. 1985. 56 pp.
Evaluation of agroforestry potential in
sloping areas. By A. Young. In Land evaluation
for land use planning and conservation in
sloping areas, International Institute for Land
Reclamation and Irrigation, Publication 40,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1986, pp. 106-132.
Describes eight examples of agroforestry systems in
sloping areas.
Fragile lands: a theme paper on problems,
issues, and approaches for development of
humid tropical lowlands and steep slopes in
the Latin American Region. By J. Bremer, and
others. Development Alternatives, Inc., 1984, 98 pp.
Coastal aquaculture project for shrimp and
finfish in Ban Merbo!" Kadah, Malaysia.
FAO. 1984. 35 pp.
Commission on plant genetic resources.
Sess. 1. Rome (Italy) 11 March 1985. In situ
conservation of wild plant genetic resources: a status
review and action plan (draft) FAO; IUCN. 1984.91
pp.
Committee on forest development in the
tropics. Sess.7. Rome (Italy) 18 Jun 1985. Action
programme on the conservation of tropical forest
ecosystems. FAO. 1985.28 pp. 85W02675 FAO
FICHE
Community forest management at village
level: a case study in Badikhe, Panchayat,
Lalitpur district, Nepal. FAO. 1985. 28 pp.
85X02557 FAO FICHE
Guanaste National Park: tropical ecological
and cultural restoration. By D. H. Janzen. Project
Report, March 1986, 39 pp. Discusses the plan for an
$11.8 million project based on restoration ecology of
700 sq. km of dry forest in northwestern Costa Rica.
Conservation and management of wildlife in
Saudia Arabia. FAO. 1985.2 pp. 85X02228 FAO
FICHE
Heavy industry in a rural tropical ecosystem.
By C. Christiansson. Ambio, v. 14, 1985, pp. 122-134.
Demand and supply of charcoal in urban and
rural areas in Thailand. FAO. 1983.33 pp.
85X01795 FAO FICHE
People's participation in watershed
management: a case study of DVC. By N. K.
Jaiswal, and others. Journal of Rural Development, v. 4,
1985, pp. 409-440.
A soil suitability guide for different tillage
systems in the tropics. By R. La!. Soil and
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Design of a forest hydrology research
programme in Indonesia. FAO. 1983.57 pp.
85X01768 FAO FICHE
Eastern African sub-committee for soil
correlation and land evaluation. Meeting. 5.
Wad Medani (Sudan). 5 Dec 1983 (proceedings) FAO.
1985.210 pp. 85M02805 FAO FICHE
13
9
ECDC seminar on tropical horticulture
products. Nairobi (Kenya). 14 Jan 1985. Report of the
ECDC (Economic Cooperation among Developing
Countries) Seminar on Tropical Horticulture Products.
FAO; ECDC. 1985.30 pp. 85M02732 FAO FICHE
Seminario sobre recursos alimenticios para
pequenos productores en regiones tropicales de
America Latina. Turrialba (Costa Rica) 10 Dec 1984.
Informe. FAO. 1985.43 pp. 85M02809 FAO FICHE
Essences forestieres pour Ie reboisement en
Haiti. FAO. 1983. 56 pp. 85X01844 FAO FICHE
Systematic index of international water
resources treaties, declarations, acts and cases,
by basin. FAO. 1984.332 pp. 85M01915FAO FICHE
Evaluation of Gujarat social forestry
programme: village social science survey
report. FAO. 1984. 150 pp. 85X02203 FAO FICHE
Wildlife sanctuaries of Bangladesh and some
recommendations. FAO; RAPA. 1985.5 pp.
85S90101 FAO FICHE
Forest management (Eucalypts, India). Report
of second mission to the project - May 1984.
FAO. 1984. 61 pp. 85X01849 FAO FICHE
Workshop on information handling systems for
gene bank management. Almup (Sweden). 21 Nov
1984. Information handling systems for gene bank
management. Proceedings. FAO. 1985.91 pp. 85W02829
FAO FICHE
Forest resource management report-Bhutan.
FAO. 1985.203 pp. 85W01803 FAO FICHE
Fuel wood consumption and supply in semiarid areas, Tanzania. FAO. 1984.44 pp. 85W02307
FAO FICHE
Workshop on remote sensing applied to land
use potential. Cairo (Egypt). FAO. 1984. 23 pp.
85X02328 FAO FICHE
PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM 1RI
Government inter-agency cooperation with
specific reference to soil conservation and
watershed management. FAO. 1984. 13 pp.
85X02757 FAO FICHE
Initial estimation of fuel wood and fodder
yields for management and community forestry
in Kaski district, Nepal. FAO. 1985. 30 pp.
85X02539 FAO FICHE
Management options for natural forests in the
hills of Nepal. FAO. 1985.28 pp. 85X02091 FAO
FICHE
Mangrove management in Thailand, Malaysia,
and Indonesia. FAO. 1985. 62 pp. 85M02315 FAO
FICHE
Principios e metodos silvicuitura is tropicais,
Brasil. FAO. 1984.208 pp. 85X01853 FAO FICHE
A report evaluating the impact of using
agricultural residues for fuel as a substitute to
insufficient fuel wood supplies. FAO. 1983. 154
pp. 85X02444 FAO FICHE
Report on the study tour and practical training
at the Pine Improvement Centre and Teak
Improvement Centre, Thailand. FAO. 1983.47
pp. 85X01862 FAO FICHE
14
An interpretation of discnssion at a workshop
on the human factors affecting
forestry/fuelwood projects: an agenda for
research and development. 11, 12, 13 February,
1984, Washington, D.C. Working Paper No.1, William
R. Burch, Jr. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 98 pp.
Thinning guidelines for teak (Tectona grandis
L.) Working Paper No.2. Bruce C. Larson and
Mohammed Nuruz Zaman. Tropical Resources Institute,
1985,20 pp.
Avifaunal reflections of historical landscape
ecology in Puerto Rico. Working Paper No.3.
Alexander Brash. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 34
pp.
Composition and structure of a subtropical
moist secondary forest in the limestone region
of central Puerto Rico. Working Paper No.4. J.
Stephen Lowe and P. M. S. Ashton. Tropical Resources
Institute, 1985, 27 pp.
Computer geographic information systems to
manage biogeographic data for the design of
habitat reserves: a study for the Puerto Rico
Conservation Data Center. Working Paper No.5.
Edward H. Backus. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 78
pp.
TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Eucalyptus robusta J.E. Smith
The demand for non-wood softwood products in
Puerto Rico. Working Paper No.6. Haydi Boething.
Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 32 pp.
Descending from the upper reaches: a chemical
analysis of a rain forest stream. Working Paper
No.7. Jane Ceraso. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985,
23 pp.
\
Diaz sin escarcha: Yale's Tropical Resources
Institute in Puerto Rico. Working Paper No.8.
Jane Ceraso and Cathy McConnell. Tropical Resources
Institute, 1985, 50 pp.
Interpreter's handbook for hacienda la
esperanza. Working Paper No.9. David Gagnon.
Tropical Resources Institute, 1985,90 pp.
Land use changes in rural Puerto Rico and
attitudes toward reforestation. Working Paper No.
10. Robert E. Clausi. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985,
55 pp.
Orchids, coquis, and scorpions: natural history
collections and environmental education in
Puerto Rico. Working Paper No. 11. Peggy
Rasmussen. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 89 pp.
Population characteristics of the Hawksbill
Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricala): a case study
of the endangered species act. Working Paper No.
12. M.H. Olson. Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 10
pp.
Selecting sites for reforestation in Puerto
Site index curves for teak ( Tectona grandis
L.) in the limestone hill region of Puerto
Rico. Working Paper No. 14. Kathleen Stearns Friday.
Tropical Resources Institute, 1985, 48 pp.
The underground feral goats of Mona Island.
Working Paper No. 15. Jennifer Haaser. Tropical
Resources Institute, 1985, 32 pp.
Forester's field guide to the trees and shrubs of
Puerto Rico. P. Mark S. Ashton. Tropical Resources
Institute, 1985, 136 pp.
A curriculum guide for a course on gender
roles in the community approach to forestry.
Working Paper No. 16. Nancy Sheehan. Tropical
Resources Institute, 1986, 82 pp.
Approaches toward biosphere reserve
assessment: case studies in the Caribbean.
Working Paper No. 17. Betsy A. McGean. Tropical
Resources Institute, 1986, 84 pp.
Appendices for report on approaches toward
biosphere reserve assessment: case studies in
the Caribbean. Working Paper No. 17a. Betsy A.
McGean. Tropical Resources Institute, 1986, 73 pp.
DNA content polymorphism and tissue culture
regeneration in caribbean pine. Working Paper
No. 18. G. P. Berlyn, A. O. Anorou, R. C. Beck and J.
Cheng. Tropical Resources Institute, 1986, 50 pp.
15
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TRI NEWS Fall 1986
Rico. Working Paper No. 13. J.B. Friday. Tropical
Resources Institute, 1985, 47 pp.
Acknowlcdgemcn ts
TRI STAFF
Logo design by Sujata Guha.
Director
William R. Burch, Jr.
Illustrations on pages 2, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 15 arc from
Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by
Elbert C. Little, Jr. and Frank H. Wadsworth, 1964.
Assistant Director/Education
Peggy R. King
Many thanks to Stephen Lowe for his help with the
newsletter production.
Assistant Director/Grants and Communications
Katherine A. Snyder
For more information about the Tropical Resources Institute
contact:
Administrative Secretary
June Mount
TRI NEWS
John C. Gordon, Dean
Yale School of Forestry
and Environmental Studies
(203) 432-5109
or
William R. Burch, Jr.
Director, Tropical Resources Institute
(203) 432-5119
Editor
Katherine A. Snyder
Literature Editor
Joseph Miller
TRI COMMITTEE
Graeme Berlyn, Bruce Larson, Joseph Miller (Director of
Information Management), Richard Miller, Thomas Siceama
(Director of Field Studies), David Smith
The Tropical Resources Institute
Yale School of Forestry
and Environmental Studies
205 Prospect Street
New Haven, CT. 06511
16
TRI NEWS Fall 1986