ENGINEERING
NOTESTECHNICAL
REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
A
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
1
1
9
Notes
Field
Revision
NUMBER
Formula
Location
of District Centers
Procedure
1
Land Management
Integrated with
TransportationModel
Styrofoam Ice Chest Corrects
Battery
Problem
Washington
FOREST SERVICE
ýpEST
SEPTEMBER
1978
5ERVq
EXJpEA6WE
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
UýS
ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES
Volume
contained
10
has
Number
9
been developed for guidance
of employees
and its
respon-sibility
Information
of
the
United
Federal
cooperating
for
The
use
States
of
convenience
in
this
publication
Department
of
Service
Agriculture-Forest
its
and State agencies. The Department of Agriculture
the interpretation
of this information
or use
by other than
contractors
assumes no
its
and
names in this publication is for the information
trade firm or corporation
of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval
product or service by the United States Department of Agriculture
of others that may be suitable.
of any
The
text in the
publication
must not
be construed
or policy
except
engineers
and engineering
not
intended
own employees.
by
as
FSM
exclusively
the
represents
recommended
personal
or approved
opinions
of the respective
procedures
mandatory
Because of the type of material
references.
technicians
should
read each
issue
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C. 20013
in
however
for engineers.
U.S.
to the exclusion
the
author and
instructions
publication
this
publication
all
is
REVISION OF FORMULA
FOR LOCATION ANALYSIS
OF DISTRICT
CENTERS
sub-mitted
Engi-neering
de-scribed
The
To
R-8
author of the article Location Analysis of District Centers has
18 in
a revision of the formula that was published on page
Field Notes Volume 10 Number 7 July 1978.
correct
formula is available when the techniques
article are being used please cut out or copy the portion
18 of the July issue.
as indicated
and attach it to page
assure that
in
of
Farkas Economist
Andrew
Z.
this
the
the
page
--------------------------------------------------------------------------The
analysis for location of the work center is based on the formula
n
C.
E
Dij
jl
Where
ý
Total
n
Number of nodes
a
Vc
W
a
of
work
Average wage
Distance
the
cost
rate
per
particular
sites
j
must be considered both
node
work
a
2T..
site
mile
per
hour
for average
number
of
crew
members
D..
labor
each
and
operating cost
Vehicle
Travel
Thus
i
center
S
Tip
Sij
Wa
transportation costs from a
to all work
center location
C.
1
work
Vc
Total
time
between
from
number
into
formula takes
of work trips.
i
of
to
i
and
j
j
trips
account
from
the
i
to
j
vehicle operating cost
and
the
deriving values for the formula is to code the transpor-I
The
the Ranger District
into links and nodes fig. 1.
Itation
of
links.
second
is
to
determine
the
and
travel
times
the
lengths
step
The third
The nodes correspond to road intersections and work sites.
is to determine the average wage rates the average number of crew
lstep
members the vehicle operating costs and the number of trips to each
that
This information can be obtained from District records
work site.
a reasonable time period.
are estimated and projected over
The
first
step
network
in
of
--------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
A PROCEDURE FOR LAND MANAGEMENT
WITH
TRANSPORTATION
Peter Wong
-- THE
INTEGRATED
LAMIT MODEL
and Bob Swarthout
R-5
INTRODUCTION
simulta-neously
are realizing that the functions of
managers in the Forest Service
management and transportation planning ought to be performed
rather than sequentially or iteratively.
This is because a land
the standards
of a
management decision can influence the location and/or
road system and -- conversely -- the configuration of a road network can
Land
land
Nation-al
Plu-mas
manage-ment/transportation
land.
This procedure for analyzing the land
problem by using the mathematical programing technique
The procedure
called
the LAMIT ModeZ
originally was proposed by Kirbyl.
has been applied successfully in the Jose Basin area of the Sierra
Forest2.
A similar model was used in the French Creek area in the
National Forest and this model is being evaluated currently by the
affect
the
Washington
of
use
the
Office.
multiple-use
DESCRIPTION
An area
of
land
within
The
development.
OF THE
HYPOTHETICAL
PROBLEM
National Forest is being considered for
under consideration are recreation
range
schematic map of the area Figure 1.
a
uses
and
helicop-ter
con-sidered
timber
See
harvest.
Timber Staff indicates that the areas adjacent
to nodes e and h are
Two logging systems -- cable
and
appropriate for timber harvest.
-- are being considered at node h.
Practical considerations make the
In using
use of cable
logging and helicopter logging mutually exclusive.
The
cable
logging all logs will be piled at node h for truck transport.
logs are flown to the helicopter
landing at node i for truck transport
The
when
helicopter
at node
logging is selected.
Only
tractor
logging is being
e.
alloca-ted
to the lake the area adjacent
to node e is
specialists as being appropriate for campground
development.
Management feels that a portion of this area can be
to recreational
while the remaining land can be used for
development
Because there
chosen by the
timber
is easy
access
recreation
harvest.
1
Recreational
Development
or
Timber Harvest
Timber
LAKE
Area
Project 3
d
E91
IQ
i
i
I
I
LO
Dg
River
I0.
Type
nv
0
r
o.
rsian
1ý
1
Project
4
Existing
t
Rang
a
Alltrr3enr
I
Helicopter
Landing
10
Entrance
and
Exit
Q
El
LEGEND
node number
road
section
f
1
Figure l.--Schematic map of the
2
area
conver-sion.
con-version
area adjacent to node c is an existing
There is
range allotment.
desire to increase the range allotment in the area through type
The area
in the vicinity of node g has been proposed for type
The
by
There
the
range
a
specialists.
an existing road
of it
system in the area but some sections
reconstructed
for safe operation
must
those
sections
are 4 6 and 9
Road
section 3 with a much better
projects
2 3 and 5 respectively.
alignment than section 4 is proposed for construction.
Reconstruction
of road section 9 includes
building a new bridge over the river.
is
be
Management would like to determine the best mix of activities
associated road system from the area that will satisfy the
while staying within the capability of
requirement
management-specified
DESCRIPTION
and
the
the
land.
OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL
interrelationship between land use activities and the road system is
described
using a linear-mixed-integer program MIP
formulation.
We
believe that the formulation described is a good starting point for this
type of model usually it is not too difficult to modify the formulation
to meet the users needs.
The mathematical formulation can be obtained
The
from
the
authors.
facili-tate
Time
Period
total
time horizon under
study can be partitioned into several
time
The use of time periods may
periods of equal or unequal duration.
the scheduling of activities and the use of discounting to reflect
the time value of money.
The
tim-ber
develop-ment
Timber Harvest
The areas
selected as candidates for timber harvest are identified.
The
maximum amount of timber available from each area as a function of each
proposed logging system is estimated
however the actual amount of
available for a specific logging system is directly proportional to
the percent of each area used for timber harvest.
The percent
of an area can range from 0 to 100 percent.
Each timber area is
func-tion
harvest-ing
represented
The
timber
as
a
value
point
on
the
road
network.
and
logging cost at each point is calculated as a
timber harvested
this may depend on the logging
A cost for developing the timber area for
system that is used.
is estimated on the basis of the percent of the land being used
for
of
timber
the
amount
of
harvest.
3
We
the
designate one or more timber destination
locations of timber mills or some point
points
on
the
network as
through which
road
des-tination
the
timber
volumes
from all
on
the
network
timber origins must pass on the way to the
we can specify upper
constraints
lower
and/or
on the timber volumes to be harvested at each timber
origin or
point by time period or overall periods.
mills.
As
bounds
management
non-zero
When
two
the
choice
more logging systems are defined at a harvest point we have
letting these systems be mutually exclusive
or they can be
carried out jointly.
In either
we
cannot
allocate
more
than a total
case
of 100 percent of the timber origin
for
timber
harvest.
point
Any
use of one system completely eliminates the use of the other
systems
when they are mutually exclusive.
The treatment of multiple activities
such as recreational development and timber harvest at a point of the
network is analogous to that of multiple logging systems.
or
of
prac-tices
Increase
in volumes
could
be
over
time
considered
if
resulting from different silvicultural
this practice appears
justified.
Recreation
The
proposed
existing recreational sites are denoted as points on the
points are referred to as recreational
supply points.
One recreational
demand point where the recreationists from a supply
and leave
the area is defined for each supply
point enter
We are
point.
making the simplifying assumption that a recreationist uses the same route
road
network
and
these
sup-ply
al-low
sev-eral
to
enter
by
modifying the
and
to
leave
the
area however
this
assumption can
be
relaxed
formulation.
number of Recreation Visitor Days RVD permitted at the proposed
node during a time period is directly proportional to its level of
development up to that time.
These
are specified by the analyst
numbers
and they may vary from different time periods even with the same
level of
because of the possibility of unequal period lengths.
development
We
The
the
development
of
a
site
either
periods.
partially or fully
to
span
over
de-velopment.
recre-ation
Upper and lower bounds must be equal for an existing recreational site
on the number of RVD at each supply and demand point may be specified.
The cost of developing the site is expressed in terms of the
percent
An economic benefit may be assigned to each RVD at each
site.
Different benefit values can be used for different supply
points as an indication of their inherent
An
physical attractiveness.
economic tradeoff between the benefits and costs for site development and
de-fined
ac-4
providing access
The
can
be
studied.
possibility of allowing a recreational area to be developed for other
activities can be treated.
These other activities can be
either
as mutually exclusive to recreational development
or as
competing
devel-opment
tivities
However
carried out jointly with recreational development.
economic values expressed as percentages
of
area cannot
exceed 100 percent.
assigned to a given
that
the
be
can
total
of
Range
in-crease
procedure for handling proposed and existing range areas is similar
used
for recreational
for some slight differences.
sites except
The unit of measurement for range
is Animal Unit
Month AUM.
A proposed
range allotment is considered to be a result of type conversion which may
increase water yield from the area.
The analyst can specify a minimum
in water yield for each time period.
An economic benefit can be
in water yield.
assigned for each unit increase
Range allotment receipts
or value from red meat production
can be included.
The
to
that
Transportation System
the hypothetical area we have identified all proposed and existing
land-use activities and their locations.
The next step is to describe the
existing road network together with any proposed road construction and
reconstruction needed to provide accessibility
or improvement of
for the activities shown in the schematic map.
For
accessi-bility
trans-portation
The
construction of a helicopter
landing is considered part of the
are defined as portions of a road
system expense.
two adjacent intersections or between an intersection and the end
Road
sections
hel-icopter
vehi-cle
between
of
the
without intervening intersections
road
without
any
intervening
or
two
ends
of
a road
intersections.
of constructing or reconstructing any section of a road or a
On each road
landing must be estimated.
section round-trip
cost
unit
of
traffic
the portion of road
operating
per
including
maintenance cost that depends on traffic volume has to be defined the
The
cost
oper-ating
for each type of traffic included
in the analysis must be
round-trip cost may depend on the direction of travel
for
some types of traffic such as logging trucks
in which they travel
loaded
in one direction and empty in the other.
In this formulation only
operating cost
defined.
This
for logging
costs
types
The
of
flow
traffic
of
can
trucks
easily be
are
included
added.
operating costs
for
other
the road
type of traffic
along
system is controlled by
flow equations
as in the Transshipment Model used by
In effect these
Wong4.
equations require that the amount of
conservation
each
of
Kirby3 and
traffic going
into a road junction must equal
the amount coming out of it
for each time period for any given
which
is neither an origin
junction
nor a destination point for that type of traffic.
Also the amount of
junc-tion.
a specific type
and for a given
time period leaving a road
must
the
amount
oftraffic
that
equal
junction
originated from that
Similarly the net amount of traffic of a specific type entering a
traffic
of
5
destination point for a.given
terminated at that point.
time
must
period
equal
the
amount
of
traffic
model ensures
that a construction or reconstruction road project is
activated initiated until the first time period during which the
road is used by any type of traffic
it will not be activated if it is
of flow allow all possible
never
used.
These
for conservation
equations
combinations
of
and
The model equations
to be evaluated
paths
projects
site are initiated
representing the construction of a helicopter landing
The
not
decis-ion
similarly
On
some
or all
in
only
road
types
first
the
time
period
that
helicopter
logging
limits on the number
of traffic
units
sections
combined can be specified for each time period.
of
begins.
each
These
may represent the physical capacities of the roads or a management
to increase safety or a need
to reduce
environmental impact on
type
limits
the
area.
each
For
be
can
budget constraint on the total expenditure for
reconstruction and helicopter landing construction
This constraint may be the predicted FRT funding
for
period
time
a
construction and
road
specified.
the time
capac-ity
each
of
periods.
may want to consider building a road section by one
for the road
Generally the use of higher standards
will result
in a higher total construction cost a greater traffic
and lower vehicle operating costs than were developed for a road with
cases
In
some
of
several
a
user
standards.
the lower standards.
In addition
consideration must be given to the
of environmental impact
on the land that may result
from
varying degrees
use of the alternate standards.
mutu-ally-exclusive
A
When
more than
one
standard
projects.
being evaluated
they are treated as
modification of the formulation will permit
is
analy-sis
initial
construction of
upgrade
it
As
are
a
road
to
a
lower
to a higher standard.
standard
and
subsequently
to
trucks
for logging
only vehicle operating costs
sample formulation.
Hence economic tradeoff
previously mentioned
included
in
this
between
operating costs and road construction costs is restricted to
truck
traffic.
logging
Only accessibility is required for the other types
of traffic besides
trucks.
costs for traffic
other
logging
Operating
than
can be easily incorporated into the model.
logging
pro-jects.
Erosion
Three
categories
construction
or
of
erosion that
reconstruction
sediment
are considered for road
generate
and helicopter
construction
landing
construc-tion
The
first
of
category
the
is
the
erosion due
project.
6
to
the
initial
The
second
the
project.
category
is the
erosion due
to
the
mere existence
of
per-iod
The
third
using the
category is the erosion generated by the
traffic
road.
should be noted that in the model no erosion is generated prior to the
development of a project.
Different values for different time periods are
permitted for each project in order to account for possible unequal
duration.
In addition to road projects
we can include
erosion on any road sections
of the road network.
It
traffic-gener-ated
Erosion generated from the development of timber range and recreational
areas
is included in the model.
The amount
of erosion for a time period
will be a function of the proportion of the area developed during that
speci-fied
period.
A maximum amount
of
resulting from all activities
sediment
per-cent
prob-lem
con-straints
formu-lation
can
be
Action to prevent erosion is included in the
period.
formulation to reduce the total generated sediment
to less than or equal
to the maximum allowed for each period.
The erosion-reduction cost
for
each
time
rates with the percent of reduction
may be $0.20/UNIT for the initial 30
$0.30/UNIT for the next 50 percent and $0.40/UNIT for the remaining
20 percent.
Restrictions can be specified on the amount of money that can
be devoted to erosion prevention
for each time period.
provides
desired.
For
for
increased cost
example
the
ANALYSIS
The
of
the
cost
OF THE HYPOTHETICAL
PROBLEM
LAMIT Model are illustrated with the sample
alternatives based on different management
--e
--g
--h
capabilities
that
includes
three
or specifications for managing the area.
Since
all numerical
values used in the analyses
are completely arbitrary
the problem includes
the values essential to our discussion.
only
sum-marized
The
maximum amount
in Table
Table
of
from all supply points are
1.--Maximum resources available
Road
Type
Junction
c
resources available
1.
Amount
of
Resource
Range
e
h
Timber Cable
Timber Helicopter
Range
Period
Existing
Timber
Recreation
from supply points
2000
--
Proposed
Resource Available
Period
--
300
1000
2000
--
2
All
Periods
3000
300
--
7
1
of
200
--
300
--
350
ob-tain
Alternative A - Developing maximum present value without consideration of
other management constraints.
Management is interested in how the land should be managed in order to
the maximum net discounted return from the area without consideration
of various tangible and intangible constraints
such
as acceptable erosion
limits minimum increase in water yield road construction budget minimum
area for recreational site or minimum development of range allotment.
This
Alternative probably will not be adopted
this situation in comparison with other
to
use
In
this
case
projects
1 3
area
adjacent
to node
The
in
the
timber
first
at
period.
this point
and
4
are
management would like
more desirable solutions.
but
activated in the
first
period
is used entirely for timber harvest
means that the economic return from
exceeds
the recreational benefits.
e
This
con-struction.
h
Helicopter logging is selected
the construction of project
for node
thereby avoiding
which includes
a bridge
5
The
proposed range allotment is activated in the first period in
to realize the full benefits from water production
and red
order
meat
production
A large
The
The
amount
for both periods.
of
sediment
net present worth of
is produced
this
in both periods.
solution is $40400.
--6
--s
traffic on the
Table
Road
Section
network
is summarized in Table
2.--Traffic on network
Timber Traffic
Period
1
Period
1
550
--
2
200
--
3
200
--
5
200
--
7
10
--
--
--
--
350
--
2.
for Alternative A
Range
2
Period
3000
3000
1000
1
Traffic
Period
5000
5000
2000
--
1000
1000
--
2000
2000
2
Alternative B
In
Multiple-use management with
-
environmental
considerations.
Alternative management emphasized the development of the area for
use while preserving the environment.
Management constraints on
of activities from each of the supply and demand points are
amount
this
multiple
the
shown
in
Table
Table
3.
3.--Management
constraints at supply
for Alternative B
Period
Resource
Road
Junction
Type
Timber
a
e
Proposed
Range
g
h
--
2000
2
All
Max.
Min.
3000
Max.
--
400
5000
5000
--
3000
Periods
--
70
--
--
--
150
50
100
120
200
100
300
500
--
400
--
1000
2500
--
--
Timber Cable
Timber
Heli-copter
h
Min.
--
2000
Timber
Recreation
e
Max.
--
Existing
Range
c
Period
1
Min.
and demand points
--
120
250
--
sedi-ment
de-velop
addition
--
constraints
to
limits for each
The
period on
solution of this
cited
in
the
Table
150
300
--
3
management has also set
maximum
budgets
construction
maximum
sediment
erosion
and
minimum
water
generated
prevention
all
of
the
With
above
would
like
to
yield.
restrictions management
the maximum net discounted present worth.
In
the
--
--
for
Alternative is as
road
follows
area adjacent to node e is developed to the maximum extent
allowed by the management constraint for period 1 for timber
harvest 70 units since timber has higher economic value than
recreational use.
Timber harvest consumes
0.35
of the
70/200
The
recrea-tional
area
The
in
the
first
remaining
use
period.
65 percent
of
recreational
use
to
the
less
than
allocated to
management constraints limit
RVD or 100/300
0.33
of this
area
However
in period 1.
100
can
be
area.
The
total
development
at
node
e
during period
1
is 68 percent
of
the
area.
rec-reation
There is no timber harvest requirement at this node for period 2 but it
must provide for at least 20 RVD for recreation.
To achieve this minimum
requirement
we must increase
the percent of this area allocated for
to 120/300
The remaining 25 percent of this
0.4 or 40 percent.
area
is used
for timber harvest in period 2.
9
tim-ber
great-est
solu-tion
per-cent
A
Helicopter logging is selected for timber area at node h.
so
that
the
of
280
units
is
cut
volume
during period
economic gain can be realized but the total of units still
all periods of timber
over
stays within the maximum of 400 units
units
than
the maximum
node
Since
280
rather
demand at
a.
only
from
node
allowed
is
cut
h the
of 300 units
by management
1
indicates
timber from node
desired from node h.
that
that
price than
e
a higher appraisal
has
proposed range allotment is developed as much as possible 83.33
while satisfying the maximum restriction of 2500 AUM
in period
The
total AUM for the two time periods is
allowed
over
all time periods.
The
1
calculated as
2000
1000
0.8333
2500.
Construction projects 1 3 and 4 are to be activated in the
The traffic on the network is summarized in Table 4.
--7
--10
4.--Traffic on network
Table
Timber Traffic
Road
Section
Period
Period
1
350
1
50
50
70
2
period.
for Alternative B
Traffic
Range
2
first
Period
4667
2833
1
Period
2883
4667
1667
Traffic
Recreation
2
Period
1
Period
100
120
100
120
100
120
120
3
70
50
833
5
70
50
--
--
100
6
--
--
833
--
--
833
1667
1667
--
280
--
--
--
--
2
--
Alterna-tive
The
this
The
discounted net present worth for this Alternative is $29700
26 percent from Alternative A.
is a reduction of more than
reduction would be the opportunity cost for choosing
B instead of A.
stand-ard
Alternative C -Reduce
conflict
between
logging truck traffic
and
other
traffic.
B
except
Management is quite satisfied with the solution for Alternative
for the possibility of some hazardous driving condition on the low
road
section 2 that is caused by the large volumes of traffic for
timber recreation
and
range
activities.
analysis
management decided to limit the logging traffic
All other
section
to
no
on
more than 40 units for each time period.
in
Alternative
B.
restrictions
are
the
same
as
exactly
given
management
After
a
careful
this
10
management objective is still to develop
present worth under the above restrictions.
The
maximum discounted net
the
per-iod
con-struction
resources generated or terminated at all supply and demand
solution are precisely the same in Alternative C as those
points
The only difference is the path used by part of
in
Alternative
B.
given
the timber from node e.
In order to satisfy the capacity requirement on
section 2 30 units of timber are diverted to use Road Section 6 in
The
of
amount
for
1
this
per-cent
forces
as
10 units in period
construction -- in the
are
the
addition
to projects
1 3
and
4
This
2.
pattern also
in
project
were previously scheduled for
first
that
shift
in
traffic
period -- of
road
5
in period 1.
discounted net present worth for this Alternative is $27000 a 9
A traffic flow map of this solution
reduction from Alternative B.
The
is
shown
in
Figure
2.
de-sirable
alter-natives.
SELECTION
OF ALTERNATIVES
above analyses demonstrate the use of the LAMIT ModeZ to generate
For a problem reflecting
solutions to a land management problem.
actual situations
the analysts probably would have
to explore more
The primary objective of some of these
alternatives may not be
to obtain the maximum present worth under other management restrictions.
Other
objectives to develop maximum benefits can be specified for
water yield or to
use timber harvest volume range or increased
control erosion and thereby generate only a minimum of sediment.
The
recrea-tional
so-lutions
con-cerned.
alternatives may represent sensitivity analyses concerning the effect
such as project construction
changing some of the input parameters
timber
volume
from
an
area.
This
collection of all desirable
cost or
will have to be weighed against other intangible considerations in
order to arrive at an overall management plan best for all parties
Some
of
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
require-ment
LAMIT technique uses a mixed-integer linear mathematical programming
MIP model for land management which treats the transportation
A
as an integral part of the analysis of land management problems.
The
matrix generator for the model was developed using the GAMMA 3 language
of the Functional Mathematical Programming System available on the UNIVAC
With this matrix generator
an
computer at Fort Collins Computer Center.
assemble
for
alternatives
new
analyst can
computer runs
very readily.
B
it may not be an
was demonstrated in the discussion for Alternative
solution
when
the
easy task to obtain an optimal
management constraints
the
LAMIT
are numerous
but using
ModeZ the analysts can devote most of
As
11
Recreational
Development
or
Timber Harvest
Timber
Area
R
1
R
Ti
Tz
- 30
T
z
100
120
D-------------------
10
1
30
T1
70
Tz
50
10
---Fit
Tz
833
30
T1
R2
i
R
10
Tz
I
1
I
c
Helicopter
Landing
T1
-T
T2
Rz
1667
T1
833
O
1667
9
Type
Ri
- 100
G1
I
120
833
G2 - 1667
Conversion
1
O
310
1
- 40
R2
I
40
T2
c
Ex
0
Is
tin
9
Range
Allotment
Ti
350
and
T1
50
Exit
R1
100
Rz
120
Entrance
a
Ob
G1
2833
G2
4667
Figure
Ti
40
R1
100
G1
2833
T2
40
Rz
120
G2
4667
2.--Traffic on network
for Alternative C
LEGEND
Ti
timber
Ri
recreation
Gi
range
traffic
period
traffic
traffic
i
period
period
i
i
compu-ter
eas-ier
anal-ysis
de-cisions.
re-quired
and let the
efforts to defining and evaluating alternatives
Since
it is
tedious
and
calculations.
the
time-consuming
perform
alternatives
with
this
model
a
thorough
to develop solutions
to_
and should
result in more effective
of a problem is encouraged
their
num-ber
time
drawback of the NIP technique may be the amount of computer
A yes-no decision
to reach an optimal solution for large problems.
variable is defined for each problem and each time period and 10 such
variables would require 210
1024 combinations to be searched to develop
When the
for
activation
of all project elements.
best
the
scheduling
of decision variables is less than
20 the solution time would not be
this would also depend on the total number of variables and
too excessive
When the number of decision variables is from
in
the
model.
equations
One
mathemati-cal
vari-ables
50
guidance from someone with a fair knowledge of
but when there
50 decision
are more than
advisable
programs
the analysts should
solve the problem under close supervision from
in mathematical programming.
an expert
about
20
to
is
cost-effective
so-lution
process is adopted for general usage it is probably
an expert
develop a special solution algorithm for the
The
most
desirable
model.
algorithm is one that can find the optimal
time.
If
such an adjustment is not
little
computer
yet requires
-that
then
a
heuristic
procedure
guarantees close to optimal
possible
-- would suffice.
Since
the matrix
with
solutions
high probability
The use
it
is
much
GAMMA
machine-dependent.
is written using
very
written
in
standard
matrix
some
computer
of a generalized
generator
such
as FORTRAN
language
may be more desirable.
If
this
type
to
of
have
gener-ator
pro-gramming
3
inte-grating
description of the LAMIT ModeZ meets the need for
transportation planning within the land management process and
techniques
that land management and transportation analysts will use these
for
overall
unified
toward
a
procedure
in working together
establishing
We
hope
land
that
this
management.
13
REFERENCES
Kirby
1.
An Example of Optimal Planning for Forest Roads and
Projects
presented at the Symposium on Planning and Decision Making
as Applied to Forest
Harvesting at Oregon State University
School
of
Forestry
September 1972.
2.
Swarthout
and Taber.
Jose Basin Transportation System and Land
Sierra
National Forest June 1977.
Analysis
Use
3.
Malcolm.
C.D.
Kirby Malcolm
Road
be
Networks
published
Wong Peter and Cox Wallace.
Optimization of Rural
-- An Application of the Timber
Transshipment Model to
by USDA
1978.
4.
Wong
Peter
Economic
Research Service
Washington
D.C.
Minimum-Cost Network Design for Timber
Cox Wallace.
Transport
Service
USDA Engineering Technical Information
System Field Notes Volume 9 Number 7 July 1977.
and
Forest
14
STYROFOAM
ICE
CHEST
CORRECTS
Shannon
BATTERY
J.
FAILURE
PROBLEM
Clark
Engineering Technician
Coconino
National Forest
R-3
Civil
A winter traffic count was needed to establish correct
road design volume
data for a road leading to one of Arizonas major ski areas -- the
Arizona Snow Bowl located near Flagstaff.
To obtain the essential data
a LeupoZd
Stevens Print-Punch Traffic Recorder was installed.
coun-ter
avail-able.
con-nect
tempera-tures
unit would not operate properly because the low
battery voltage to drop and the counter would print a
zero even when traffic was evident.
The location only permitted the
to be checked
and there was no AC power source
periodically
A simple and inexpensive solution was found in using a 2-gallon
7.57 liters styrofoam ice chest to insulate the batteries from the low
We
found
that
caused
the
the
temperatures.
make
the
to wire
the
To
installation
Neda 918
we used
about
10
feet
3.05 meters
of
lamp
cord
batteries in series-parallel and to
the battery assembly to the plugs
spliced to the wiring harness of
the counter see diagram.
We cut small notches in the ice chest
and in
the counters case
to prevent the cord
from being crimped when the lids
are closed and additional styrofoam packing material was placed around
the batteries before placing the lid which was sealed
with duct tape.
The
ice chest
and
counter
unit
installed
battery assembly
were
four
6-volt
side-by-side.
6 Volt
Batteries
Battery Wiring
15
Diagram
re-lies
effic-ient
The print-punch tape
were replaced every
operated without any
00
was
2
collected
months.
at weekly intervals
and the batteries
During the past winter the installation
battery failure
even
when
temperatures dropped to
F.
Although our
solution to the
problem worked
for this location
it
hours
to
offset
the
much
daylight
lower nightly temperatures
this method may not be as
consequently
in some of the more nothern regions.
on
the
suns radiation during
the
16
well
WASHINGTON
OFFICE NEWS
CONSULTATION AND
W.C.
STANDARDS
Clementson
Engineering
IMPROVE THE FS HOST IMAGE
5
the Chief initiated the Forest Service Host Program.
He asked
employees to take an objective look at how we can be more responsive
to the wants and needs
of the public using the National Forests.
On
June
For-est
all
A good signing program can be an excellent tool in serving these goals
and communicating to our guests
that they are welcome and that we have
their welfare and safety in mind.
Our signs can be an invitation to
Fed-eral
to enjoy their visit.
A poor signing program on the other
make people feel unwelcome
or that we are unconcerned about
needs.
There have been several deterrents to good signing programs
users
hand
their
can
past our inability to get timely delivery on sign orders from
Prison Industries FPI is a good example.
The
chore
of ordering
from
our
old
FS
Handbook
is
another.
In
we have had
signs
Sign
addition
problems with quality control during the manufacture of signs.
in
the
Much has been done to correct
those
A
problems during the past year.
memorandum of understanding between FPI and the Forest Service established
limits on delivery time of sign orders.
If the specified delivery times
cannot
be met FPI is required to issue a waiver for the ordering unit to
purchase the signs from a commercial source.
FPI will go a step further
fis-cal
contact-ing
regarding waivers they are willing to explore the possibility of granting
the Forest
Service a blanket waiver.
In return the FS would guarantee
them a fixed volume of business.
This type of agreement would have to be
renewed at the beginning of each fiscal year in order to comply with
If you agree with this proposal
regulations.
let us know by
Willard Clementson in the WO.
devel-oped
A new FS Poster and Sign Catalog FSH 7109.11a
is being published
and
this handbook
should
the
of
We
have
also
simplify
ordering
signs.
and are publishing new specifications for the manufacturing of signs
FSH. These specifications are to be used by all manufacturers of signs
FPI at Atlanta
including FPI commercial shops and force account shops.
is currently manufacturing signs according to
very well FPI at Lompoc will begin work this
17
the
new
fall.
specs
The
and
quality
is doing
of signs
speci-fications.
pro-gram
--will
will
continue
to improve
as
we
get
better acquainted with
the
new
where service
to the field can be improved.
We need
have
recommendations
you
the
you feel will improve
signing program
let us know in the WO.
please
We hope a better sign
will translate into better service
to
the public which -- in turn
the Forest Service
improve
Host image.
There
are
to work
other
together
areas
if
18
OPERATIONS
Harold D. Strickland
Assistant Director
meth-ods
ter-rain
GEOMNTRONICS
The
DEVELOPMENT
WE ARE
PROGRAM WHERE
Washington Office Geometronics Development Group
develop and distribute information on new or improved
mission of
the
investigate
and equipment
and
cultural
is to
recording handling and displaying resource
data used in support of Forest Service activities.
for
con-centration
and
During the past year most of the effort has been in investigating
The
for
Service-wide
application.
developing graphic display systems
of this effort was with the Resource Information Display System
automated cartographys
CAEPDOTPAC
Digital Terrain information
RIDS
DTIS
Digital image Analysis DiapZay System
System
These
Resource Data Map Transfer System.
systems are
of
field
and
and in some
test or demonstration
stage
documentation are being prepared.
other
Each of
the
five
systems
DIADS
and
developed
users
with a particular user
planner engineer etc.
was developed
the
basically
guides
group
and
in
Pro-grams
re-sults
mind i.e.
resource manager unit
group working on RIDS has been assessing the commonly-used computer
that provide graphical representation and statistical information
systems
The
timber types etc.
functional data such as soils vegetation
of
one layer of information against
that allow for the manipulation
another as well as production of a graphical representation of the
fall into two general
polygonal and grid cell.
groups or options
final
of testing and
The programs for the polygon option are in the
stages
Procedures
The Resource AnaZyaa
RAP program for the grid
evaluation.
and tested.
cell option has been selected
Training Forest Service
to use this system will start this fall.
about
person-nel
carto-graphic
manipulating and
a computer oriented system for collecting
CADPDOTPAC
for
at
the Geometronics
use
displaying cartographic data was developed
the
Forest
will
Service a
This system
Service Center GSC.
give
Forest
Service
data base that is compatible with other
systems
T.S.
as well as being tied to the
Geological Surveys National Mapping
The acquisition of support
equipment and the training of GSC
Program.
personnel is now underway.
photogrammet-ric
mantpu-fates
DTIS
system for obtaining terrain and resource data by
DTI extracts
techniques to develop models in those topics.
and displays information from those
models with sufficient accuracy
to support
engineering activities that include road design transportation
The basic system has been developed and reviewed
planning
mining etc.
is a
by a user
group
and
a
contract
recom-19
is being negotiated
to
incorporate
Min-ing
oper-ation.
im-pact
rehabili-tation
doc-umentation.
mended changes
A cooperative
to
the
system
and
to produce
users
guides
and
system
has been initiated with Surface Environment and
and the Simplot
Region
to demonstrate the
Corp. of Idaho
use of computer-assisted photogrammetric and graphic
tools
in mining
The demonstration project
all
of
both
phases
developing
encompasses
area- and site-specific mining plans and graphics
that illustrate the
on an area during mining operation
as well
as
developing
The information will help land
plans when mining is completed.
the results of decisions
managers determine in advance
affecting the land
surface.
A report on this demonstration project will be published by the
SEAM
fall
of
DIADS
effort
in
4
1979.
is
transfer
computer-assisted
a
of
data.
image
The
system for the
effort
is
interpretation and
well as
as
to
extraction
improve
analysis
techniques
and
in both
map
photo
photo-to-map transfer
by use of an automated scanning
image enhancing and processing techniques.
DIADS will
be used by the land manager in change
detection and quantification
in
addition to being an accurate and cost-effective mensuration tool.
The
hardware that supports. the system has been installed and the control
device
For-est
instrumenta-tion
software
is
written.
Resource Data Map Transfer System is a by-product of DIADS.
The
Service is currently exploring the use of optical
bar photography
high-resolution panoramic photography
that requires
special
for photogrammetric transfer
of imagery
to a map.
The Resource Data
Map Transfer System provides
a means of transferring resource data
using
equipment available in the Regional
Offices
and the Fort Collins Computer
The
Center
it produces
two grids of equal
acreage that are registered to both
the transfer
This system not only allows
photography and the map.
of
data
on a block-by-block
basis but it provides data in a form compatible
to the RIDS.
The computer
are being converted for use in Fort
programs
Collins Computer Center and will be operational this fall.
the
develop-ment
concentration of effort to date has been on the development of new
for Service-wide use and we will continue
to explore new
areas
in which the potential for use and probability for savings
in
both
concentration
of
manpower and dollars will be high.
our
However
Our
tech-nology
systems
will
2
1
of th_e developed
the transfer
increasingly address
making developed systems compatible in terms of being
able to use common data
able to cross walk. between
being
systems using
common output formats etc. and
producing savings
cost by increasing
the efficiency of developed systems
assisting users
effort
to
users
3
20
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward Taylor
Assistant Director
conver-sation
CHAIN SAWS
few months chain saws have become a popular topic
of
especially in the West largely because of some new regulations
that have gone into effect
within the last year.
Originally emphasis
was
on operator safety and involved
such
anti-kickback devices
as
things
vibration control deadman switches
These
items caused
etc.
concern
to both users and procurement
in the FS.
Most recently
the emphasis
has
In
the
past
the temperatures of chain
saw exhaust
Because this
systems.
now covered by regulations and standards
we will look at it
first then we will discuss where we are with the safety items mentioned
shifted
to
subject
is
previously.
fire-starting potential of chain
saws has been a longstanding concern
management organizations.
Originally particles from the exhaust
were
the
source
of
primary
system
ignition.
Screen-type muffler/arresters
were installed
in an attempt to resolve that problem however the
offered by the screen often caused the shell temperature of the
The
re-striction
to
land
prob-lem
tempera-tures
exhaust
system to rise
to unacceptable
levels.
Despite many precautionary
requirements for fire control
small shovels
carried by sawyers
measures i.e.
small
apparatus to be
supplied by contractors
were started by chain
saws
etc.
fires
that
especially
in
the
fire
extinguishers
developed
into
a
major
Northwest.
About 10 years ago research was begun to determine the ignition
of various forest
fuels.
Almost simultaneously Federal and State
Agencies and private industry began working together
to develop criteria
for a standard
which would define maximum allowable exhaust system
The
staff at San Dimas
Equipment Development Center
SDEDC were
leaders
in the activity.
As more information became available on
fuel ignition temperatures
and as refinements in chain
saw design
reasonable requirements on exhaust
surfaced
system temperatures began to
The chain
saw manufacturers were major contributors
efforts
gel.
to these
and they were able to meet the new requirements for temperature control
without sacrificing any features
or safety.
performance
temper-atures.
realis-tic
Recom-mended
Coun-cils
documents resulted from this cooperative work
one was SAE
Practice J 335b -- MuZtiposition SmaZZ Engine Exhaust System Fire
and the other was
the Northwest Forest
Ignition Suppression
Fire
Chain Saw Exhaust System Standard.
The
two are virtually identical.
The use of J 335b
became effective July
1977 for the Forest Service
Two
Washing-ton
FSM 511332a
as
did
California has
a
the Standard
similar
for
1
States
of Oregon and
regulation which went into effect
1978.
21
the
July
1
pro-fessional
SDEDC
over
has
100
been testing chain
saw
models have been tested
primary concern
of
all
sawyers
but
exhaust
systems
for well over
a
year
qualified during that period.
and
The
Agencies has been the saws that are used by
all models that are submitted to SDEDC
are tested
there
is
as
no practical method for differentiating between professional
models and those
intended only for casual
We should
also note
that
use.
the California regulation covers
all multiposition
handheld engines but
of
regulations
only
time
the
Forest
to
chain
saws.
to
chain
saw
Service
Therefore
and
the
of Oregon and Washington apply
testing is restricted at this
San Dimas
is cooperating with
those
SDEDC
However
mar-ket.
engines
only.
California to process other
Now
about
features
safety
added
isolation
features
-- such
as
small
Some
engines.
6
years
anti-kickback
ago
chain
protection
saws
chain
with new safety
brake vibration
new hand
-- began appearing on the
and others
protection
Unfortunately
foreign manufacturers were the first to emphasize
these
This complicated the procurement procedure
new features.
of course
because field personnel wanted to buy and use the safest saw that was
available.
However no one really knew how good the safety devices were
so there was
a reluctance
to attempt strong
justification for the purchase
So a project was
initiated at Missoula Equipment
Center
Development
MEDC to determine adequate procedures for evaluating
the various safety features.
Also the intention was to work toward a
safety standard for chain
saws if -- in fact -- none existed.
of
a foreign article.
started the
have been
project improvements in safety features
rapidly now there are even second generation refinements
developed within the last 2 years.
Also efforts are underway to develop
Since
MEDC
coming about
Nation-al
docu-ment
a
voluntary industry safety standard for chain
Chain Saw Manufacturers Association CSMA
the
saws.
About
3
years
-- formerly the
ago
Power Saw
Manufacturers Association -- drafted a safety standard that was widely
circulated for comment although it had many deficiencies
it was a good
start.
Most recently
a second
draft was
sent out by the American
Standards Institute ANSI in the form of an ANSI Standard the draft
standard
is now at the Institute for promulgation.
It was a great
step
as it now covers
all of the safety items that had been identified
forward
Of course we hope that the final version will be a
by MEDCs work.
that we can recommend as a criteria for safety in FS procurement
Develop-ment
actions.
Throughout
Group
this
has
whole process the Washington Office Equipment
maintained close coordination with CSMA OSHA and
other
interested Agencies.
22
U.S.
GOVERNMENT
PRINTING
OFFICE
1978
0-280-914/5
INVITATION TO READERS OF
FIELD NOTES
Every
reader
you would
of an article for Field Notes.
author
a potential
is
you have
If
we
news
a
item or
ac-curate
short
article
Material
share
to
with
Service engineers
invite
you
send
to
for
it
Field Notes.
in
publication
like
submitted
the
to
Office for
Washington
be reviewed
should
publication
by the
Washing-ton
respective
Regional
Office
and of
informative
may
material
submitted
however
short articles
Office
drawings
should
Field Notes
is
to
vary
short sentences
several
items are preferred.
and
timely
FSM 7113.
Forest Service Engineers
to
several
illustrations
all
their
Forests
Office
increase
should
Regional
R-2
R-3
and Forest
Office directly
Service retirees.
Manager or the Regional
number of copies sent to
the
Washington
length
to
of
pages
the
be
should
original
If
to
all
you
your
Station
currently
Technical
Engineering
office.
Regional
are not
and
on the
Data Systems
Copies of back issues
are
Office.
submit material
for
publication
or questions
concerning
Field Notes
Coordinators
Melvin Dittmer
R-4
Royal M.
R-5
Ryser
Juan Gomez
Coordinators
The
typewritten
All material submitted
ideally
technically
or negatives.
available from the
Field personnel
to
from
current
is
%-R-1
Coordinator
also
to
information
distributed from the Washington
ask your
list
interest
the
be typed double-spaced
Area Headquarters
mailing
that
see
or news
prints
glossy
to
should
direct
Ted Wood
Walt Weaver
R-6
Kjell
R-8
Bob Bowers
questions
Fred Hintsala
R-10
F.
WO
Bakke
concerning
R-9
format editing
problems to
Forest Service
Engineering
Attn
-
Gordon
L.
P.O. Box 2417
Washington
Telephone
USDA
Staff
RP-E Bldg
Rome
Editor
D.C. 20013
Area Code
703
235-8198
W.
Baxandall
Al Colley
publishing dates
and other