ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD NOTES
DATA
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
RETRIEVAL
PROFESSIONAL
REPORTS
MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM
VOLUME
Field
Concrete
Method
the
HP
9
NUMBER
7
Niotes
Bridge
1
of Marking
Boundarytines Using
25 Calculator
Minimum-CastNetwork Design
1
Timber Transport
Washington
FOREST SERVICE
JULY 1977
R5T
US
-
ýnnra.cRGý
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
UýS
ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES
Volume
Information
9
Number
7
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20013
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Rm. 1108 RP-E
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20013
Area Code 703-235-8198
CONCRETE
TINKER TOY BRIDGE
Ed Larson
Staff Engineer
Region 5
A road crossing on Eltapom Creek Shasta-Trinity NF was selected for a
Because of the
unique type of prefabricated concrete bridge figure 1.
Forest Service traditional concept that timber purchaser-built bridges must
be of a type to allow construction by loggers and bridge builders the R-5
Engineering Structures Section designed
concrete sections.
Figure
1.
a
concrete bridge composed of precast
The EZtapom Bridge Shasta-Trinity
showing the completed bridge.
NF
The basic design objective was to provide a durable and economical logging
road crossing that would be easier for a purchaser to construct than our
The original concept used a
familiar treated-timber Tinker Toy bridges.
modified concrete
crib wall in the configuration of a rectangle with the long
The superstructure was
parallel to the stream for the abutments.
deck
32
feet
1.2192
prestressed
panels
10.354
long and 4 feet
precast
wide.
Four panels were placed side by side with 12-inch 30.45 cm precast
curbs bolted to the top of the exterior panels leaving a minimum 14-foot
Cast-on-site
4.267
roadway as shown in cross section figure 2.
was specified to form a bearing seat for the deck panels and to help
con-crete
sides
m
m
1
m
/6
O
0
4Orya
5/-741
Unit.
7O
E/.
/off
TL2
99723
/Z
Weariny SUýfdce
ýVrnrn.
9e
E
ýPcrýd
in-cluded
Figure
2.
A cross
section of the bridge at the
center
of the
span.
It was realized that this design as
abutment units together.
was not the ultimate design.
the timber sale contract
However
and
obtainable
from
concrete
to
be
functional
was judged
readily
precast
tie
the
in
it
suppliers.
Hilfiker Pipe Company of Eureka California was contacted by the Timber
The
Purchaser to furnish precast components for the Forest Service design.
of
had
a
wall
Hilfiker Company
recently developed
retaining
system
precast
concrete facial sections with dead-men anchorage into the embankment.
They
proposed to modify the Forest Service abutment design using special footing
blocks and abutment and wingwall sections similar to their anchor wall
facial sections.
All members including the superstructure were fastened
This scheme
together with tie rods placed through inserts cast in the units.
the
eliminated all need for casting concrete at
site.
and trucked
Fabrication was done at the Hilfiker plant at Eureka California
work
Site
for the substructure was performed by a three-man
to the jobsite.
A Massey Fergueson 80 Backhoe Loader
crew
one operator and two laborers.
The precast concrete foundation and abutment
was used for the excavation.
panels were placed with an Austin Western 410 Senior Hydraulic Crane having a
60-foot 18.288
boom figure 3.
Backfilling was done with the Massey
Fergueson and was compacted with Wacker Tampers.
m
m
The prestressed deck panels were delivered to the job on 40-foot 12.172
in
semi-trailers. Mr. Hilfiker has indicated that he will use logging trucks
Each panel 4 feet 1.2192
wide
the future to increase maneuverability.
and 32 feet 9.754
long weighed 19400 pounds 8801.84 kg.
They were
18144 kg capacity
placed with an Austin Western Crane and a 40000-pound
m
m
2
Lima shovel mounted
on
rubber
m
a 24-foot 7.315
the deck panels.
tires and
for loading logs.
A five-man crew placed
were the shovel operator and oiler.
heal boom set up
The
two extra men
4
Figure
3.
Abutment of placement.
panels were in place the three-man crew placed the curbs on
tightened all bolts. and grouted deck keys and bolt holes figure
Total field erection time for the project was 2 weeks.
Prior to logging
4.
traffic use an asphalt leveling and wearing surface is to be placed on the
After the
the
deck
deck
deck.
Figure
4.
The
completed
bridge
3
facing
upstream
north.
intends to restrict use of
design to the 30- or 40-foot
respectively
We are
span range for the present.
construction
costs
at
85
estimating
percent of conventional treated timber
Region
5
9.144 m and 12.192
m
this
designs.
4
A METHOD
LINES
BOUNDARY
CALCULATOR
MARKING
THE HP 25
OF
USING
Dennis Moonier
Stanislaus National Forest
Region
5
INTRODUCTION
calcu-lator.
note-keepers
with a procedure to accomplish cadastral
surveys by using the HP 25 or HP 25C electronic pocket programmable
The HP 25 and HP 25C are basically the same instrument except for
This continuous memory
the continuous memory capability of the HP 25C.
capability offers the advantage of being able to turn the calculator off
This means
and on and still retain the program and memory information.
1
that the traverse can be computed
as outlined in steps
through 5 in the
calculator procedure while the traverse is being run as part of the
This
is a discussion concerned
normal responsibilities. Although the procedure is designed
specifically for the HP 25 and HP 25C it can be adapted for use with any
whether programmable or not.
calculator
The advent of the pocket calculator has provided a tool for the surveyor to
use with survey methods of establishing straight lines that have previously
involved long and cumbersome office calculations--calculations that can now
This gives
the surveyor more
be done easily by the surveyor in the field.
latitude in determining the survey method used to accomplish a task the
fastest easiest and most accurate way possible.
BASIC CONCEPT
The task to be accomplished is getting a true
ground between two land monuments.
There
are
1.
2.
basically
two
ways
to
line
accomplish the
established on the
task
Run a straight random line on a predetermined bearing and then
correct to the true line by the amount of error in the random
line and run the corrected bearing back or
Traverse an irregular course between the two points and inverse
the true line bearing and distance.
Offsets from the traverse
the
line
then
be calculated.
to
true
can
angle points
5
In
the easiest and most economical method
is the traverse method
natural and man-made obstructions can easily be circulvented.
general
because
PROCEDURE
Refer to
the
diagram figure
Y
FOR THE
TRAVERSE
METHOD
1
F
5.80 505.57
208.00
I
Ft.
92 53 17
E
II
143.00
a
D
I
37
24718
95.00
B
N
Ft.
Ft.
Offset
distance
C
I
138 26 12
100.00
1025
151
Solar
140 00
Ft.
B
I
00
100
Ft.
point
Azi
265 00
00
X
A
0
Bearing
axis
Note
1
2
Figure
1.
of True
Line-amount the Y
must be rotated to compute
These
relationships
of the
circle
Diagram
not to
offsets
hold true for any
quadrant
scale
Diagram for traverse method.
6
1.
line
2.
at or near point A and
point A is computer.
A solar observation
point
solar
the
is taken
to
azimuth of
be-come
B
C D E F
Angles and distances aia measured to each point
The traverse points should be set along the
along the traverse.
general direction of the true line taking advantage of the easiest
Care must be taken however not to
routes for lines of sight.
vary too much from the true line as the offset distances can
too difficult with which to work.
The
terrain and vegetation
of the area will control this aspect of the job as well as the
distances between traverse points.
Heavy brush or timber with
steep
varying slopes will tend to demand short distances between
traverse points and small offset distances.
Open country with
gentle slopes will allow long distances between traverse points
and larger offset distances.
With experience
the
will learn to determine the best traverse course.
survey crew
Coordinates 0.00 0.00
coordinates are computed
are
B
4.
The bearing and
of
5.
In
3.
for
established at point A and
each successive point
then
C D E
F.
bear-ing
distance
the
true
line
can now be
calculated.
order to calculate the offsets to the true line from the
traverse line all you need to do is rotate the Y axis to the
of the true line and recalculate the coordinated of each
The X coordinate then becomes the offset distance.
traverse point.
CALCULATOR PROCEDURE
Note
1.
This procedure is for use with a HP 25 calculator.
For use with
other calculators variations will need to be applied.
See
figures
2
and
3.
2.
All angles are input
3.
Refer to HP
4.
Letters in parentheses represent calculator
means recall memory register number 7.
25
as
station angles measured to the
program form
enclosed
7
Program HP 25 or HP 25C
calculator
and
then switch
PRGM.
1.
for programming
right.
key strokes.
key strokes
i.e..
to RUN mode--press
Rcl
f
Input and store azimuth of beginning solar--solar point to point A
is the correct direction.
Variations can be made if the solar is
Press
not taken along this line.
--H and sto 1..
G
7
HP-25 Program Form
Offsets
Title
Switch
to
PRGM mode
DISPLAY
5
02
g
then key
PRGM
lines
boundary
Y
.
00
01
Q
press
posting
KEY
ENTRY
CODE
LINE
marking and
for
in
Page
Z
T
COMMENTS
mAl
R1C
Azimuth
05
00
06
51
4
0
B
01
1
3
10
14
15
R/S
09
f-
1
A
AB
Y
coord
D
R
25
12
14
Sto
74
3
00
40
4
07
Y
Gto
00
Rc
4
Rc
77
17
06
g
18
32
19
74
C
R
ZAB
X
coord
Y
coord
E X
coor
coor
F
X
coon
Y
coor
X
coor
Y
coor
X
coord
tan
R3
A
coord.V
R
coord
Y
X
R
Y
coord
CHS
-R
Y
coord F X coor
R/S
C
5
00
-. H
21
51
22
31
Enter
23
4
33
f
24
3
01
S
1
25
3
00
GTO
00
27
28
-
Re
R
5
6
-R
C
R
C
R
Y
AC
-
R
-R
C
4
coord
coor
C-26
20
2
coord
coor
X
F
71
16
A
B
AZ
1
ve
A
A
O8
13
REGISTERS
4
31
04
09
2
R o
03
07
of
the program.
C
-
1
coord
-
R
f
X
coor
Y
coor
R
coor
7
R
-
-
R
C
-----
--
--
-
-
NOTES
29
30
A
Traverse
B
1800
C
Beginning
D
Traverse
Angles
31
32
33
34
Solar
35
36
Distance
37
AZ
38
Azimuth
of
Traverse
39
Line
40
R
41
Bearing
line
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
HEWLETT
Figure
2.
HP-25
PACKARD
Program Form
8
front side.
of
true
HP-25 Program Form
Title
Offsets
for
Dennis
Programmer
STEP
marking
and
Moonier
-
in
Key
2
Store
3
Inpt
4
Input
5
Record
X
coordinate
6
Record
Y
coordinate
7
Re
eat
steps
Program
as
many times
solar
Azi
to
Angle
Traverse
Feet
4 5
Compute
boundary
lines
6
as
USFS
0
IIII
0 u 00
000
II
0
00
ii
0 00
u
rý
0 II0
00
0
0
0
Gý
II
rý
0
0
II-ýO
0
0
0
000
0
0 00
00
00
0
000
0000
00
0
000
0
00
00
000
00
00
000
0000
000
000
10
ecord
11
Input
R/S
Decimal
R/S
enTreesoma
Rcl
X-coord
12
Repeat
13
ecord
e
Y-nonrd
Rcl
Rcl
IP/ý
Bearing
Bearing
z
0
stes34
offsets
Figure
of
IlIII__X -J
distance
Solar
2
L-l-I
N
LýJ
Compute
of
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS
KEYS
Sto
9
2
Page
NF
-
distance
-napdad
8
INPUT
DATA/UNITS
INSTRUCTIONS
1
posting
Stanislaus
Distance
HMS -1
0
Bgearing
H
Decimal
IIýýI
X-coord
3.
HP-25 Program Form
9
back
side.
of
2.
3.
Input angle to the right to the traverse line.
The
Press R/S.
display is the cumulative azimuth.
For the actual azimuth of the
line subtract as many 360 as possible.
This information may or
may not be desired.
Press R/S.
Input distance.
Display is the number of entries
that have been put into the registers.
The cumulative X and Y
coordinates of the traverse point can be manually recalled.
Press
and the X coordinate is displayed.
Rcl
Press Rcl
and the Y coordinate is displayed.
4
4.
To
get
7
to
the
ending station repeat steps
2
and
3
as
often as
necessary.
5.
You are now ready to compute the distance between the beginning
and ending points of the traverse.
The following method is only
one of the many possible ways to obtain the distance and employs
the use of the Pythagorean
x2
theorem i.e. R2
y2.
Press
4
sto 6
Rcl 7
G x2
Rcl 6
Rcl
g
x2
V
X coordinate
on paper
Record
Y coordinate
on
X
from the
beginning to ending station.
Note
The signs of the X and Y coordinates
quadrant the bearing of the true line is.
X
paper
_
distance
Display is the
Record
will tell you in what
Y
NE
-
SE
SW
NW
-
-
_
1 4
line--press GTO
R/S.
line
in
decimals
of
Display
bearing
degrees so
convert to degrees minutes and seconds
by pressing
Record the bearing.
H.MS.
Press
-.H to convert back to
decimals of degrees.
To
obtain the bearing
of
is the
of
the
true
the
true
f
G
-
6.
-
Note
Disregard the sign
there only for calculator
displayed with the
See
manipulation.
form.
10
bearing since
line
18
of
it
program
is
The following steps pertain to getting the offset
distances.
the beginning solar azimuth in the same manner as step 1.
Input
Press R/S.
Display is the solar azimuth algebraically added to
the rotation of the Y axis.
7.
2
Repeat steps
3 and 4 and record on paper the coordinate
each traverse point.
The X coordinate
is the offset
distance
the traverse point to the true line.
8.
at
from
OFFSET PROCEDURE
coord-inate
the offsets should
be staked while
convenience and less confusion
traveling in the same direction as the traverse was run.
For
true line is in any northerly direction
NE or NW a positive
means to offset to the left and a negative coordinate means to offset
to the right--on a bearing that is perpendicular to the bearing of the true
line.
If the true line is in any southerly direction
SE or SW
a positive
coordinate means.to offset to the right and a negative coordinate means to
offset to the left--on a bearing that is perpendicular to the bearing of the
true line.
If
the
equipment used to set the offsets will vary from a cloth tape and land
compass to a steel chain or EDME and transit or theodelite depending on the
offset distance
terrain and vegetation.
The
Example
see
figure
4
cal-culator.
Azimuth of line
point A to solar
850000.
1800000
Refer to step
PI
A
B
C
1
1400000
1511025
1382612
Coordinates
of PI
F
Offsets to true
PI
ft.
D
100.00
ft.
E
95.00
ft.
F
X
5.80
Y
N
505.60
2471837
925317
-
the
143.00
ft.
208.00
ft.
line
0.00
ft.
D
54.93
ft.
ft.
E
149.24
ft.
C
96.65
ft.
F
0.00
ft.
the
into
feet
69.89
of
input
505.57
B
left
2650000
03927E
A
The offsets are
the
2650000
100.00
A to F
A to F
Bearing of line
Distance of line
is
point
850000 must be
Therefore
of Calculator Procedure.
the
positive
therefore
random line on a bearing
11
offset to the
of N
true
892033W.
line
is to
-TRAVERSE
_ _
FOREST
T
Stanislaus
R.
STATION
M
FILE
No.
CASE
NAME
DIRECTION
-
FORM
7150
Cadastral
Proposed
PAGE
Surveys
Article
for
BY
Field
Notes
N
4q
N
16
_M
10
nn
25
_L
E
N
25
23
23
N
41
55
131E
143.00
N
45
11
30
208.00
W
F
Bearing
Distance
Corrected
of
o
line
A
line
to
A
34
E
EAST
X
0.00
0.00
70.71
70.71
166.75
98.56
252-A
S7-83
to
N
F
0
39
7
358.98
153.37
505.57
5.80
E
505.60
Offset
earings
A
20
1977
95.00
E
44
30
1
100.00
D
N
Y
OF
Moonier
100.00
C
W
March
DATE
NORTH
DISTANCE
A
B
1
Dennis
u.uu
0.00
71.52
69.89
100.00
B
N
15
30
59
E
100.00
N
26
02
49
W
95.00
N
41
15
47
E
143.00
N
45
50
56
W
208.00
C
D
E
F
Figure
4..
9f
253.22
54.93
360.72
149.24
505.60
0.00
An example traverse form.
12
6
168.87
-
Dist
MINIMUM-COST
NETWORK
Peter
DESIGN
FOR
Wong
T.A.G.
WaZZy
TIMBER
TRANSPORT
Cox
Shasta-Trinity NF
I.
INTRODUCTION
Transportation planners at National Forests are faced with determining the
Timber transport is composed
least cost road system for timber transport.
of two elements
the path from the sale to the mill and the path from the
When it is planned that existing roads be
mill to the appraisal point.
then
used with no reconstruction or construction
calculating the least
cost path from each sale through a mill to the appraisal point would result
When road projects are under
in the most economic use of the network.
construction cost and reduction
the
trade-off
between
analysis
consideration
in haul cost due to road construction for all timber sales can become
based on a network
mind boggling.
In this paper a case
study is presented
model proposed by Dr. Malcolm Kirby for
analysis program transshipment
The transshipment model is being
this
minimum-cost
design problem.
solving
If so it will
tested to assure that it is useful for field operations.
This model will handle a larger
then be developed for implementation.
network than the timber travel model and this paper illustrates what the
analysis would do.
II.
STATEMENT
OF THE
PROBLEM
The problem is to maximize the net value lumber value at appraisal points
less all costs subject to satisfying a given total lumber demand where
the material is transported on a proposed road network first as logs and
The intended network
then as lumber after being processed at the mills.
and
roads.
Flow
on
the network is
proposed
may include both existing
the
of
An
truck
is
assumed
to take
measured in MBF
logs and lumber.
empty
of
loaded
The
include
the
truck.
costs
hauling logging
opposite path
and construction costs if
lumber manufacturing
environmental protection
proposed roads are selected.
Hauling cost includes the road maintenance
fee.
Also one standard of road is used and a single time period is assumed.
Kirby Malcolm
A Transshipment Model for Timber Transportation Planning
First Draft Management Sciences Staff PSW U.S. Forest Service Berkeley
California
January 1977.
13
III.
INPUT
TO THE MODEL
Shasta-Trinity
Transshipment model is applied to a transportation system planning problem
for a timber compartment analysis at the Big Bar District of the
National Forest.
long-span and helicopter logging
Short-span
considered
for
that
area.
Each logging system would
are
being
systems
entail a slightly different road system due to different locations of
timber landing and geometric requirements for handling various sizes of
The feasibility of combining the three logging systems is being
equipment.
studied.
For simplicity only the network design problem for helicopter
All timber available is to be harvested in the same
logging is presented.
time period.
The
road system under
consideration is shown
figure 1. Timber volume of
are available at helicopter
There are three mills and
road construction and
in
5511 MBF 4430 MBF 1585 MBF and 10375 MBF
landing nodes 18 19 22 and 28 respectively.
recon-struction
two
The cost of the seven
appraisal points.
projects are described in table 1.
1.--Construction
Table
projects
Cost$
Between nodes
Project
a
12
b
17
c
17
d
19
e
24
f
21
g
21
ýý--ý
ý-
4900
19
18
2800
24
440050
ý-ý---
-
and costs
21
148500
28
115400
24
64700
22
184150
protec-tion
elements included in the analysis are logging environmental
timber value at appraisal
log and lumber hauling mill manufacturing
points and road construction and maintenance. These costs are summarized
and 3.
in tables
Hauling plus maintenance cost for link i-.j
represents the round trip cost of a loaded truck going from i-.-j and an
-i.
empty truck from j
Cost
1 2
Table
Logging
2.--Cost elements
$70/MBF
cost
$10/MBF
LEnvironmental protection
Mill
$60/MBF
manufacturing
Timber
$170/MBF
value
14
p
MBF
10375
Mill
Burnt Ranch
28
10
i
5
2
42
40
39
O
41
6
35
11
33
17
34
M.-38
-
36
34
37
Appraisal
1/
3
32
31
29
Pt.
Arcata
88
30
44
4
43
9
7
f
2110
b
551
---
12
i
T
1
MBF
14
%
----
8
gy
1
1585
W-
13
---
22
28
15
19
4430
25
26
MBF
12
O
MBF
16
17
Ln
18
O
31
23
21
Mill
Mill
Hyampon
Hayfork
24
22
20
12
Directional Link from
30
12
ý
12
--E-.-p
a
ý
Link
No.
35
Project
Appraisal
a
No.
19
landing
with
4430
MBF
MBF
Figure
1.
Pt.
Redding
19
Helicopter
4430
8
30
Construction
Node
19
to
19
Schematic
network
for helicopter
Logging.
Table
3.--Network
Round
Link
From
No.
node
1
28
2
10
3
24
4
17
5
24
6
28
7
To
Haul
node
Log
-y
--
Round
cost
Lumber
Link
From
To
No.
node
node
5.301
1.044
23
28
5.301
1.044
24
7
17
11.616
5.022
25
8
10.332
4.641
26
7
2.761
1.238
27
19
24
3.797
1.537
28
12
-- 28
cost
$/MBF
maint.
10
24
-i
trip
maintenance
haul
31
-.
--
-
Haul
trip
$/MBF
Maint.
cost
Log
Lumber
13.459
2.829
14.122
3.249
7
18.629
8.434
8
21.145
9.166
7
31
12
8.011
3.503
19
7.361
3.336
12
0.869
0.381
8
0.822
0.371
28
1
4.830
0.951
29
8
1
28
4.830
0.951
30
12
9
24
21
1.897
0.830
31
11
12
1.882
0.818
24
1.746
0.789
32
12
11
1.738
0.762
22
3.789
1.694
33
17
11
2.805
1.237
21
4.493
1.869
34
11
17
2.670
1.207
21
3.770
1.698
35
11
8.216
3.712
19
5.015
2.069
36
9
9.408
4.088
0.995
0.228
37
8
5.106
2.288
1.177
0.267
38
9
10
21
11
21
12
22
13
19
14
21
15
22
16
--ý
1
22
1
-
33
17.670
3.480
39
9
1
17.670
3.480
40
10
27.978
5.510
41
34
27.978
5.510
42
10
14.670
3.200
43
17
14.196
2.891
44
18
17
1
18
33
19
33
20
35
21
33
--
31
22
31
--ý
33
35
-- 33
IV.
Traffic
8
-.
-ý
--
9
11
--
-
9
8
7.507
2.955
10
3.816
1.800
-ý
9
4.704
2.044
---
10
31.983
6.299
34
31.983
6.299
-
18
3.081
1.392
17
3.081
1.392
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
to flow over
Haul cost is considered the
any set of links.
and the costs
any length of road having the same characteristics
of loading and unloading are treated as separate factors.
The logic
is
based on the conservation of flow that is the total amount of timber
same
is free
for
flowing into
conservation
a node
of
from a harvest
must equal the amount of timber flowing out.
This
flow principle also is used to evaluate total timber moving
node through a mill node and to an appraisal node.
main-tenance
objective of this analysis is to delineate routes and construction
projects where net value is maximized after costs of haul and road
and construction are subtracted.
The
16
A further explanation of the mathematical formulation is given in Section
VII - MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
APPENDIX at the end of this paper.
RESULTS
V.
OF ANALYSIS
From figure 1 we can see that there are numerous ways of transporting the
Even for this small problem
log from each sale via the mills to the market.
The result from
the
hand
be
analysis
by
time-consuming.
doing
may
quite
model
is shown on
the
analyses
using
transshipment
computer
prototype
should
be
2.
It
shows
that
and
b
a
124
l9
figure
projects
implemented.
sale but only
The output
the
17-l8
does
log and
not
lumber
explicitly give the paths used by each
volume on each link.
However the user
would not usually have much difficulty in determining the paths from the
The paths for this case study are shown in table 4.
All
link volumes.
As far as
timber was transported via mill node 10 to appraisal point 34.
the net value of the solution is concerned
it does not matter which paths
used
the
timber
the
timber
volumes on the links
are
sales provided
by
for this case
with
the
solution.
A
of
the
cost
breakdown
agree
summary
is
in.
table
5.
It
shows
that
the
minimum
cost road
study
given
by using
the
timber
available
has
a
net
value
of
$263540.
system
Table
Sale
Sale to
18
18
19
19
22
22
28
28
4.--Selected paths
mill
Mill
-17 -11 --a- 12 -.8 -P-9 -ý10
-12 -8 -9 -10
-1 -28 -10
--10
Table
Hauling
Lumber
Hauling
Road
cost
protection
34
10
34
10
34
- 1533100
219010
247800
- 1314100
137950
7700
cost
log
manufacturing
cost
34
10
$3723200
cost
Environmental
10
point
5.--Solution cost breakdown
Timber value
Logging
to appraisal
cost
lumber
construction
Net value
Once
263540
one can readily perform
the data for the problem are established
For
sensitivity analyses to reflect the uncertainties in the input values.
example we can check the stability of the solution if some of the road
project costs or timber volume available are changed.
17
Mill
Burnt Ranch
10375 MBF
10
11960
26
m
11
5511
17
b
co
18
cn
34
5511
5511 MBF
22
a
-----E------------Arcata
p
Appraisal
Pt.
9941
4430
12
1
g
4430 MBF
00
21901
Lumber volume
direction
34
10
9941
0
12
Log
volume
direction
a
Selected
MBF
in
of loaded truck
MBF
in
of loaded truck
road construction
project
a
19
Figure
2.
Minimum-cost network.
58s
M8F
O
The mixed integer mode of the Functional Mathematical Programming System
available at the USDAs Fort Collins Computer Center was used to obtain the
solution.
The cost of the computer run was about $3.50.
VI.
CONCLUSION
A method is given for designing an efficient road system for transporting
timber from one or more timber sales.
The model considers all possible
From all
paths between each sale and each appraisal point via each mill.
possibilities the most economic combination of paths for all sales is
selected.
The most economic combination means the highest economic value
for timber less the costs of road construction
logging environmental
lumber manufacturing
and hauling.
The
road projects to be
protection
constructed and the log and lumber volume on each road segment are obtained
from the model.
We hope that this method can eliminate the widely practiced
method of sale-by-sale transportation planning which is responsible for the
large mileage of inefficient
road
system existing in many National Forests
today.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
VII.
The transshipment formulation for multicommodity
fixed cost elements are given below.
APPENDIX
flow with variable
and
Notations
Xij
amount of Z-th commodity traversing directional link i --.j
where Z
1 for log and
2 for lumber
commodity flow is measured
in MBF of timber.
Z.
Nt
the
set
this
of
is the
demand terminal nodes for commodity Z.
set of all mill nodes.
For Z
2 this
For
1
Z
is the
set
of
all appraisal nodes.
NS
the
set
set
of
of
all
For
supply nodes for commodity Z.
sale nodes.
For Z
2 this is the
Z
set
1
of
this
is
the
all mill
nodes.
S1
Vý
Aij
timber volume available
net
at
sale
node
J.
timber volume generated supply node
at node
commodity Z.
j
or
received
demand
re-quired
node
i ---.j and j----iare constructed
0 otherwise.
only applies to a link where construction is
it can be used.
These variables are defined as 0-1
integer variables.
1
if road
links
This variable
before
hij
round
trip hauling
commodity
Z.
We
cost
$/MBF
assumed loaded
19
i-j
directional link
for
truck would go from i -.j and
over
empty truck from
haul cost.
_P-i.
total hauling cost
CH
construction
pij
or
for
Road
maintenance
commodity
reconstruction
ij
total. construction
CP
Zj
for
cost
set
is included
cost
in
the
Z.
of all unordered pairs
construction
or reconstruction
are
the
NP
links
such
i
that
projects.
and reconstruction
logging environmental protection
-j
-j
and
i
-i.
j
and
j
-i
project cost.
cost
$/MBF
for
sale
node
j
respectively.
ej
CL
C
J
total logging and
environmental
protection cost
for
all
sales.
E
manufacturing
mk
total
CT
cost
$/MBF
cost
CP
CL
for mill node
CE
lumber value
vj
at
CH.
CH
total lumber value at all
CV
k.
appraisal nodes.
appraisal node
j
$/MBF.
avail-able
total net value
CN
lumber value - all costs.
constant which is equal
from all sales.
the
a
a
D
total lumber demand at appraisal points.
to
twice
total
timber
volume
Formulation
0
kXjk
iXij
-
0
Sý
0
i Xij
-
k Xik
-Vi
0
Ns
j
4
j
cNs
U
Nt
1
jN1
N2UN2
j
j
c
j
e
Ns
N2
20
2
E
l
X
k
jk
j
k XJk - i Xij
-VI
i
ij
V1
k
-
E
5
6
0
J
7
c
ijhii
0
Xj i
Z
ij
ij
Np
A
ij
CH
ij
-
ZJV-ýl.
CL
s
.EN
4
D
Xij
J
NS
j
Z
jEN1
V2
E
jENt
jEN22
E
E
3
Z
t
V2
E
j
Nt
k
kcN1
jEN1
kENt
E
V1
V
E
0
j
1V
CE
c
for
ij
NP
8
9
0
0
10
0
11
12
Q
s
-
kEN1 mkvk
13
0
CM
t
ZcHCpcLcE-cT0
jcN2tujVj
C
c
V
C
T
-
C
CV
N
14
15
0
16
0
Objective Function
Maximize Net Value
-
max CN
21
17
1
con-servation
An explanation of the formulation follows.
Constraint
is the
of flow equations for log transport.
For a node which is neither
a sale nor mill node the total amount of timber flowing to the node must
The timber volume out of the sale node
equal the volume flowing from it.
minus the volume into the node cannot exceed
the amount of timber available.
Note that a supply node sale can also be a transshipment node i.e. flow
supply node as well as from it.
Similarly for a mill or
amount of log going
into a mill node must be more than
amount going out.
is permitted to
a
appraisal
the
or
equal
node-
to
the
The conservation of flow restrictions for lumber haul is contained in
constraint
The mill nodes serve as demand nodes for log transport and
nodes
for
lumber transport.
Since the amount of log terminating
as supply
at a-mill is a variable we can only require the difference between
the
of
and
amount of lumber flowing out
into the mill to be less than
the
2.
amount of log available at the mill.
For an appraisal node
lumber into the node must be more than out of the node.
3
the
amount
of
4
Constraints
and
are for calculating the amount of timber that flows
into the demand and supply nodes respectively.
The
total amount of log
volume harvested at all sale nodes is the same as the total volume at all
mill nodes according to
Constraint
says that the amount of log at
mill nodes is the same as the lumber volume at all appraisal nodes.
and
are not necessary since they are automatically
The total amount of lumber at all appraisal nodes must equal the
demand D by
The specified total lumber demand must not exceed total
Constraint
insures that a road project is implemented
log available.
if a non-zero timber is assigned to it.
to
are
Equations
Con-straints
satis-fied.
6
5
6
5.
account-ing
7.
8
9
14
hauling logging
equations for summing up total project construction
environmental protection
mill manufacturing
and total cost respectively.
The total lumber value is calculated by 15.
defines the
Equation
net value as timber value minus hauling construction
logging and
The objective function is to maximize net value
protection costs.
environ-mental
16
as
given
in
17.
22
WASHINGTON
TECHNOLOGICAL
OFFICE
NEWS
IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward T. Taylor
Assistant Director
INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
ON LOW-VOLUME
ROADS
1979 the Transportation Research Board TRB will hold an international
conference on low volume-roads.
Mr. Adrian Pelzner of the Forest Service
is chairman of the TRB Planning Committee that is making plans and
Another Forest Service employee serving on
arrangements for the conference.
the Planning Committee is Martin Everitt R-2.
The decisions
plans and
made
the
Committee
outlined
below.
by
are
arrangements
Planning
In
WO
Name
International Conference
on Low-Volume Roads
Place
Iowa State University
Ames
Iowa
Date
August
19-23
1979
Sunday-Thursday
Sponsorship
TRB
Task Force A2T57 on Low-Volume Roads
along
with a wide
array of cooperators.
Theme
Operating and managing low-volume roads.
emphasize costs and practical aspects.
Anticipated
Attendance
Over 500
23
The
conference
will
Format
Conference
low-volume
1.
Welcome
2.
Keynote
by Iowa State officials.
address by prominent individual associated
with
roads.
3.
General sessions with invited speakers.
4.
Theme-oriented sessions with attendees choosing from several
concurrent workshops.
Selected papers will be presented to
open these sessions and followed by group discussions to
formulate conclusions and recommendations.
5.
Session on international aspects of low-volume roads.
6.
Field trips--attendees choose
7.
Session on
low-volume
from several different options.
technology transfer and
information exchange
on
roads.
8.
theme-oriented
General summary session with reports from concurrent
sessions.
Social Activity
Mid-conference
Call
for
Iowa
Corn Boil.
Papers
Flyers requesting theme oriented papers and pre-registration
information will be distributed by TRB.
Both formal papers
published and informal presentations unpublished will be
solicited.
Devel-opment
Post Conference
Tours
be coordinated by World Bank Agency for International
National Association of Country Officials
and Iowa
Association.
Engineers
To
Proceedings
Volume
Conference will be fully documented and a proceedings volume will
be published by TRB through its normal publication procedures.
Each
attendee
will
receive
conference
registered
a
proceedings volume.
Over
7000 copies of the 1974 Workshop on Low-Volume Roads have
been distributed. An even larger distribution is anticipated for
this
1979
conference.
24
cost-efficient
con-ference.
Conference on Low Volume Roads will be an important meeting for all
The Forest Service administers an extensive low-volume road system
it is important this system be managed and operated in a
therefore
and practical manner--which is exactly the theme of the 1979
Since many of you have responsibilities and knowledge that directly
relates to the theme of this conference
you are encouraged to share your
and
an
offer for a formal paper or an
knowledge
experience by submitting
informal presentation.
We plan to make a Servicewide distribution of the TRB
The 1979
of
us.
Call
the flyers become available.
Also future issues of
Field
the
Notes
will
latest
information
on speakers
Engineering
give
papers
and other details of the conference.
We ask that you be on the lookout for
this information and assess what contribution
you can make.
for
Papers when
25
CONSULTATION
AND
C.R.
Assistant
REVIEW
STANDARDS
Weller
Director
OF ROAD AND BRIDGE PRECONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITY
Background
During the summer of 1976 29 projects were audited in three
additional projects were reviewed to a lesser extent.
Regions
and
31
Servicewide preconstruction engineering practices were the primary subject of
these reviews with sampling conducted in Regions 1
The Road and
and 9.
Bridge Preconstruction
Activity was selected for review because recent
6
In some
by the Forest Service significantly affected that work.
work
has
been
from
the
Office
to
the
design
delegated
Regional
cases
All units had made
Forests or from the Forests to Zones and Districts.
adjustments in their programs to handle an increased engineering workload
changes
Congres-sional
facil-ities
timber
sale
contracts.
addition
raised concerns
In
inquiries had
being developed.
audits reviews
recent
about
the
costs
and
and
standards of
Objective
The objectives
of
this
review were
determine if current direction
established standards
and
for
Roads
and
Preconstruction
guidelines
Bridge
procedures and
to
assure
that
a
meets
resource
adequate
facility
management
and
objectives
1.
To
2.
To
develop an action plan which will eliminate or
deficiencies.
improve
Conclusions
Three general broad
areas in need of
1.
Communications
2.
Design
3.
Management
analysis
procedures and
activities
improvement were identified
and
quality
that
other documentation
and
affect preconstruction
26
practices.
on
Report and Action
Plan
A detailed report covering the review teams findings and conclusions
and an
action plan are being prepared and will be published as an Engineering
The action plan covers specific corrective actions to be
Management Report.
carried out over the next 2 years.
Preconstruction
Beryl Johnston
Engineer
in the WO will be coordinating work on various items of the Action Plan.
27
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
RESOURCE
INFORMATION
DISPLAY
SYSTEM
RIDS
result of the Systems Development Action Planning Team Report SDAPT
that computer mapping needs of the Forest Service be
scrutinized and that short term and long term strategies be developed for
As
a
it was recommended
computer mapping.
assigned this responsibility to Engineering. In turn Director
Howlett assigned responsibility to the Geometronics Development Group
in the Washington Office.
The
Chief
M.R.
Establishing a Project Team for RIDS within the Geometronics Development
Group has taken considerable time and effort but a team is now on board
consisting
of
the
following personnel
Tom George - Project Leader
Ed Chapman
Roger Pelletier
George Holguin
These people have had experience in computerized mapping systems within the
Forest Service and with other government agencies.
As
set by
Chief
the
the
goal
of
this
project
is
Provide computer mapping tools for field personnel to
utilize in support of their various tasks.
The
emphasis
of these tools
will be on using the computer to derive
and display information from maps rather than
summarize
on
the
cartographic project itself.
from above although Geometronics is mainly interested in
this project will not be all
photogrammetric and cartographic products
that concerned about the cartographic aspects of the map products.
This
As
can be seen
Computer mapping as used in RIDS project refers to computer assisted
and spatial display of resource information
analysis
retrieval
storage
from existing maps.
28
does not mean. that cartographic information will not be considered or used
as part of the RIDS project.
To
meet the
objectives
goal
have
Chief short-range
established by the
been established.
and
long-range
main-tainable
Short Range
To put together
from existing Forest Service computer
mapping systems a system which will be usable by the field and
by RIDS.
The existing systems which RIDS
will investigate
GRID
for
the
short
term
are
POLYGON
MIADS2
WRIS
R2MAP
PLOT
R3MAP
COMLUP
MAPIT
CONGRID
To make a study of where the Forest Service should be in the
Long Range
of
area
computer mapping in the1980s and to obtain a unified system to
meet these needs..
In
the
system
long
or
range RIDS may obtain
develop
the
existing system contract for a new
This decision has not yet been
system in-house.
an
made.
A meeting between the RIDS team and 15 developers and users of existing
Forest Service systems was held during May.
Since then the RIDS team has
been busy analyzing the various existing Forest Service systems so that it
can start on a system which incorporates the best of the existing computer
mapping programs.
Although Engineering at the Region and Forest level probably will not be
directly involved with this development effort it may be involved in the
preparation of input data to any computer mapping system which evolves
from the RIDS project.
We will attempt to keep the field informed of the progress of the RIDS
project through periodic reports in the Field Notes as well as by informal
newsletters to those in the field who are directly involved.
you would like more information on the RIDS project or have comments or
contact Project Leader Tom George FTS telephone 235-8184.
suggestions
If
29
U.S.
GOVERNMENTS PRINTING
OFFICE
1977
0-241-426/4