Appendix
Master’s thesis, Stine Hesstvedt
Contents
1. Descriptive statistics ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Ideological comprehension ................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Coding of ideological comprehension .......................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Means and SE: For full sample and alternative dependent variables......................... 6
1.2.3 Frequencies. Main dependent variable (two parties) ................................................... 7
1.3 Political knowledge ................................................................................................................ 8
1.3.1 Knowledge-index. Mean per country-year (full sample) ............................................. 8
1.3.2 Frequencies. Knowledge questions and knowledge-indexes. ..................................... 9
1.4 Independent variables: level 2 .............................................................................................12
1.4.1 Gini-coefficient ..............................................................................................................12
1.4.2 Political system variables ..............................................................................................13
1.5 Independent variables: level 1 .............................................................................................15
1.6 Normality plots .....................................................................................................................17
Residuals: Level 1 ..................................................................................................................17
Residuals: Level 2 ..................................................................................................................17
2. Appendix to chapter three ........................................................................................................18
2.1 Full sample – final multilevel regressions............................................................................18
2.1 Appendixes referred to in footnotes ...................................................................................19
Footnote 81: Bivariate relationship ideological comprehension and effective number of
parties ......................................................................................................................................19
Footnote 85: Effective party-variable in full multilevel model.............................................20
Footnote 93: Interactions between effective number of parties and education .................22
3. Appendix to chapter four ..........................................................................................................23
3.1 Full sample – final multilevel regression .............................................................................23
3.2 Appendixes referred to in footnotes ...................................................................................24
1
Footnote 106: Bivariate regression: Parliamentary dummy and knowledge ......................24
2
1. Descriptive statistics
1.2 Ideological comprehension
1.2.1 Coding of ideological comprehension
Next page:
Parties available for coding per country. Missing statistics and sample after missing is
excluded. For all three dependent variables: Main dependent variable (two parties), first
alternative dependent variable (five parties) and second alternative dependent variable
(respondents’ placement only).
Information for the full 54 country-years sample. Small sample (20 country-years) in grey cells.
3
Code
Country - year
Original
N
Respondent
missing: Did not
place parties A,
B, C, D, E
Expert
missing:
Did not
place
parties A, B,
C, D, E
Missing (percent):
respondent
placement of
parties
Don't
System
know**
missing*
Country
year
included
Main dependent variable (two
parties)
Alternative dep.var. (five
parties)
Alternative dep.var.
(resp. placement only)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Australia 2004
Australia 2007
Australia 2013
Austria 2008
Austria 2013
Belgium 2003
Canada 2004
Canada 2008
Denmark 2001
Denmark 2007
1769
1873
3953
1165
1000
2225
1674
4495
2026
1442
E
.
.
.
.
A, B, C, D, E
E
.
.
.
.
E
D
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
25,4
21,9
16,5
0,0
4,4
.
29,7
69,1
0,0
16,4
0
0
0,0
15,7
11,3
.
0
0
6,6
0
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
1
1
1
Number of
parties coded:
2
2
2
2
2
.
2
2
2
2
11
12
13
Finland 2003
Finland 2007
Finland 2011
1196
1283
1298
.
.
.
.
.
.
0,0
0,5
1,5
8,5
1
1
1
2
2
2
1196
1278
1286
5
5
5
1196
1277
1278
2
2
2
1196
1278
1286
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
France 2002
France 2012
France2007
Germany 2002
Germany 2005
Germany 2009
Germany 2013
Greece 2009
Greece 2012
Iceland 2003
Iceland 2007
Iceland 2009
Iceland 2013
Ireland 2002
Ireland 2007
1000
2014
2000
2000
2018
2095
1889
1022
1029
1446
1595
1385
1479
2367
1435
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3,0
1,0
0,0
1,7
8,2
7,1
1,9
1,8
2,8
11,8
7,3
9,0
7,5
0,0
24,0
6,1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
975
2001
2000
1980
1918
1958
1861
1009
1009
1300
1496
1271
1373
2367
1115
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
970
1994
2000
1966
1852
1946
1853
1004
1000
1275
1478
1260
1368
2367
1090
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
975
2001
2000
1980
1918
1958
1861
1009
1009
1300
1496
1271
1373
2367
1115
5,0
6,6
4,7
2,5
5,4
0,0
5,7
9,9
5,5
7,7
9,9
11,0
12,0
12,6
28,6
20,2
N (missing
excluded)
1383
1511
3371
1165
963
.
1325
1574
2026
1267
Parties
coded:
4
4
4
5
5
.
4
5
5
5
N (missing
excluded)
1319
1463
3299
1165
956
.
1176
1389
2026
1206
Parties
coded:
2
2
2
2
2
.
2
2
2
2
N (missing
excluded)
1383
1511
3371
1165
963
.
1325
1574
2026
1267
4
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Total
Ireland 2011
Italy 2006
Netherlands 2002
Netherlands 2006
Netherlands 2010
New Zealand 2002
New Zealand 2008
New Zealand 2011
Norway 2001
Norway 2005
Norway 2009
Portugal 2005
Portugal 2009
Spain 2004***
Spain 2008
Sweden 2002
Sweden 2006
Switzerland 2003
Switzerland 2007
Switzerland 2011
United Kingdom
2005****
United States 2004
United States 2008
United States 2012
1853
1439
1574
2359
2153
1741
1149
1374
2052
2012
1782
2801
1316
1212
1204
1060
1547
1418
3164
4391
860
1066
2102
1929
93731
E
.
.
.
.
.
.
E
.
.
.
.
.
E
.
.
.
.
.
.
(D, E) (see
notes)
D, E
C, D, E
C, D, E
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10,1
12,9
0,5
0,0
0,0
12,1
11,8
8,7
1,6
0,6
0,7
4,2
26,1
47,3
5,0
0,0
26,6
1,8
15,6
13,6
0
C, D, E
C, D, E
0
5,6
0,2
0,6
0,3
13,5
6,7
3,1
10,4
10,1
24,2
26,8
23,1
5,2
4,9
3,9
8,4
0,0
7,2
25,6
7,6
6,7
10,2
2,9
0,0
25,5
15,5
11,7
13,7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1671
1263
1567
2359
2153
1579
1063
1280
2019
1999
1770
2627
1009
1211
1184
1060
1136
1402
2826
3983
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
1665
1254
1567
2359
2153
1531
1013
1254
2019
1999
1770
2575
973
639
1144
1060
1135
1393
2670
3792
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1671
1263
1567
2359
2153
1579
1063
1280
2019
1999
1770
2627
1009
1211
1184
1060
1136
1402
2826
3983
1
1
1
1
51
2
2
2
2
102
817
1064
2089
1923
83,032
3
2
2
2
237
812
1064
2089
1923
81026
2
2
2
2
102
817
1064
2089
1923
83032
* Percent of the country year's N that is coded system missing and hence are not given a value on the dependent variable "Ideological_distance". In other words, the number should be read as the
percent of the original country-year sample that are not a part of the analysis. Includes system missing and "Refused to answer".
**Mean percent of respondents answering "don't know" (Number of "dont-knows" to A, B, C, D, E divided by 5. If three parties: A, B, C divided by three, etc). This missing category are included in the
analysis. Includes respondents answering "Don't know", "Haven't heard of party", "Haven't heard of left-right".
*** Large missing on party D, which are not coded.
**** Party D& E have a missing percent of 90-96%. Not coded.
5
1.2.2 Means and SE: For full sample and alternative dependent variables.
Country
Main dependent variable:
Two biggest parties
Alternative dependent
variable:
Five biggest parties
Alternative dependent
variable:
Respondents' placements
only
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
Australia 2004
8,06
1,22
8,00
0,98
8,20
1,23
Australia 2007
7,92
1,42
7,70
1,31
8,06
1,29
Australia 2013
7,99
1,34
7,87
1,13
8,05
1,35
Austria 2008
7,02
3,04
6,84
2,94
7,22
3,05
Austria 2013
7,67
2,60
7,17
2,46
7,66
2,58
Belgium 2003
.
.
.
.
.
.
Canada 2004
8,11
1,25
8,01
1,00
8,08
1,14
Canada 2008
8,34
1,14
8,22
0,86
8,32
1,12
Denmark 2001
8,27
2,05
8,02
2,06
8,28
2,03
Denmark 2007
8,52
1,27
8,39
1,08
8,55
1,24
Finland 2003
7,84
2,32
7,73
2,26
7,91
2,31
Finland 2007
8,01
1,88
8,02
1,81
8,24
1,90
Finland 2011
7,87
2,07
7,93
1,96
8,07
2,12
France 2002
7,41
2,37
7,54
1,88
7,21
2,10
France 2012
8,32
1,63
8,33
1,68
8,40
1,63
France2007
8,21
1,45
8,18
1,49
8,38
1,44
Germany 2002
7,81
2,03
7,71
1,96
7,89
2,00
Germany 2005
8,30
1,14
8,30
0,87
8,37
1,09
Germany 2009
8,23
1,88
7,96
1,61
8,44
1,87
Germany 2013
8,05
2,66
7,87
2,56
8,03
2,65
Greece 2009
8,05
1,91
7,95
1,80
8,31
1,89
Greece 2012
7,73
2,21
7,73
1,83
7,83
2,22
Iceland 2003
8,02
2,59
7,82
2,53
8,01
2,58
Iceland 2007
7,78
2,78
7,64
2,72
7,86
2,80
Iceland 2009
7,90
2,62
7,45
2,47
7,88
2,60
Iceland 2013
7,69
2,84
7,59
2,81
7,84
2,87
Ireland 2002
6,27
3,65
5,94
3,51
6,26
3,63
Ireland 2007
6,37
3,61
6,07
3,53
6,35
3,59
ireland 2011
6,93
3,01
6,74
2,87
6,99
3,02
Italy 2006
6,59
2,27
6,39
2,41
6,61
1,89
Netherlands 2002
8,28
1,65
8,15
1,43
8,33
1,65
Netherlands 2006
7,88
2,45
7,46
2,30
7,96
2,45
Netherlands 2010
7,55
2,54
7,34
2,39
7,68
2,61
New Zealand 2002
6,34
3,55
5,86
3,43
6,38
3,55
New Zealand 2008
6,29
3,66
5,79
3,59
6,39
3,71
New Zealand 2011
6,73
3,56
6,20
3,39
6,60
3,47
Norway 2001
8,05
2,04
8,10
2,00
8,31
2,06
Norway 2005
8,02
1,98
8,16
1,90
8,17
2,01
6
Norway 2009
8,08
1,78
8,32
1,73
8,33
1,80
Portugal 2005
7,33
2,94
7,27
2,79
6,23
2,58
Portugal 2009
8,25
1,30
8,14
1,02
8,25
1,30
Spain 2004***
8,00
2,34
7,66
2,37
8,07
2,34
Spain 2008
7,98
2,47
6,18
2,82
8,01
2,45
Sweden 2002
7,92
2,25
8,00
2,23
8,14
2,31
Sweden 2006
7,95
2,53
8,00
2,52
7,97
2,52
Switzerland 2003
7,56
2,50
7,58
2,44
7,57
2,51
Switzerland 2007
8,03
1,72
8,15
1,57
8,04
1,72
Switzerland 2011
8,42
1,34
8,48
0,93
8,31
1,21
United Kingdom
2005****
6,07
3,68
6,08
3,67
6,06
3,64
United States 2004
6,71
3,20
6,71
3,20
6,68
3,09
United States 2008
5,95
3,10
5,95
3,10
6,52
2,72
United States 2012
5,93
3,15
5,93
3,15
6,17
2,78
Total
7,67
2,47
7,52
2,41
7,71
2,43
1.2.3 Frequencies. Main dependent variable (two parties)
Full sample
Distance resp/expert on
party A and B. Dont know
included
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
[0] No parties correct
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
[10] All parties correct
5,651
7
8
17
208
233
302
388
737
858
913
1,398
1,894
2,353
3,951
6,457
10,287
14,150
17,553
11,679
3,988
6.81
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.25
0.28
0.36
0.47
0.89
1.03
1.10
1.68
2.28
2.83
4.76
7.78
12.39
17.04
21.14
14.07
4.80
6.81
6.81
6.82
6.84
7.09
7.38
7.74
8.21
9.09
10.13
11.23
12.91
15.19
18.03
22.78
30.56
42.95
59.99
81.13
95.20
100.00
Total
83,032
100.00
7
1.3 Political knowledge
1.3.1 Knowledge-index. Mean per country-year (full sample)
country_yea
r
[17]
[18]
[19]
[21]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[68]
[69]
[70]
Summary of knowl_sum
Mean
Std. Dev.
Freq.
Aust
Belg
Cana
Germ
Neth
New
Norw
Port
Spai
Swed
Swit
Unit
Unit
Fran
Finl
Irel
Ital
Aust
Aust
Cana
Denm
Fran
Finl
Finl
Germ
Germ
Gree
Icel
Icel
Irel
Neth
Neth
New
Norw
Norw
Port
Spai
Swed
Swit
Unit
Aust
Aust
Fran
Germ
Gree
Icel
New
Swit
Unit
1.9293612
1.3777578
1.4186603
1.1422846
1.456743
1.5950178
1.5868499
1.8132888
1.4238579
1.5979167
1.4833215
1.3975904
1.8208255
1.4749499
2.2207358
2.1487114
1.9124392
1.6527621
1.8034335
1.4368842
1.3005051
1.9849925
2.1028481
1.9486781
1.7730009
1.5813492
1.5600394
1.6931012
1.841864
1.5725309
1.5888088
.95169531
1.9086229
.84982596
1.8564997
2.0985353
1.6312292
1.5235362
1.6818326
1.2176838
1.81172
2.1875627
1.5928934
2.1694193
1.9345238
1.6583452
2.0516577
1.9249823
1.1414457
.90238928
.82420074
1.0265587
.87904915
1.0956945
.89018274
1.0496107
.98240825
1.0582714
.95399704
.8814124
1.0166261
.99989562
.85502453
.78783945
.85944938
1.0257354
.8450451
1.0195622
.8984573
.97384485
.85586646
.79519029
.78834543
.87224966
.98188524
1.1072255
1.0006179
.91549098
.85070132
.9608857
1.0034736
.78690329
.97955403
.98536802
.89644363
.82775311
.8598767
.99230532
.97674628
1.1152494
.80030477
1.0745452
.68572276
.84067321
.90810741
.81627869
.93923265
1.0431698
1,628
2,221
1,672
1,996
1,572
1,405
2,038
2,694
1,182
960
1,409
830
1,066
998
1,196
2,367
1,439
1,774
1,165
3,248
1,188
1,999
1,264
1,286
1,163
2,016
1,016
1,551
1,309
1,296
2,359
2,153
777
2,011
1,777
751
1,204
871
3,143
2,081
3,686
997
1,970
1,877
1,008
1,402
1,297
2,826
1,923
Total
1.6503497
.99624797
81,061
8
1.3.2 Frequencies. Knowledge questions and knowledge-indexes.
Smaller sample
Knowledge quesition 1
Value
Freq.
Incorrect/Dont
know
Correct
Total
Missing/refused
Total
Knowledge 2
Value
Incorrect/Dont
know
Correct
Total
Missing/refused
Total
Percent
8110
23,24
76,76
100,00
26792
34902
4585
39487
Freq.
43,28
56,72
100,00
19432
34257
5230
39487
65,67
34,33
100,00
57,07
29,83
13,10
100,00
Percent
4551
9009
12149
7751
33,46
Frequency
0
1
2
3
49,21
Percent w missing
Percent
11778
34313
5174
39487
Weighted index
Value
37,54
13,24
100,00
22535
Knowledge - summary index
Value
Freq.
0
1
2
3
Total
67,85
Percent w missing
Percent
Freq.
20,54
11,61
100,00
14825
Knowledge 3
Value
Incorrect/Dont
know
Correct
Total
Missing/refused
Total
Percent w missing
13.60
26.92
36.31
23.16
100.00
Percent
4551
6711
1582
9811
13,6
20,06
4,73
29,32
9
4
5
6
Total
2385
669
7751
33,46
7,13
2
23,16
100
Full sample
knowl1
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
[1] Correct
[2] Incorrect
[8] Dont know
60,957
12,932
11,596
71.31
15.13
13.56
71.31
86.44
100.00
Total
85,485
100.00
knowl2
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
[1] Correct
[2] Incorrect
[8] Dont know
45,501
25,569
12,783
54.26
30.49
15.24
54.26
84.76
100.00
Total
83,853
100.00
knowl3
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
[1] Correct
[2] Incorrect
[8] Dont know
32,604
30,327
20,259
39.19
36.46
24.35
39.19
75.65
100.00
Total
83,190
100.00
10
knowl_sum
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
0
1
2
3
12,813
20,914
29,137
18,197
15.81
25.80
35.94
22.45
15.81
41.61
77.55
100.00
Total
81,061
100.00
knowl_w
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
0
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
12,813
13,101
4,821
2,992
18,508
8,001
2,628
18,197
15.81
16.16
5.95
3.69
22.83
9.87
3.24
22.45
15.81
31.97
37.92
41.61
64.44
74.31
77.55
100.00
Total
81,061
100.00
11
1.4 Independent variables: level 2
1.4.1 Gini-coefficient
Country year
Australia 2004
Australia 2007
Australia 2013
Austria 2008
Austria 2013
Belgium 2003
Canada 2004
Canada 2008
Denmark 2001
Denmark 2007
Finland 2003
Finland 2007
Finland 2011
France 2002
France 2012
France2007
Germany 2002
Germany 2005
Germany 2009
Germany 2013
Greece 2009
Greece 2012
Iceland 2003
Iceland 2007
Iceland 2009
Iceland 2013
Ireland 2002
Ireland 2007
ireland 2011
Italy 2006
Netherlands 2002
Netherlands 2006
Netherlands 2010
New Zealand 2002
New Zealand 2008
New Zealand 2011
Norway 2001
Norway 2005
Norway 2009
Portugal 2005
Portugal 2009
Gini
(centred)
.01355998
.03455998
.02455998
-.02044002
-.02544002
-.01344002
.02055998
.01955998
-.07444002
-.05544002
-.04044002
-.03244002
-.03744002
-.01744002
.00455998
-.00944002
-.02144002
-.00444002
-.01344002
-.01244002
.02955998
.03855998
-.03944002
-.01244002
-.03144002
-.04444002
.02255998
.00355998
.00055998
.02355998
-.00944002
-.02144002
-.01844002
.03355998
.02855998
.02155998
-.04044002
-.02544002
-.05644002
.07755999
.03555998
12
Spain 2004
Spain 2008
Sweden 2002
Sweden 2006
Switzerland 2003
Switzerland 2007
Switzerland 2011
United Kingdom
2005
United States 2004
United States 2008
United States 2012
.03055998
.02555998
-.05844002
-.06744002
-.00344002
-.00344002
-.01244002
Total
.00019557
.04855998
.05855998
.07655998
.08855999
1.4.2 Political system variables
Country year
Australia 2004
Australia 2007
Australia 2013
Austria 2008
Austria 2013
Belgium 2003
Canada 2004
Canada 2008
Denmark 2001
Denmark 2007
Finland 2003
Finland 2007
Finland 2011
France 2002
France 2012
France2007
Germany 2002
Germany 2005
Germany 2009
Germany 2013
Greece 2009
Greece 2012
Iceland 2003
Effective
number of
parties
(centered)
-1,51
-1,66
-1,38
0,36
0,68
3,11
-0,88
-0,76
0,57
1,42
1,01
1,21
1,90
-1,76
-1,07
-1,53
-0,53
0,14
0,92
-0,40
-1,31
-0,15
-0,19
PR
Disproprotio
electoral
Parliamentary
nality
system
system
(centered)
(dummy)
(dummy)
1
3,21
1
4,84
1
5,63
0
-2,77
0
-2,12
0
-0,29
1
4,43
1
4,57
0
-4,45
0
-5,01
0
-2,32
0
-2,20
0
-2,45
1
17,55
1
12,46
1
8,33
1
-1,61
1
-3,58
1
-2,17
1
2,42
0
1,91
0
4,42
0
-3,67
Nonfederalism
(dummy)
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
HDI
(control)
(centered)
0,024
0,034
0,045
-0,020
-0,007
-0,015
0,004
0,008
-0,029
0,008
-0,019
-0,010
-0,009
-0,040
-0,004
-0,020
-0,034
-0,001
0,016
0,023
-0,032
-0,035
-0,012
13
Iceland 2007
Iceland 2009
Iceland 2013
Ireland 2002
Ireland 2007
ireland 2011
Italy 2006
Netherlands 2002
Netherlands 2006
Netherlands 2010
New Zealand 2002
New Zealand 2008
New Zealand 2011
Norway 2001
Norway 2005
Norway 2009
Portugal 2005
Portugal 2009
Spain 2004
Spain 2008
Sweden 2002
Sweden 2006
Switzerland 2003
Switzerland 2007
Switzerland 2011
United Kingdom
2005
United States 2004
United States 2008
United States 2012
-0,29
0,28
0,50
-0,50
-0,90
-0,36
1,18
1,89
1,64
2,84
-0,15
-1,13
-0,93
1,44
0,65
0,15
-1,35
-0,78
-1,41
-1,57
0,31
0,23
1,09
1,08
1,67
-1,45
-1,91
-1,98
-1,92
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1,81
-2,84
0,75
1,13
0,48
2,83
-2,38
-4,51
-4,54
-4,74
-3,46
-1,56
-4,16
-2,33
-2,90
-2,51
0,32
0,23
-0,22
-0,54
-4,23
-2,44
-3,11
-2,94
-1,85
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
-0,002
-0,002
0,007
-0,026
0,014
0,012
-0,030
-0,014
0,000
0,016
-0,015
0,011
0,016
0,022
0,047
0,051
-0,098
-0,072
-0,044
-0,031
0,001
0,003
0,013
0,015
0,026
1
1
1
1
11,28
-2,66
-0,84
-0,37
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0,000
0,009
0,017
0,024
14
1.5 Independent variables: level 1
age_s
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
-32.29677
-31.29677
-30.29677
-29.29677
-28.29677
-27.29677
-26.29677
-25.29677
-24.29677
-23.29677
-22.29677
-21.29677
-20.29677
-19.29677
-18.29677
-17.29677
-16.29677
-15.29677
-14.29677
-13.29677
-12.29677
-11.29677
-10.29677
-9.296768
-8.296768
-7.296769
-6.296769
-5.296769
-4.296769
-3.296769
-2.296769
-1.296769
-.2967686
.7032314
1.703231
2.703231
3.703231
4.703231
5.703231
6.703231
7.703231
8.703232
9.703232
10.70323
11.70323
12.70323
13.70323
14.70323
15.70323
16.70323
17.70323
18.70323
19.70323
20.70323
21.70323
22.70323
23.70323
24.70323
25.70323
26.70323
27.70323
28.70323
29.70323
30.70323
31.70323
32.70323
33.70323
34.70323
35.70323
36.70323
37.70323
38.70323
39.70323
40.70323
41.70323
42.70323
43.70323
44.70323
45.70323
46.70323
47.70323
48.70323
49.70323
50.70323
51.70323
52.70323
53.70323
54.70323
57.70323
4
37
1,060
1,268
1,332
1,238
1,120
1,273
1,227
1,293
1,267
1,190
1,318
1,312
1,372
1,279
1,494
1,566
1,510
1,557
1,614
1,598
1,691
1,694
1,855
1,705
1,764
1,721
1,810
1,721
1,735
1,722
1,755
1,781
1,898
1,750
1,781
1,825
1,717
1,760
1,733
1,786
1,721
1,609
1,652
1,518
1,666
1,527
1,540
1,536
1,467
1,326
1,328
1,284
1,347
1,035
1,087
979
983
921
918
782
675
648
585
493
468
360
288
270
200
150
130
93
85
41
30
24
16
14
5
2
2
3
5
1
1
1
2
0.00
0.04
1.14
1.36
1.43
1.33
1.20
1.37
1.32
1.39
1.36
1.28
1.42
1.41
1.48
1.38
1.61
1.68
1.62
1.68
1.74
1.72
1.82
1.82
2.00
1.83
1.90
1.85
1.95
1.85
1.87
1.85
1.89
1.92
2.04
1.88
1.92
1.96
1.85
1.89
1.86
1.92
1.85
1.73
1.78
1.63
1.79
1.64
1.66
1.65
1.58
1.43
1.43
1.38
1.45
1.11
1.17
1.05
1.06
0.99
0.99
0.84
0.73
0.70
0.63
0.53
0.50
0.39
0.31
0.29
0.22
0.16
0.14
0.10
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
1.18
2.55
3.98
5.31
6.52
7.89
9.21
10.60
11.96
13.24
14.66
16.07
17.55
18.92
20.53
22.22
23.84
25.52
27.25
28.97
30.79
32.61
34.61
36.44
38.34
40.19
42.14
43.99
45.86
47.71
49.60
51.51
53.56
55.44
57.35
59.32
61.17
63.06
64.92
66.84
68.70
70.43
72.20
73.84
75.63
77.27
78.93
80.58
82.16
83.59
85.02
86.40
87.85
88.96
90.13
91.18
92.24
93.23
94.22
95.06
95.79
96.48
97.11
97.64
98.15
98.53
98.84
99.13
99.35
99.51
99.65
99.75
99.84
99.89
99.92
99.94
99.96
99.98
99.98
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Total
92,951
100.00
15
Female = 1
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
0
1
44,994
48,455
48.15
51.85
48.15
100.00
Total
93,449
100.00
edu_3s
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
-1.851843
-.8518426
.1481574
1.148157
3,087
27,126
35,848
24,271
3.42
30.03
39.68
26.87
3.42
33.45
73.13
100.00
Total
90,332
100.00
4th and 5th
quintile =
1
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
0
1
47,370
29,173
61.89
38.11
61.89
100.00
Total
76,543
100.00
1= union
member
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
0
1
60,611
22,868
72.61
27.39
72.61
100.00
Total
83,479
100.00
Close to
ANY party
dummy
Freq.
Percent
Cum.
0
1
44,763
44,012
50.42
49.58
50.42
100.00
Total
88,775
100.00
16
1.6 Normality plots
Residuals: Level 1
Residuals: Level 2
17
2. Appendix to chapter three
2.1 Full sample – final multilevel regressions
Mixed-effects ML regression
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
20
49
Number of obs
=
60,786
=
=
3890.73
0.0000
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
531
531
3,039.3
1,240.5
6,682
2,502
Wald chi2(9)
Prob > chi2
Log likelihood = -133993.22
ide_dist_ab_234
Coef.
gender_x
age_x
union_x
income_d
partyid_x
hdi_s
gini_s
edu_3s
-.5096143
.0066456
-.0001574
.3292213
.2712253
-.2883343
-7.612105
.5146987
.01786
.0005604
.022378
.0192582
.0187854
3.00222
2.873989
.0123051
-28.53
11.86
-0.01
17.10
14.44
-0.10
-2.65
41.83
0.000
0.000
0.994
0.000
0.000
0.923
0.008
0.000
-.5446192
.0055472
-.0440174
.2914759
.2344065
-6.172577
-13.24502
.4905811
-.4746094
.0077441
.0437027
.3669666
.3080441
5.595909
-1.979189
.5388164
1.657381
.2975891
5.57
0.000
1.074117
2.240645
7.321495
.1282205
57.10
0.000
7.070188
7.572803
c.gini_s#
c.edu_3s
_cons
Random-effects Parameters
Std. Err.
z
P>|z|
[95% Conf. Interval]
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
.2547267
.1147301
.1053633
.6158281
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.0971695
.0297355
.0533394
.1770157
var(Residual)
4.795166
.0275165
4.741537
4.849401
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 3117.96
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
18
2.1 Appendixes referred to in footnotes
Footnote 81: Bivariate relationship ideological comprehension and effective number of
parties
Mixed-effects ML regression
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
20
51
Number of obs
Coef.
effectno_leg_s
effect_kvad
_cons
.2018287
-.0926194
7.735571
Random-effects Parameters
83,032
=
=
7.14
0.0282
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
817
817
4,151.6
1,628.1
8,211
3,983
Wald chi2(2)
Prob > chi2
Log likelihood = -189223.88
ide_dist_ab_234
=
Std. Err.
.0882026
.0479113
.1666416
z
2.29
-1.93
46.42
P>|z|
0.022
0.053
0.000
[95% Conf. Interval]
.0289547
-.1865237
7.40896
.3747027
.001285
8.062183
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
.4073135
.1435006
.2041936
.8124854
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.0771061
.0208526
.0453825
.1310052
var(Residual)
5.570317
.0273468
5.516975
5.624174
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 5835.07
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
19
Footnote 85: Effective party-variable in full multilevel model
Mixed-effects ML regression
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
20
51
Number of obs
Coef.
effectno_leg_s
gini_s
_cons
.0710634
-8.793912
7.597188
Random-effects Parameters
83,032
=
=
12.67
0.0018
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
817
817
4,151.6
1,628.1
8,211
3,983
Wald chi2(2)
Prob > chi2
Log likelihood = -189221.72
ide_dist_ab_234
=
Std. Err.
.0864767
2.984932
.1329022
z
0.82
-2.95
57.16
P>|z|
0.411
0.003
0.000
[95% Conf. Interval]
-.0984279
-14.64427
7.336705
.2405547
-2.943552
7.857672
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
.3136893
.1151828
.1527387
.6442438
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.0782003
.0212941
.045859
.1333498
var(Residual)
5.570316
.0273468
5.516975
5.624174
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 4665.56
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
20
Mixed-effects ML regression
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
20
49
Number of obs
Coef.
gender_x
age_s
age_kvad_s
union_x
income_x
edu_3s
partyid_x
effectno_leg_s
gini_s
_cons
-.0191459
.0317979
-.0002481
-.0245058
.144222
.4851796
.2862274
.0907063
-6.45312
7.084882
Random-effects Parameters
60,831
=
=
3280.05
0.0000
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
531
531
3,041.6
1,241.4
6,682
2,506
Wald chi2(9)
Prob > chi2
Log likelihood = -134403.23
ide_dist_ab_234
=
Std. Err.
.0032925
.0030779
.0000307
.0226803
.0071141
.0124832
.0188739
.0893239
3.089347
.1270218
z
-5.81
10.33
-8.08
-1.08
20.27
38.87
15.17
1.02
-2.09
55.78
P>|z|
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.280
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.310
0.037
0.000
[95% Conf. Interval]
-.0255992
.0257654
-.0003083
-.0689585
.1302786
.460713
.2492352
-.0843653
-12.50813
6.835924
-.0126927
.0378304
-.0001879
.0199468
.1581654
.5096462
.3232197
.2657779
-.3981107
7.33384
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
.2641029
.1037944
.1222488
.5705603
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.0920258
.0261577
.0527183
.1606416
var(Residual)
4.844551
.0277896
4.790389
4.899325
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 3263.53
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
21
Footnote 93: Interactions between effective number of parties and education
Mixed-effects ML regression
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
20
49
Number of obs
=
60,831
=
=
3282.41
0.0000
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
531
531
3,041.6
1,241.4
6,682
2,506
Wald chi2(10)
Prob > chi2
Log likelihood = -134402.13
ide_dist_ab_234
Coef.
gender_x
age_s
age_kvad_s
union_x
income_x
edu_3s
partyid_x
gini_s
effectno_leg_s
edu_3s
-.0191547
.031595
-.0002462
-.0247032
.1443269
.4887698
.2861532
-6.494888
.0886052
0
.0032925
.0030809
.0000307
.0226803
.0071143
.0127141
.0188736
3.087739
.0893253
(omitted)
-5.82
10.26
-8.01
-1.09
20.29
38.44
15.16
-2.10
0.99
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.276
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.035
0.321
-.0256079
.0255566
-.0003064
-.0691557
.1303831
.4638507
.2491615
-12.54674
-.0864692
-.0127016
.0376333
-.0001859
.0197494
.1582707
.5136889
.3231449
-.4430313
.2636796
.014726
.0099016
1.49
0.137
-.0046809
.0341328
7.083555
.12676
55.88
0.000
6.83511
7.332
c.
effectno_leg_s#
c.edu_3s
_cons
Random-effects Parameters
Std. Err.
z
P>|z|
[95% Conf. Interval]
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
.2626593
.1033244
.1214924
.567854
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.0922685
.0262192
.0528658
.1610395
var(Residual)
4.844376
.0277886
4.790216
4.899148
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 3259.07
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
22
3. Appendix to chapter four
3.1 Full sample – final multilevel regression
Mixed-effects ML regression
Number of obs
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
20
46
Log likelihood =
=
56,459
=
=
5852.39
0.0000
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
573
484
2,822.9
1,227.4
6,076
2,726
Wald chi2(9)
Prob > chi2
-73708.64
knowl_sum
Coef.
gender_x
age_s
union_x
income_d
edu_3s
partyid_x
hdi_s
parliam_d
edu_3s
-.0093471
.0090895
.0505358
.2107508
.2733856
.1955252
-3.785302
.1103634
0
.0013636
.0002359
.0095083
.0081336
.0118439
.0079694
1.581792
.1444358
(omitted)
-6.85
38.52
5.31
25.91
23.08
24.53
-2.39
0.76
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.017
0.445
-.0120196
.0086271
.0318998
.1948093
.2501721
.1799056
-6.885557
-.1727255
-.0066746
.009552
.0691718
.2266923
.2965992
.2111449
-.6850463
.3934523
-.0178783
.0129125
-1.38
0.166
-.0431864
.0074298
1.396527
.136705
10.22
0.000
1.12859
1.664464
c.parliam_d#
c.edu_3s
_cons
Std. Err.
Random-effects Parameters
z
P>|z|
[95% Conf. Interval]
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
1.16e-09
1.25e-08
7.74e-19
1.727116
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.0919195
.0193685
.0608205
.1389202
var(Residual)
.7938941
.0048966
.7843548
.8035495
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 6003.34
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
23
3.2 Appendixes referred to in footnotes
Footnote 106: Bivariate regression: Parliamentary dummy and knowledge
Mixed-effects ML regression
Group Variable
No. of
Groups
country
country_year
21
49
Number of obs
Coef.
parliam_d
_cons
.147123
1.538647
Random-effects Parameters
81,061
=
=
0.97
0.3245
Observations per Group
Minimum
Average
Maximum
830
751
3,860.0
1,654.3
7,378
3,686
Wald chi2(1)
Prob > chi2
Log likelihood = -110465.19
knowl_sum
=
Std. Err.
.1493221
.1402523
z
0.99
10.97
P>|z|
[95% Conf. Interval]
0.324
0.000
-.145543
1.263758
.439789
1.813537
Estimate
Std. Err.
[95% Conf. Interval]
var(_cons)
.0107444
.0169637
.0004867
.237188
country_year: Identity
var(_cons)
.085205
.0223075
.0510049
.1423372
var(Residual)
.8909383
.0044268
.8823041
.899657
country: Identity
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(2) = 8301.52
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
24