UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
GY 111: Physical Geology
Lecture 19: Maps, Bedding and
Attitude
Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
GY 111: Lecture test 2 preparation
Word List for Lecture Test 2
Essay Question for Lecture Test 2
Discuss one of the following depositional environments:
Alluvial fans
Beaches
meandering rivers
In your answer (which must have good illustrations) make sure you discuss the major
processes that control sedimentation as well as the sediment and rock types that are
deposited in the environment you have selected to discuss.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
GY 111: Physical Geology
Lecture 19: Maps, Bedding and
Attitude
Last Time…
Geological Time
A) How long is long?
B) Geological time divisions
Geological Time
Eons: the largest division of geological time
Time
Eon
0 MA (today)
Phanerozoic
550 MA to 0 MA
Proterozoic
2.5 GA to 550 Ma
Archean
4.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga
Hadean
4.6 Ga to 4.2 Ga
4.6 GA
Time
Geological Time
Time
Eon
0 MA (today)
Phanerozoic
Proterozoic
Era
Time
Cenozoic
65 MA to 0 MA
Mesozoic
245 MA to 65 MA
Paleozoic
550 MA to 245 MA
Neoproterozoic
900 MA to 550 Ma
Mesoproterozoic
1.6 GA to 900 MA
Paleoproterozoic
2.5 GA to 1.6 GA
Archean
4.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga
Hadean
4.6 Ga to 4.2 Ga
4.6 GA
Geological Time
Era
Period
Cenozoic
(0 to 65 Ma)
Quaternary
(0 to 2 Ma)
Tertiary
(2 MA to 65 Ma)
Periods: the most
useful subdivisions of
(mostly) the
Phanerozoic eon
Mesozoic
(65 to 251 Ma)
Cretaceous (65 to 144 Ma)
Jurassic (144 to 208 Ma)
Triassic (208 to 251 Ma)
Paleozoic
(251 to 542 Ma)
Permian (251 to 286 Ma)
Pennsylvanian (286 to 320 Ma)
Mississippian (320 to 362 Ma)
Devonian (362 to 418 Ma)
Silurian(418 to 441 Ma)
Ordovician (441 to 505 Ma)
Cambrian (505 to 542 Ma)
Proterozoic
(2500 Ma to 542 Ma)
Geological Time
http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/govdocs/text/greatplains/fig05.jpg
Geological Time (It’s still be revised)
http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/images/GeolAug.jpg
Today’s Agenda
A) Types of Geological Maps
B) Stratigraphic principles
C) Beds in 3D space; the problem of orientation
D) Strike and Dip
E) Geological maps 1: horizontal and inclined bedding
Web notes 19
Lab Manual Chapter 5
Contour maps
Show topographic variations
http://www.3dfmaps.com/h3.gif
http://reynolds.asu.edu/topo_gallery/images/hillmap.gif
Groundwater maps
Show how water flows
underground
Assignment 2 is due
Thursday
Bathymetry maps
A contour maps
approach for water
bodies (negative
contours)
http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of00-043/bathymetry/map1.jpg
Bathymetry maps
Like contour maps, come in numerous scales…
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world-ocean-bathymetric-map
Bathymetry maps
…and formats
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world-ocean-bathymetric-map
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/images/seafloor.jpg
Geology maps
Show the geology at the
surface of the Earth
http://www.geo.ua.edu/Documentation/jpgs/GeoMap.jpg
Geology maps
Show the geology at the
surface of the Earth
1) Age of rocks
2) types of rocks (lithology)
3) Structural features
4) bedding attitude
http://k41.pbase.com/g4/61/689761/2/64774306.3t6va19m.jpg
Quaternary
Geology maps
Tertiary
Q
T
1) Age of rocks
K
Use single (capital) letters to
represent period often followed by
subscripts (rock names)
J
TR
P
IP
M
D
S
O
C
PC
http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/mrwimages/geological_time.gif
Geology maps
2) Types of rocks
Use standardized symbols and/or
colors
http://www.rockware.com/rockworks/revisions/litho_plan_02.png
Geology maps
2) Types of rocks
Use standardized symbols and/or colors
http://dept.kent.edu/geology/edlab/structure/GeoMapSymbols.gif
Geology maps
3) Structural Features
4) Bedding Attitude
Use standardized symbols…
… more on this shortly
http://dept.kent.edu/geology/edlab/structure/GeoMapSymbols.gif
Notable Geology maps
http://go-passport.grolier.com/map?id=mtlr082&pid=go
World Geology (simple)
Notable Geology maps
USA Geology (simple)
Notable Geology maps
Near Side
Lunar Geology
Far Side
Notable Geology maps
Martian Topography
There is some truly spectacular topography on Mars
(at least 25 km vertical relief)
Martian Paleogeography
•geography some time is the past
Northern Mars with postulated shorelines
to ancient oceans (c 2.0+ GA). Source:
Perron et al. (2007)
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0206/marslakes_topomap_big.jpg
Notable Geology maps
Ma'adim Vallis, one of the largest
canyons on Mars may have been
carved by running water. (c 3.5+ GA).
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy: the study, classification and
correlation of rock layers and layering
Stratigraphic Principles
1) The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that
has not been overturned, the oldest strata occur on the bottom.
Stratigraphic Principles
1) The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that
has not been overturned, the oldest strata occur on the bottom.
2) The principle of original horizontality that states sedimentary layers are
originally deposited as horizontal sheets
Beds in 3D Space
All sedimentary beds are initially deposited in horizontal sheets (strata). But
you may not initially appreciate this with my 2D cartoons.
Beds in 3D Space
All sedimentary beds are initially deposited in horizontal sheets (strata). But
you may not initially appreciate this with my 2D cartoons.
Beds in 3D Space
Horizontal bedding is easy to describe….
…. But what if the bedding is inclined
Beds in 3D Space
Horizontal bedding is easy to describe….
…. But what if the bedding is inclined
Beds in 3D Space
Inclined bedding can be oriented any amount in any direction,
And this is a problem to describe
Chalk board
Beds in 3D Space
Strike: The orientation of the inclined bed (0 to 360º)
Dip: The inclination of the inclined bed (0 to 90º)
Geological Mapping Symbols
Chalk board
Geological Maps 1
Horizontal bedding leads to fairly simple geological maps.
Geological Maps 1
Horizontal bedding leads to fairly simple geological maps.
Geological Maps 1
Horizontal bedding leads to fairly simple geological maps (unless you have a
lot of erosion (e.g., the Grand Canyon)
Geological Maps 1
Horizontal bedding leads to fairly simple geological maps (unless you have a
lot of erosion (e.g., the Grand Canyon)
Geological Maps 1
Inclined bedding leads to more complex geological maps (but they are still
interpretable if you know the rules… which you will get in GY 111L
exercises)
Today’s Homework
1.
Study! (lecture test 2 one week Today)
2. Assignment Three (due Thursday)
3. Mac and Cheese bonus opportunity
Next Time
Quiz (fill-in-the-blank picture)
Rock Deformation
GY 111: Physical Geology
Lecture 19: Bedding/Strike and Dip
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick
dhaywick@southalabama.edu
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes.
For personal use only.