Alternatively
Fueled Vehicles
Alternative Transportation Fuels Workshop
May 1, 2013
Wayne Wittman - PSEG
Presentation Overview
•
Introduction
•
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
–
–
–
Available & Upcoming EVs
Electricity as a fuel
Infrastructure
2
Introduction
PSEG’s Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Readiness Team was established in 2010 to
examine the potential business opportunities surrounding both electric vehicles (EV) and
natural gas vehicles (NGV). Some of the areas the team has reviewed and supported
over the years includes:
•
EV technology assessment and market adoption projections
•
Distribution systems impacts
•
Vehicle Technology Testing & Analysis
•
EV Charging and NGV Fueling Infrastructure Business Cases
•
Public Education and Outreach
•
Employee EV Ride n Drive Program
•
Working with State officials on developing plans to promote AFV adoption
•
Provide technical guidance and input for the NJ Energy Master Plan
•
Participate in Nationwide AFV Research Efforts (EPRI, EEI)
•
Memberships with NJ Organizations (NJ Clean Cities)
3
EV’s, something old that’s new again….
Circa 1914, Mrs. Edison’s EV and Home Charging Station….
4
In 1914, Detroit was the first American city to use EV Taxi’s
Detroit’s first electric taxi accumulated more than 46,000 miles in it first
two years of operation.
Electric Vehicles: so what’s the difference?
A Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is
a hybrid vehicle that obtains energy from
two sources; 1) hydrocarbon-based fuel
and 2) electric energy obtained by plugging
the vehicle in to the electrical grid and
stored in an onboard battery. PHEVs can
be charged at either 120 or 240 volts.
PHEV
Chevrolet Volt
40-mile EV range
16kWh Li-Ion
The all-battery electric vehicle (BEV)
obtains all of its energy from electricity with
no gasoline engine back-up. BEVs will
mainly be charged at 240 volts.
Li-Ion Battery
BEV
Nissan Leaf
100- mile range
24kWh Li-Ion
6
Electricity makes a great fuel…
Average
MileSource
By Fuel Source
Cost PerCost
Mile Per
By Fuel
(Daily Mileage = 40 )
(Avg. 40 miles per day)
0.12
$0.117
4.00
Electricity
Average Fuel Cost ($/ mile)
Gasoline
0.10
$0.078
0.08
0.06
$0.076
$0.02
$0.12
0.04
$0.056
$0.061
$0.08
$0.05
$0.05
$0.06
0.02
3.50
Annual Carbon Footprint (short tons)
0.14
Per Vehicle
Carbon
Footprint
Annual
CarbonAnnual
Footprint
Per Vehicle
(Daily Mileage = 40 )
(Avg. 40 miles per day)
3.7
Carbon from Electricity Usage
Carbon from Gasoline Usage
3.00
Assume: $3:50 gasoline; 18 cents/ KWh
electricity; CV 30 MPG, HEV and
PHEV13 @
45 MPG, PHEV40 @ 37
2.50
MPG; size of full charge PHEV13 @ 4
KWh, PHEV40 @ 12 KWh, BEV @ 35
KWh
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.00
0.9
3.7
1.50
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.00
1.5
0.50
$0.00
CV
HEV
PHEV13
PHEV40
BEV
Vehicle Type
Assume: $3.50 gasoline; 18 cents/ KWh electricity; CV 30 MPG, HEV
and PHEV13 @ 45 MPG, PHEV40 @ 37 MPG; size of full charge
PHEV13 @ 4 KWh, PHEV40 @ 12 KWh, BEV @ 35 KWh
0.1
CV
HEV
PHEV13
PHEV40
BEV
Vehicle Type
Assume: CV @ 30 MPG, HEV and PHEV13 @ 45 MPG, PHEV40 @ 37
MPG; PJM Carbon Footprint (1.22 lbs per KWh)
Source: PSEG
EV owners also will be motivated both environmentally and economically to
maximize electric usage for their vehicles….
7
EV sales have been steadily increasing…..
Cumulative U.S. EV Sales
Source: EPRI; Sales through March 2013
The fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in the United States is the largest in the
world.
8
Leading the way in EV sales…
OEM
Model
TYPE
Electric
Range
(Miles)
Price
(US Dollars)*
Total Sales to date
(Dec. 2010-March 2013
Nissan
Leaf
BEV
73
$32,200
23,051
General Motors
Volt
PHEV
40
$41,400
35,702
Toyota
Prius
PHEV
14
$32,000
15,103
Tesla
Model S
BEV
160 - 300
$57,000-105,000
7,400
Total Production
81,256
Nissan Leaf
Tesla Model S
Chevy Volt
Toyota Prius Plugin
*Before Federal and State Tax Incentives
Since 2008 more than 90,000 highway-capable plug-in electric cars have
been sold in the country through March 2013
9
Now that EV’s are here in NJ, how many and when?
New Jersey Electric Vehicle Forecast
High
Medium
Low
1,200,000
Cum. # of Electric Vehicles
1,074,028
1,000,000
800,000
618,158
600,000
400,000
200,000
67,611
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Source: EPRI, Nov 2012
By 2020, New Jersey may expect to have between 14,000 and 142,000 EV’s
on the road. The medium case forecasts 70,000 by 2020.
10
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment…….
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) refers to equipment involved in delivering
energy from an electric circuit to the EV. This equipment includes wires, conductors,
connectors, attachment plugs, power outlets, meters, monitors and software.
11
Charging will occur under three voltage levels …
Level 1 Charging Cord set
120V AC
Level 2 Charging
DC Fast Charging
208/240V AC
500V DC (three phase)
Level 2 Charging will be the most widespread technology deployed in the
next few years….
12
2020 Electric Load Demand Factors
EV Weekday Load Factor Scenarios
PJM EV Managed Load Shape: 2020 Weekday
100%
Managed Charging
1,200
Unmanaged Charging
BEV (240V
/ 50 AMP)
90%
1,000
Hourly PEV Demand (MW)
80%
Hourly Load Factor
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
BEV (240V
/ 40 AMP)
800
BEV (240V
/ 30 AMP)
600
PHEV 40
(240V / 30
AMP)
400
PHEV 40
(120V / 15
AMP)
200
PHEV 10
(240V / 30
AMP)
10%
-
0%
12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AM
12 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 1
2
AM
PM
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11
PM
Hour Beginning
Hour Beginning
PHEV 10
(120V / 15
AMP)
Source: PSEG
Source: EPRI; PSEG
Assumptions
•
EPRI’s Medium penetration scenario
•
100% of PHEV and BEVs are charged at home; as much as possible 80% of these will stagger their charges across lowest priced hours
•
80% of PHEVs are used by work commuters; most of commuting PHEVs need a full charge, most commuting BEVs only need half a charge.
Staggered charging during off-peak hours would minimize system impacts.
13
EV’s and New Jersey Driving Patterns…
“Range Anxiety”
Source: The Economist
An EPRI GIS analysis study shows the potential for public EV charging station locations…
PEV Charging Locations Topology
PEV Charge Venues
Public
Access
Charging
Daytime and
Evening
Private
Access
Charging
Destination
Destinations where vehicle is parked for 2 hours or more (e.g.
Shopping Mall, Universities, Movie Theatres, Central Business
Districts (e.g. municipal parking lots), hotels and restaurants,
sports venues, and transport hubs etc.)
Public parking near workplace (e.g. on and off-street public
parking)
Workplace
Daytime
Employee private parking (e.g. J&J and other
employer campus parking)
Overnight public parking (e.g. municipal lots)
Nighttime
Home residence garage and driveway parking
Home
For most PEV owners the primary charge will occur at the home residence; the second highest
incidence of charging is expected to occur at or near the place of work; and finally we believe that
some PEV owners will want to “top-up” on electricity at a destination.
15
… Key Takeaways for EV’s
•
All of the major auto manufactures in the world are either selling or
leasing EV’s right now in NJ.
•
Incentives will help in the short term to move the technology along.
•
Electricity makes a great fuel and is a less expensive way to operate
a vehicle over conventional fossil fuels (gasoline, diesel).
•
The majority of EV charging will occur at home or work.
•
Placement of public charging infrastructure must be thoroughly
planned out and placed in the right locations.
•
EV’s are reliable, easy to operate, clean running, and fun to drive.
16
Contact Information
Robert Gibbs – PSE&G; AFV Program Manager
•
Robert.Gibbs@pseg.com
•
973-430-7985
Wayne Wittman – PSEG Services Corp; AFV Technology Advisor
•
Wayne.Wittman@pseg.com
•
973-430-6648
Kimberly Scarborough – PSEG Services Corp; Air Policy Manager
•
Kimberly.Scarborough@pseg.com
•
973-430-7030
17
Any Final Questions???????
and Thank You!