OREGON
I$'~
Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission
Date: October 22, 1999
IEXHIBIT
B
I
Fish & Wildlife
SUBJECT
Developmental Fisheries Program
PRINCIPAL STAFF
PERSON
Jim
Jjm Golden and Jean McCrae
COMMISSION
ACTION
REQUESTED
The Commission will
will review
review the
the Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Program for
1999 and consider regulation
regulation changes
changes in
in the
the harvest program for some
fish species as recommended by the Developmental Fishery Board.
DOCUMENTS
INCLUDED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
RELATED
STATUTES
ORS 506.
506.109,
109, 506.119,
506.119, 506.129,
506.129, and 506.450 through 506.465
RELATED RULES
OAR Chapter
Chapter 635, Division 006
PHONE: 541-867-4741
541-867-4741
Agenda Item Summary
Hearing Notice and Fiscal Impact Statement
Executive Summary
Staff Report
Draft Administrative Rules
Written Comments
and
by:
Chief
Redacted for Privacy
Date
Redacted for Privacy
Ctneral
Date
Redacted for Privacy
Date /O'fl
Agenda Item Summary
BACKGROUND
This
of the
the Developmental
Developmental Fishery Program
Program
This item is a review of
for 1999 that summarizes
summarizes permits
permits and
and landing
landing activities;
activities; and
research
research and
and management
managementactivities
activitiesof
ofthe
theprogram.
program. Also
Also included
prograin for
eluded are
are proposed
proposed rule
rule changes
changes in
in the
the harvest program
some developmental fishery species.
PUBLIC
INVOLVEMENT
The Developmental Fishery Board held their regular meeting
on June 10, 1999. A subsequent conference call of the Board
was held on September 3, 1999. These meetings were "public meetings" and subject to the Oregon Public Meetings Law.
ANALYSIS
The Developmental
Developmental Fishery
subseThe
Fishery Board
Board considered
considered and,
and, subsequently
quently recommended,
recommended,adjustments
adjustmentstotothe
the defmition
defmition of
of species listed in Category
Category A
A of the Developmental Fisheries Species List and addition
addition of a definition
definition for
for "actively
"actively managed."
managed."
OPTIONS and STAFF
OPTIONS
RECOMMENDATION
See Outline of Staff Report attached.
ISSUE 2
Permit for brine shrimp cysts.
ANALYSIS
The Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board recommends removing the
permit to harvest brine shrimp cysts.
OPTIONS and STAFF
OPTIONS
RECOMMENDATION
See Outline of Staff Report attached.
2
ISSUE 3
Permit for spot prawns.
ANALYSIS
Developmental Fishery
The Developmental
Fishery Board
Board recommends
recommends that
that renewal
requirements for
alternative of one
one
requirements
for spot
spot prawns
prawns include
include an
an alternative
landing of
of 1,000 pounds.
OPTIONS and STAFF
RECOMMENDATION
See Outline of Staff Report attached.
ISSUE 4
Listing of flat abalone.
ANALYSIS
The Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board
Board recommends
recommends that
that flat
flat abalone be listed
A and
and that a harvest
lone
listed in Category
Category A
harvest program
program be
added for that species.
OPTIONS and STAFF
RECOMMENDATION
See Outline of Staff Report attached.
ISSUE 5
Preference Point System.
ANALYSIS
The Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board
Board is
is recommending
recommending that perThe
sons who put together
together proposals
proposals for
for adding
adding new
new species to the
developmental
developmental species
species list
list should
shouldbe
be given
givenpriority
priorityfor
for one
one of
of
the permits.
OPTIONS and STAFF
RECOMMENDATION
See Outline of
of Staff
Staff Report attached.
DRAFT MOTION
I move to adopt changes to OAR Division 006 to amend the
harvest program for some developmental fishery species, to
adjust harvest programs for bnne shrimp and spot prawns;
and to amend the preference point system as proposed by
staff (with the following changes.. )
EFFECTIVE DATE
December 1, 1999
3
Secretary of
of State
PROPOSED RULEMAKII4G
RULEMAKING UEARING*
HEARING*
NOTICE OF PROPOSED
ofNeed
fonn.
A Statement of
Need and Fiscal Impact accompanies this form.
Oregon Department of
ofFish
Fish and
and Wildlife
Wildlife (ODFW)
(ODFW) -- Fish
Fish Division
Division
635
Agency and Division
Administrative Rules Chapter Number
Jennell Hoehne
Hoehue
(503) 872-5272, Ext.
Ext. 5447
Rules Coordinator
Telephone
2501
O. Box
Box 59;
59; Portland,
2501 SW First Avenue; P. 0.
Portland, OR
OR 97207
Address
Address
The Seafood School, Duncan Law Seafood Consumer Center
10-22-99
8:00 AM
2021
2021 Marine Drive, Astoria, Oregon
Oregon 97103
Hearing Date
Time
Location
Hearings Officer
Hearing
Heating Date
Time
Location
Hearings Officer
Heating
Hearing Date
Time
Location
Hearings Officer
Are auxiliary aids for
for persons with
with disabilities available upon advance request?
Yes
X
No
RULEMAKING
RULEMAKING ACTION
ADOPT:
Secure
Secure approval
approval of
of rule
rule numbers
numbers with the
the Administrative
Administrative Rules
RulesUnit
Unitprior
priorto
tofiling.
filing
635, Division 006
AMEND: OAR Chapter
Chapter 635,
REPEAL:
Renmnber:Secure
-Secureapproval
approvalofofnde
numberswith
withthe
theAdministrative
AdministrativeRules
Rules Unit
Unit prior
prior to filing.
filing.
Renumber;
rule numbers
Amend
Mnend and
andRenumber:
Renwnber:Secure
Secure
approval
approval
ofofrule
rule numbers
numberswith
withthe
theAdministrative
Administrative Rules
Rules Unit prior to
to filing.
filing.
506.109 and 506.119
Stat Auth.:
ORS
Stat.
Mth.: ORS
Other Authority
506.129, and 506.450 through 506.465
Stats. Implemented:
Stats.
Implemented: ORS
RULE SUMMARY
SUMMARY
ofrules
relating to
to the
the harvest
harvest program
program for some developmental fishery species.
Amendment of
rules relating
10-22-99
Last Day for Public Comment
Redacted for Privacy
i
9-15-99
-Authorized Signer and Date
*Thc
Oregan Bulletin
Bulletin is
is published
published on
on the
the 1st
lst of
ofeach
each month and updates the rule text found
tonns must be submitted to
The Oregon
found in the
the Oregon Administrative
AdministrativeRules
RulesCompilation.
Compilation. Notice foans
the Administrative Rules
Rulcs Unit,
Unit, Oregon
OregonState
State Archives,
Archives. 800
800 Summer
Summer StreetNE,
Street NE, Salem,
Salem, Oregon
Oregon 97310
97310 by
by 5:00
5:00 pin
pmon
onthe
the15th
15thday
dayofafthe
precedingmonth
monthunless
unless this deadline
deadline falls
the preceding
on a Saturday, Sunday
Sunday or
or legal
legalholiday
holidaywhen
whenNotice
Noticeforms
fonnsare
areaccepted
accepteduntil
until5:00
5:00pm
pmon
onthe
thepreceding
pre«:dingworkday.
workday.
1997
ARC 920
920-• 1997
Secretary of Stale
Secretary of State
STATEMENT OF NEED AND
AND FISCAL
FISCAL IMPACT
IMPACT
A Notice of
ofProposed
Proposed Rulemaking
Rulemaking Hoaxing
Hearing or a Notice of
of Proposed Rulemaking
Rulemaking accompanies
accompanies this
this form.
form.
Oregon Department ofFish and Wildlife - Fish Division
635
Agency and Division
Administrative Rules Chapter Number
In the Matter of amendment of
OAR Chapter 635, Division 006
relating to Developmental Fisheries
Program
))
))
))
))
))
Statutory Authority,
Statutes Implemented,
ofNeed,
Need,
Statement of
Principal Documents Relied Upon,
Statement ofFiscal
of Fiscal Impact
Statutory Authority:
Authority: ORS
ORS 506.109
506.109 and
and 506.119
506.119
Other Authority:
ORS 506.129
506.129and
and506.450
506.450through
through 506.465
506.465
Statutes Implemented:
Implemented: ORS
Need for the Rule(s):
are needed
needed to
to adopt
adopt regulation
regulation changes
changes in
in the
the harvest
harvest program
program for
for some
some developmental
developmental
The rules are
species recommended
recommended by
by the
the Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board.
Board.
fishery species
Documents Relied Upon:
..a.~
.,a.
StaffReport
Oregon Fish
Fish and Wildlife Commission Meeting of
ofOctober
1999.
Staff Report for Oregon
October 22, 1999.
The above documents are
are available
available for
for public,
public. inspection
inspection in
in the
the Department
Department of
of Fish
Fish and
and Wildlife,
Wildlife, Fish
a.m. and
and 4:30
4:30 p.m.,
p.m., on
on
2501 SW
SW 1st
1st Avenue,
Avenue, Portland,
Portland, Oregon,
Oregon, between
between 8:00
8:00 a.m.
Division, Third Floor, 2501
days, Monday
Monday through
through Friday.
Friday.
normal working
working days,
See attached.
attached.
Fiscal and Economic
Edonomic Impact: See
consulted?: Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board
Board
Administrative Rule Advisory Committee consulted?:
Ifnot,
II'
not, why?:
Redacted for Privacy
9-15-99
Authorized Signer and Date
Administrative Rules Unit, Archives Division, Secretary of
of State, 800 Summer Street NE.
NE, Salem, OregonOregon 97310.
97310.
ARC 92S
925 •- 1997
Economic Impact Statement for the October 22, 1999 Hearing
Hearing in
in the
the Matter
Matter of the
the
Amendment of
ofRules
Rules Relating to the Developmental Fisheries Program
Program
The proposed
proposed rules
rules will affect state agencies,
agencies, units oflocal
Fiscal and economic impact:
impact: The
of local
and the
the public,
public, respectively,
respectively, as
as discussed
discussed below:
below:
govermnent and
government
a.
a. The
Theonly
onlystate
stateagency
agencywhich
which should
should be affected by adoption ofthese
of these rules is the
significant changes
ofFish
Oregon Department of
Fish and Wildlife.
Wildlife. No significant
changes from
from the
the current
current
expected
legislatively approved levels
levels ofthe
of the department's
department's operations
operations or expenditures are expected
as a result of
of the
the adoption
adoption of
ofthese
these rules.
rules.
b. No
Nounits
unitsofoflocal
localgovernment
government are
are expected
expected to
to be
be affected
affected by these rules.
rules. No
Nosignificant
significant
current levels
levels of
ofany
changes from the current
any local agencies'
agencies' operations or expenditures are
result of
of the adoption
adoption of
ofthese
expected as aa result
these rules.
~
Thepublic
publiccould
could be
be affected
affected by the adoption of
The existing
existing statute
statute and
and
c. The
of these rules:
rules: The
rules require adoption
adoption of
ofaa list
list of
ofdevelopmental
developmental fisheries
fisheries species,
species, and
and the
the establishment or
maintenance of
oflimited
maintenance
limited entry
entry harvest
harvest systems
systems for
for the.
the. associated
associated developmental
developmental fisheries.
fisheries.
For this hearing,
hearing, ODFW
ODFW staff
staffproposes
proposessix
six issues
issues be
be ôonsidered.
considered.
.
. (1) Adjust
Adjustthe
thedefinition
definition of
ofspecies
species in
in category
category A
A to include
include species managed under a
federal plan, but not actively managed
managed offOregon
off Oregon under
under the
the federal
federalplan.
plan. This would
allow the continuation of
of fisheries
fisheries for squid,
squid, anchovies
anchovies and
and sardines
sardines as
as underutilized
underutilized
species
species under
under developmental
developmental category
categoryAAstatus.
status. Adoption ofthe
of the staffrecommendation
staff recommendation
discontinuation of
would preclude discontinuation
ofcurrent
currentstate
stateharvest
harvestprograms.
programs. Therefore,
Therefore, adoption
adoption of
of
this amendment is expected to have a neutral to positive economic
economic impact
impact compared
compared to
to the
which would
would require
require management
management under the provisions
provisions of
offederal
status quo, which
federal plans.
(2) Change
Changethe
themembership
membership of
ofthe
the Permit Review Board for developmental permits
and expand circumstances for
for considering
considering permit
permitrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirementwaivers.
waivers, If
If adopted
to have
have any
any negative economic consequences.
this change is not expected to
(3) Discontinue
Discontinue the
the permit
permit to harvest brine
brine shrimp
shrimp cysts.
cysts. Because
Because the
the conditions
conditions of
of
Abert have
have not
not been
been favorable for harvesting cysts,
Lake Abert
cysts, and
and are
are not
not projected to be
favorable in the foreseeable future,
fliture, staffrecommends
stafi'recomniends discontinuation ofthis
of this permit.
expect no negative
negative economic impact if the
Therefore, we expect
the amendment
amendmentisisadopted,
adopted, because
because
there is a very
very low
lowprobability
probabilitythat
thatthe
thepermit
permitcould
couldbe
beutilized
utilized in
in an
an economically
economically viable
viable
way. .
way.
(4) Add
Addan
analternative
alternative way
way to
to meet
meet the
the permit
permit renewal requirement
requirement for
for the
the spot prawn
fishery. Presently,
Presently, the
the renewal
renewal requirement
requirement for spot
spot prawn
prawn permits
permits is five landings
fishery.
láiidings of
of at
Theproposal
proposalisis to
to also
also allow
allow one
one landing
landing of at least 1000 pounds
least 100 pounds each. The
renewal requirement.
requirement. IfIfadopted
adopted this
this would
would probably
probably have a positive
to meet the
the renewal
economic effect because harvesters would not have to incur the costs of
of taking additional
trips to meet
meet the
therequirement
requirement for
for five
five landings.
landings.
Addflat
flatabalone
abalone to
to the
thedevelopmental
developmental species list in
Staffdoes
does not
not
(5) Add
in category
category A
A. Staff
ofa
of sufficient
favor this proposal because of
a lack of
sufficient information
informationto
to meet
meet the
the requirements
requirements of
of
statewide planning
planning goal
goal 19.
19. However, some potential harvesters and
and board
board members
members think
think
adoption of
ofthe
the proposal
proposal to
to issue
issue one permit would offer an additional
that adoption
additional opportunity
opportunity for
for
several divers who have been adversely
adversely affected
affected by
by reduced
reduced harvests in
in the
the sea urchin
fishery. The
Theeconomic
economic impact
impact of
of adoption of
of the proposal is unclear,
fishery.
unclear, because
because of
of
about the
the long
long term
term effects
effects on abalone populations and
uncertainty about
and because of potential
offsetting effects on sport dive
dive harvest and activity.
• .
.
(6) Grant
Grantaapreference
preference point
point to
to aa person
person who makes a proposal to add a species to the
list of developmental
developmental fisheries.
fisheries. In the determination
determination of
of who
whoreceives
receivesharvest
harvestpermits
pennits for
for aa
person
new developmental species, the proposed amendment would essentially favor a person
who went to the effort
effort to explore the economic
economic potential
potentialfor
forharvest
harvestof
ofthe
thespecies.
species. If
adopted this
this would
would probably
probably tend to
to encourage
encourage public
public involvement in
adopted
in the
the development
development of
new fisheries, because it would increase the
the probability
probabilitythat
that one
one who
who proposed
proposed a new
fishery would be able to recoup the cost of
ofexploring
exploring the economic potential for the
fishery. In
Inaggregate,
aggregate,the
thepreference
preferencegiven
givento
toone
oneindividual
individual would probably
probably not affect the
fishery.
aggregate economic
economic contribution of
of the fishery.
fishery. The
The distribution
distribution of
ofbenefits could be
.
disadvantaged by
by the
the granting
granting ofthe
of the preference
affected, so particular
particular individuals
individuals might be disadvantaged
point to
to the
theperson
personwho
whoinitially
initially proposed
proposedthe
the new
new fishery.
fishery.
point
Overall, the developmental
rules are
are expected to produce positive economic
developmental fisheries
fisheries rules
effects for the public and small
small business
businessboth
bothininthe
theshort
shortrun
runand
andin
inthelong
the longrun.
run. Rules
relating to
to limited
limited entry can be viewed as imposing
imposing additional
additional costs (in the form of permit
fees) on
on harvesters
harvesters in the short run, and
and potentially excluding
excluding some
some harvesters
harvesters who
who might
might
apply for limited entry permits soon enough.
However, in
in the
the long
long run,
run,
not apply
enough. However,
ofthe
to yield
yield positive economic effects by controlling
implementation of
the rules are expected to
the development of
offisheries,
fisheries, so the fisheries
fisheries are
are sustainable
sustainablein
inthe
thelong
longrun.
run. This is
to help
help prevent
prevent the
the typical
typical cycle
cycle in fisheries
intended to
fisheries of
of boom (as a virgin fish
fish stock
stock is
fished
fished down to maximum sustainable yield
yield levels)
levels)and
andbust
bust(when
(whenthe
the stock
stock becomes
becomes
incapable of
of sustaining
sustaining yields at the
the initial
initial exploitation level).
The rules are
are believed
believed to be filly
fully compatible
compatible with
with legislative direction on the goals of
offish
fish
and wildlife management in Oregon.
Most businesses
businesses affected
affected by these rules are believed to be 'small
"small business."
business."
Developmental Fisheries Program
Staff Report
Prepared for Oregon Yish and Wildlil Commission
October22, 1999
Astoria, Oregeu
Summary of Staff
Staff Report
Report
ODFW staff
staff is providing a review of the Developmental
Developmental Fishery
FisheiyProgram
Program for
for 1999
1999 and
and asking the
Commission to adopt regulation
regulation changes
changes in the harvest program for some developmental fishery
species recommended by the Developmental Fishery Board.
Key elements and conclusions from
from the staff report
report are:
•
One hundred and
and twenty-six
twenty-six permits
permits for
for the
the harvest
harvest of
ofdevelopmental
developmental fishery
fishery species
species have
have
been issued in 1999, through August.
August. Most
Mostlandings
landings of
ofdevelopmental
developmental fishery
fishery species
species have
have
been as bycatch
bycatch in
in other
other fisheries.
fisheries.
•
ODFW staff
staff completed a progress report on brine shrimp
shrimp research
research conducted
conducted at
at Lake
Lake Abert,
participated in
in the
the planning
planning process
process of
ofaa federal
federal management
management plan for migratory
migratory species
species
participated
(which includes swordfish), participated in a workshop
workshop and PFMC team meeting on pelagic
collected samples
species, collected
samples from
from the
the sardine
sardine fishery,
fishery, and participated in a sableflsh
sablefish research
such as
as Tanner
Tanner crab).
crab).
(collecting data
data on
onbycatch
bycatchspecies
species such
cruise (collecting
•
definition of species
The Developmental Fishery Board considered changes to the definition
species in
in category
waive renewal requirements.
They also
also considered requests
requests to
to
A and discussed procedures to waive
requirements. They
discontinue the brine shrimp cyst permit,
permit, adjust
adjust the renewal
renewal requirements
requirements for
for spot prawns,
spot prawns
prawns from
from the
the species
species list,
list, and
and add
add flat abalone to the
the species
species list.
remove spot
•
ODFW staff
staff and Board recommend:
recommend: adjusting
adjusting the
the definition
definition of
The ODFW
of species in
in category
category A;
and spot prawns; and granting a preference
adjusting the harvest programs for brine shrimp
shrimp and
to an
an applicant
applicant who
who makes
makes aa proposal to add
add aa new species to the list.
point to
•
The Developmental Fishery Board recommends,
recommends, but
but ODFW staff opposes,
opposes, adding abalone to
ofthe
species list.
category A
A of
the species
1
Report
Outline of Staff Report
I.
Introduction ...................................................................................................
LIntroduction
Page 3
II.
Page 3
Annual
Annual Report
Reportof
ofDevelopmental
DevelopmentalFisheries
Fisheries Activities
Activities ..................................
• Summarizes permits and
and landing
landing activities of
of developmental fishery species.
• Summarizes research and management activities
activities of
of developmental
developmental fishery
fishery program.
program.
ill.
ifi.
Staff Analysis
Analysis of
of Issues
Issuesand
and Options
Options -- Recommendations
Recommendations ...........................
Page 7
IssueL
A just the definition of eategoiy A of tire developmental spedes list
Option A
A
(preferred) The
The Board
Board and
and stall'
staff recommend the Commission adopt rules
(preferred)
under
adjusting the definition of species in category
category A to allow for species under
a federal management
management plan
plan but
but not
not actively
actively managed
managed off Oregon under the
federal plan and add a definition for
for "actively
'actively managed".
OptionB:
Option
B:
statusquo,
quo,no
nospecies
speciesunder
underaafederal
federal management
management plan
plan would
would
No action: status
be listed under category A.
Discontinue the perm it for brine shrimp cysts
Option A:
(preferred) The
The Board
Board and
and staff
staff recommend
recommend the Commission adopt rules
rules
removing the permit that allows harvest of
of brine shrimp cysts.
OptionB:
Option B:
action: status
statusquo,
quo,one
onepermit
permitavailable
available for
for harvesting
harvesting brine
brine shrimp
shrimp
No action:
cysts.
Issue 3.
Add an alternative of one landing of 1000 pounds to renewal requirements for spot prawn&
Option A:
TheBoard
Boardand
andstaff
staffrecommend
recommend the Commission
Commission adopt rules
(preferred) The
changing the renewal requirements
requirements of
of spot
spot prawns to include an alternative
of one landing of
of
of 1000 pounds.
OptionB:
Option B:
statusquo,
quo, renewal
renewal requirements
requirements are 55 landing of
No action: status
of 100 pounds.
2
Issue 4.
Add flat abalone to the spades list in eategoq A.
Option A
add flat
flat abalone
abalone to
to
The Board recommends the Commission adopt rules to add
the developmental species list
list in
in category
category A
A and
and add
add a harvest program.
OptionB:
Option B:
recommends no action: status quo, flat abalone are not
(preferred) Staff
Staffrecommends
on the developmental species list.
IssueS.
Grantonepreferencepainttaperson wiso makes proposaltu adda species to the species list.
Option A:
A:
Option
TheBoard
Boardand
andstaff
staffrecommend
recommend the
the Commission
Commission allow
allow
(preferred) The
initial proposal
granting one preference point to persons who make the initial
(which is accepted) to add a species to the species list.
OptionB:
Option
B:
No action: status
status quo,
quo, no
110 preference
preference point
point available.
available.
Oregon
Administrative Rules
Rules ................................................................................... Page 12
12
OregonAdministrative
-AppendixA.A.Progress
Progressreport
reporton
onbrine
brine shrimp
shrimp research
research ......................................... Page A-i
tAppendix
Appendix B. Synopsis of information on flat abalone ............................................. Page B-i
I.
Introduction
review of
of the ODFW Developmental Fisheries
The public hearing on October 22 is the annual
annualrèview
will: 1)
Program. At
Atthe
thehearing,
hearing,staff
staffwil1:
1)describe
describe the
the activities
activities of
of the Developmental Fisheries
Program
1999; and
and 2)
2) recommend
recommend changes to: the definition
definition of
Program in 1999;
of category
category A species;
species; the
the harvest
harvest
programs
for
some
developmental
fishery
species;
and
the
preference
point
system.
programs for some developmental fishery
II. Annual
AnnualReport
ReportofofDevelopmental
Developmental Fisheries
Fisheries Activities
Activities
Permits
ODFW staff
staff has issued 126
126 permits for the harvest of
of developmental fisheries
fisheries species through
through
August 1999 (Table I).
1). Of
Ofthe
themore
morethan
than195
195permits
permitsissued
issued in
in 1998,
1998, 36
36 were
were renewed
renewed for
for 1999
1999
(similar
Thepermits
permits for
for two
two fisheries
fisheries (bay clams and
(similar to
to last year).
year). The
and spot prawns) were issued
through aa lottery.
lottery. All
Allavailable
available permits
permits were
were issued
issued for four fisheries (spot prawns, coonstripe
coonstripe &
&
through
sidestripe shrimp, bay
bay clams,
clams, and
and brine
brine shrimp
shrimp cysts).
Landings
ofdevelopmental
developmental fisheries
fisheries species
Landings of
species through
through August 1999 are summarized in Table 2.
ofthe
of developmental
developmental species
fisheries.
The majority of
the landings of
species were
were taken
taken as bycatch in other fisheries.
3
There was an increase in landings for hagfish
The landing fees for species
species
hagflsh and
and sardines
sardinesfor
for 1999.
1999. The
in all
generated approximately
approximately $11,709 into
into the
the developmental
developmental fisheries
fisheries ftind
fund in
in
all categories
categories have generated
1999,
1999, through
through August.
Research
Ocean clams
There has been no activity
activity with the experimental ocean clam
clam dredge
dredge in
in 1999 because
because of
of oil
New Carissa
Carissa in the harvest
contamination from
from the
the M/V
MN New
harvest area explored
explored last
last year.
year. The permit
try again
again next
next year.
year.
holder is planning to try
Brine shrimp
See appendix A for a progress report
report on
on activities
activities on brine shrimp at Lake Abert,
Abert.
Sablefish bycatch
Staff participated in a research cruise on sablefish,
sablefish, collecting
collecting size
sizeand
and sex
sexcomposition
composition data
data on
on
of Tanner
Tanner crab.
crab.
bycatch of
Sardines
of sardines
sardines and will be analyzed for size, sex, maturity,
Samples were collected
collected from
from the
the landings
landings of
and age.
Staff rodealong
alongon
onaavessel
vessel to
to observe
observe bycatch.
bycatch. The
The only
only bycatch observed
age. Stafi'rode
observed was
was one
one
salmonJone
blueshark,
shark,and
andapproximately
approximately 25
2S pounds
pounds of
ofmackerel.
mackerel.
salmonone blue
Pacific Fishery
Fishery Management
Management CouncilActivity
Council Activity
_ 'Ihe
management plan
plan
The Pacific Fisheries Management Council (Council) has decided to develop aa management
for highly migratory species (which
(which will
wifiinclude
includeswordfish).
swordfish). Staff
Staff participated
participated in
in writing
writing aa
background
paper on
onhighly
higWy migratory
migratory species
species for
for the
the Council.
Council.
background paper
Staff also
also participated in Council plan
plan development
developmentteam
team meetings
meetingsand
andaaworkshop
workshop on
on coastal
pelagic species (which includes squid, sardines, and anchovies).
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board
BoardActivities
Activities
Developmental
The Developmental Fishery Board
Board held
held two
two meetings
meetingsinin1999.
1999. At their meeting in June,
June, the
Board considered changes
changes to the
the definition
definition of species
species in
in category
category AA and
and discussed
discussed procedures
procedures to
to
They also
also considered
considered requests to discontinue
discontinue the brine shrimp cyst
waive renewal requirements.
requirements. They
the renewal
renewal requirements
requirements for spot prawns,
prawns, and
and add
add flat
flat abalone
abalone to
to the
the species
specieslist.
list.
permit, adjust the
prawn harvester
harvester also
also requested
requested the
the Board
Board consider
consider removing spot prawns from the
A spot prawn
developmental species list
list and
and put itit under
under aa regular
regular limited
limitedentry
entrysystem.
system. The request was tabled
The chair
chair
because creating another limited entry system
system would
would require
requiregoing
goingto
to the
the Legislature.
Legislature. The
also mentioned concerns from the Council regarding
regarding the
the effects
effects of prawn trawl gear on habitat.
This
staffwill
This winter,
winter, staff
will conduct a review of the
the spot prawn fishery
fishery and
and develop
develop options for future
the Board
Board to
toconsider
considernext
next spring.
spring.
management for the
The second meeting, in September,
September, was
was a conference
conference call
callto
to apPloye
approve the
the wording
wording of
of
recommendations made at
at the
the June
June meeting.
meeting.
4
1. 1999
1999 Developmental Fishery
Table 1.
Fishery Permits
Permits (as
(as of
of 9/1/99).
9/1/99t
Permits
Allowed
25
10
other
10 other
lou~liue
20
20 longline
15
Pacific haglish
ha.msh
blue shark
swordfish
northern anchovy &
Pacific herrin~
herring
Pacific sardine &
&
Pacific saury
saurv
Pacific sandflsh
sandfish
smelt
Pacific nomfret
pomfret
sleuder sole
sole
slender
box
crab
boxcrab
Oregon hair crab &
&
scarlet king crab &
grooved
lITooved tanner crab
spot shrimp
coonstriped shrimp
shthnp &
&
shrimn
sidestrine shrimp
cockle clams
bay clams
lriant
octoous
giant octopus
California market squid
snuid sup.
snn.
other squid
fragile urchin
sea cucumber
marine snails
brine shrimp
Permits
Iwed
Issued
Renewals
199R
from 1998
12
4
6
4
11
2
15*
15"
15
10
20
10
10
25
3
10
11
613N/3S)
trawl
6 (3NI3S trawl
1015Nl5S)
10 (5N/SS1 other
10
6*
6"
10*
10"
5
10*
10"
1
5
coastwide
10 coastwide
5Ssouth
south
10
(15N/15S) trawl
30 (1514/155)
30 (15N/15S)
(1SN/15S) other
6 trawl
trawl
6 other
other
6 I3N/3
(3N/3S)
5) trawl
1015N15S)
10 (5N/5S) diver
1015N15S)
other
10 (5N/5S)_other
10
3 adults
adults
11 cysts
cvsts
total
0"
all available
available permits
permits issued
o * all
DN/S
permitsissued
issuedgeographically
geographically by home port,
ON/S - permits
split at Hetecta Head, 50% N, 50% S
5
10*
10"
5*
5"
9
18
8
11
7
11
12
2
11
I1
4
11
1*
I"
1
1
126
36
Table 2.
Landings of
ofdevelopmental
developmental fisheries
fisheries species.
2. Landings
species, by
by category,
category,through
through August.
August. 1999
1999
~.
Catel!orv A
Pounds
hagfish
Pacific hagflsh
blue shark
swordfish
northern anchovy
Pacific herring
Pacific sardine
Pacific saury
samy
Pacific sandfish
sandflsh
smelt
Pacific pomfret
slender sole
539,111
608
-
71,446
1,472,027
box crab
Oregon hair
hair crab
scarlet king crab
grooved tanoer
tanner crab
spot shrimp
coonstriped shrimp
sidestripe shrimp
butter clams
cockle clams
gaper clams
littleneck clams
softshell clams
giant octopus
giant
ealifornia
California market squid
other squid spp.
spp.
fragile urchin
sea cucumber
marine snails
shrimn
brine shrimo
-
Catel!orv B
Pounds
salmon shark
hagfish
black hagflsh
Eelpouts
skilfish
carp
yellow perch
brown bullhead
northern squawfish
-
11,148
-
euphausiids (krill)
Pacific sand crab
freshwater mussels
75
-
16,695
893
-
26,862
22,501
1,412
2,115
32
7,826
2,209
-
-
-
Catel!orv C
Pounds
spiny dogfish
soupfin shark
skate
American shad
Pacific cod
Pacific flatnose
Pacific grenadier
cabezon
sculpius
sculpins
kelp greeuling
greenling
jack mackerel &
Pacific mackerel
greenstriped rockflsh
rockfish
rockfish
redstripe rockflsh
rockflsh
shortbelly rockfish
sharpchin rockfish
splitnose rockfish
rockflsh
Pacific sanddab
butter sole
butter
English sole
rex sole
rock sole
sand sole
lemon sole
spotted ratfish
raffish
wolf-eel
walleye pollock
181,588
833
909,222
201,947
74,717
-
181,068
48,073
45
45,211
1,367,761
495,166
968
601,193
424,087
9,435
134,576
5,603
9
3,096
ISO
150
-
red rock crab
purple sea urchins
cravfish
crayfish
grand total
7
I1
33,800
33800
6
381
-
49.423
49423
6,907,320
StaffAnalysis
Analysisof
ofIssues
Issues and
and Options
Options -- Recommendations
Recommendations
III. Staff
staff recommendations.
The frill
full text of
of proposed rule
rule changes
changes is
is
The following discusses staff
recommendations. The
attached beginning on
on Page 13.
13.
IssueL
A4just the definition of category A of the developmental species list
0/ category
category A o/the
Background o/the
of the definition of
of the species list
definition of
Presently, the definition
of species in
in category
category A
Ais:
is: "Species in category "A" are underutilized,
underutilized,
are not currently under
under another
another state
state or
or federal management
management plan,
plan, and
and have
have the
the potential
potential to
to be
economically viable".
Issue 1.
l.
Issue
The Pacific Fishery Management Council
Council recently
recently adopted
adopted Amendment
Amendment 8Sto
to the
the Northern
Northern
Anchovy Fishery Management Plan (FMP) which
which added
added squid,
squid, mackerel,
mackerel, and
and sardines
sardines to
to the plan
and changed the
the name
name to
to the
the Coastal
Coastal Pelagic
Pelagic Species
Species Fishery Management Plan.
Plan. Under
Underthis
thisplan,
plan,
of 390
39° N
only the fisheries for finfish south of
N (not squid) will
will be
be put under a limited entry system
Squidand
andfinfish
finfish north
north of
of390
39° N will have no specific federal
(actively managed status). Squid
at this
this time
time (monitored
(monitored status).
status). The Council
regulations at
Council considers the existing Oregon and
Washington regulations consistent with the
the FMP
FMP and
and prefers
prefers to
to rely
rely on
on the
the state regulations
regulations in
in
-' these areas. However,
-_
However,under
underthe
thecurrent
currentdefinitions,
definitions, squid,
squid, anchovies,
anchovies, and
and sardines
sardines would
would have
have to
to
category CCand
and the
the harvest
harvest programs
programs discontinued because they are now under a
be moved to category
federal management plan.
Instead of
ofmoving
moving the species
species to
plan. Instead
to category C, the Board has
recommended to continue
continue listing
listing these species under category A and adjust the definition to
include species under a federal management
management plan
plan but
but not
not actively
actively managed
managed off
off Oregon.
Oregon. A
A
definition of
of "actively managed" would be included
included to be "federal management by harvest
guideline or quota
quota according
accordingto
tothe
theprovisions
provisionsof
ofaafishery
fishery management
management plan".
plan".
The Board
Board and
and staff
staff recommend the Commission adopt rules adjusting
Option A: (preferred) The
the definition of species in
in category
category A
A to
to include
include species
species under
under aa federal
federal management
management
plan but not actively managed off Oregon under
under the federal
federal plan and adding a
definition for "actively managed".
Option
B: NoNo
action:status
status
speciesunder
undera afederal
federalmanagement
management plan
plan would be listed
Option B:
action:
quoquo
nono
species
listed
squid, anchovies,
anchovies, and
and sardines would need to be reclassified
reclassified
under category A; squid,
under category C.
7
IssueZ
Discontinue the pertnitfor Mne shthnp
cysts.
Background ofcommercial
of commercial brine shrimp fishery
See appendix A for a progress
progress report
report on
on the
the commercial
commercial brine shrimp fishery
fishery at
at Lake
Lake Abert,
Abert,
Oregon.
Adult brine shrimp
shrimp have
have been
been harvested
harvestedininOregon
Oregonfrom
fromLake
LakeAbert
Abertsince
since1979.
1979. Under
Under the
the
present harvest program,
program, three
three permits
permits are
are available
available for harvest of
of adult brine shrimp and one
permit is available
protect
available for
for harvest of shrimp
shrimp cysts.
cysts. Closed periods have been established to protect
nesting and migration seasons for
bird
populations.
fisheries have
for bird populations. Both fisheries
have an
an annual
annual quota
quota of 50,000
pounds per permit and harvest is also restricted to the south half of the
the lake
lake to
to reduce
bird populations.
populations.
disturbances to bird
ofadults
adults has
has continued
continued as
as in the past; one harvester, averaging
averaging 28,000 pounds
pounds
The harvest of
annually. The
The other
other two
two adult
adult permits
permits have not been utilized.
There has been no harvest of
of cysts
annually.
utilized. There
to aa lack
lack of
ofharvestable
harvestable cysts,
cysts, due
due to
to water
waterconditions.
conditions.
due to
staff estimated the adult population of brine shrimp
From sampling in 1997, staff
shrimp in
in October
October to
to be 1.9 x
1011.
allthree
threepermit
permitholders
holders had
had taken
taken theft
their entire
entire quota of
of 50,000 pounds each of
of adult
10". IfIfall
shrimp,
shrimp, the commercial harvest would have
have accounted
accounted for
for approximately
approximately 1.8%
1.8% of the total
available biomass
biomass of
of shrimp (Appendix A).
~vailable
Issue 2.
Issue
1997 and
and 1998,
1998, high
high percentages
percentages of
ofempty
empty shells
shells were found in the floating "slicks" of
of
During 1997
cysts which means the viable cysts
cysts were
were not
not on the surface ofthe
of the lake and
and therefore not available
for harvesting.
The lack
lack of
harvesting. The
offloating
floating cysts may
may be
be due
due to
to the
the low
low salinities
salinitiesof
ofthe
theLake.
Lake. In
In the
the
Great Salt Lake in Utah, as the salinity
salinity decreases,
decreases,the
thecysts
cystssink
sinktotothe
thebottom
bottomof
ofthe
thelake.
lake. Staff
Staff
believes the same thing happens at Lake Abert.
salinity would
The permit holder estimated, the salinity
would need
needto
tobe
be above
abovethe
the 80-100
80-100 ppt
ppt range
range to
to provide
commercial harvest
enough floating cysts for a commercial
harvest operation.
operation. If
If so, the level ofthe
of the lake would need
to drop to
to approximately
approximately the
the 4252
4252 ft
ft level
level to achieve these conditions;
conditions; below
below the
the average
average level
level of
of
the last 50 years. The level of
ofthe
the lake was
was below
below 4252
4252 feet
feet several
severalyears
yearsininthe
theearly
early1990's,
1990's, but
but
in only four other
other years since
since 1953.
1953. Given
Giventhe
therise
rise in
in water
waterlevel
level in
in the
the last
last few
few years
years and
and the
the
predicted ifiture
future wet
wet weather
weathercycle,
cycle, the
thenumber
number of
ofyears
years in
in the
the ftzture
future the level of
ofthe
lake will
will
predicted
the lake
drop below 4252 will probably
probably be
be few
few and
andfar
farbetween.
between. The Board recommends the permit for
harvesting cysts be discontinued.
The permit
permit holder
holder agrees
agrees with
with the
the recommendation.
recommendation.
discontinued. The
Option A: (preferred):
(preferred): The Board and staff recommend
recommend the
the Commission
Commission adopt
adopt rules
rules removing
the permit
permit to
to harvest
harvest brine
brine shrimp
shrimp cysts.
Option
B: No
Noaction:
action:status
status
quo,
one
permitavailable
availablefor
forharvesting
harvestingbrine
brineshrimp
shrimp cysts..
cysts..
Option B:
quo,
one
pennit
8
' hsue3.
Add an alternative of one landing of 1000 pounds to renewal requirements/or spot prawns
Background of
ofspot
prawn renewal
renewal requirements.
spot prawn
Presently, the landing requirement for spot prawn permits is five
five landings
landings of
of at
at least
least 100 pounds
each.
each. Many
Manyspecies
specieson
onthe
thespecies
specieslist
list have
have renewal
renewal requirements with two options;
options; several
several small
small
landing
landing or one large landing (ie squid
squid -- 5 landings
landingsof
of 500
500pounds
pounds or
or one
one landing
landing of
of 5000 pounds).
pounds).
Issue 3.
3.
Issue
A prawn permit holder has requested to add a second option to the prawn renewal requirements
of the vessels make
make multi-day
multi-day trips with large landings but may not make at total
total of
offive
five
as several of
landings.
landings. The
The Board
Boardrecommends
recommends changing
changing the spot prawn renewal requirements to: 5 landings
of at least 100
100 pounds
pounds or
orone
onelanding
landing of
ofat
at least
least 1000
1000 pounds
pounds (underlined
(underlined is
is new).
new).
of
Option A:
A:(preferred)
(preferred)The
TheBoard
Boardand
andstaff
staffrecommend
recommendthe
theCommission
Commissionadopt
adopt rules
rules changing
changing the
the
Option
renewal requirements of spot prawns to include an alternative of one landing of 1000
pounds.
Option B:
B: No
Noaction:
action:status
statusquo,
quo,renewal
renewalrequirements
requirementsare
are55landing
landing of
of 100
100 pounds.
Option
Issue 4.
Add flal qthalone to the species lIst in category A.
Background of
ofOregon
Oregon abalonefisheries
abalone fisheries
Currently,
Currently, commercial
commercial harvest
harvest of
of abalone
abaloneisisnot
notallowed
allowedininOregon.
Oregon. In
In 1996,
1996, the
the recreational bag
limit
limit was
was reduced
reduced from 3 to II abalone
abalone per
per day,
day, with
with aa yearly
yearly limit of 5. The
Theminimum
minimum size
size limit
limit
for recreational harvest is 8 inches. This
This size
size limit
limit precludes the harvest of
ofthe
the·smaller
smaller flat abalone
species.
Issue 4.
A commercial
conmiercial fisher
fisher presented a proposal to the Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board
Board to add flat abalone
(Haliotis
walallensis) to
to the
the species
species list.
list. The
Theapplicant
applicant felt
felt.f1at
abalone are abundant
abundant on
on the
the
(Hal/otis walallensis)
flat abalone
Oregon coast,
coast, are
areof
ofhigh
high quality,
quality, and could be sold in the live markets for optimum
southern Oregon
value.
Becausethe
thesea
seaurchin
urchinfishery
fishery isis no
no longer
longer aa year round
round fishery,
fishery, dive fishers need to
value. Because
diversifY
survive.HeHebelieves
believesa afishery
fisheryfor
forflat
flat abalone
abalone would
would create
create aa new
new source
source of
ofrevenue
revenue
diversi' totosurvive.
needed by divers and fish buyers.
buyers. His
His proposal
proposal included
included 10 individual or 5 vessel permits, renewal
of10
10 landings
landings of
of at
at least
least 20
20 pounds
pounds each,
each, and
and initial
initial eligibility
eligibility to current
current urchin
urchin
requirements of
permit holders.
Staff opposes the proposal to
to add
add flat
flat abalone
abalone to the
the species
species list.
list.. Appendix B contains the
the life
life
summaryand
andeffects
effectsof
ofevaluation
evaluation for
for flat
flat abalone. Basió
Basiclife
life history
history of
ofabalone
abalone isis fairly
fairly
history sumnary
well known; however, here
here isis very
very little information specifically
specifically on
on flat
flat abalone.
abalone. Flat abalone have
fairly wide distribution, but abundance is sparse. The
Thedifficulty
difficulty in
in distinguishing
distinguishing flat
flat abalone
abalone
a fairly
9
from small red abalone may result is
is some
some incidental
incidentalharvest
harvestof
ofsmall
smallred
redabalone.
abalone. Abalone
Abalpne are a
very high value
high degree
degree of
ofinterest
interest has
has led to a great
great deal
deal of
ofillegal
illegal harvest
value product. AAhigh
fisheries. Fisheries
Fisheries in other areas have shown that abalone
abalone populations
populations
activities in other abalone fisheries.
Theremay
maybe
beconcerns
concerns with
with having
having aa commercial
commercial harvest but
but not
not
can be easily over exploited. There
species. Staff
Staffhas
has limited
limited resources to conduct research on,
on, or
or
allowing a sport harvest for this species.
new offshore
offshoredive
dive fishery.
fishery.
monitor, aa new
the Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Board meeting,
meeting, one member of the public objected to the proposal
At the
because he felt it would be too easy to strip an
an area
area clean
cleanof
ofabalone.
abalone. He also
also felt
felt the
the south
south coast
would also
also object
object to
to the
the proposal.
proposal.
sport dive interests would
Board felt the
the lack
lack of
ofinformation
information warranted issuing one permit in order to gather
gather additional
additional
The Board
information. They
They adopted
adoptedaarecommendation
recommendation to
to include
include flat abalone on the species with the
information.
following harvest program.
Harvest Program
A.
Number ofpermits.
o/permits.
A. Number
The Developmental Fisheries
The
Fisheries Board
Board recommends
recommends issuing
issuingone
one permit
permitto
to harvest
harvest flat
fiat abalone.
abalone. The
would be
be issued
issued to
to the
the vessel
vessel with
with no
no more than two
two divers
divers allowed
allowed on
on the
the vessel.
vessel.
permit would
. 11
B. Renewal
Renewalrequirements.
requirements.
The Developmental
Developmental Fisheries Board recommends
recommends an annual renewal requirements of
of 10
10 landings
landings
of at least 20 pounds each.
each.
of
~ C
Otherstipulations.
stipulations.
C Other
Other stipulations
stipulations recommended by the Developmental
Developmental Fisheries
Fisheries Board
Board include:
include: an annual
quota of
of3,000
pounds; aa 4.5
4.5 in
inminimum
minimum size limit;
harvest quota
3,000 pounds;
limit; aa harvest
harvest season
season of
of May
May through
through
harvest from
from depths
depths less
less than
than 10
10 ftft from
Oct.; no harvest
from MLLW; no undersized abalone brought
brought ashore
ashore
or aboard any
any vessel; and harvest done
done only
only by hand or abalone iron.
Option
Option A:
A: The
The
Board
Board
recommends
recommendsthe
theCommission
Commissionadopt
adoptrules
rules to
to add
add flat
flat abalone
abalone to the
developmental species list in
in category
category A and
and add a harvest program.
Option B:
Staffrecommend no action:
(preferred) Staff
action: status quo, flat abalone is
is not
not on the
developmental species list.
10
10
'
IssueS
Grant aneprefereneepoint to penon who inuikes proposal to add a spedes to the specks list
IssueS.£
Issue
During the discussions to add
add flat abalone to the developmental species list,
list, the Board realized
person making
making aa new proposal could not be guaranteed to get aa permit
permit if
ifthere
enough
that a person
there was enough
interest where the permits
The Board
Board felt if a person went to the time and
permits would
would go
go to
to aa lottery.
lottery. The
effort to explore new markets,
markets, new
new gear
gear types,
types, etc.
etc. and
and worked
worked to
to put
put together
together aa proposal,
proposal, they
should be given a priority for
for one
one of the
the first
first permits.
permits. The Board recommends granting one
preference point to the person who makes a proposal (if approved) to add a species to the species
species
list.
Option A:
(preferred) The
The Board
Board and
and staff
staffrecommend
recommend the Commission
Commission allow granting one
preference point to persons who make the initial proposal (which is accepted) to add
add
a species to the
the species
species list.
list.
Option
B: NoNo
action:
status
quo,nonopreference
preferencepoint
pointavailable.
available.
Option B:
action:
status
quo,
11
11
Admlnistrative
12
12
OREGON
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
I~
[(8)]
"Undemtilized species" means a food fish
[(8)J ff21 "Underutilized
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
FISHERIES
COMMERCIAL
DIVISION 006
006
DIVISION
species
species that
that is
is not presently
presently harvested
harvested in
in significant
COMMERCIAL GEAR;
GEAR; LICENSES,
LICENSES, POUNDAGE
POUNDAGE
COMMERCIAL
inadeqnate gear
quantities due to poor markets or inadequate
development or may be
be caught
caught but
but not utilized due to poor
FEES,
RECORDS AND REPORTS
markets.
[(9)]
[(9)] (10)
QQ) "Optimum
"Optimum sustained
sustained yield"
yield" (OSY)
(OSY) means the
Developmental Fisheries Program
Program
greatest
desired catch level of a fishery that will provide the greatest
overall benefit to the state taking into
into account
account economic,
economic,
635-006-0810
social,
social, and
and ecological
ecological considerations
considerations that
that will
will maintain
maintain a
Definitions
level ofpopulation
of population that
that insures the
the long-term productivity
of OAR's
OAR's 635-006-0820
635-006-0820 through 635For the purposes of
the following
following definitions
definitions shall
shall apply:
apply:
006-0950 the
of
the stock and does
does not
not impair its ability to sustain itself
ofthe
the future.
into the
(1)
(1) "Actively managed" means federal management
(l0) "Overfishing"
"Overfishing"means
meansaalevel
levelor
orrate
rate of
offishing
fishing
(10)
harvest guideline
guideline or
or quota
quotaaccording
accordingto
to the
the nrovision
provision
by harvest
of aa stock
stock
mortality that jeopardizes the long-term
lbng-term capacity
capacity of
of a fishery management plan.
elan.
or stock complex to produce MSY.
[(I)]
"Board"
"Board" means the Developmental Fisheries
Fisheries
1(1)1 ill
f
Stat. Auth.: ORS 506.109, 506.119 and 506.450 through
Commission.
Board appointed by the Conunission.
[(2)]
[(2)1 ill
f) "Commission" means the Oregon Fish and
~
506.465
Stats. Implemented: ORS
Hist.:
Adopted10-22-99,
10-22-99, ef
ef upon
upon filing
fl1ing
list: Adopted
Wildlife Commission.
Conunission.
[(3)]
[(3)1 ill
(41 "Department" means the Oregon Department
of Fish and Wildlife.
ofFish
[(4)] ill "Developed
fishery" means
means aa fishery where the
'Developed fishery"
catch, and
andeffort
level ofparticipation,
of participation, catch,
effort indicate
indicate the
the fishery
fishery
635-006-0830
Listing as a Developmental Fisheries Species
list a food fish species as a Developmental Fisheries
To list
optimum sustained
sustained yield and/or there is
has approached optimum
Species, the
the species
species isis
Species,
the Commission shall determine the
sufficient biological
biological information, information on harvest
nudemtilized. If
If the Commission determines the
the species
species is
underutilized,
and markets
markets to develop a long-term
gear types, and
methods, gear
undemtilized it shall:
underutilized
the species.
species.
management plan
plan for
for the
management
(1) Consider existing catch history, biological data,
[(5)] ill "Developmental fisheries species" means food
market information.
adopted by the
the Commission
Commission to be managed
fish species adopted
(2) Consider any known or potential conflicts including
nuder the Developmental
Developmental Fisheries Program.
under
[(6)]
[(6)1 ill
f2) "Director" means the Director of the Oregon
competing uses or gears,
gears, existing rules, state or federal
other species.
species.
management plans or policies, or impacts on other
Department of
ofFish
and Wildlife.
Wildlife.
Department
Fish and
(3) Place each species into one of three categories of
[(7)]
sustainable yield" (MSY) means
"Maximum sustainable
[(7)1fl!1
f) "Maximum
an estimate of
of the largest
largest average
average annual catch or yield that
the list ilccording
according to the following criteria:
Species in
A" are
are underutilized,
nudemtilized, are
are not
not
(a) Species
in category"
category "A"
can be taken over a significant
significant period of time from
from each
each
stock nuder
under prevailing
prevailing ecological
ecological and environmental
conditions.
currently
state
currently actively
actively managed
managed off Oregon under another state
or federal management plan, and have the potential to be
economically
economicallyviable.
viable.Species
Speciesinincategory"
category "A"
A" shall have
Div.006-1
Div. 006-1
OREGO
OREGON
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
DEPARTMENT OF
OF FISH
FISH AND
AND WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
OREGON DEPARTMENT
limitations established
established by the Commission
permit and gear limitations
landings consisting of at
at least
least 500
500 pounds
pounds each
each landing
landing or
annually;
one landing consisting of at least 5000
5000 pounds.
pounds. Permits are
(b)
are underutilized,
undemtilized, are not
(b) Species
Species in
incategory
category"B"
"B" are
valid for and renewal requirements are calculated from
management plan,
currently under another state
slate or federal
ttderal management
February 1 through January 31 of the following year. There
be aa viable fishery.
fishery. A
and have not shown the potential
potential to be
are 20 permits for harvest by floating
10 .
floating longline and 10
species
sodesignated
designatedmay
may
upgraded
to the""
species so
bebe
upgraded
to the
"A"
permits for harvest by other gear.
gear. Specially adapted
category,
and approval by the
category, upon
upon application to the Board and
drift/gill net may be
be permitted.
permitted. Experimental
Experimental gear permits
Conunission during the annual review;
Commission
may be required.
required. Five single-delivery
single-delivery permits
permits will
will be
be issued
areunderutilized
undemtilized and
and are .
(c) Species
Species in
in category
category "C"
"C" are
to those who applied by annual
not
annual filing date, but did not
currently under another state or federal management plan
receive a Developmental
Developmental Fishery
Fishery Permit.
Permit. Gill net gear must
gear limitations.
already establishing permit and/or gear
conform to Califoruia
California gear restrictions;
anchow (Engraulis mon/ax)
(D) Northern anchovy
mordax) and
and Pacific
pallasi) fishery
fishery has
has a qualifying and
herring (Clupea
(Clupeapallasi)
Stat.
and506.450
506.450 through
through
Stat. Auth.:
Auth.: ORS
ORS 506.109,
506.109, 506.119
506119 and
506.465
Implemented: ORS
Stats. Implemeuted:
annual renewal requirement of either five
five landings
consisting of at least 500
500 pounds
pounds each
each lauding
landing or one
Rist.:
Hist.: Adopted 10-22-99, ef. upon filing
landing consisting of at least
least 5000
5000 pounds.
pounds. There
There are 15
pennits for ocean harvest. Specially adapted small
small mesh
mesh
permits
635-006-0850
drift/gill net may be pennitted.
permitted. No permit is needed for
driftlgill
Developmental
Develo9mental Fisheries
Fisheries Species
Species List
List
hand lines or hand harvest.
harvest. Experimental
Experimental gear
gear permits
permits may
may
(I)
[Species List,
(1) The Developmental Fisheries [Species
be required;
is) species,
species, permit and aear
gear restrictions,
restrictions,
Category""A,"
A," isi
Category
(E)
(B) Pacific
Pacific sardine
sardine (Sardinops
(Sardinops sagax)
sagax) and
and Pacific saury
requirements for
for renewal
renewal of
of Category
Category A
and landing requirements
(Cololabis saira) fishery has a qualifYing
quali4ring and
and annual
annual
permits
areas
asfollows:
follows:
permits are
renewal requirement of either
either five
five landings
landings consisting
consisting of at
at
(a) FISH
least 500 pounds each landing or one landing consisting of
of
(A) Pacific hagfish
hagflsh (Eptatretus stouti) fishery has a
at least 5000 pounds.
pounds. There are 15
15 permits for ocean
qualifyingand
andannual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirementof
offive
five
qualii'ing
harvest. Specially adapted
adapted small
small mesh
mesh drift/gill
drill/gill net may be
landings.
landings. There are 25 permits for harvest of which there
permitted. Experimental gear pennits
permits may be required;
are no trawl permits;
(Trichodon trichodon) fishery has
has
(F) Pacific sandfish (Trichodon
(B)
(B) Blue
Blue shark
shark (Prionace
(Prionace glauco)
glauca) fishery has a
qualifyingand
andannual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirement of
offive
a quali'ing
five
qualifYingand
andannual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirementof
ofeither
either five
five
qualil'ing
landings. There are 10
10 permits for harvest of
of which there
landings consisting of at least 500 pounds each landing
landing or
however,
are no dredging permits and no trawl permits, however,
one landing consisting of
of at least
least 5000
5000 pounds.
pounds. There
There are
are
nnmbers of
of experimental gear
gear permits
permits may
may be
be
limited numbers
10
high seas
seas drift
10 permits
permits for
for harvest
harvest of
of which
which there are
ate no high
issued for trawl harvest. Permits are area
area specific.
specific.
net permits and no large mesh gill net
net permits.
permits. No permit is
gearpermits
Experimental gear
permits may be required. No permit is
needed for
for hand
hand lines or hand harvest. Experimental gear
needed for hand lines or hand harvest;
permits may be required;
(C) Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fishery has a
qualifYing
annual renewal
renewal requirement
requirementof
ofeither
either five
qualifring and annual
(G)
Eulachon (Thaleichthyspacficus),
(Thaleichthys pacificus), whitebait
whitebait smelt
smelt
(0) Eulachon
(Allosmerus
starksi),
(Allosmerus elongatus),
elongatus), uight
night smelt (Spirinchus starksi),
longfin
longfln smelt (Spirinchus
(Spirinchus thaleichthys)
thaleichthys) and surf smelt
Div.006-2
Div.
006-2
OREGON
I~
,~
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
OREGON
OREGON DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF
OF FISH
FISH AND
AND WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE
W11~la.
(Hypomesus
and annual
(Hypomesuspretiosus)
pretiosus)fishery
fisheryhas
hasaaqualifYing
quali'ing and
50 percent
percent issued
issued south
southof
ofHeceta
Heceta Head,
Head,
issued north and 50
renewal requirement
requirement of
offive
five landings
landings consisting
consisting of
of at least
until after
after the
the date
date of
of the lottery;
until
(D)
Coonstripe shrimp (Pandalus danae) and
and sidestripe
sidestripe
(0) Coonstripe
100
There are
are 20
20 permits
permits for
for ocean
ocean
100 pounds
pounds each landing. There
harvest of which there are no trawl pennits,
permits, however,
however,
shrimp (Pandalopsis
(Pandalopsis dispar)
dispar)fishery
fisheryhas
hasaaqualifying
qualiliing and
and
of experimental gear pennits
permits may
may be
limited numbers of
annual renewal requirement of five
five landings consisting of
issued for trawl harvest,
harvest. Specially
Specially adapted small mesh
at least 100 pounds (round weight)
weight) each landing. There are
drift/gill net may be permitted. No permit is needed for
for
10 permits for harvest
harvest by pot gear;
hand lines or hand
hand harvest.
harvest. Experimental gear
gear permits may
be required;
(E) Ocean cockle clams (Clinocardium nuttailhi)
nuttallii)
fishery has a qualifying
qualifying and
and annual
annual renewal
renewal requirement
requirement of
of
(H)
japonica) fishery has a .
(H) Pacific
Pacific pomfret (Broma
(Bramajaponica)
five
five landiogs
landings consisting of at least 100 pounds each
qualifying
and
annual
renewalrequirement
requirementof
offive
five landings
qualing and
annual
renewal
landing. There are five permits for ocean harvest
harvest only. No
consisting of at least 100 pounds each landing.
landing. There are
permit is needed
needed for
for hand
hand lines
lines or
or hand
hand harvest.
10
Experimental gear
gear permits may be
10 permits
permits for harvest. Experimental
Experimental gear permits may be required;
(F) Bay
flay clams
clams including
including cockle clams (Clinocardium
required;
required;
nuttallii), butter
nuttalihi),
buffer clams
clams (Saxidonus
(Saxidonus giganteus),
giganteus). gaper clams
(l) Slender
Slender sole
sole (Eopsetta
(Eopsetta exilis)
exilis) fishery
fishery has aa
(I)
renewalrequirement
requirementofoffive
five landings
landings
qualifyingand
andannual
annualrenewal
quali'ing
(Tresus
uative littleneck clams
(Tresus capas,
capas, nuttallii),
nuttallu), native
consisting of at least 100
100 pounds each landing. There are
and softshell
softshell clams
clams (Mya
(Myaarenaria)
arenaria)
(Protothaca stamines),
stamines), and
Experimental gear
gear permits
permits may
may be
10 permits for harvest. Experimental
fishery has no qualifying and annual
annual renewal
renewal requirements
requirements
~ required.
required.
an unlimited
nnlimited number
number of
of permits,
for intertidal hand harvest, an
(b) INVERTEBRATES
and a $25 permit fee.
fee. There
There are 11
11 permits (individual or
(A) Box crab (Lopholithodes
foraminatus) fishery has a
(Lopholithodesforaminatus)
vessel) for subtidal dive harvest, effective
effective March
March 18, 1997-
five landings
landings
qualifying and annual
annual renewal
renewal requirement
requirement of five
December 31,
1997, and 10 permits
31,1997,
permits thereafter
thereafter for
for statewide
statewide
landing. There are
consisting of at least 100 pounds each landing.
harvest south
southof
ofHeceta
Heceta Head.
Head.
harvest and five permits for harvest
25 permits for harvest
harvest with
with pots
pots only;
only;
Qualifying requirements are either five landings
landings consisting
consisting
(B) Grooved tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri),
of at least 200
of
200 pounds
pounds each
each landing
landing or an annual total of
(Paralomis ,nulitspina)
mulitspina) and scarlet king
Oregon hair crab (Paralomis
the qualifying
qualifying
2500 pounds for one calendar year during the
crab (Lithodes couesi) fishery has
has aa qualifying
qualifying and annual
period of January 1,
I, 1990 through October 16, 1995.
1995.
five landings
landings consisting
consisting of
of at least
least
renewal requirement
requirement of
offive
Annual renewal requirements are either five landings
100 pounds each landing. There are 10
10 pennits
permits for harvest
consisting of at least 100
100 pounds
pounds each landing
landing or an annual
with pots only;
total of
of 2500 pounds;
total
(C) Spot prawn (Pandalus
(Pandalus piatyceros)
platyceras) fishery has a
octopns (Octopus dofleini)
(G) Giant octopus
dofleini) fishery has a
qualifyingand
andannual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirementof
offive
five landings
landings
qualil'ing
offive landings
qualifying
andannual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirement of
qualiling and
of at least
least 100
100 pounds (round weight) each
consisting of
consisting of at
at least
least 100
100 pounds
pounds each
each landing.
landing. There
There are
landing consisting
consisting of at least 1000 pounds.
landing or one Iandinu
nounds.
10 penni!s
pols only;
permits for harvest using octopus pots
(H)
(H) California market squid (Loligo
(Loligo opalescens) and
There are six permits
permits for harvest by trawl gear and 10
permits for harvest by other gear. Permits
Pennits are area specific.
other squid (several
(several species)
species)fishery
fisheryhas
hasaaqualifying
qualif'ing and
Experimental gear
gear permits
permits may
may be
be required.
required. Permits are
Experimental
annual renewal requirement of either five
five landings
issued geographically, split
split at
at Heceta
Heceta Head with 50 percent
consisting of at least 500
500 pounds
pounds each
each landing
landing or one
Div. 006-3
Div.006-3
OREGON
I~
OREGON
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE
ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF
OF FISH
FISH AND WILDLIFE
,UWIWlir,
Fisheries Species
Species List,
List,
(2) The Developmental Fisheries
of at least
least 5000 pounds. There are 30
landing consisting of
Category
asfollows:
follows:
Category "B,"
"B," isisas
pennits for harvest using trawl gear and
and 30
30 permits
pennits for
permits
pennits
harvest using other gear types. Experimental gear permits
(a) FISH
may be
be required.
required. Pennits
Permits are issued geographically, split at
di/ropis);
(A) Salmon shark (Lamna ditropis);
Heceta Head with
with 50 percent issued north and 50 percent
(B) Carp (Cyprinus carpio);
issued south of Heceta Head,
Head, until
until after the date of the
(C)
(C) Black
Black hagfish
hagfish (Eptatretus deani);
dean:);
lottery;
(0)
jlavescens);
(D) Yellow
Yellowperch
perch(Perca
(Percaflavescens);
(I) Fragile urchin (Allocentrotusfragilis)
(Allocentrotus fragilis) fishery
fishery has a
(E)
(B) Eelpouts
Eelpouts (family Zoarcidae);
qualifYing and
and annual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirementof
offive
qua1ifing
five landings
(F) Brown bullhead (A,neiurus
(Ameiurus nebulosus);
consisting of at least 500 pounds each landing. There are
(G)
zonifer);
((3) Skilfish
Skiffish (Erilepis zoñ:fer);
six pennits
pennits for
permits for
for harvest using trawl gear and six permits
(II) Northern squawfish (Plychocheilus
(Ptychocheilus oregonensis).
(H)
Experimental gear
gear permits
pennits may
may be
harvest using other gear. Experimental
(b) INVERTEBRATES
required.
issued geographically, split
split at
at Heceta
required. Pennits
Permits are issued
(family Euphausidae);
(A) Euphausids (krill) (family
and 50
50 percent
percent issued
Head with 50 percent issued north and
(B)
(B) Pacific
Pacific sand
sand crab
crab (flmeri/a
(Einerita ana/oga);
analoga);
south of Heceta Head;
(C) Freshwater mussels (families Margaritifera,
Margaritifera,
(1) Sea cucumber (Parastichopus
spp.) fishery has a
(J)
(Parasachopus spp.)
Anodonta, Gonidea, and Corbicula).
qualif'ing
qualifYing and
and annual
annualrenewal
renewalrequirement
requirementof
offive
five landings
consisting of at least 100 pounds each landing. There are
(3) The Developmental Fisheries Species List,
List,
Category
asfollows:
follows:
Category "C,"
"C," isisas
six
six permitS
perSf for
forharvest
harvestusing
usingtrawl
trawlgear,
gear, 10
10 permits
pennits for
(a) FISH
havest by
harvest by other gear.
by diver,
diver, and 10 pennits
permits for harvest
(A) Spiny dogfish
dogfish (Squalus
(Squalus acanthias);
acanthias);
Experimental gear permits may
may be required. Permits
Pennits are
Soupfin shark
shark (Galeonhinus
(Galeorhinus zyopterus);
(B) Soupfln
issued geographically,
geographically, split at Heceta Head with 50 percent
(C) Skate (family Rajidae);
issued north and 50 percent
percent issued
issued south
south of
ofHeceta
Heceta Head,
(0) American shad
shad (Alosa sapidissima);
(D)
until after the date of the lottery;
(E) Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus);
(K)
(K) Marine snails (various species) fishery has
has a
(F)
(F) Pacific flatnose
fiatnose (Antimora microlepis);
five landings
landings
annual renewal
renewal requirement
requirementof
offive
qualifying and annual
(G)
(G) Pacific grenadier
grenadier (Coryphaenotdes
(Coryphaenoides acrolepis);
consisting of at least 100 pounds each landing. There are
(H)
(II) Cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus);
10
10 permits
permits for
for subtidal harvest only;
(I) Sculpins
Seulpins (family Cottidae);
(Artemia spp.) fishery has a .
(L) Brine shrimp (Anemia
(1)
(J) Kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus);
qualifYing
renewal requirement
requirementof
ofat
at least
least 5000
5000
qualifying and annual renewal
(Trachurus symmetnicus);
symmetricus);
(K) Jack mackerel (Trachurus
three permits
pennits to
to harvest
harvest adults
pounds landed. There are three
(pacific) mackerel (Scomber
japonicus);
(L) Chub (Pacific)
(Scombenjaponicus);
Applicants for
for the egg
egg
[and one pennit
permit to harvest eggs. Applicants
(M) Greenstriped rockfish (Sebastes
(Sebastes elongatus);
elongatus);
pennit
permit must have prior experience harvesting brine
proriger);
(N) Redstripe rockfish (Sebastes proniger);
shrimp.] s
shrimp.].
(0)
Shortbelly}ockfish (Sebastesjordani);
(0) Shortbellyrockfish
(Sebastesfordani);
(M)
FlatAbalone
Abalone(Ha/jo/is
(Haliotiswala//ensis)
walallensis) fishery
fishery has
has
(M Flat
(P) Sharpchin
Sharpchin rockfish
rockfish (Sebastes
(Sebastes zacen/nus);
zacentrus);
(F)
requirementof
ofatatleast
least10
10 landinus
landings of
an annual renewal requirement
Splitnose rockfish
rockfish (Sebastes
(Sebastes diploproa,);
diploproa);
(Q) Splitnose
at least 20 pounds
pounds each
each landing. There is one oermit
pennit for
(R) Pacific
Pacific sanddab
sanddab (Cithanichthys
(Ci/harichthys sordidus);
sordidus);
(it)
subtidal harvest with dive gear.
(S) Butter
Butter sole (Pleuronectes isolepis);
(5)
Div. 006-4
Div.006-4
OREGON
OREGON
OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE
ADMINISTRATIVE RULES
WILDLIFE
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE
Rib Swildiji.
(T) English sole
sale (Pleuronectes vetulus);
[(4»)!§l
Applicants will forfeit preference points
[(4)1 {j Applicants
(U)
(U) Rex
Rex sale
sole (Errex zechirus);
accumulated for a species gear category when they do not
(V) Rock sale
sole (Pleuronectes bilineatus);
gear category
category for two
two consecutive
consecutive
apply for that species gear
rN) Saud
Sand sole
sale (Psettichthys melanostictus);
(W)
years.
(X) Curlfin
(lemon) sole
sale (Pleuronichthys decurrens);
decurrens);
Curifin (lemon)
[(5»)
[(5)] (6)
(6) Department
Department records
records are final
final to determine
(Y) Spotted raffish
rattish (Hydrolagus colliel);
colliei);
applicants.
accrued preference points for permit
permit applicants.
(2) Wolf-eel (Anarrhichthys oce/latus);
ocellatus);
(Z)
[(6)]
ill
fl Each applicant's preference point accrual
Walleye poliock
pollock (Theragra chalcogramma).
chalcogramma).
(AA) Walleyc
record will be jointly
jointly linked
linked to his or her social security
(b) INVERTEBRATES
INWRTEBRATES
number or tax ill
ID munber
number and vessel document number.
number.
(A) Red rock crab (Cancer productus);
Preference point applicants shall use the same social
sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus
(B) Purple sea
security number or tax
tax ill
II) number and vessel document
purpuratus);
number each lime
time they apply for a permit.
[(7)] !!!1
Applicants will receive
receive no
no preference
preference points
f
(C) Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus).
leniusculus).
when their application is not received by the appropriate
Stat
Auth.: ORS 506119
506.119
Stat Auth.:
Stats. Implemented:
hnplemented: ORS 506.109, 506.129
506.129 and
and 506.450
506.450
application date.
through 506.465
Stat. Anth.:
Auth.: ORS
ORS 506.109 and 506.119
Hist.: Adopted 10-22-99,
upon filing
fIling
10-22-99, ef.
ei upon
Implemented: ORS
ORS 506.129
506.129 and 506.450 through
Stats. hnplemented:
506.465
635-006-0915
Hist.: Adopted 10-22-99, ef. upon filing
Preference Point
Point System
System
Preference
(I)
applicants who did not receive
receive a permit
(1) Valid applicants
during the
the lottery
lottery shall
shallreceive
receive one
one preference
preference point
point
during
applicable to subsequent
subsequent permit
permit lotteries
lotteries for
for the
the species
species
gear category Oisted
in OAR
OAR635-006-0850)
635-006-0850) for which
(listed in
were accrued,
accrued, except
except as
points were
as excluded
excluded in
in section
section [(4)]
[(4») !§l
of this rule.
(2) Persons who submit the
the initial proposal
proposal to
to add
add a
species
species to
to the Developmental Fisheries Species list
list (OAR
635-006-0850) shall
635-006-0850)
shall be
be granted
granted one preference point
applicable to the first permit lottery for the new
new permit
permit
category.
cateeorv.
[(2))
Applicantsshall
shallaccrue
accrne no
no more
more than
than one
one
[(2)10[j Applicants
preference point
point per
perspecies
speciesgear
gearcategory
category per
peryear.
year.
preference
[[(3») ffi
Applicants successful
successful in obtaining a permit
[[(3)1
0) Applicants
shall have zero preference points when they next apply for
a new permit in
in that
thatspecies
species gear
gear category.
category.
Div.006-5
Div. 006-5
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A.
A. Progress report on brine shrimp research
-
~.
A-i
A-i
Developmental
Developmental Fisheries
Fisheries Progress
Progress Report:
Report:
Brine Shrimp
-t
Jean McCrae
of Fish and Wildlife
Oregon Dept. of
Marine Resources Program
2040 SE Marine Science Drive
Newport, OR 97365
April, 1999
A-Ii
A-u
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS..........................................................................................................
iii
......................................................
111
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................
,......................................................................................... v
A-I
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT..........................................................................
A-i
INTRODUCTION ................................................................
A-3
LIFE HISTORY OF BRINE SHRIMP .................................
A-4
Ecology ...............................................................................
A-4
Reproduction and growth ...................................................
A-4
Food
Food...................................................................................
A-4
Population...........................................................................................................................
Population
..........................................................................
A-5
ECOLOGY OF LAKE ABERT ............................................
A-5
Description.........................................................................
A-5
Management designations
designations ..................................................
Management
A-6
Brine
shrimp........................................................................................................................
A-7
Brineshrimp
.......................................................................
Other invertebrates.............................................................
A-7
;
A-7
Algae ...................................................................................
Birds
;............................................................................... A-8
Birds....................................................................................
HARVESTING OF BRINE SHRIMP .....
COMMERCIAL HARVESTING
A-9
A-9
Fisheries
in otherareas
areas .......................................................
tFisheries
in other
& management
management............................................
Oregon harvest &
A-9
PILOT SAMPLING PROJECT
PROJECT...........................................................................................
A-IO
A-b
............................................
\,fa+1n,Ac.
iYi..L1LUUO ......................................................................................................
A-tO
Methods
A-IO
A-I2
Results and discussion .......................................................
A-12
sampling
conditions ........................................................
A-I2
A-12
samnling conditions
waterconditions
A-i2
water
conditions .............................................................
A-I2
brine
shrimp ...................................................................
;
A-13
brineshrimp
A.1 S
brine
shrimp cysts
cysts ......................................................... :
A-I5
brineshrimn
A-i7
A-I7
RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................
RECOMMENDATIONS
......................................................................................................
.....................................................
A-17
A-I7
Future studies ....................................................................
T?i,tira
n,onneyan,nnt
Ai7
Future InaJ.IasssIa/ssI
management
A-I7
..............................................................................................................
A-i7
adults
A-I7
adults.............................................................................
cysts
:
A-17
cysts..............................................................................
A-i8
A-I8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................
A-i8
;
A-I8
REFERENCES
REFERENCES......................................................................
A-2i.
APPENDICES ......................................................................
A-2I
A-iii
A-ui
TABLE OF CONTENTS (con't)
Appendix A.
Waterlevel
data for Lake Abert,
The 1926-1990
1926-1990
A. Water
level data
Abert, Oregon,
Oregon, 1926-1998.
1926-1998. The
data are from Keister,
(1992).
The
1990-1996
data
are
from
Lakeview
Keister, (1992).
1990-1996 data
Watermaster, Oregon Water
Water Resources
Resources Department.
Department. The 1997-1998 data
are from personal observation. Lake levels were those taken as close as
possible to October each year......................................................................
year ......................................................................
Appendix B. UTM, latitude/longitude coordinates of sample stations, and north/south
division line...................................................................................................
divisionline
Appendix C. Summary of data and samples of brine shrimp and cysts collected from
Lake Abert,
Abert, 1997-1998.
1997-1998. AA = Avocet Artemia Inc., Salt Lake City,
Utah ...............................................................................................................
Appendix D. Bottom depth, salinity, temperature,
temperature, and ph,
ph, by station, of Lake Abert
*
1997 and 1998.
1998. * = equipment malfunctioned .................................
during 1997
3
Appendix E. Sample depth,
) of brine shrimp
depth, count, volume,
volume, and estimated density (m
(in3)
from Lake Abert during 1997 and 1998 .......................................................
of brine shrimp (in3)
(m3) of Lake Abert during 1997 and
Appendix F. Estimated density of
* = samples taken,
1998. *
taken, but
but inadequately
inadequately processed.
processed................................
Appendix G.
brine shrimp
shrimp by
by life
life stage
stage (n=nauplii,
(n=nauplii,j=juvenile,
j=juvenile,a=adult)
a=adult) of
of
Appendix
0. Percent of brine
Lake Abert during
but less
less than
than 1%.
1%.
during 1997
1997 and
and 1998.
1998. P = present, but
*
* = samples taken, but inadequately processed.
processed ...........................................
Appendix H. Percent
f=female,
Percent of
of adult
adultbrine
brineshrimp
shrimpbybygender
gender(m=male,
(m=male,
ffemale,n=number)
nnumber)
*
from Lake Abert during 1997 and 1998.
1998. * = samples taken, but
inadequately processed
processed.................................................................................
A-iv
A-iv
A-22
A-23
A-23
A-24
A-25
A-27
A-28
A-29
LIST OF FIGURES
Number
Page
Figure 1. Water
Water level
level of
of Lake
Lake Abert, Oregon,
1926-1998. 1926-1990
1926-1990 data
data from Keister,
Oregon, 1926-1998.
(1922). 1990-1996
1990-1996 data
data from
from Lakeview
Lakeview Watermaster,
Watermaster, Oregon Water Resources
Department.
1997-1998 data
data from personal observation.
Lake levels
levels were those
Department. 1997-1998
observation. Lake
taken as close as possible to October each
each year.
year. Data are listed in Appendix A... A-6
ofLake
LakeAbert
Abertshowing
showing sample
sample stations
stations (1-14),
(1-14), gaging
gaging station, and north'
north!
Mapof
Figure 2. Map
southdividing
south
dividing line
line..................................................................................................
.................................................................................................. A-il
A-II
OF TABLES
TABLES
LIST OF
Number
~~~
Page
Eg
Table 1. Waterfowl
Waterfowl and
and shore
shore birds
birds found
found in
in the lake edge habitat on the north shore of
!mownbreeders
breeders at
at Lake
Lake Abert.
Abert.
Lake Abert, with abundance greater than rare.
rare. **== known
aI., 1991)
1991)................................................................................... A-9
(from Kristensen, et al.,
Table 2. Summary
Summaryof
ofwater
waterconditions
conditions at
at Lake
Lake Abert,
Abert, 1997-1998
1997-1998 ......................................... A-12
of brine shrimp by date, on Lake
Table 3. Estimated
Estimatedaverage
averagedensity
density(m3)
(m3) and population of
1997-1998 ...................................................................................................... A-is
A-15
Abert, 1997-1998
Averagedensity
density(m3),
(m3), number of
of sampling stations, 95% confidence interval,
Table 4. Average
coefficient of
of variation, and number of stations
stations that
that would
would have
have been
been required
required to
to
of 25% of the mean on each sampling date for brine
produce standard errors of
shrimp from Lake Abert, 1997-1998 ........................................................................ A-15
A-is
Averagepercent
percentby
bylife
lifestage
stage(nauplii,
(nauplii,juvenile,
juvenile,adult)
adult) and
and sex
sex ratio
ratio of
of adults for
Table 5. Avenge
brine shrimp from Lake
1%.
Lake Abert,
Abert, 1997-1998.
1997-1998. PP = present, but less than 1%.
and H ................... A-15
A-iS
Individual station and replicate data are
are listed
listed in
in Appendices
Appendices G
0 and
Percentof
ofhatched
hatched cysts
cysts and
and empty shells in samples of cysts from
Table 6. Percent
from Lake
Lake
Abert, 1997-1998.
1997-1998. Samples
Samples were
were analyzed
analyzed by
by Avocet Artemia Inc., Salt Lake
Abed,
City, Utah.................................................................................................................
c
A-16
A-v
.
ABSTRACT
In 1996,
1996, ODFW
ODFW received
received numerous inquiries about harvesting brine shrimp cysts from
much of
ofthe interest coming from the expanding cyst fishery on the Great Salt Lake
Lake Abert; much
Becauseof
ofthe
thepotential
potentialincrease
increasein
inharvest
harvestactivities,
activities, the
the fishery
fishery was
was placed
placed under
under the
the
in Utah. Because
project which
which allowed
allowed aa limit
limit to the number of
of permits issued
issued and
and an
an
developmental fishery project
opportunity to collect
collect information
information needed
needed for
for aa management
management plan.
of the basic life history and
A review of
and ecology
ecology of
of Lake
Lake Abert
Abertwas
was conducted.
conducted. Brine
They thrive in
in extreme
extreme
shrimp can be found in salt lakes and brine ponds through out
out the
the world.
world. They
conditions such
such as
as high
high salinity
salinity and
and temperature,
temperature, where predators
predators cannot
cannot survive.
survive.
environmental conditions
filter-feeders, ingesting organic detritus
Brine shrimp are ifiter-feeders,
detritus and
and microscopic
microscopic algae
algae and
and bacteria.
bacteria. Due
to the absence of
ofpredators and
and competitors,
competitors, Artemia densities are mostly controlled by food
limitations.
in south-central Oregon. At
At
Abert is
is aa large
large closed-basin,
closed-basin, saline/alkaline
saline/alkaline lake located in
Lake Abert
high levels, Lake
Lake Abert
Abert covers
covers over
over 64
64 square
square miles,
miles, is
is about
about 16
16 miles
miles long
long and
and 66 miles
miles wide,
wide, and
and
depth of
ofmore than 15 feet. The
Thesize
sizeof
ofthe
the lake
lake varies
varies considerably
considerably depending
depending
has a maximum depth
on its surface elevation, which varies
varies with climatic
climatic changes.
changes. The Chewaucan River and
precipitation are the two most important
important sources
sources of
of water
waterfor
forLake
LakeAbert.
Abert. The dissolved-solid
dissolved-solid
50ntent
of the lake
lake fluctuates
fluctuates considerably,
considerably, but
but generally ranges
ranges from
from 20,000
20,000 to
to 80,000
80,000 ppm,
ppm, and
and
content of
- has reached as high
high as 115,000
115,000 ppm. Because
Becausethe
thelake
lakeisisaa unique
unique ecosystem,
ecosystem, the
the Bureau
Bureauof
ofLand
Land
of Critical Environmental Concern.
Management has designated
designated the area as an Area of
Management
Previous studies conducted on birds,
birds, brine shrimp,
shrimp, and
and other
other invertebrates
invertebrates of Lake
Lake Abert
Abert
were summarized. In
In1981-82,
1981-82,the
thebrine
brine shrimp
shrimp biomass
biomass was
was calculated
calculated to be approximately
approximately 7.0
Fragments of
of mats made up of
of algae and
X 106
106 kg
kg with
with aa peak
peak in abundance
abundance inmidsununer.
in midsummer. Fragments
break loose
loose and
and form
form floating
floating algae
algae spheres which were actively sought
sought after by feeding
diatoms break
In1983-84,
1983-84,14
14species
species of
ofbenthic
benthic macroinvertebrates
macroinvertebrates were collected at Lake Abert
brine shrimp. In
Lake Abert is an inland staging and stopover
with the alkali fly usually being the most numerous.
numerous. Lake
in the Pacific Flyway. Large
Large numbers
numbers of
ofwater-dependent
water-dependent birds
birds rest
rest and
and
point for fall migrants in
feed at the lake before continuing in their southward migration.
migration. Seven
Seven species
species of
ofwaterwaterdependent birds were studied at Lake Abert in 1982-83
1982-83 during
the
fall
migration
to
during the fall migration to determine
determine
of waterfowl and
strategies. In addition to fall migrations, 33 species of
their diets and foraging strategies.
shorebirds passed through Lake Abert in large numbers in the spring in 1988-89.
Great Salt
Salt Lake
Lake in
in Utah supplies
supplies approximately 80% of the worlds supply of
of brine
The Great
shrimp
shrimp cysts.
cysts. The
The maximum
maximum harvest was over 14
14 million
million pounds
pounds in
in 1995-96.
1995-96. The harvest
harvest
methods have become
become very high
high tech, very expensive, and very competitive.
Adult brine shrimp have been harvested
harvested in
in Oregon
Oregon from
from Lake
Lake Abert
Abert 1979.
1979. Under the
developmental fisheries program, a limited number of
of permits to harvest brine shrimp were
A-I
A-I
allowed,
allowed, with separate harvest
harvest programs
programs for
for the
the adult
adultand
andcyst
cystfisheries.
fisheries. Closed
Closed periods
periods were
were
established to protect nesting and migration seasons
seasons for
for bird
bird populations.
populations. Harvest for both
of the lake to reduce disturbances
fisheries was also restricted to the south half
half of
disturbances to
to bird
bird
The harvest
harvest of
of adults
adults has continued as
populations. The
as in
in the
the past.
past. There has
has been
been no
no harvest
harvest of
of
cysts due to a lack
lack of
ofharvestable
harvestable cysts,
cysts, probably
probably due
due to
to water
water conditions.
conditions.
A pilot sampling project was conducted to determine what levels of monitoring and
would be
be needed to develop a management plan
plan for commercial harvest of
of cyst and
sampling would
adult brine shrimp from Lake
Abert.
The
estimated
population
of adult brine
Lake Abert.
brine shrimp in October
loll. If all three permit holders
1997, was
was estimated to be 1.9 x lOll.
holders had
had taken
taken their
their entire
entire quota
quota of
of
50,000 pounds of
of adult shrimp each, the commercial harvest
harvest would
would have
have accounted
accounted for
for
1.8% of
of the total available biomass of shrimp.
High percentages of
of empty
empty shells
shells
approximately 1.8%
shrimp. High
in the floating "slicks" of
of cysts which medns
means the viable
were found in
viable cysts
cysts were
were not on the surface
of the lake and therefore not available for harvesting. The
The lack
lack of
offloating
floating cysts
cysts may
may be
be due
due to
to the
the
of
of the Lake.
Lake..Given
the wet
wet weather
weather patterns in Oregon in the
low salinities of
Given the
the last few years
years and
and
near ifiture,
future, it may be some time before the
predictions for the near
the lake
lake will
will be
be at
at the
the level
level and
and
salinities necessary
amounts of
of cysts.
cysts.
necessary to
to produce
produce harvestable
harvetable amounts
A much more detailed, multi-year study would be needed to provide complete sustainable
yield information. AAmajor
majorgap
gapin
ininformation
informationisis what
what happens
happens in
in the
the lake
lake at
at high
high salinities.
salinities.
Recommendations
for
future
management
include
to
continue
present
adult
permits
and
Recommendations for ifittire
present adult permits and
cyst permit.
permit.
discontinue the cyst
A-2
INTRODUCTION
Since the early 1980's, adult
adult brine shrimp (Artemia salina)
sauna) have been harvested from Lake
and,sold
In 1996,
1996, ODFW
ODFW received
received numerous inquiries
Abert, Oregon and
sold for aquarium fish food.
food. In
harvesting brine
brine shrimp
shrimp cysts
cysts from
from Lake Abert; much of
of the interest coming from the
about harvesting
expanding cyst fishery on the
of the potential increase in
the Great Salt Lake
Lake in
in Utah.
Utah. Because of
fishery was placed under the Developmental Fishery Project which
harvest activities, the fishery
which allowed
a limit to the number of
of permits issued and an opportunity to collect information needed
needed for a
management plan. Basic
Basiclife
lifehistory
historyinformation
informationfor
forbrine
brineshrimp
shrimpisis fairly
fairly well
well known;
known; however,
however,
management
ecology in natural
natural systems
systems is less well known.
of this project were to develop a management plan and monitoring program for
The goals of
harvest of
of brine shrimp cysts and adults from Lake Abert, Oregon. The specific
commercial harvest
objectives of
of this report were to:
1.
1. Review
Review the
the basic
basic life
life history
history of
of brine shrimp;
2. Review
Reviewthe
theavailable
availableinformation
informationon
on brine
brine shrimp
shrimp and
and ecology
ecology of
ofLake
Lake Abert;
Abert;
Reviewcommercial
commercialfisheries
fisheries in
inother
other areas
areas and
and management
management of
ofcommercial
commercial harvest
harvest in
in
3. Review
Oregon;
ofmonitoring
monitoring and
and sampling
sampling
Conductaapilot
pilotsampling
samplingproject
projectto
to determine
determine what
what level
level of
4. Conduct
needed to develop a management plan
plan for commercial harvest of
of cysts and
and
would be needed
adult brine shrimp at Lake Abert, Oregon;
5.
Makerecommendations
recommendations for
for future
future harvest
harvest and
and monitoring.
monitoring.
5. Make
A-3
A-3
mSTORY OF BRINE SHRIMP
LIFE HISTORY
Ecology
Brine shrimp can be found in salt lakes
out the world
world (Sorgeloos,
(Sorgeloos,
lakes and
and brine
brine ponds
ponds through
though out
a!., 1986). They
They thrive
thrive in
in extreme
extreme enviromnental
enviromnental conditions
conditions such
such as high
high
1980; Sorgeloos, et al.,
salinity and temperature, where predators cannot survive (Sorgeloos, et al., 1986).
of Artemia (persoone
Temperature thresholds are different for different strains of
(Persoone and
Ingeneral,
general, brine
brine shrimp
shrimp can
can survive
survive in
in temperatures
temperatures between
between 6°
6° C
C and
and 40°
40° C,
C,
Sorgeloos, 1980). In
with the optimum in the range of
of 250
25° C to
to 30°
300 C.
C. The dehydrated cysts tolerate
tolerate aa much wider
absolute zero
zero (-273°
(-273 ° C)
C) to almost 1000
100° C
temperature range, which never occurs in nature:
nature: absolute
(Persoone and Sorgeloos,
Sorge!oos, 1980).
1980).
%
Brine shrimp have been found in supersaturated brines at salinities as high
high as 340
340°/
0
(Persoone and Sorgeloos,
Sorge100s, 1980; Sorge100s,
The lower
lower salinity
salinity limit
limit in which
which Arteinia
Artemia is
Sorgeloos, 1980).
1980). The
found in nature, is in most cases a function of the
the presence
presence of predators
predators (Persoone
(Persoone and
and Sorgeloos,
Sorgeloos,
1980).
Artemia can
can survive
survive in
in seawater
seawater or
or brackish water, but
but have no defenses against
against predation
predation
1980). Artemia
(Sorge100s,
al., 1986). As
As aa general
general rule,
rule, lower
lower salinity
salinity limits
limits vary
vary from
from place
place to
to place
place
(Sorgeloos, et aL,
depending on the.
the upper salinity tolerance level of local predators (Persoone and Sorge100s,
Sorgeloos,
1980).
~.
-
Reproduction and growth
Brine shrimp have the ability to reproduce by two different methods depending on
enviromnental
conditions..Under
Underfavorable
favorable conditions,
conditions, fertilized
fertilized eggs
eggs can
can develop directly
directly into
into
environmental conditions.
free-swimming nauplii (Sorgeloos,
(Sorgeloos, 1980).
Under extreme environmental
enviromnental conditions (high salinity,
1980). Under
low oxygen levels), eggs are surrounded by a thick shell and deposited
deposited as
as cysts
cysts which
which will
will remain
inactive as long as they arc
are kept dry or under anaerobic conditions; they will start to develop
At salinities
salinities above
above this
this threshold,
threshold, cysts
cysts will
when the salinity drops below a certain threshold.
threshold. At
will
at which
cannot hydrate enough (Sorgeloos,
(Sorge100s, 1980).
1980). The salinity threshold áf
not hatch because they cannot
cysts will
will hydrate is different for different strains of Artemia
Anemia (Persoone and Sorge100s,
Sorgeloos, 1980).
When the conditions are right for hatching, within a matter of hours
hours (Sorgeloos,
(Sorgeloos, 1980;
1980; Sorge100s,
Sorgeloos,
a!., 1986),
1986), the cysts hatch into nauplii which grow to adults in a few
et al.,
few weeks
weeks (Persoone and
Sorge100s,
Sorgeloos, 1980).
Adult animals
animals reach
reach 8-10 mm long (Sorge100s,
Under optimal
optimal conditions,
conditions, brine
brine
Adult
(Sorgeloos, 1980). Under
several months and reproduce at a rate of
of up to 300 nauplii
naup1ii or
or cysts
cysts every
every 44
shrimp can live for several
days (Sorgeloos,
(Sorge!oos, et al:,
1986). Cy
Cy
vivefor
for yeèrs
years and
and only
oiily have
have to
to be in
ii bated
bated for
[or 24
al., 1986).
ive
seawater to
to produce
produce larvae
larvae (Sorgeloos,
(Sorge100s, 1980).
1980).
hours in seawater
Food
Brine shrimp are
are filter-feeders, ingesting organic detritus
detrims and microscopic algae and
and
bacteria (Persoone and Sorge100s,
Sorgeloos, 1980;
1980; Sorgeloos,
Sorgeloos,etetaI.,
al.,1986).
1986). In
In many
many areas,
areas,the
thepresence
presenceof
of
A-4
ofshrimp
shrimp often
often coincides
coincides with
with blooms of
ofmicroscopic
microscopic algae
algae (Persoone
(Persoone and
and
high numbers of
1980).
Sorgeloos, 1980).
Artemia can be subject to serious predation in situations where the predator can
Numerous fish
fish and
andcrustacean
crustacean species
species and some
some
withstand the harsh environmental conditions. Numerous
insects regularly prey on brine
One group of
of animals which is not so
brine shrimp.
shrimp. One
so limited
limited by
by the
the
salinity barrier is birds. Artemia
Artemia can
can be an important part of the
the diet of
of several
several species
species of
of
avocets, and
and flamingos (Persoone
(Persoone and Sorgeloos, 1980).
1980).
waterfowl, gulls, avocets,
Population
of predators and competitors, Artemia densities are mostly controlled
Due to the absence of
by food limitations (Sorgeloos, et al.,
aI., 1986).
1986).
of dispersion of
of Artemia is transportation of
of cysts by wind and
The principal method of
waterfowl, as well as deliberate
deliberate inoculation
inoculation by humans into solar salt
salt works (Persoone
(persoone and
Sorgeloos, 1980; Sorgeloos, et
aI., 1986).
1986).
etal.,
ECOLOGY OF LAKE
LAKE ABERT
ECOLOGY
Description
Lake Abert is a large closed-basin, saline/alkaline lake located in south-central Oregon,
- -approximately
25 miles
miles north
north of
of Lakeview. Unless
Unless otherwise
otherwise cited,
cited, the
the following description
appitximately 25
and Van Denburgh (1971). At
Athigh
highlevels,
levels, Lake
Lake Abert
Abert covers
covers over
over 64
64
was taken from Phillips and
square miles, is about 16
16 miles long and 6 miles wide,
wide, and has a maximum depth of more
more than
than 15
feet.
Thesize
sizeof
ofthe
thelake
lakevaries
variesconsiderably
considerably depending
depending on
on its
its surface
surface elevation,
elevation, which
which varies
varies
feet. The
Recenthistoric
historic(last
(last100
100 years)
years) high
highlevels
levels of
ofabout
about 4,262
4,262 feet
feet above
above sea
sea
with climatic changes. Recent
level were recorded in the
the mid
mid 1980's (Figure 1).
1). During several years in the early 1930's the
lake was completely dry.
dry. During
During Pleistocene
Pleistocene times, a larger lake occupied the deep
deep Abert
Abert basin,
basin,
where shoreline deposits were left more than 200 feet above the present-day
present-thy lake bed.
Within one mile of
of the east edge of
of the lake is Abert Rim, a fault-scarp ridge which rises
1,500 to
West of
of the lake,
lake, the surface of
of a tilted fault block slopes
to 2,200 feet above the
the lake.
lake. West
more gently to Goglan Buttes.
To the north, mud flats
Buttes. To
flats merge into
into hilly
hilly terrain.
terrain. At the southern
lake's principal
principal tributary,
tributary, enters
enters into
into the
the lake.
lake.
end, the Chewaucan River, the lake's
The Chewaucan River and precipitation are
are the
the two
two most
most important
important sources
sources of
of water
water for
for
Thereare
aremany
manysprings
springsthat
thatemerge
emergealong
along the
the shore
shoreon
onall
all sides
sides of
ofthe
the lake,
lake, however,
however,
Lake Abert. There
of them make no material contribution to
Water loss
loss from
from the
the
most of
to the water supply
supply of the
the lake.
lake. Water
lake is only through evaporation.
The dissolved-solid content of the lake fluctuates
fluctuates considerably, but generally
generally ranges
ranges from
20,000 to 80,000 ppm, and has
has reached as
as high
high as
as 115,000
115,000 ppm
ppm (Keister,
(Keister, 1992).
1992). The three most
A-5
4265
4265 - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
'2
--.
4260
4260
.9
"El
~
t
4-;
"00
4255
4255
S
OJ
[;
~
4252
ft
4250
4250
4245
4245
4240
4240
M
'"
'"
tel
CM
a\
~
0
0
'"'"Q
tel
~
"1
'"
'"
'"
O'
~
..,.00
'"
01
~
Vl
'"
01
~
'
~
0
0
VI
'"'"
01
~
tfl
on
on
'in
'"
Cl
~
C
0
'"'"'0Cl
~
'0
'"
'"
'"
tel
0'
~
0
0
tF"
C'
'"
~
4
tF"
'"
C\
'#1
'"
~
0
0
oo
00
'in
Cl
00
01
~
~
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'"
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0
C\
VI
on
Cl
Cl
~
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'"'"
C
'"'"
0
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0
CM
M
Year
Figure 1. Water
Waterlevel
level of
ofLake
Lake Abert,
Abert, Oregon,
Oregon, 1926-1998.
1926-1998. 1926-1990
1926-1990data
datafrom
from Keister,
Keister,
Figure
(1922). 1990-1996
Lakeview Watermaster,
Watermaster, Oregon Water Resources Department.
Department.
1990-1996 data
data from
from Lakeview
levels were those taken as
as close
close as
as possible
possible
1997-1998
1997-1998 data from
from personal
personal observation.
observation. Lake levels
Dataare
are listed
listed in
in Appendix
Appendix A.
A.
to October each year. Data
dissolved constituents,
constituents, sodium,
sodium, carbonate, and
and chloride,
chloride, make
make up
up about
about 90%
90% of
ofthe
the
abundant dissolved
Exceptatatnear-dryness
near-dryness stage,
stage, the
the relation
relation between
between dissolved-solids
dissolved-solids
dissolved solids. Except
concentration and lake level is almost constant
constant for
for Lake
Lake Abert
Abert over
over periods
periods of
of several
severalyears.
years. The
only way the lake can lose salts is through
through precipitation
precipitation of
of salts
salts or
or through
throughremoval
removalby
bywind
wind in
(Van Denburgh,
Denburgh, 1975).
1975).
dry years (Van
Water temperatures in the winter range
range from OT
0°C to
to 5°C
5°C with
with some
some ice
ice formation
formation near
near the
the
entrance of the Chewaucan River (Conte
(Conte and
and Conte,
Conte, 1988).
1988), In the spring, the lake warms and
forms a temporary thermocline which is
is broken
broken downby
down by wave
wave action.
action. The lake achieves an
condition with nearly constant temperature (approximately 22°C)
isothermal condition
22°C) for
for several
several weeks
weeks at
Gradualcooling
coolingoccurs
occurs in
inthe
the autumn
autumn (Conte
(Conte and
and Conte,
Conte, 1988).
1988).
a time. Gradual
designations
Management designations
of the land surrounding Lake Abert is owned by the Bureau of Land Management
Most of
(BLM).
A permit
permitisisneed
needby
by the
the BLM
BLM for
for access
access to the
the lake
lake for
for commercial
commercial harvest
harvest of
of brine
(BLM). A
shrimp.
Becausethe
the lake
lake is
is aa unique
unique ecosystem, the BLM has.designated
shrimp. Because
ha%designatedthe
thearea
areaas
asan
anArea
Areaof
of
Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC).
(ACEC). This designation allows
allcws the BLM to establish a
management
management plan
plan for
for the area, including standards such as water quality, to protect significant
A-6
resources in the area,
area. The
TheBLM
BLMrecognizes
recognizes four
four important
important resource
resource values
values or
or processes
processes in
in the
the
Lake Abert area that deserve special
special management attention: wildlife resources, cultural resources,
of brine
scenic value, and ecological processes (Bureau of Land
Land Management,
Management, 1996).
1996). The harvest of
shrimp or cysts would not affect water quality and is therefore allowed in the ACEC.
Brine shrimp
In the early 1980's,
1980's, Conte
Conte and
and Conte (1988) estimated the distribution,
distribution, abundance,
abundance, and
and
biomass for brine shrimp in Lake Abert.
The brine
brine shrimp
shrimp biomass was calculated to be
Abert. The
7.0 X 106
106 kg with a peak in
approximately 7.0
in abundance
abundance in
in midsummer.
midsummer. They found no vertical
stratification of shrimp between the
the surface
surface and
and the
the bottom.
bottom. However, horizontal distribution of
shrimp was quite patchy.
They estimated
estimated the annual commercial harvest in 1981
patchy. They
1981 to
to 1983
1983 (7,500
(7,500
Ib
lb - 10,800 Ib)
lb) to be approximately 0.05
0.05 %
% of
of the
the estimated
estimated shrimp
shrimpbiomass.
biomass. They also
estimated the maximum
maximum utilization
utilization of
ofbrine
brine shrimp
shrimp by
by shovelers
shovelers and
and eared
eared Grebes
Grebes for
for aa migratory
migratory
period to be1125
1125 kg.
kg.
periodtobe
Boula (1985) found brine shrimp occurred frequently only in the diets of eared grebes
(mostly adult shrimp), and shovelers (mostly
Although low
low in
in frequency,
frequency, adult brine
(mostly cysts).
cysts). Although
shrimp were considered among the
themost
most preferred
preferred foods for ring-billed and California gulls.
gulls. Low
Low
proportions of
of shrimp in diets of
of birds at Lake Abert may have reflected
reflected reduced
reduced levels
levels of
absolute availability during
during the time frame of
of the study.
Other invertebrates
~
Boula (1985)
(1985) investigated what prey organism were available to migrating birds and
Boula
of use of
of prey species. Prey
Preyspecies
speciesincluded
includedbrine
brine shrimp
shrimp (Artemia),
(Artemia), alkali
alkali
documented patterns of
plumberus), amphipod (Hyallela
fly (Ephydra Mans), long-legged flies
flies (Hydrophprus
(Hydrophprusplumberus),
(Hyallela azteca),
She found
found peak sample biomass of
waterflea (Moina sp.), and the beetle (Hygrotus
(Hygrotus masculinus).
masculinus). She
of
bird prey species in August and September.
September. The
The alkali
alkali fly
fly was
was the
the primary prey of
of birds at Lake
autumn; alkali
alkali flies
flies accounted
accounted for at
at least
least 65
65 %
% of
of the
the biomass consumed
consumed by
by each
each
Abert during autumn;
species except the northern shoveler.
shoveler.
Herbst (1988) collected 14
14 species of
of benthic macroinvertebrates at Lake Abert with the
alkali fly usually being the most numerous.
The two
two southernmost
southernmost sites,
sites, closest to the
numerous. The
Chewaucan River, had the greatest
greatest number
number of
of species.
species. Species diversity
diversity declined
declined the
the further
further
sample site,
site, i.e.
i.e. farther
farther from the river (the source of
of colonization) and more saline.
north the sample
Algae
Conte and Conte (1988) found the dominant alga at Lake Abert was Ctenocladus
circinnatus, aa filamentous
filamentous green
green alga
alga which
which grew
grew on the muddy bottom or on submerged rock near
circinnatus,
the shore. Large
Largemats
matscomprised
comprisedof
ofCtenocladus
Ctenocladus zoospores,
zoospores, the
the diatoms
diatoms Navicula and
and Nitzschia
and the blue-green algae Anabena
Anabena and
and Oscillatoria
Oscillatoria form
form on
on submerged
submergedmud
mudflats.
flats. Fragments
Fragments of
of
these mats break loose and form floating algae spheres which were actively sought after by
shrimp.
feeding brine shrimp.
A-7
Birds
Lake Abert is an inland staging and stopover point for fall migrants in the Pacific Flyway.
numbers of
ofwater-dependent
water-dependent birds
birds rest
rest and
and feed
feed at
atthe
lake before
before continuing
continuing in
in their
their
Large numbers
the lake
southward migration (Boula,
(Boula, 1985).
Morawski and
and Stem
Stern (1991,
(1991, as
as cited
cited in
in Keister,
Keister, 1992)
1992)
1985). Morawski
estimated about 1,300,000
1,300,000 use-days by shorebirds from July through September, 1991.
1991.
Boula (1985) studied seven species of water-dependent birds
birds· at Lake Abert during the fall
migration to determine
detennine theft
their diets and foraging strategies. Birds included in this
this investigation were
were
the northern phalarope, Wilson's
Wilson's phalarope,
phalarope, American
American avocet,
avocet, eared
eared grebe,
grebe, ring-billed gull,
California gull, and northern shoveler. These
These species
species comprised
comprised the
the majority
majority of
ofall
all birds
birds observed
observed
at the lake during
during both
both years
years of
ofthe
the study.
study.
Peak numbers of
of Wilson's and northern phalaropes
phalaropes occurred
occurred in
in August.
August. No Wilson's
phalaropes were observed after mid-September.
mid-September. Northern phaloropes were observed
observed as
as late
late as
as
mid-October. The
Thenumbers
numbers of
ofavocets
avocets peaked
peaked in
in mid-August
mid-August one
one year
year and
and mid-July the next.
Eared grebes peaked in
in early-August and numbers stayed relatively high throughout September
Some adult
adult grebes
grebes observed early
and October. Some
early in June
June may
may have
have nested
nested atatthe
thelake.
lake. Northern
Northern
were the latest
latest arrivals;
arrivals; with
with peak numbers at
at mid-October
mid-October and
and early-September.
early-September.
shovelers were
~
~
Although relative proportions varied, the alkali fly was the primary prey of
of birds at Lake
autumn. Alkali
Alkaliflies
flies accounted
accounted for
for at
at least
least 65%
65% of
ofthe
the biomass consumed by
Abert during the autumn.
each species, except the northern
northern shoveler.
shoveler. Brine shrimp occurred frequently
frequently only
only in
in the
the diets
diets of
of
eared grebes (35.5%, mostly
mostly adnlt
adult shrimp),
shrimp), and
and shovelers
shovelers (41.6%,
(41.6%, mostly
mostly cysts).
cysts). Although low
in frequency, adult brine shrimp were considered
considered among
among the
the most
most preferred
preferred foods
foods for
for ring-billed
ring-billed
and California gulls. Low
Lowproportions
proportions of
ofshrimp
shrimp in
in diets
diets of
ofbirds
birds at
at Lake
Lake Abert
Abert may
may have
have
reflected reduced levels of absolute
absolute availability.
availability. Conte and Conte (1988)
(1988) estimated
estimated the
the maximum
maximum
utilization of
of brine
brine shrimp
shrimp by
by shovelers
shovelers and
and eared
eared (I+rebes
Grebes for
for aa migratory
migratory period
period to
to be
be 1,125
1,125 kg.
In addition to fall migrations, shorebirds
shorebirds pass
pass through Lake Abert in large
large numbers
numbers in
in the
the
spring (April &
Kristensen, et al.
al. (1991)
observed 33 species of waterfowl
waterfowl and
& May).
May). Kristensen,
(1991) observed
shorebirds using the lake edge habitat at
at the
the north
north end
end of
of the
the lake
lake in
in 1988
1988 and
and 1989,
1989,with
with 10
10of
of
Common spring migrants included
these species as known breeders at Lake
Lake Abert
Abert (Table
(Table 1).
1). Common
western sandpipers, least sandpipers, dunlins, semipalmated plovers, red-necked
red-necked phalaropes, and
Wilson's phalaropes.
phalaropes. Most
Mostbreeders
breedersutilized
utilizedthe
the open
openplaya
playaor
or the
the adjacent
adjacent saltgrass
saltgrass flats
flats on
on the
the
Wilson's
edge. The
The most
most numerous breeder at Lake Abert was the American avocet, with an
an
north lake edge.
estimated 1,000 breeding birds
Approximately 100
100 pairs of
of western snowy plovers
birds in May.
May. Approximately
Were· observed with peak nesting
betWeen hiid=May andmid=June:···The·bfeedingpopiilauonsQf··
Stih betWeththidMájtäuid
liii JUuIi Thi5 bfeediiiajojUiatibfaf
snowy plovers at
at Lake Abert is the largest in Oregon (Page and Bruce, 1989 as cited in
Kristensen, et aL,
aI., 1991).
The western snowy plover is listed as threatened in Oregon and
1991). The
and is
is aa
federal "category 2" candidate species.
There were an estimated 40 pairs oflong-billed
species. There
of long-billed curlews
curlews
Curlews are also a fedtral
feaeral "category
"category 2"
2" candidate
candidate species
species
nesting along the north end of the lake.
lake. Curlews
et al.,
al., 1991).
1991).
(Kristensen, et
A-8
Table 1.
I. Waterfowl
Waterfowl and
andshore
shore birds
birds found
found in
in the
the lake
lake edge
edge habitat
habitat on
on the
the north
north shore
shore of
of Lake
* =
= known breeders at Lake Abed.
Abert. (from
(from Kristensen,
Kristensen,
Abert, with abundance greater than rare. *
1991),
et al..
al. 19911
Black-bellied Plover
Canada Goose'
Gull
Goose *
Franklin's Gull
Pied-billed Grebe
Snowy
Plover *
Green-winged Teal
Bonaparte's
Snowv Plover'
Bonaoarte's Gull
Eared Grebe
Semioalmated
Rin~-billed Gull
Semipalmated Plover
Ring-billed
Mallard *
Mallard'
Killdeer *
Killdeer'
California Gull
Northern Pintail
White Pelican
Forster's Tern
Blue-winged Teal
American Avocet'
Avocet *
B1ue-win~ed
Cinnamon Teal'
Teal *
Willet
Willet'*
Northern Shoveler
Shoveler'*
Northern
Marbled Godwit
*
Western Sandoioer
Sandpiper
Gadwall
Gadwall'
Sandoioer
American Wigeon
Least Sandpiper
Dunlin
Redhead
Lesser Scaun
Lon~-billed Dowitcher
Long-billed
Scaup
RuddvDuck
Wilson's Phalarope
Phalarooe *'
Ruddy
Duck
Red-necked Phalarone
Phalarope
COMMERCIAL HARVESTING OF BRINE SHRIMP
Fisheries
Fisheries in other areas
of the worlds supply of brine
The Great Salt Lake in Utah supplies approximately 80% of
shrimp cysts. The
Themaximum
maximumharvest
harvestwas
was over
over 14
14 million
million pounds
pounds in
in 1995-96
1995-96 and
and the
the price
price has
has
been as high
high as
as $25
$25 per
per pound
pound for cleaned cysts (Ross, 1996). The
Thebrine
brineshrimp
shrimp industry
industry began
began
on the Great Salt Lake in the 1950's
1950's when adult shrimp were harvested for aquarium fish
fish food.
food.
- 1n
the 1970's
1970' sthe
theindustry
industrybegan
beganharvesting
harvestingcysts
cysts which
which are
are used
used in
in commercial
commercial aquaculture of
of
in the
shrimp, prawns, and
and some
some fish,
fish, primarily in
in SE
SE Asia
Asia and
and South
South America
America (US
(US Geological
Geological Survey,
Survey,
1997; Ducey, 1998).
1998).
In
Tn 1996,
1996,the
theUtah
UtahDepartment
Department of
of Wildlife
WildlifeResources
Resourcesbegan
began aa limited
limited entry
entry system
system for
for
brine shrimp issuing 79 "certificates" for $10,000
The harvest
harvest methods
methods have become very
$10,000 each.
each. The
high tech, very expensive, and very competitive (Ducey,
1998). Spotter
Spotter planes
planes with high-tech
(Ducey, 1998).
communications are
are used
used to locate
locate cysts; high powered vessels, oil-skimming equipment, rotary
communications
drums,
drums, and sump
sump pumps
pumps are
are used
used to
to harvest
harvestthe
thecysts
cysts(Ross,
(Ross,1996;
1996;Ducey,
Ducey,1998).
1998). Streaks
Streaks of
of
floating cysts are surrounded by the oil-skimming booms and then pumped into large woven bags
The cysts
cysts are
are then
then washed, dried,
that allow the water to drain (Allen, 1996; Ducey,
Ducey, 1998).
1998). The
packaged into
into one
one pound
pound vacuum
vacuum cans,
cans, and shipped around the world (Allen, 1996).
packaged
Oregon harvest & management
Adult brine shrimp have been harvested
harvested in
in Oregon
Oregon from
from Lake
LakeAbert
Abed by
by one
one harvester
harvester
since 1979. Annual
Annual landings
landings in
in the
the last
last ten years have averaged over 28,000 Ib
lb (ODFW landing
landing
records). Conte
in 1981
1981 to
to 1983
1983
Conteand
andConte
Conte(1988)
(1988)estimated
estimatedthe
the annual
armual commercial
commercial harvest
harvest in
(7,500 Ib
10,800 lb)
Ib) to be approximately 0.05 percent of
of the estimated shrimp biomass.
lb - 10,800
-
Because of
of the expansion of
of the cyst fishery on the Great Salt Lake, in 1996, ODFW
harvesters looking
looking for
for new
new harvest
harvest areas.
areas. The increased interest
received numerous inquiries from harvesters
A-9
in harvest of
of cysts from Lake Abert prompted ODFW to place the fishery under the
developmental fishery program in 1997.
Under the developmental fisheries program, a limited number of
of permits were allowed,
with separate harvest programs for the adult and cyst fisheries:
fisheries: three
three permits
permits to
to harvest
harvest brine
brine
brine shrimp cysts.
cysts. Closed
shrimp adults and one permit to harvest brine
Closed periods
periods were
were established
established to
to
of
adults
was
allowed
from
protect nesting and migration seasons
for
bird
populations.
Harvest
seasons for bird populations.
of
May through August and harvest of cysts was
was allowed,
allowed, initially,
initially, from
from January
January through
through March.
March.
1998, to include November through December.
December.
The season
season for cysts was expanded, beginning in 1998,
the lake to reduce disturbances
Harvest for both fisheries
fisheries was
was also
also restricted
restricted to
to the
the south
south half
half of
ofthe
of 50,000 lb
lb
to bird populations. The adult permits were limited to a maximum annual harvest of
per permit and the cyst permit was
was limited
limited to
to aa maximum
maximumannual
annualharvest
harvestof25,000
of 25,000lb.
lb. Both
Both
permits had annual
annual renewal requirements of
of 5,000 lb.
lb.
Since 1997, the harvest
harvest of
of adults
adults by
by the
the harvester
harvesterhas
has continued.
continued. The other adult permits
There has been no harvest of
have been issued but not actively
actively used.
used. There
of cysts due
due to
to a lack of
harvestable cysts,
cysts, probably due to water conditions.
conditions.
PILOT SAMPLING PROJECT
The objectives of
of the pilot sampling project were to determine what levels of monitoring
- and sampling would be needed to develop a management plan for commercial harvest of
of cyst
cyst and
and
adult brine shrimp from Lake Abert.
Methods
Sample stations were chosen based on the stations used in Conte and Conte (1988) to
to
facilitate comparisons. The
The shoreline
shoreline of
of the lake was digitized from US Geological Survey
maps (map
(map number's 685, 686,
686, 245,
The latitude
latitude and
and longitude and UTM
(USGS)
quad maps
(USd8) quad
245, && 246).
246). The
coordinates of
of the stations
stations were calculated from the digitized map and entered into a handheld
Appendix B).
B).
GPS to
(lIPS
to locate
locate the stations on the lake (Figure 2 and Appendix
each station,
station, three samples of
of brine shrimp were taken using a 30 cm diameter, 120
120 jim
fIm
At each
plankton net, towed from near the
the bottom
bottom to
to the
the surface.
surface. The net was not placed directly on the
close to the bottom as possible without disturbing the layer
bottom, but as close
layer of fine
fine sediment on
the bottom
bottom which
which would
would otherwise
otherwise plug the plankton net.
At each station, ph, temperature, and salinity data were also collected (Appendix C) using
thermometer and
and aa refractometer.
refractometer. The water level of
of the lake
lake
a hand held ph meter, a hand held thermometer
of the lake (Figure 2).
determined from
from aa gaging
gaging station
station located on the east shore of
was determined
A-1O
A- 10
MapofofLake
LakeAbert
Abertshowing
showingsample
samplestations
stations(1-14),
(1-14),gaging
gagingstation,
station, and
andnorth/south
north/south
Figure 2. Map
line.
dividing line.
-t
A-ll
A-li
of brine shrimp were fixed in
in the field with
with 5% formalin and then
then transferred
transferred to
to
Samples of
70% isopropyl alcohol a day or two
Counts were
were made by either counting the entire
two later.
later, Counts
sample (when the sample was small enough) or by subsampling
Shrimp
subsampling from
from a grid
grid sampler.
sampler. Shrimp
were distributed as evenly as possible over the grid sampler and subsamples were chosen by the
roll of
Lifestages
stageswere
were determined
determinedby
by microscopic
microscopic examination
examination and
and classified
classified into
into nauplii,
nauplii,
of dice. Life
juveniles, and
and adult
adult males
males and
and females
females following
following Heath
Heath (1924).
(1924).
A number of
of samples of cysts were collected and analyzed for
for hatching
hatching rates.
rates. The
The
samples were collected from "slicks" in the water or on the shore of the lake and sent to Avocet
Artemia, Inc., in Salt Lake City, Utah for analysis.
Results and discussion
discussion
conditions
sampling conditions
We were able to
to sample
sample all
all 14
14 stations
stations on
on only
onlytwo
twodays.
days. The weather
weather and
and lake
lake
conditions were very unpredictable; some days the wind would not come up until late in the
afternoon and on other days it would come up early in the
the morning
morning and
and blow
blow all
all day.
day. For a more
detailed, intense sampling program, personnel would need to be located much
much closer
closer than
than
Newport, 7 hours away. Because
Because the
the weather
weather was
was unpredictable,
unpredictable, we focused the sampling on
the south half
half of
of the lake (the commercial harvest area) and sampled the northern half when
weather and time permitted. The
The October,
October, 1998
1998 samples
samples were taken from the shore of the lake
lake
all.
because we could not get on the lake at all.
~.
~
water
conditions
water conditions
Table 2 summarizes the average salinity, temperature,
temperature, ph,
ph, and
and lake
lake level
level data.
data. Individual
%
station and sample data are listed in Appendix D. Average
Averagesalinity
salinityranged
rangedfrom
fromaalow
lowof
of37
370/00
0 to
0
a high of
of 51 "10o. Average temperature ranged from 0.2°
0.2 C in the winter to 23.10
23.1 0 C in the summer.
Average ph ranged from 9.5 to 10.6. The
The temperature
temperature and
and ph
ph data
data are
are incomplete
incomplete due
due to equipequipment malfunctions. The
The lake
lake level
level had
had been
been rising
rising from
from aa low in 1992,
1992, which was the lowest level
since 1944 (Figure 1). Salinities
Salinitiesand
and lake
lake level
level were
were slightly
slightly lower
lower than
than during
during the study
study by
by
Conte and Conte (1988) where salinities were 54-80°/
54-80"100 and lake level was above 4260 ft.
-
T
2 Summary
S ummarv of
0 f water
waterconditions
cond"
tllons at
at Lake
La!<e Abert,
Ab ert 1997-1998.
1997 1998
Table
a bl e 2.
Average
Average
Stations sampled Average
salinity
Lake level (feet
Averf~
(oC)
ph
of elevation)
/00)
Date
temperature (°C)
('/o)
4,255.2
4
3.1
10.2
4.255.2
42
2/97
4,256.1
37
17.2
9.9
8
5/97
4255.8
4,255.8
35
9.5
14
23.1
7/97
..... ·10/91
4,2544
51
9~5
9.8
14----------5-1--9-.-5
····14
4(**)
60
11/97
3.7
3(**)
3(**)
62
3.7
12/6/97
3(**)
3*)
62
0.2
12/20/97
3(**)
59
3.8
1/98
4,254.8
47
10.6
8
3/98
55 (*)
4257.3
37
4,257.3
10/98
(1
stations, see text
(*) Samples were not taken at established statIOns,
mc, Salt Lake City, Utah and not at established stations, see text
(**) Samples were taken by Avocet Artentia,
Artemia, Inc,
------92
--
A-12
A12
brine shrimp
The capture efficiency of the plankton net
net was
was not
not calculated.
calculated. Another study using a
similar net calculated a capture efficiency
efficiency of70%
of 70% (Conte,
(Conte, Jellison
Jellison et
et al.,
al., 1988).
1988). Therefore,
estimates from this sampling
sampling cou1dbe
could be considered
considered low.
low. Table 3 summarizes the estimated density
data for brine shrimp during
Individual station and replicate
during 1997-1998.
1997-1998. Individual
replicate count
count data
data are
are listed
listed in
in
Appendices E &
The estimated
estimated population
population of
of brine shrimp was calculated by
& F. The
by expanding
expanding the
the
estimated average density to the volume of the
The volume
volume of
of the lake was calculated from
the lake.
lake. The
the lake level using the regression from Keister (1992).
(1992). Densities were highest in late winter as
Overthe
the spring
spring and
and summer,
summer, densities
densities decreased
decreased reaching the lowest
nauplii were hatching. Over
levels in the fall.
Belovsky (1996) noted a similar
similar pattern within a year for brine shrimp in the Great Salt
Salt
Lake in Utah: densities increasing rapidly
rapidly in
in the
the spring
spring and
and then
then declining
decliningover
overthe
thesummer.
summer. He
suggests that this pattern occurs in the Great Salt
Salt Lake because the shrimp population is foodlimited: within an individual year, "as the season progresses, the shrimp may reduce algal
abundance by consumption and this effect is enhanced as the shrimp become
become larger which
which
increases each individual's consumption.".
consumption.". He
Healso
alsonoted
notedthat
thatbetween
betweenyears,
years, the
the monthly
montWy algal
algal
of the lake for the year so that algal
abundance is statistically correlated with the average salinity of
lowest at
at very
very low and very high salinities and the average brine shrimp density was
abundance is lowest
positively correlated with the largest algal abundance
indicates that
that brine shrimp
abundance in
in aa year.
year. "This indicates
populations tend to be food-limited"
food-limited" in The
The Great
Great Salt
Salt Lake.
Lake. It would be helpful to
to determine
determine
the salinity tolerances of
of the Ctenocladus
Ctenocladus circinncitus,
circinnatus, algae to determine if Lake Abert brine
~. ~hrimp
shrimp may also be food-limited.
In a study at Lake Abert in 1981-1982,
1981-1982, Conte and Conte (1988)
(1988) made density,
population, and biomass
biomass estimates
estimates of
of brine
brine shrimp. "The
"Thetotal
total lake
lake wide
wide population
population of
of brine
shrimp derived from the
the 14
14 collecting
collecting stations
stations was
was estimated
estimatedto
to be
be3.4
3.4xx1011
lOll adults with an
6
of 6.6
6.6 x 106
10 kg."
The salinities
salinities during
during Conte's
Conte'sstudy
srudywas
was above
above 80°/
80% 0 during
estimated biomass of
kg." The
the first
fIrst year and dropped to less than 40°/
40 % 0 in the second year after "the lake received
received large
large
amounts of
of freshwater as a result of heavy spring
The volume
volume of
ofthe
the lake
lake was
was
spring inflows".
inflows". The
3
calculated
be 675
675 x106
x10 6 m
calculated to be
in3 (it is not clear whether this volume was in 1981 or 1982 or at what
time of year). This volume would convert to a level of above 4260
4260 feet
feet of elevation using
using the
the
equations by Keister (1992).
(1992).
From the present study's
study's data,
data, the
the estimated
estimated population of
of adult brine shrimp in October
1997,was
1997, was 1.9 x 1011
lOll (Table
(Table3),
3),aalittle
littleover
overhalf
halfthat
thatininConte's
Conte'sstudy.
study. Using Conte's conversion
conversion
1066 kg or 8.2 million
of
of adults per kg, the estimated biomass in October,
October, 1997 would be
be 3.7 xx 10
pounds. Only
Onlyone
onepermit
permitholder
holderharvested
harvestedaa minimal
minimal amount
amount of
ofshrimp
shrimp in
in 1997,
1997, but
but if
if all three
three
permit holders had taken their entire quota of 50,000
50,000 pounds
pounds each,
each, the
the commercial
commercial harvest
harvest would
would
accounted for
for approximately
approximately 1.8%
1.8% of
of the total available biomass of
of shrimp.
shrimp.
have accounted
Variations in salinity of
of saline lakes can result in different species distribution,
distribution, abundance,
abundance,
and composition (Herbst, 1988; Stevens, 1990). Hcrbst
Herbst (1988)
(1988) proposed
proposed aa model
model suggesting
suggesting
A-13
A13
abundance of
of species in saline lakes reaches a maximum at salinities intermediate between
between the
physiologicallirnitation
of high salinity and the ecological limitations imposed by a diverse
physiological limitation of
ofdata
data are
are needed,
needed, especially
especially at
at higher
higher salinitics,
salinities, to
to
community at low salinity. Multiple
Multiple years
years of
determine what might be "typical" population
population levels.
levels. Personal observations
observations by
by Keith Kruise
(Oregon Desert Brine Shrimp Co. Portland, OR, personal communication)
communication) suggest 1997 was
was
below average in its population of
of brine shrimp.
distribution of
ofshrimp,
shrimp, but did notice aa large
large variation
variation
This study did not look at vertical distribution
between stations
stations (Table
(Table 4),
4), as
as did
did Conte
Conte and
and Conte
Conte (1988).
(1988). They
They found
found little
little vertical
vertical
in density between
stratification of
of shrimp between the surface layer and the bottom, but quite a patch horizontal
spatial distribution during periods of peak abundance.
We used
used the
the estimates of
of inter-station
inter-station
abundance. We
variance (in the formula by Prepas, 1984) in order to determine the
the number
number of
of sampling
sampling station
station
2
that would
would be
be needed
needed for
for future
future monitoring.
monitoring. The
Theformula
formulaused
usedis:is:nn==s21D2X2;
s2/D2X ; where
that
where nn == number
number
2
of
sampling
stations;
S2
=
population
variance;
D
=
size
of
the
ratio
of
the
standard
error
to
the
=
=
of
mean density of
of shrimp.
shrimp. The
The estimated
estimated number of
of sampling
mean (in this case, 25%); and
and X
X == mean
stations needed to
to 16
to produce
produce aa standard
standard error
error estimate
estimateof
of25%
25%of
ofthe
themean
meanvaried
variedfrom
from1Ito
Duringsummer
summerand
and fall,
fall, when
when densities
densities are
are lower,
lower, the eight
eight sampling stations on the
(Table 4). During
half of
of the lake would probably
southern half
probably be
be adequate
adequate to
to document
documentshrimp
shrimpabundance.
abundance. During
spring, when densities are
are higher,
higher, more
more stations
stations may
may he
be needed.
late winter and spring,
~.
~.
In the
the late
late winter
winter samples,
samples, all
all brine
brine shrimp
shrimp in
in Lake
Lake Abert
Abert were in
in the nauplii
nauplii stage
stage (Table
(Table
were adults
adults
5). Over
Over the
the spring
spring and
and summer,
summer, the shrimp
shrimp matured to juveniles and then almost all were
in the fall.
In the
the fall
fall samples,
samples, a few nauplii were again present, possibly
fall. In
possibly indicating the beginning
of
The counts
counts of
of nauplii in the fall samples may be
Large numbers
numbers
of a second cohort.
cohort. The
be slightly
slightly low.
low. Large
of
of water fleas (Moina sp.)
sp.) in the
the fall
fall samples
samples made
made itit difficult
difficultto
todistinguish
distinguishthe
thenauplii.
nauplii. Initially
in the spring, all adult shrimp
shrimp appeared
appeared to
to be
be males
males (Table
(Table 5).
5). By fall, the sex ratio was close to
even. In the Great Salt Lake, Gliwicz, Wurtsbaugh et al. (1995) found the population
population of
ofbrine
brine
shrimp consisted of
of two generations; one was from rapidly-growing adults that hatched
hatched from
from
over-wintering cysts and
and then
then were
were gone
gone by
by early
earlyJune.
June. These adults
adults produced
produced aa second
second
and only a small proportion attained maturity,
generation which grew much more slowly and
Multiple
"suggesting that many were unable to find sufficient food...
food.., and
and died
died of
of starvation".
starvation". Multiple
generations have been also reported in other areas: two generations
generations have
have been
been consistently
observed in Mono Lake, CA; four and eight generations have
have been estimated in
in other California
areas (Lenz and Browne,
factors, including temperature
Browne, 1991).
1991). "Several factors,
temperature and
and length
length of
of growing
growing
season, are probably important in determining the number of generations per year" (Lenz and
Browne, 1991). Again,
Again,multiple
multipleyears
yearsof
ofdata
dataare
are needed
needed to
to determine
determine if
if the "normal "pattern in
UiKe-Aoeifis-maiIily
jusnliie-c6liorC6rinffrerenfwiltef-condifions-woU1crpr6duc-e-rn:U
akeAb±f fsIhiihl5ijUftoh ohbfföf if dfffètëhf watereo ditib
u1iiJdUifflUltiply
cohorts.
A-14
A-14
Table 3. Estimated
Estimatedaverage
averagedensity
density(m3)
(m 3) and
and population
population of
of brine
brine shrimp
shrimp by date, on
on Lake
Lake
Abert 1997-1998.
1997-1998
Abert,
Estimated average
Lake level
Lake volume
Estimated population
12
(feet of elevatiou)
deusity of
ofbriue
(acre feet)
ofbriue
)
Date
density
brine
elevation)
of brine shrimp
shrimp (10
(102)
shrimp (m')
(m3)
4,255.2
2/97
44,462
282,250
15.5
282,250.
8,801
4,256.1
315,712
5/97
3.4
4,255.8
304,405
2,477
7/97
0.8
4,254.4
10/97
670
255,422
0.2
77,753
4,254.8
3/98
269,61
269,611I
22.8
4257.3
4,257.3
362481
10/98
362,481
--Table 4. Average
Averagedensity
density(m3),
(m\ number
number of
of sampling
sampling stations, 95% confidence
confidence interval,
interval, coefficient
coefficient of
of
variation,
variation, and number of stations that would
would have
have been
been required
required to
to produce
produce standard
standard errors
errors of
of 25%
25% of
of
the mean on
on each
each sampling
samolinl! date
date for
for brine
brine shrimp
shrimn from
from Lake
Lake Abert,
Abert. 1997-1998.
1997-1998.
Average
Number of
of
Coefficient of
Estimated N for
95% confidence
Date
Avenge
samole
interval
25%8E
density 1m')
(in3)
sample stations
variation
25%
SE
44,462
33
2/97
I
24,376
0.22
16
88
5/97
8,801
7,244
0.98
2,477
1,439
2
4
7/97
0.37
14
Jl8
2
670
118
0.31
10/97
88
7
77,753
41,781
0.64
3/98
Table 5. Average
Average percent
percent by
by life
life stage
stage (nauplii,
(nauplii, juvenile, adult) and sex ratio
ratio of adults
adults
present, but less than 1%.
1%.
for brine shrimp from
from Lake
Lake Abert,
Abert, 1997-1998.
1997-1998. P = present,
1Individual
. and
r
data are listed
r
d 'in
A\ooend'Ices G and
Iste
statIOn
and replicate
reollcate
m Appendices
and H.
data
IVI uaI station
n d"d
Average percent by life stage
Average percent of
of adults
bv
~ender
by gender
Date
iuvenile
nauoHi
adult
males
females
juvenile
nauplii
0
0
2/97
100
00
95
P
100
5/97
55
93
34
P
7
66
7/97
P
97
52
48
10/97
33
100
00
00
3/98
-
-
.
-
shrimp cysts
cysts
brine shrimp
During most trips to the lake from fall until spring, "slicks" of
of cysts could be seen on the
However, no
no cysts
cysts could
could be
be located
located anywhere
anywhere on
on the October,
October,
lake surface or along the shore. However,
we did
did not
not look
look at
at
1998
1998 trip.
trip. The samples of cysts
cysts taken
taken were
were not
not of
of aa quantitative
quantitative nature:
nature: we
factors
However, there are factors that seem to have an effect
factors that affect the abundance
abundance of cysts.
cysts. However,
on the availability of cysts for harvest purposes.
The hatching
hatching rates and percent of
of empty shells
purposes. The
in the samples are summarized in Table
Table 6.
6. Almost all the cysts collected were empty
empty shells.
shells.
Initially, the harvest season
season for
for cysts
cysts was
was set
set at
at January
Januarythrough
throughMarch.
March. When
When the
the high
high
percent of
of empty
empty shells
shells was
was noted in
in the first samples
samples in
in January,
January, we speculated the shrimp
shrimp had
Thepermit
permitholder
holderthen
thenrequested
requestedthe
the season
seasonbe_adjusted
!?e.adjusted to open in November
already hatched. The
to be able to harvest the cysts before they hatch;
hatch; the
the request
request was
was approved.
approved. However, continued
samples of
of floating cysts, even in November and December, showed the same high percent of
A-15
A-iS
empty shells. Stevens (1990) noted that as the salinity in the Great Salt Lake
Lake decreases,
decreases, the
the hard
the bottom
bottom of
of the
the lake.
lake. We believe the same thing
winter eggs produced by the shrimp sink to the
happened at Lake Abert at the salinities present during
during 1997-1998.
1997-1998. It is also possible, the
produce cysts
cysts that
that sink
sink as
as do
do the
the shrimp
shrimp in
in Mono Lake, California
California (Persoone
(Persoone
shrimp in this lake produce
1980; Lenz and Browne, 1991).
1991).
and Sorgeloos, 1980;
percent of
of empty
empty shells
shells in
in the
the floating "slicks"
"slicks" of
ofcysts
cysts means
means the
the viable
viable cysts
cysts
The high percent
of the lake and therefore not available for harvesting.
For aa brine
brine shrimp
shrimp
were not on the surface of
harvesting. For
endeavor to be successifil,
successful, it would be necessary
cyst harvesting and marketing endeavor
necessary to
to have much
of viable cysts: i.e., lower shell percentages (<10%)
«10%) and higher hatching percentages
higher yield of
(>70 and preferably 90%) (Brad
(Brad Marden,
Marden, Avocet
Avocet Artemia,
Arteria, Inc.
Inc..,
., Salt Lake City, Utah, personal
if the shrimp from Lake
communication). Further
Furtherinvestigations
investigations would
would be
be needed
needed to
to determine
determine if
Abert will produce floating cysts and the optimum salinity for an adequate supply of
of floating
floating
commercial harvest operation.
operation.
viable cysts for aa commercial
Brad Marden (Avocet Artemia, Inc., Salt
Salt Lake City, Utah, personal communication)
believes the salinity would need to
to be above
above the
the 80-100
80-100 ppt
ppt range
rangefor
foraalarge
largeenough
enoughquantity
quantityof
of
viable cysts to be available
available for
for commercial
commercial harvest.
harvest. Since the salinity
salinity of the
the water
water is
is related
related to
to
the lake level, the level of the lake would have to be below approximately
approximately 4252
4252 feet
feet of
of elevation
elevation
range (Keister,
(Keister, 1992);
1992); below the average level of
of the last
last 50
50
to achieve salinities in the 80-100 ppt range
ofthe
the lake
lake was
was below
below 4252
4252 feet several years
years in
in the
the early
early 1990's
1990's (Figure 1), but
but
years. The
Thelevel
level of
_ in only
ouly four other years since 1953. The
Thewinter
winter of
of1998-99
1998-99 continues
continues aa wet
wet weather
weather pattern:
pattern:
- total precipitation for the water year (starting October 1,
1, 1998) is 124% of average and
streamflow forecast for the Chewaucan
of average
average
Chewaucan River for
for March through July, 1999 is 165% of
1999). Taylor
Taylor(1999)
(1999) believes
believesweather
weather patterns
patterns indicate
indicate Oregon
Oregon is entering
entering aa wet
wet
(NWCC, 1999).
Given the
the rise
rise in
in water level in the last few years
weather period which may last 20 years.
years. Given
(Figure 1),
1), itit seems
seems unlikely the level will drop below 4252 feet in the next few years.
Table 6. Percent
Percent of
ofhatched
hatched cysts
cysts and
and empty
empty shells
shells in
Table
samples
1997-1998. Samples
Samples were
samples of cysts
cysts from
from Lake Abert,
Abert, 1997-1998.
I dbA
vocet A
rtemJa
'rInc.,
nco SILkC"
Vh
bv Avocet
at Lake
a e City.
ltV. Utah.
ta .
analvze
analyzed
by
Artemia
Salt
CYsts
Cysts hatch %
Shell %
Date
2/97
11/97
12/6/97
12/20/97
1/98
2198
2/98
3/98
10/98
0.0
1.9
4.0
2.7
4.1
fr:O
&0
0.0
no Cysts
cysts located
A-16
A16
100.0
90.9
94.9
94.7
86.6
100,0
00;0
100.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
Future studies
studies
A much more detailed, multi-year study would be needed
needed to
to provide
provide complete
complete sustainable
sustainable
yield information:
• If
If a more intense sampling program is undertaken in the future,
future, personnel need to be
much closer
closer than
than Newport.
located much
• During summer
summer and
and fall, when
when densities are
are lower, the
the eight
eight sampling stations
stations on
on the
the
southern half
half of
of the lake would probably be adequate
adequate to
to document
document shrimp
shrimp abundance.
abundance.
southern
• During late winter
winter and
and spring,
spring, when
when densities are
are higher,
higher, more
more stations
stations may
may be
be needed.
needed.
• Updated
Updated conversions
conversions of
of adults
adults per
per kg are
are needed
needed to
to estimate
estimate biomass.
biomass.
• Both this study and the study by Conte and Conte (1988) occurred when the salinities
low. AAmaj
major
were relatively low.
or gap in information is what happens in the lake at high
salinities:
- Are brine shrimp more abundant at higher salinities? What is the upper tolerance
limits? At
Atwhat
what salinities
salinities is
is the
the population
population at
at its
its highest
highest level?
- Is more than one cohort a season produced
produced at higher
higher salinities?
salinities?
- Are brine shrimp
at Lake
Lake Abert
Abert food-limited? What
What are
are the
the salinity
salinity tolerances of
ofthe
shrimp at
the
Ctenocladus circinnatus, algae?
• The present level and timing of
of harvest
harvest activity, basically only one permit
permit during
during the
the
summer, does not seem to cause any significant disturbance to
to bird populations. If
Ifthere
there
is an increase in
in activity, especially at other times of
of the year, additional information
information
on the effects of
of harvest activity on
on bird
bird populations.
would be needed on
management
Future management
adults
The main increase in interest in brine
brine shrimp
shrimp has
has been
been for
for cysts
cystsrather
ratherthan
thanadults;
adults; the
the
additional permits for adult harvest
harvest have
have been
been issued
issuedbut
butnone
nonewere
wereused.
used. As
As long
long as
as the
the present
present
level of
of interest for adults continues, the current level of
of permits appears to be sufficient to allow
some turnover in permits but not an over harvest of shrimp.
cysts
If
salinity needs
needs to
to be
be above
above the 80-100
80-100 ppt
ppt range
range to
to provide
provide enough
enough floating
floating cysts
cysts for
for
If the salinity
a commercial harvest operation, the level of the lake would need to
to drop
drop to
to approximately
approximately the
the
4252 ft level to achieve these conditions; below the average level of the last 50
50 years.
years. The
The level of
the lake was below 4252 feet several years
years in the
the early
early 1990's, but in only four other years since
Giventhe
thewet
wetweather
weathercycle
cycle and
and rise
rise in
in water
water level
level in
in the
the last
last few
few years, itit seems
seems unlikely
unlikely
1953. Given
the level will drop below
below 4252 feet in the next few years. Therefore,
Therefore, we
we recommend
recommend the
the permit
permit
for cyst harvesting be discontinued.
A-17
A-17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Mark Hedrick, Mary Holbert, Kim Hatfield,
Hatfield, Brad
Brad Marden,
Marden, and
and Mary
Mary Jo
Jo Hedrick
Mary Jo
Jo Hedrick
Hedrick for
for the hospitality and use of
of the field
for their assistance with field sampling; Mary
Brad Marden
Marden and Avocet Artemia, Salt Lake City, Utah for their sampling and
facilities; and Brad
of cysts.
analysis of
REFERENCES
1996. The
Thebrine
brineshrimp
shrimp capital
capital of
of the world.
Tropical Fish
May, 1996.
1996.
Allen, B.
B. 1996.
world. Tropical
Fish Hobbyist.
Hobbyist. May,
pp. 86-93
86-93
Be1ovsky,
E. 1996.
1996.Brine
Brineshrimp
shrimppopulation
populationdynamics
dynamicsand
andsustainable
sustainable harvesting
harvesting in the
Belovsky, G.
0. E.
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Fisheries and Wildlife/Ecology Center,
Great Salt Lake, Utah. Department
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Logan, Utah.
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Wildlife Resources.
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31
pp.
31
ofmigrant
migrant waterbirds,
waterbirds, Lake Abert,
Boula, K.
1985. Foraging
Foragingecology
ecologyof
K. M. 1985.
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Oregon. MS Thesis.
Oregon State University,
Corvallis,
OR.
99
pp.
University, Corvallis, OR.
~.
~
Bureau of Land Management.
1996. High
Highdesert
desert management
management framework proposed
Management. 1996.
proposed plan
plan
amendment and final environmental impact statement for the Lake Abert Area of
of Critical
Critical
Environmental Concern (ACEC) in Lake County, Oregon.
Lakeview
District.
Lakeview,
Oregon. Lakeview District.
Oregon.
42 pp.
Oregon. 42
1988. Abundance
Abundance and
and spatial
spatial distribution
distribution of
ofArtemia
Conte, F. P. and P.
P. A.
A. Conte.
Conte. 1988.
Anemia salina
sal/na in
Lake Abert, Oregon. Hydrobiologia
Hydrobiologia 158:167-172.
158:167-172.
Starrett. 1988.
1988. Nearshoré
Nearshoreand
andpelagic
pelagic abundances
abundances of
of
Conte, F. P., R. S. Jellison
Jellison and
and G.
0. L. Starrett.
monica inMono
Mono Lake,
Lake, California.
California. Hydrobiologia
Hydrobiologia158:173-181.
158:173-181.
Artemia mon/cain
GreatSalt
SaltLake.
Lake. Utah's
Utah'sonly
onlycommercial
commercial fishery,
fishery, brine
brine shrimp,
1998. The
Thesecret
secretofofGreat
Ducey, K. 1998.
January, 1998.
1998. pp.
pp.22-25.
is breeding serious competition.
competition. National
National Fisherman.
Fisherman. January,
22-25.
Gliwicz, Z. M., W. A. Wurtsbaugh and A.
1995. Brine
Brineshrimp
shrimp ecology
ecology in
in the
the Great
Great Salt
Salt
A. Ward.
Ward. 1995.
e;-tl ah-:-
ept:
f-Fisheries-anu-WirdlifefE-culug -eenter -tlta:1TSt te-tllIive
ity;-JUlTr
1995 Performance
Performance Report
Report to the
the Utah
Utah Division of
of Wildlife Resources, Salt
Salt Lake City,
City, Utah.
May 1995
Logan,
83 pp.
pp.
Logan, Utah.
Utah. 83
1924.The
Theexternal
externaldevelopment
developmentofofcertain
certainphyllop.pds.
phylloppds. Journal
Journalof
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Morphology
Heath, H. 1924.
38(4):453-483.
A-18
1988. Comparative
Comparativepopulation
populationecology
ecologyof
ofEphydra
Ephydrahians
Mans Say
Say (Diptera:
(Diptera:
Herbst, D. B. 1988.
(California) and Abert Lake (Oregon). Hydrobiologia
Hydrobiologia 158:145-166.
158:145-166.
Ephydridae) at Mono Lake (California)
1992. The
Theecology
ecology of
ofLake
Lake Abert: Analysis
Analysis of
of further development.
development. Oregon
Keister, G.
G. P.
P. 1992.
34 pp.
pp.
Dept. ofFish
of Fish and
and Wildlife.
Wildlife. Technical
TechnicalReport.
Report. 92-5-02.
92-5-02. 34
1991. Birds
Birdsof
ofnorth
northLake
Lake Abert,
Abert, Lake
Lake Co., Oregon.
Kristensen, K., M. Stem and J. Morawski.
Morawski. 1991,
Oregon Birds 17(3):67-77.
17(3):67-77.
Oregon
RA. Browne. 1991.
1991. Ecology
Ecology of
ofArtemia.
pp.237-253
237-253 in:
in: R.A.
R.A. Browne,
Browne, P.
P.
P.ll. and R.A.
Lenz, P.H.
Artemia. pp.
Sorgeloos, and C.N.A. Trotman. Artemia
Artemiabiology.
biology. CRC
CRC Press,
Press, Boca
Boca Raton.
Raton.
1991. Lake
Lake Abeft
Abert water bird counts.
Unpublished Report.
Morawski, J.
Morawski,
J. and
and M.
M. Stem.
Stem. 1991.
counts. Unpublished
Report. The
Conservancy. 99 pp.
Nature Conservancy.
Water and
and Climate
Climate Center.
Center. 1999.
1999. Watersupply outlook report,
National Water
report, Lake
Lake County
County and
and Goose
Lake basins.
basins. (On-line).
(On-line).Available:
Available:ftpftp://crystal.or.mcs.usda.gov/pub/wsor/or/mar/or3s3
Lake
://crystal.or.nres.usda.gov/pub/wsor/or/mar/or3 s300.htm.
.htm.
Page, G.
and C.
C. Bruce.
Bruce. 1989.
1989.Results
Resultsofofthe
the1988
1988summer
summer survey
survey of
of snowy
snowy plovers in the
0. and
the
interior ofthe
of the western United
United States.
States. Point Reyes Bird Observatory,
Observatory, Oregon
OregonDept
Dept Fish and
and
Wildlife.
Unpublished Report.
Report. 88 pp.
pp.
Wildlife. Unpublished
- -Persoone,
P. Sorgeloos.
Sorgeloos. 1980.
1980.General
Generalaspects
aspectsof
ofthe
theecology
ecology and
and biogeography of
Persoone, G.
G. and
and?.
pp. 3-24
3-24in:
in:0.G.Persoone,
Persoone,P.P.Sorgeloos,
Sorgeloos, 0.O.Roels
Roelsand
andE.
E.Jaspers.
Jaspers.The
Thebrine
brine shrimp
shrimp
Artemia. pp.
theinternational
internationalsymposium
symposiumon
onthe
thebrine
brineshrimp
shrimpArtemia
ArtemiasaUna.
salina.
3. Proceedings
Proceedingsofofthe
Artemia. Vol 3.
Wettere, Belgium.
Universal Press, Wettere,
Phillips, K. N. and A. S. VanDenburgh.
Van Denburgh. 1971.
1971. Hydrology
Hydrologyand
and Geochemistry
Geochemistry of
of Abert, Summer,
and Goose Lakes, and other closed-basin
closed-basin lakes
lakes in
in south-central
south-central Oregon.
Oregon. US Dept. Interior.
Closed Basin Investigations.
Geological Survey Professional
Investigations. Geological
Professional Paper
Paper 502-B.
502-B. 86 pp.
ofexperiments
experiments and analysis of
Prepas, E.
1984. Some
Somestatistical
statisticalmethods
methodsfor
for the
the design
design of
E. E. 1984.
of
samples. pp.
pp. 266-335
266-335 in:
in: J.J. A.
A. Downing
Downing and
and F. H. Rigler. A manual on methods
methods for
for the
the
assessment of
of secondary productivity in fresh
fresh waters.
waters. Blackwell
Blackwell Scientific
Scientific Publications, Oxford.
ofNatural
Natural Resources.
Resources. Letter
Letterdated
dated May
May 16,
16, 1996.
1996.
Ross, D. 1996.
1996. Utah
UtahDepartment
Departmentof
ofthe
the brine shrimp Artemia.
Persoone, P.
Sorgeloos,
1980. Life
Lifehistory
history of
Sorgeloos, P.
P. 1980.
Artemia. pp. xxix-xxiii in:
in: G.
0. Persoone,
Sorgeloos, O.
Roels and
and B.
E. Jaspers. The brine shrimp
0. Roels
shrimp Artemia.
Artemia.Vol
Vol3.3. Proceedings of the
the
International symposium on the brine shrimp Artemia
Artemia salina.
sauna. Universal Press, Wettere, Belgium.
Sorgeloos, P.,
P., P.
P. Lavens,
Lavens, P.
P. Leger,
Leger, W.
W.Tackaert
Tackaertand
andD.
D.Versichele.
Versichele. 1986.
1986. Manual for the culture
culture
of Ghent, Belgium.
and use of brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture.
aquaculture. State University of
A-19
A19
Stevens,
1990. Changes
Changesininlake
lakelevels,
levels,salinity
salinityand
andthe
the biological
biological community
connnunity of
ofGreat
Great Salt
Salt
Stevens, D.
D. W. 1990.
Lake (Utah, USA), 1847-1987. Hydrobiologia
Hydrobio1ogia 197:139-146.
197:139-146.
1999. Long-term
Long-termwet-dry
wet-drycycles
cycles in
in Oregon.
Oregon. Oregon
OregonClimate
Climate Service,
Service, Oregon State
Taylor, G.H. 1999.
University. (On-line).
(On-line).Available:
Available:http//www.ocs.orst.
http//www.ocs.orst.edu/reports/wet-dry.html.
edulreports/wet-dry,html.
U.S. Geological Survey.
1997. Brine
Brineshrimp
shrimpand
and the
the ecology
ecology of
ofGreat
Great Salt Lake. (On-line)
(On-line)
Survey. 1997.
WI. usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/shrimp.html.
Available: http
http://wwwdutslc.
://wwwdutslc.wr.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/shrimp.htinl.
VanDenburgh,
1975.Solute
Solutebalance
balanceatatAbert
Abertand
andSummer
SunnnerLakes,
Lakes,south-central
south-central Oregon.
Oregon.
Van Denburgh, A. S. 1975.
Closed Basin
Basin Investigation.
Investigation. Geological
Geological Survey
Survey Professional
Professional Paper 502-C.
US Dept. Interior. Closed
29 pp.
A-20
APPENDICES
APPENIMCES
A-21
Appendix
Waterlevel
leveldata
datafor
forLake
LakeAbert,
Abert, Oregon,
Oregon, 1926-1998.
1926-1998. The 1926-1990
1926-1990
Appendix A.
A. Water
from Keister,
Keister, (1992).
(1992). The
The1990-1996
1990-1996data
dataare
arefrom
fromLakeview
LakeviewWatermaster,
Watermaster,
data are from
Oregon Water Resources
Resources Department.
The 1997-1998
1997-1998 data
data are
are from
from personal
personal
Oregon
Department. The
.
those taken
observation.
leve Is were those
taken as close as
as possible
nossible to
to October
October each
each year.
Year.
observation.
Lake levels
Lake level
Lake level
Lake level
(feet of
Year
(feet of
Year
Year
(feet of
elevation)
elevation)
elevation)
1926
1951
4,249.1
4,244.0
1976
4,257.8
1927
1952
4,251.9
4,248.0
1977
4,256.2
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
4,247.7
4,245.9
4,245.7
4,244.0
4,245.6
4,244.0
4,244.0
4,245.8
4,246.6
4,245.8
4,249.3
4,247.2
4,248.1
4,247.6
4,248.4
4,251.3
4,249.6
4,249.2
4,249.9
4,248.1
4,248.9
4,248.7
4,248.4
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
4,253.5
4,254.5
4,252.8
4,257.3
4,256.8
4,259.1
4,257.0
4,251.7
4,251.7
4,250.6
4,253.6
4,253.4
4,257.2
4,255.4
4,255.8
4,253.6
4,254.1
4,255.1
4,259.1
4,259.1
4,257.3
4,258.8
4,258.8
A-22
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
. 1998
4,254.5
4,252.4
4,252.7
4,250.8
4,255.7
4,258.8
4,260.9
4,259.3
4,261.7
4,257.9
4,255.7
4,255.2
4,252.7
4,250.6
4,247.6
4,250.6
4,248.0
4,249.0
4,252.5
4,254.4
4,257.3
latitude/Ion itude coordinates
coordinates of
of sample
sam Ie stations,
stations and
and north/south
north/south division
division line.
line.
Appendix
A
endix B. UTM,
UTM latitude/longitude
Station
ruN
mE
Lon
itude
UTM (mN)
UTM (mE)
Longitude
Latitude
120' 14'
4711717
726580
11
42' 31' 352"
35.2"
120°
14' 28.9"
289"
120'
726633
42'
4712866
42° 32'
32' 05.9"
059"
120° 14'
14' 25.2"
252"
2
120'
728544
42'
55.8"
4714471
3
42° 32' 55
8"
120° 12'
12' 29.2"
292"
.4:2t32.~52;j8"
:4714339
4714339
!itO%i3t.So:111(
727372
4
42° 32' 528" '.'
120° 13' 507'
7'f,!372.
411:5936
42 33' 462"
5
4715936
725751.
120 14' 594"
74575V
127iH.:i····
727612
4116154
42 33' 513"
66
120° 13' 376"
41i~1~i:l
4716148
42' 33' 48
48.9"
120' 12' 07
07.8"
729661
42°
9"
120°
8"
7
120' 11' 36
36.1"
42'
4718301
730315
42° 34'
34' 57.9"
579"
120°
1"
8
120' 15' 49 1"
42'
4720706
724462
9
42° 36'
36' 22.0"
220"
120°
4722750
·'@1'37'·22;6"
4722750 .
729779
42 37' 226"
120 Ii' 56 0"
)0'
729719··
10
.42:j8'54[8"
4125613
4725613 .
730256
120 11'280"
730256<··
11
11
42 38'548"
···.4213$;$'9;6".·
'47~i$6iiZ
.
120 13' 41 9'
")2
4725662
727202
42
38'
59
6"
727~b2
12
120'
4728537
42' 40' 28
28.5"
731132
42°40'
5"
120° 10'
10' 45.3"
45 3"
13
120'
42' 42' 01.9"
724810
14
4721212
42°
120° 15'
15' 18.9"
42' 37' 00.0"
north/south line
4722051
42°
).i~~!~~;~~l~;;···.···· . .•
. ·.•r~gi~i~)i~~l~~{ ".j
Appendix C. Summary
Summary of
ofdata
data and
and samples
samples of
ofbrine
brine shrimp
shrimp and
and cysts
cysts collected
collected from Lake Abcrt,
Abert,
. Utah.
1997-1998.
AA == Avocet
Avocet Artemia
Artemia Inc..
Inc. Salt
SaIt Lake
Lake City.
City.
Utah.
1997-1998. AA
~.
Date
Number of
stations
sampled
Data/samples collected
Samples collected by
temp
salinity
ph
x
x
4
x
2/97
2/97
x
x
x
8
5/97
x
x
x
14
7/97
x
x
10/97
14
x
4(*)
x
4(*)
x
11/97
3(*)
x
x
3(*)
12/6/97
3(*)
x
3(*)
12/20/97
x
3(*)
x
x
3(*)
1/98
2(*)
x
2/98
x
8(*)
3/98
3(*)
3(*\
x
10/98
(*) Samples were not
not taken
taken at
at established
establIshed stations,
statIOns, see text
text
(**) looked for cysts but none were located
A-23
water
level
x
shrimp
cysts
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(**)
C**)
ODFW
AA
ODFW
ODFW
ODFW
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
ODFW
ODEW
ODFW
~
,
AppendixD.
Appendix D. Bottom
Bottom iepth,
~epth, salinity,
salinity, temperature,
telllperature, and ph, by station,
statioll,~f
of Lake Abert duringl997
during 1997 and
and 1998.
1998. **==equipment
equipment malfunctioned.
malfunctioned.
7/11/97
5/22/97
2/28/9F
I
I
7/11/97
I
10/15/97
I
3/12/98
Date I
2/28/97
10/15197
Salinir Temp
Temp ph
ph Bottom Salinity Temp ph Bottom Salinity Tern
Station IBottom
Bottom salini1'
Tem ph Bottom Salinity Temp ph Botto Salinity Temp ph
depth
cm
(ppt)
I
2
33
4
5
6
7
8
9
~
';;'
depth
6.4
8.9
10.0
6.5
8.5
9.5
115
Its
C°C)
(°C)
Cppt)
(ppt)
COe)
(°C)
(ft)
~
(ft)
42
3.1 10.2
102 lL2
31
112
$,5
85
11.9
119
, 10.6
10.5
depth
Cppt)
(ppt)
(ft)
~
36
17.7 10.0
6.1
38
17.2 10.0
8.7
15.8
7.4
34
15..8 10.0
175 , .~;!in.2
38 ,"17:5
99 112
39
83
171 "!i;9$'$
99
174 9f9
3Q.
39 ,1'7>4
99 • Its
li&
36
17.4
9.9 10.5
17.7
9.9 10.5
38
8.7
W)7.1
Hi
10
Ii
.Il
100
12
13
14
108
90
7.7
5.4
p
p
depth
(°C)
rC)
(if)
~
23.2
38
35
22.5
35
21.5
32 22,S
225
225
35
'3522,8
35
228
33
22.6
34
22.9
37
24.1
35
239
9.7
9.6
9.6
4.1
7.2
72
6.3
95 100
70
3S~~1~ 94
~''''I Of.V
94 l0&
3322.69.4
9.5
9.6
'Z4d
241
23.2
23.5
9.1
7.2
8&
'~j~:I"fU«
96
77
9.6
9.6
52
52
50
50
5
51
51 '
51
51
50
50
50
50
5
51
51
5
9.151
94
~~,d~!~~;~"
34
240 95 ...•.79~
37
35
37
(ppt)
pt)
6.4
4.0
C°C)
(°C)
**
**
**
.**
m
depth
II
(if)
9.9
99
4.8
9.9
7.7
77
10.1
8.6
112
104
70
92
99
97
9.4
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.4
*
91
*
96
97
93
*
*
*
*
*
9.4
10.2
107
9.3
9.1
(Pp!)
@pt)
(°C)
C°C)
44
43
47
47
48
48
47
48
**
*
*
*
*
**
*
*
"*
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
***
*
**
**
**
E. Sample
Sampledepth,
depth,count,
count,volume,
volume,and
andestimated
estimateddensity
density (m3)
(m3) of
of brine
brine shrimp
shrimp from
from Lake Abert
Abert
Appendix B.
durin
1998.
during 1997 and 1998.
Date
Sample
Station Replicate depth
I1
2
I1
2
3
I1
2
3
3
33
4
55
.66
77
8
9
10
10
I
2
33
1I
2
3S
1I
2
3
11
2
3
I1
2
3
I1
2
3
I1
22.
3
I
(ft)
6.5
.
.
:..
9.5
1
2
85
8.5
115
11.5
.
5/22/97
7111/97
2/28/97
7/11/97
Sample Sample Est. Sample Sample Sample Est. Sample Sample Sample
count volume density depth count volume density depth count volume
(m
(ft)
(m
(m
(ft)
(m5
(mi)
(m' )
(ins)
(ms)
' ) (m
')
')
')
5.0
2,905 0.108 26,967
5.0
5.0
1,154 0.108 10,712
5.0
1,592 0.108 14,778
5.0
5.0
6,0
399 0129
3,087
80
133
9,877 0183 53,933
t 172
..' Q;$77iO,/183/5'3;Q33. ····.6,Oi}QQ . . .•. 0..o·.i~~·.~.: i., 0.8 ~.2. 1./.,,"
0129 6,862
80
190
0112
&0
887
. ····ii:i~;i~~~.·
.. O:iZ9'~;3$li
8.0..:: 578
0172
6
433
0129
,350
7,029 0.205 34,342
5,025 0.172 29,154
7.O
8.0
8.0
4,468 0.172 25,922
6.0
8.0
4,317 0.172 25,046
6.0
(ms)
. :•. • .:•.
11,177 0.248 45,111
1];177 0.248 "~i'L1J
:.
108fft94
1I
2
3
12.
1
2
3
I1
2
13
:14
52>5
6.5
1,135 0.140 8,105
7.0
951
7.0
6.5
0.140 6,791
6.5
496 0.140 3,542
7.0
·.100
100 . •.•. A5S
455 0:215
0215 .:'4ilt~
2,112 '·11.1E
110
100
.',.10;0>22&
.:.2.15 .:c. ·.·..·1,049
.1 ,· ·.•0.4.··.9.·: 110
226 0.'
0215
100
584 0;215/2;7.11:'
0215 2,711 ;~'].~.'"
110
9.0
964 0.194 4,971
9.0
1,020 0.194 5,260
9.0
9.0
9.0
1,217 0.194
90
0194 6,276
90
:90
90
61t 0194 3,151
9.0BnQil94.·~;J5J
90 "'1;042igi!945/f
1,042 0194
5,314
90
. '9:0
1 Fi'~()
:
9;0 ···$;1480;]945;92Q
9,0
9.0
1,148 0 194. 5,920
(m
(mi)
')
772
1,102
3,353
{/
;,
. tlQ.o;'ssil?
1
.
338
0194 1,741
.
...
..
7.0
....
....
...
.
..
7.0
70
7.0
9.0
9Q
9.0
9.0
90
8.0
80
8.0
8.0
.9.0
...
620
0.172 3,597
0172
365
0 129
90
......
90
.
33
..,
.1I
2
3:>
l00
.~.1Ii:
522
900 1;q~K.9itif4
0194 . . \~;3??I:
2,692 • • ~100
•. • .• . . •. •. • .•.•.9•. •.9.• •. •.0.• . .:.•. • .•:. . . .:. ·.:•. .•. .~•.• .2·•.·•9. 2..5•.·•.:· ·.·.......9i.l~4,.f;9~f
395
0194 2,037 100
. 90
J.gil~4)'4;9~!
9C(
. 9.0
33
11
7.•. •
Est.
density
1
.
9,0
6.0
6.0
6.0
40
::.4.0 .....
40
A-25
2,824
Appendix E
(can't). Sample
Sampledepth,
depth,count,
c'ount,volume,
volume, and
andestimated
estimated density
density (m3)
(m')
Appendix
B (con't).
of brine shrimu
shrim from
from Lake Abert duriiw
durin 1997 and 1998.
1998.
Date
10/15/97
3/12/98
3/12/98
Sample Sample
Sample Est. Sample
Sample Sample
Sample Sample
Sample Est.
Est.
Sample Sample
Station Replicate
Replicate depth
count volume
volume density
density
volume density depth count
count volume
(ft)
(m') (m')
(ft)
(m')
(m')
11
3.5
3.5
3.5
6.0
1
2
3
2
1
21
30
42
114
108
3
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
I
95
2
9:5
.3
95
3..
3
1
2
4
.4
55
3
7.0
7.0
7.0
2
70
95
3
100
2
,6
-
8.0
8.0
8.0
1
2
~
124
146
64
70
45
86
91
121
100
100
0.151
0.151
0.151
0151
0205
0215
0.172
0.172
0.172
190
0 172
114
0172
3
6.0
6.0
6.0
103
87
101
0.129
0.129
0.129
1
75
90
75
91
53
3.
6.5
6.5
6.5
1
3
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
.2
3
1
2
.H.H
298
420
422
702
18,756
15,970
4,219
3,550
6,365
38,815
80
2
14
i48i0
100
100
80
2
13
iWff
625
606
968
424
464
3
2
:fl
12
791
2
1
11
11
0205
0205
0205
80
3
la'
10
:J:.,.
278
398
557
882
835
317
325
64
236
156
,8
$
9
35
55
58
162
....
1
7
41
1
2
1:
'0
30
fl
119
128
109
102
197
150
114
29
34
'2
.3.5
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.129
0 129
0.129
0.108
0.108
0.108
0172
511
538
371
1,369
905
1,102
661
797
0162
557
594
0162
563
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.129
378
850
914
843
789
1,524
1,160
882
347fl
71Y
70
1.: 4,586
4,860
7 0..
8.0
9,914
8.0
11,009
8.0
12,722
.
6.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
673
781
.01.62
10,490 0.075 l39,1IC
8,446 0.075 112,004
8,525 0.075 113,052
3.5
3.5
.:Q'
0065
(lflM
A-26
10,757
10,210
6,372
10,426
11,894
10 188
0 151
30,408
.0 45.1 ..
0.172
0.172
0.172
0 215
0.215
0215
0.129
0.129
0.129
0.215
0.215
0.215
0.194
0.194
0.194
0.172
0,172
0.172
57.519
63,872
73,810
6g,740
81,055
74,124
32,637
27,462
49,238
180,15
55,475
52,654
32,861
60,489
69,006
59,109
Appendix
Estimated density
density of
ofbrine
brine shrimp
shrimp (m3)
(m3) of Lake
samples taken,
taken, but
but inadequately
inadequately processed.
Appendix F.
F. Estimated
Lake Abert
Abert during
during 1997
1997 and
and 1998.
1998. ** == samples
Station
Date
Replictat
Average
1
2
33
4
53,933
45,111
55
66
7
8
8 105
2,112
3,151
6791
4971
5260
6,276
5,920
5503
4815
9
11
ii
10
12
13
1
C
e
2/28/97
11
5111,191
5/22/97
11
2
3
7/11/97
mean
11
2
33
26967
2696?
.,-",?,.-,.
10,712
Hr712
.;-.;,? .....
14;n8
14,778
3 087
34,342
29 154
6862
25922
5353
2692
3 350
25 046
2 037
3,542
11;486
17486
4433
26708
•
772
1,102
*
•
•
*
3353
*
mean
tG/IS/9.7
...
1
2
mean
~
t:l
3/12/98
1
2
3
mean
278
398
411
139,111
112,005
113,052
121,389
1,742
882
835
317
678
34,758
30,408
32,225
32,464
44,46
44,46:
5374
3361
6146
1049
2711
1951
*
*
*
*
*
1,743
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
•
*
325
511
538
458
57,519
63,872
73,810
65,067
*
*
•
*
*
791
625
606
674
68,740
87,055
74,124
76,639
*
•
*
968
298
424
420
464
422
619
380
32,637 180,157
27,462
49,238
36,446 180,157
*
*
702
371
1,369
814
55,475
52,654
32,861
32,361
46,997
*
*
3,597
•
•
*
*
•
•
*
*
*
•
1,743
905
1,102
661
890
60,489
69,006
59,109
62,868
*
•
*
*
•
•
*
*
•
*
3,597
797
673
721
750
557
594
563
571
850
914
714
843
789
1.524
1,052
8;80
880
2,824
•
*
•
*
2,824
1,160
822
719
920
•
•
*
*
I
2,47
2,47'
444
52i
35
4-4
67(
77,75
Appendix
Percent of
of brine
brine shrimp
LakeAbert
Abertduring
during 1997
1997
AppendixG.
0. Percent
shrimpby
bylife
lifestage
stage(n=nauplii,
(nnauplii,j=juvenile,
jjuvenile, a=adult)
radult) ofofLake
1%. * *==samnies
samnlestaken,
taken but
butinadeuuatélv
inadequately orocessed.
processed.
and 1998. PP==uresent.
present but
butless
less than
than 1%.
Date
Station
Subsample
2
1
33
n j
a n
n jj
anjj a
a n
j a
2/28(97
7/11/97
0
1PTh99
2
OIOOP
3
0
mean
0
100 0
100 P
Date
100 0
100 0
*
0946
2
*
94
3
*
0
P
91
2
1
100
0
010
01000
0
0
100
100
55
66
a
a n
n jj
99
0
9
91
0
1
0
6
94
0
P 100
0
11
89
P
4
0
12 88
0
8
10 90
0
11
*
*
*
01000
6
*
*
*
*
*
9
*
*
*
*
*
*
P937
5
95
97
0
0
80
96
1
1
97 20
97 4
0
2
2
3
0
0
100 5
2
93 17
2
81
1
0
0
0
3
1
96 14
1
0
99
98
99
99
1
1
6
0
4
0
4
F
98
94
96
96
P
86
1
100 0
0
100 0
0
100
0
0
100 0
0
100 0
0
3
100
0
0
100 0
0
100
0
0
100
0
0
0
mean 100 0
0
100 0
0
100
0
0
100
0
0
100 0
100 0
97
3
21000010000100001000010000
Sub- Station
sample
99
n j
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
P
1
100 0
100
0
98
0
1
100 2
99 1
0
99
0
0
0
1
P
100 0
99
98
99
99
10
n
jj
1111
a
n
jj
12
a
nn
j
a
n
13
jj
a
na
14
jj
a
99
96
100 0
0 100 0
0
0
100
0
100
0
0
n
jj
100 0
a
00
:0T.>0 100 0
2
tO:*0
0
_mn 0
--'---'-""-4'''-1
3/12/98
11
3/12(98
2
1000
0 100
1
100 0
0
1000
0
0
99
0
0100 LO_IQD
0
100
100
100
_1QQ
0
0 100 0
0
0
0
IOU
0
0
0
0 100
0 100
3
0
100
100
97
LQ
99
0
1
P
93
77
3
p
*
*
0
0
95
95
*
•
•
55
*
*
*
*
•
•
•
0
*
*
*
89 11
08911
•
•
0
*
*
1
3
92 8
0928
•
•
•
•
•
7
0
4
0:96
6
0
93
94
6_09j
97
3
100 0
mean
A-28
97
0
1000010000
3
mean
7/11/97
7111197
11
2
33
mean
0
1
0
Average
Av~_r~ge
a
3
4 0
3 0
100 0
2
10/15/97
0
89 P
*
3
I
P
*
0
I
96
92
*
0
5/22/97
a
99
1
2/28/97
7
88
a
a
n
j
n j
a n
a
n
j
j
t9910'PPP100013870
0Tht
387 o1i 901
1090011890
2
mean
3/12/98
0
P
0
1
mean
10/15/97
t
P1000
100 0
1
:52/97j
4
a n
a
j
n
a n
n jj
j a
0 100 0 0
0
0
Percentofofadult
adultbrine
brineshrimp
shrimpby
bygender
gender(m=male,
(m=male,f=fema1e,
r-female, n=number)
n=number) from Lake Abert
Abert during
during
Appendix H. Percent
sam lestaken,
taken but
butinadequately
inade uatel processed.
rocessed.
1997 and
1997
and 1998. **==samples
Date
5/22/97
7/11/97
Subsample
11
2
33
mean
Station
11
m 1'f n m
100 0 11
100 0 11
100
l:::
0
:*....
*
me4if*:.:
1
22
33
mean
•
•
3
4
<*"
12
8
4
m fI na m
m
100 0
1
*
66
n
m
If
7
an
m
F
f
8
nii
m
If
n
xi
100
100
100
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
28
53
47
52 48161
55 45 126
55 45123
54
5446
62 38143
60
52 48
48 60
67
43 57
57 67
52
48
5248
12
13
1
0
100
100
1
2
0
100
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
m
If
n
m
m
fF
9(
48 52 120
46 54 63
49 51 234
4852
5446
n
m
If
n
14
m
m
If
62
38 39
n
47
4
*
m
If
n
m
87 50 50
52 48
f
0
*
*
*
*
*
44101 54 46
45
4
8'
100
64 36
48103 53 47
43
57 43
55 45
49 51
Average
9043
57 53
96 52 48 119
91 51 49 128
49 51
66 34
62 38
64 36
52
57
56
55
55
If
*
11
10
mean
mean
an
35 65 20 58 42 111 50 50
41 59 29 62 38 105 62 38
45 55 42 61 39 38 52 48
6040
5545
40 60
4060
2
33
If
71 29
Sub- Station
9
sample
m If n
5/22/97
11
2
3
mean
*
7/11/97
I
I1
2
m
m
100
88
Date
10/15/97
33
n
584212
673352
2
10/15/97
2
ff
54 46 109
50 50102
49 51 197
51 49
A-29
48 52150
50 50114
50 50 90
49 51
44 56
50 50
45 55
5S
46 54
2
3:
2
52
52 48
48
56 44152
53 47188
63 3710
57
43
5743
APPENDIX
Synopsis of
ofinformation
information on
on flat abalone
abalone
APPENDIX B.
B. Synopsis
B-i
Hat
Flat Abalone
After a relatively brief
brief period
period (2-11
(2-11 days)
After
in
the water
water column,
column, the
the free-swimming
free-swimming larva
in the
settles to the bottom
bottom and assumes
the creeping lifehf eassumes the
style of a post-larva
post-larva (Mottet,
(Mottet, 1978).
1978).
Flat abalone hybridizes with pink
abalone,
corrugata (Cox,
abalone, H.
H. corrugata
(Cox, 1962)
1962)and
and are
are capable
of
hybridizing
with
red
abalone
(Mottet,
of hybridiZing
red abalone (Mottet, 1978;
1978;
Hahn, 1989).
1989).
Growth
Most flat
fiat abalone
Most
abalone are
7.5 to
to 12.5
12.5 cm
em in
are 7.5
(three to
to five
five inches)
inches) but
but can
can reach
reach 17.5
17.5 em
length (three
an
(seven
inches) (Cox,
(Cox, 1962;
1962; Mottet,
Mottet, 1978;
(seven inches)
1978; Hahn,
1989).
Growth
Growth of
of abalone
abaloneisis quite
quite slow,
slow, and
and it
takes
takes a minimum
minimum of
of44years
years(and
(andoften
oftenseveral
several years
longer)
longer) for
for the
the abalone
abalonetotogrow
growtotoaamoderate
moderate length
length
of
grow at
of 10
10em
cm(4(4inches).
inches).Both
Bothmale
male and
and female
female grow
at
the same rate
rate (Mottet,
(Mottet, 1978).
1978).
In
In at
at least
some abalone
abalone species, food
least some
intake
intake and
and corresponding
corresponding growth
growth correlate
correlate most
most
slowed
strongly with the
the water temperature,
temperature, and is slowed
or stopped at higher
higher or
or lower
lower temperatures
temperatures (Mottet,
1978). Growth
during the
the first
two years
years is
Growth during
first two
believed to
to be fairly
believed
fairly uniform
uniform among
among all species
depending
on the
depending on
the amount
kind of food
amount and
and kind
available.
Growth
Growthrates
rates of
of adults
adults are
are highly
irregular
to age.
age.
irregular and
and size
size isis not
not directly
directly related
related to
Growthis
Growth is directly
dependent upon the
of food
food (Cox,
(Cox, 1962).
1962).
availability of
The
amount ofofmeat
The amount
meatinin abalone
abalonewith
with the
same
same shell dimensions
dimensions will
will vary
depending on
m
vary depending
seasonal and
seasonal
and environmental
environmental conditions
conditions (Mottet,
1978).
Food
Flat abalone
abalone feed
grazing on
on small
small
feed by grazing
attached algae
algae(Cox,
(Cox,1962).
1962). Abalone
Abalone are
almost
are almost
entirely
entirely vegetarians,
vegetarians, in
in locations
locations where
where there
there is
abundant drift
Each abalone
abalone species
species
drift or
or vegetation.
vegetation. Each
shows
shows definite
definite preferences
preferencesfor
for certain
certain types
types of
seaweeds. Abalone
Abalone may
39% of
mayeat
eat up
up to
to 39%
of their
weight
seaweed per
better food
food
weight in seaweed
per day,
day, but
but with
with better
species, 10-20%
10-20% isis more
(Mottet, 1978).
1978).
more typical (Mottet,
Abalone, particularly when
when they
they are
young, will
other things
things besides
besides seaweeds.
seaweeds.
young,
will eat other
Very small
old usually
usually
Very
small abalone
abaloneless
lessthan
thanaa year
year old
subsist
sessile diatoms and
and sometimes
sometimes
subsist on
onaa diet
diet of sessile
coralline
In fact,
fact, young
young abalone
abalone often
often grow
grow
coralline algae.
algae. In
very
very well
well in
in areas
areas which
whichare
arenot
not suitable
suitable for
for adults
(Mottet,
1978). During
During free-swimming
(Mottet, 1978).
free-swimming stages,
stages, diet
diet
consists
consists of
ofpe1agic
pelagicplankton.
plankton. As
As juveniles,
juveniles, they
they feed
feed
upon diatoms attached
attached to
to the
the substrate
substrate(Cox,
(Cox, 1962).
1962).
Haliotis walallensis
(Note:
there is little information in the literature
specifically on
the flat
flat abalone
abalonespecies.
species. Much
Much of the
the
specifically
on the
general, unless flat
following information is for abalone in general,
abalone are specifically mentioned)
Ecology
abalone occur
occur from
Columbia
Flat abalone
from British
British Columbia
southward
sparsely
southward into
into Baja
Baja California;
California; but
but are sparsely
distributed throughout
throughout its
its range
range (Cox,
(Cox, 1962;
1962; Mottet,
Mottet,
1978;
Houl<, 1989;
1989; Hahn, 1989).
1989). Flat
1978; Ebert
Ebert and Houlc,
abalone are
abalone
are found
found along
along open
open coasts
coastsfrom
fromintertidal
intertidal
to
17 m
northern California,
California, to
to 20
20 rn
m in central
central
to 17
m in
in northern
California,
depths greater
greater than
than 27
27 m in
in
California, and
and at
at depths
southern
California (Cox,
(Cox, 1962;
1962; Mottet,
southern California
Mottet, 1978;
1978;Hahn,
Hahn,
1989). Abalone
energy, open
open coastal
Abalone prefer
prefer high
high energy,
environments
environmentswith
with good
goodwater
water circulation
circulation (Karpov
(Karpov
and
on and under
under
and Tegner,
Tegner,1992).
1992).Flat
Flat abalone
abalone live
live on
with other
otherspecies
speciesof
ofabalone
abalone(Cox,
(Cox,1962).
1962).
rocks with
Depth
and geographical
geographical distribution
Depth and
distribution of
abalone are
arebest
bestdescribed
describedby
byseawater
sea*ater temperature
abalone
(Karpov and
and Tegner,
Tegner,1992;
1992; Lindberg,
Lindberg, 1992).
1992).
Life History
Reproduction
cfion
~ ~
The
spawning season
season of
of flat
flat abalone is
The spawning
April, May, June (HaIm,
(Hahn, 1989).
1989).
Abalone are broadcast spawners and
release their sex products directly into the
seawater,
fertilization takes
takes place
place (Mottet,
(Mottet,
seawater, where fertilization
1978).
sexes ate
are separate
separate(Cox,
(Cox,1962;
1962; Mottet,
Mottet,
1978). The sexes
1978)
1978)and
and the
the sex
sex ratio
ratio is
is usually
usually one
one to
to one
one (Mottet,
(Mottet,
1978).
.At
the biological
biological niininaum
minimum size
At the
size when
when the
gonads first ripen, the
the abalone
abalonemay
mayproduce
produce only
only aa
gonads
thousand eggs,
in
thousand
eggs,but
but millions
millions of
of eggs
eggsare
are likely
likely in
years. There
There isis usually
usually aa simple
simple near-linear
near-linear
later years.
betweenthe
the number
number of
of mature eggs
eggs in
relationship between
the ovary
ovary and
andbody
bodyweight
weight(Mottet,
(Mottet,1978).
1978). Seicual
Sexual
at aa small
small size,
size, and
and fecundity,
fecundity,
maturity is reached at
which increases
increases exponentially
which
exponentiallywith
with size,
size, isis high
(Karpov and
and Tegner,
Tegner, 1992).
1992).
The spawning
spawning season
season appears
appears to
to be
be affected
by envirorunental
environmental differences and there is
considerable variation
the same
same species
species
considerable
variation even
even in
in the
from one
next, and
and from
from one location
from
one year
year to the next,
location to
(Mottet, 1978).
1978). Although
Although the
the spawning
spawning
another (Mottet,
season
different species
species of Haliotis
Haliotis may
may
season for
for the
the different
according to
location, liberation
liberation of
of sex
sex
vary according
to their location,
products isis believed
depend upon
upon the
water's
products
believed to depend
the water's
temperature(Cox,
(Cox,1962).
1962).
temperature
B-2
The color
color of
can vary
vary depending
depending
The
of the
the shell can
food eaten.
eaten. The
pinto, flat,
and
on
The diets
diets of pinto,
flat, and
on the
the food
abalone probably
probably contain greater
greater amounts
amounts
threaded abalone
of
of diatomaceous
diatomaceousand
andcoralline
corallinealgae
algaethan
than do
do the
the
diets of the other species.
species. This
This is
is suspected
suspected because
of these
these three
three species
species exhibit
exhibit the
the shells of
mottling produced
producedby
bythis
thisdiet
diet(Cox,
(Cox,1962).
1962).
typical mottling
do not
Most abalone
abalone are
are quite
quite inactive
inactive and do
are unable
unable to
to catch
catch sufficient
sufficient
forage unless
forage
unless they
they are
drift algae
algae (Mottet,
(Mottet,1978).
1978). California
California abalone
abalone feed
primarily
algal drift; foraging
foraging on
on attached
primarily on algal
on drift
drift algae
algae
rare. Specialization
Specialization on
algae puts
puts
algae is rare.
abalone
competition with
sea urchins.
urchins. Sea
abalone in
in competition
with sea
urchin
urchin grazing
grazing has
has been
beenreported
reportedtotolimit
limit kelp
kelp and
abalone
regions of
abalone distributions in many regions
of California
California
(Karpov and
and Tegner,
Tegner,1992).
1992).
Predators
Predators includes sea otters, fishes
(cabazon and sheepshead),
sheepshead), crab,
crab, spiny
spiny lobster,
lobster,
(cabazon
gastropods (Cox,
(Cox, 1962;
1962;
octopuses,
octopuses, seastars,
seastars, and gastropods
Karpov
and Tegner,
Tegner, 1992).
1992). Tn
In some
some locations,
locations,
Karpov and
predation is the
the major
major factor restricting abalone
abalone to
certain habitats, limiting the size of the
population and affecting
affecting feeding
feeding behavior.
behavior. Most
abalone predators
by sight.
sight. To
To reduce
reduce the
the
abalone
predators hunt by
probability of
of attack,
attack, abalone
abalone rarely
rarely move
move about
about
probability
underthe
thecover
coverof
ofdarkness
darkness(Mottet,
(Mottet,1978).
1978).
except under
_
abalone, unless
unless they have
have become
become
Adult abalone,
dislodged from
substrate, are
ordinarily
dislodged
from the
the substrate,
are not ordinarily
vulnerable
fish predation
predation (Cox,
(Cox, 1962;
1962; Karpov
Karpov
vulnerable to fish
and Tegner,
1992).Many
Manyspecies
speciesofoffish
fishwill
will attack
attack
Tegner, 1992).
abalone
which have
detached from
abalone which
have become
become detached
from the
substrate due
due to
to storms
storms or
or human
human activities,
activities, and aa
few are
at knocking
knocking the
abalone off
off the
few
are adept at
the abalone
substrate (Mottet, 1978).
1978). If
If displaced
displaced and unable to
themselves quickly,
quickly, the
abalone usually
right themselves
the abalone
usually fall
fall
victim to the always-present fish.
Fish
swarm around
around upturned
upturned abalone
immediately swarm
abalone and
foot (Cox,
(Cox,1962).
1962). Tn
In one
one study,
tear pieces from the foot
a third of the fish stomachs
stomachs contained
contained the
the shells
shells of
wallalens!s. (Mottet,
(Mottet,
young
youngH.
H. corrugata
corrugata and
and H.
H. wallalensis.
1978).
The
young of
species are
restricted by
The young
of all
all species
are restricted
predators to
to the
theundersides
undersides of
ofrocks
rocks or
or to
to crevices
crevices
areunlikely
unlikelytotobe
beseen
seen(Mottet,
(Mottet, 1978).
1978).
where they are
Small
Small abalone
abalone are
are preyed
preyed upon by starfish
starfish but
but large
abalone successfully resist the starfish attacks even
starfishare
arelarger
larger(Cox,
(Cox,1962).
1962). Though
Though
though the starfish
on abalone,
starfish are
are known to prey on
abalone, there
there are
are no
m
studies
they are
are aa significant
significant
studies toto indicate
indicate that
that they
problem (Mottet,
(Mottet,1978).
1978).
problem
Where urchin
urchin populations
populations are
are next
next to
Where
abalone, there is
is competition
competition for
for food
food and living
living
abalone,
space. Once
Once sea
sea urchins
urchins have
gained a foothold,
foothold,
space.
have gained
they seldom
seldom leave
able to
to outoutthey
leave and
and they
they may
may be
be able
compete abalone
Mottet, 1978).
1962; Mottet,
1978).
abalone fo.r
for food (Cox,
(Cox, 1962;
Sea urchins
urchins are
are more
more intensive
intensive grazers
grazers than
than abalone
and
and they crop
crop the
the rocks
rocks almost
almost completely
completely bare
(Cox, 1962).
In North America, sea otters are
potentially the greatest
greatest source
source of
of danger to
to abalone
sea otters
otters and
and aa
population, and
population,
anditit isis likely
likely that
that sea
commercial abalone
commercial
abalonefishery
fishery carmot
cannot coexist
coexistinin th
thee
same area
area (Mottet,
(Mottet, 1978).
1978).
Population
plentiful,
Flat abalone
abalone are generally
generally not plentiful,
Flat
but occasionally
occasionally abundant
areas (Cox,
(Cox,
but
abundantinin small
small areas
1962). Abundance
Abundance is
is highest
where physical
physical
highest where
conditions allow good
good kelp
kelp growth
growth and
the
and the
substrate
kelp (Karp
(Karpov
substrate promotes
promotestrapping
trapping of
of drift
drift kelp
ov
and
Tegner, 1992).
1992).
and Tegner,
Estimates
Estimates ofofthe
the mortality.
mortality,rate
rate of
of native
abalone
on different
species in
abalone populations,
populations, made
made on
different species
different
of methods,
methods, vary
different locations
locations by
by aa variety
variety of
conSiderably.
considerably. Studies
Studies from
from southern
southern and
and central
California
finite mortality
mortality
California suggest
suggestthat
that natural
natural finite
rates
quite high. In
rates are quite
In central
central California,
California, three
methods
methods resulted
resultedininfinite
finitemortality
mortality rate estimates
of 0.3
0.3 to
1.0 for
of
to 1.0
for one
onepopulation
populationofofred
red and
and flat
(Tegner and
and Butler,
Butler, 1989).
1989).
abalone (Tegner
A sport
sport and
and commercial
commercialfishery
fishery for
for abalone
usually results
usually
results in
in many
manymore
moremortalities
mortalities than
than are
revealed by fishing statistics.
statistics. AAserious
serious problem
problem is
wounds inflicted
the wounds
inflicted on under-sized
under-sized abalone
abalone while
they are
are being
beingremoved
removedfrom
fromthe
the substrate.
substrate. Bar cut
abalone
abalone bleed profusely because
because abalone
abalone blood
blood has
no
no clotting
clottingmechanism.
mechanism.Sampling
Samplinghas
has shown
shownthat
that
legal-sized abalone
the percentage of legal-sized
abalone which are cut
greatly
species,
varies
depending
upon
accessibility, weather conditions, and the
experience of
of the
the collector.
collector. commercial
commercial divers cut 813%
catch (Mottet,
(Mottet, 1978).
1978).
13% of
of their catch
Storms
Storms can
can be
be an
an important
important source of
mortality
and may
may limit
limit abalone
abalone distribution
distribution in
mortality and
areas of
of greatest
greatest exposure
exposure (Karpov
(Karpov and
andTegner,
Tegner,
areas
1992).
In California,
abalone stocks
stocks are in decline
decline
California, abalone
harvest efficiency,
efficiency, increased
due to
to commercial
commercial harvest
due
sport fishery expansion, an
market demand,
demand, sport
expanding population
pollution of
of
expanding
populationofof sea
sea otters,
otters, pollution
mainland habitat,
and loss
loss of
of kelp
kelp populations.
populations.
mainland
habitat, and
Management efforts
stocks through size
size
Management
efforts to
to protect
protect stocks
limits and
and limits
limits on
onthe
thenumber
numberofofcommercial
commercial
limits
been ineffective
abalone
abalone fishermen
fishermen have
have been
ineffective (Karpov
and Tegner,
Tegner~1992).
1992).
B-3
Harvest
Effects Evaluation
Information is not sufficient to meet
planning Goal
Goal 19.
19. Additional
informastatewide planning
Additional informa-
After surveys for red abalone were
conducted
Oregon coast from
from 19581958conducted on
onthe
the southern Oregon
1962,
abundance of
of red abalone
abalone was
was deemed
deemed
1962, abundance
insufficient
support a commercial
commercial fishery
and
insufficient to
to support
fishery and
commercial harvest
abalone was prohibited.
commercial
harvest of
of all
all abalone
prohibited.
Sport
Sport harvest
harvest is
is basically
basically limited
limited to the southern
southern
can be
be found.
found.
Oregon coast where
where a few red abalone can
estimated to be
less than
Annual sport
Annual
sportharvest
harvest is
is estimated
be less
100
100 animals.
tion is needed
needed to determine
determine short-term
short-term and
and longlongtion
term effects of harvest on flat abalone resources
resources and
on other
other resources.
resources. Flat abalone
abalone should
should be
be managed
under
under the
the developing
fisheries program
program with
developing fisheries
conservative numbers
numbers of permits and restrictions.
(1) Sustainability
developmental fisheries
Sustainability of developmental
fisheries resources or
catch under
under proposed
proposed future
sources
or incidental
incidental catch
harvest:
a. Flat
Flat abalone
abalone have
fairly wide
wide distribution,
distribution,
have a fairly
Management
Present Regulatjons
Regulations
Commercial harvest of
Commercial
of abalone
abalone is not
allowed
in Oregon.
Oregon. Sport
limited to
allowed in
Sport harvest
harvest is
is limited
than 88 inches
inches in
in length.
length. This
This size
abalone
abalone greater than
limit precludes
precludes the
smaller flat
limit
the harvest
harvest of
of the
the smaller
abalone species.
There is no commercial
commercialharvest
harvest of abalone
west coast
or provence
provence at
time.
in any west
coast state
state or
at this
this time.
California
California closed
closed the
the last
last commercial
commercial harvest
harvest of
abalone in 1997, mostly due overfishing.
also dosed
closed south
south of San
San
Recreatoional harvest
Recreatoional
harvest is also
Francisco
Franciscobecause
becauseofof overfishing
overfishing and
and "withering
"withering
syndrome"
(Kashiwada,
syndrome'
disease
1999).
Washington has never allowed commercial
commercial harvest
harvest
of
abalone and
and they
they closed
closed their
their recreational
of abalone
hjrv.est in
hJlrvest
in1994
1994 (Bradbury,
(Bradbury, 1999).
1999). Alaska
Alaska has not
not
opened
commercial fishery
since 1995
1995 due
opened their
their commercial
fishery since
due to
low stock abundance
(Larson, 1999)
1999)
abundance (Larson,
In
commercial harvest
In Canada,
Canada, commercial
harvest of abalone
not been
been allowed
allowed since
since 1990
1990 because
because of
poor
has not
of poor
stock
conditions.
stock conditions.
Illegal harvests apparently
continuedafter
afterthe
the closure
closureofofthe
the legal
legal fishery
continued
fishery
because
abalone prices.
prices. Although
Although stock
stock
because of
of high
high abalone
reviews
reviews are
are ongoing,
ongoing, there is
is little
little chance
chanceitit will
will be
opened
soon (Muse,
(Muse, 1998).
1998).
opened soon
Suggestions
Suggestions for
for Future
Future Management
Management
information available
There
There isis very
very little
little information
on the flat
flat abalone
abalone species.
species. Any harvest should
should be
be
restrictive
abundance, distribution,
restrictive until abundance,
distribution, and
and other
other
population parameters
parameterscan
can be
be obtained.
obtained.
population
value product.
product. A
A
Abalone
Abalone are
are aa very
very high
high value
high
degree of
great deal
high degree
ofinterest
interesthas
has led
led to
to aa great
deal of
activities in other
other fisheries.
fisheries.
illegal
illegal harvest activities
A
dive fishery
fishery should
should be
be restricted
restricted to
A dive
conserve
resources. Refugia
protect
Refugia to
to protect
conserve intertidal
intertidal resources.
nursery areas may
may be
be beneficial.
beneficial.
A
minimum size
size limit would
insure a
would insure
A minimum
population has
chance to
to spawn
spawn
portion
portion of
of the
the population
has a chance
before being harvested.
Most
sessile (slow or non-moving)
invertebrates need
adultconcentrations
concentrations in
in
invertebrates
need tight adult
order for successful egg fertilization to occur.
abundance is sparse.
but abundance
Abundance, distribution,
b. Abundance,
distribution,and
andlife
lifehistory
history data
are
limited.
are limited.
c. Abalone
Abalone have aa relatively
relatively high
high fecundity.
fecundity.
d. There
There may be
be undocumented
undocumented mortalities
from
mortalities from
during harvest
harvest activities.
activities.
injuries during
areas have
have shown
shown that
Fisheries in
e. Fisheries
in other
other areas
abalone populations can be easily over
exploited.
(2)
Biological and ecological effects
(2) Biological
effects on
on critical
critical mahabitats and
and other
otherspecies
species supsuprine habitats, other habitats
by those
those habitats:
habitats:
ported by
a. Dive gear would have very little impact on the
or other
other species
species and
and little
little incidental
habitat or
catch.
of turning
turning· over
over rocks
rocks while
while
b. The activity of
for abalone
abalone may
may have
have some
some impact on
searching for
en
habitat.
c.
abalone from
small
Inability to
to distinguish flat abalone
from small
red
abalone may
may result
result is
is some
some incidental
incidental
red abalone
abalone.
harvest of red abalone.
d. There
to cause
cause
There isis potential
potential for
for diving
diving activities to
disturbance to
to marine
marine mammals
mammals and
and birds
birds
utilizing
utifizing offshore rocky areas.
urchins are
able to move
move into
from
e. If sea urchins
are able
into areas
areas from
which abalone
abalone have
have been
been harvested,
harvested, the
which
urchins may out-compete
out-compete the
the remaining
remaining abalone
for
abalone population
population from
from
for food
food or
or keep
keep the
the abalone
reestablishing.
Conformity and
existing
Conformity
and compatibility
compatibility with
with existing
uses such
uses
such as
as commercial
commercialand
and recreational
recreational fishing,
(3)
non-consumptive
non-consumptiveuses,
uses,public
publicaccess,
access, etc:
etc:
There is
is currently
currentlyno
nocommercial
commercialharvest
harvest of
of any
a. There
species of abalone.
b. There is
abalone
is no
no recreational
recreational harvest
harvest of
of flat
flat abalone
due to size limits.
c. There
There - may
may be
be concerns with having a
c.
sport
commercial
commercialharvest
harvest but
but not
not allowing
allowing aa sport
this species.
species.
harvest for this
B-4
3. Other permit
permit stipulations
stipulations
a. minimum
a.
minimum size
size limit - 4.5
4.5 inches
inches
3,000 pounds
seasonquota
quota--3,000
b. season
c.
season - May through October
c. season
below10
10 ftft from
from MLLW
MLLW
d. harvest
harvestarea
area--below
e.
gear -- abalone
abalone irons only
e. gear
f. no
no more
more than
than two
two divers
divers on
on vessel
f.
Sta
ff Recommendation
Recommendation
Staff
Status quo
1. Status
quo - species
species not
on developmental
developmental
not on
no commercial
commercial harvest
harvest of
of abalone.
abalone.
species list;
list; no
(4) Ability of
(4)
of the Department
Department and
and other
other agencies
agencies
to monitor
monitor the
the fishery for
for needed
needed data
data and
to
compliance with rules and regulations:
a. Analysis of existing data, sampling and
new fishery
fishery would require
monitoring a new
additional staff
staff resources.
resources.
(5) Recommendations
Recommendations for
forfuture
futurefishery
fishery development including
gear types
types and
and effort
effort levels:
levels:
including gear
sufficient to
a. Information not sufficient
to determine
determine optimum
effort levels.
levels.
wild stocks
stocks such
such as
b. Alternatives
Alternatives to harvesting wild
culturing
abalone may exist and
and could
could be
be
culturing flat
flat abalone
explored.
References
Bradbury, A. 1999.
Bradbury,
1999. Washington
Washington Dept.
Dept. Fish
Fish and
Wildlife.
Personal communication.
communication.
Wildlife. Personal
Cox,
W. 1962. California
California abalones,
abalones, family
Cox, K.
K. W.
Haliotidae. California
California Dept.
Dept. of
of Fish
Fish and
and Game.
Game.
Fish
118. 133 pp.
Fish Bulletin.
Bulletin. 118.
Program Objectives
(1)
(1) Develop
Develop scientific
scientific information on the stocks and
life
of flat
flat abalone.
abalone.
life history of
a. Need opportunities
opportunities for
for on-board,
on-board, dockside,
dockside,
and/or
research sampling.
sampling.
and/or research
b. Need recording
recording of
(ll
of effort,
effort, location,
location, and time on
logbooks.
Ebert,
and J.
J. L.
1. Houk.
Houk. 1989. Abalone
Ebert, E.E. E.
B. and
cultivation methods used at {he
The California
Department
of
Fish
and
Game's
Marine
Resources
Department
and Games Marine Resources
in: K.
K. O.
Hahn. Handbook
Handbook
Laboratory. pp.
pp.239-254
239-254 in:
0. Hahn.
of
gastropods.
of culture
culture of
ofabalone
abaloneand
and other
other marine gastropods.
CRC Press, Inc., Boca
Boca Raton, FL.
FL.
(2)
Develop understanding
understanding of effects
effects of
(ll
(2) Develop
of harvest
harvest on
local ecosystem.
a. Conduct
Conduct literature
literature review
±eviewand
andanalyze
analyzehabitat
habitat
-_ studies.
1989. Gonad
Gonad reproductive cycles.
Hahn, K.
K. O.
0. 1989.
cycles. pp.
13-39 in:
Hahn. Handbook
Handbook of
of culture
culture of
of
in: K.
K. 0. Hahn.
abalone
marine gastropods.
gastropods. CRC
CRC Press,
Press,
abalone and
and other marine
Inc, Boca Raton, FL.
FL.
.
mc,
b. Need research
research cruises
cruises with
underwater video
video
with underwater
gear
using SCUBA
SCUBA methods
evaluate
gear or using
methods to
to evaluate
effects on ecosystem.
Hahn, K.
K. O.
Survey of
of the commercially
commercially
Hahn,
0. 1989. Survey
(3)
fishing practices and equipequip(3) Develop improved fishing
to protect
protect the
the local
local resources.
resources.
ment to
a. Need research
research cruises
crulses with
underwater video
video
with underwatei
. gear,
gear, using
using SCUBA
SCUBAmethods,
methods,and/or
and/or ride-along
ride-along
trips on
on harvest
harvest vessels.
vessels.
pp.3-11
3-11 in:
in:
abalone species in the world. pp.
important abalone
K. 0.
O. Hahn.
Hahn. Handbook
Handbook of
of culture
culture of
abalone and
K.
of abalone
other
marine gastropods.
gastropods. CRC
CRC Press,
Inc., Boca
Boca
other marine
Press, Inc.,
Raton, FL.
FL.
A. and
andM.
M.J.J. Tegner.
Tegner. 1992. Abalones.
Karpov, K. A.
pp. 33-36
33-36 in:
in: W.
W. S.
S. Leet,
Leet, C. M.
M. Dewees
Dewees and C. W.
Haugen.
marine resources
resources and
Haugen. California's
California's living marine
(4)
(4) Identify
Identify and protect
protect critical
critical habitat
habitat and other
important
abalone or
or
important biological
biologicalhabitats
habitats for
for flat
flat abalone
resources.
other affected resources.
a. Need research
research sampling
sampling to identify
identify juvenile,
juvenile,
spawning, and
and rearing
rearing areas.
areas.
b. Fisheries
Fisheries should
should be
be restricted
restricted to
to depths
depths greater
than
10
feet
from
MLLW
to
conserve
resources.
than 10
from MLLW
c. Refugia may be very helpful.
their
utilization. California
California Sea
SeaGrant
GrantExtension.
Extension.
their utilization.
UCSGEP-92-12.
Kashiwada,
A. 1999.
1999. California
California Dept.
Dept. Fish
Fish and
and
Kashiwada, A.
Personal communication.
communication.
Game. Personal
1999. Alaska
Alaska Dept. Fish and Game.
Game.
Larson, Robert.
Robert. 1999.
Personal communication.
(5) Report
Report findings
findings and
and research
research data
data during
annual review.
distribution and
1992. Evolution,
Evolution, distribution
and
of
Haliotidae. pp. 3-18
3-18 in:
of Haliotidae.
in: S. A.
M. J.
J. Tegner
Tegner and S.
S. A.
A. Guzman
Guzman del
del Proo.
Proo.
Sheperd, M.
News Books.
Books.
Fishing News
Abalone of the World. Fishing
D.
Lindberg, D.
systemati~
systematics
Management Options
Board Recommendations
Recommendations
1. Permits
Permits -- 11 (issued
(issued to
to aa vessel)
10 landings
landingsof
of 20
20 lb.
2. Renewal
Renewal requirements
requirements--10
B-5
Mottet,
Mollet, M.
M. G.
C. 1975.
1978. A
A review
review of
of the fishery biology
of abalones.
Washington Dept Fisheries.
37. 81
Technical Report.
Report. 37.
81 pp.
B.
1998. Management
Muse, B.
Muse,
Management of
of the British
Columbia
Commercial
Columbia Abalone
Abalone Fishery. Alaska
Alaska Commercial
AK. CFEC
CFEC 98Fisheries Entry
Entry Commission,
Commission, Juneau
Juneau AK.
iN. l2pp.
IN.
12pp.
Tegner, M.
A. Butler.
Butler. 1989. Abalone
Tegner,
M. J.J. and
and R. A.
seeding. pp. 157-182
in:K.K.O.
0. Hahn.
Hahn. Handbook
Handbook of
seeding.
157-182 in:
other marine
marine gastropods.
gastropods.
culture
culture of
of abalone
abalone and
and other
CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
B-6