Network Analyzer Basics- EE142 Fall 07 EECS142 Network Analyzer Basics Joel Dunsmore

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Network Analyzer Basics- EE142 Fall 07

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy

Incident

Transmitted

Reflected

Lightwave

DUT

RF

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Why Do We Need to Test Components?

• Verify specifications of “building blocks” for more complex RF systems

• Create models for simulation

• Check our simulation models against a real circuit

• Ensure good match when absorbing power (e.g., an antenna)

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

KPWR

FM 97

The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase

S

21

1. Complete characterization of linear networks

S

11

S

22

S

12

2. Complex impedance needed to design matching circuits

4. Time-domain characterization

Mag

3. Complex values needed for device modeling

High-frequency transistor model

Time

5. Vector-error correction

Error

Base

Collector

Measured

Actual

Emitter

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Transmission Line Basics

+

I

Low frequencies wavelengths >> wire length current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power transmission measured voltage and current not dependent on position along wire

-

High frequencies wavelength ≈ or << length of transmission medium need transmission lines for efficient power transmission matching to characteristic impedance (Z o ) is very important for low reflection and maximum power transfer measured envelope voltage dependent on position along line

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Transmission line Zo

Z o determines relationship between voltage and current waves

Z o is a function of physical dimensions and ε r

Z o is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms)

Twisted-pair

Waveguide b a

Coaxial

ε r h h w

2

Coplanar w

1

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 w

Microstrip

EECS142

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

10

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

1.5

1.4

1.3

50 ohm standard attenuation is lowest at power handling capacity peaks at 30 ohms

77 ohms

20 30 40 characteristic impedance for coaxial airlines (ohms)

50 60 70 80 90 100

Power Transfer Efficiency

R S

R L

For complex impedances, maximum power transfer occurs when Z

L

= Z

S

* (conjugate match)

Rs +jX

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

R

L

/ R

S

Maximum power is transferred when R L = R S

-jX

R

L

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Transmission Line Terminated with Zo

Zs = Zo

Zo = characteristic impedance of transmission line

Zo

V inc

V refl

= 0! (all the incident power is absorbed in the load)

For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves like an infinitely long transmission line

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Transmission Line Terminated with Short, Open

Zs = Zo

V inc

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V refl

In-phase (0 o ) for open, out-of-phase (180 o ) for short

For reflection, a transmission line terminated in a short or open reflects all power back to source

EECS142

Transmission Line Terminated with 25

Zs = Zo

Z

L

= 25 Ω

V inc

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007

V refl

Standing wave pattern does not go to zero as with short or open

EECS142

High-Frequency Device Characterization

Incident

R

Reflected

A

REFLECTION

Reflected

Incident

=

A

R

Transmitted

B

TRANSMISSION

Transmitted

Incident

=

B

R

SWR

S-Parameters

S

11

, S

22

Reflection

Coefficient

Γ, ρ

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Return

Loss

Impedance,

Admittance

R+jX,

G+jB

Gain / Loss

S-Parameters

S

21

, S

12

Transmission

Coefficient

Τ, τ

Insertion

Phase

Group

Delay

EECS142

Reflection Parameters

Reflection

Coefficient

Γ

=

V reflected

V incident

=

ρ Φ

Return loss = -20 log(

ρ

),

ρ

=

Γ

E max

E min

=

Z

L

Z

L

− Z

O

+ Z

O

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

E max

VSWR =

E min

No reflection

(Z

L

= Zo)

0

dB

1

RL

VSWR

=

1 +

ρ

1 -

ρ

Full reflection

(Z

L

= open, short)

1

0 dB

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Transmission Parameters

V

Incident

DUT

V

Transmitted

Transmission Coefficient =

Τ

=

V

Transmitted

V

Incident

Insertion Loss (dB) = - 20 Log

V

Trans

V

Inc

= - 20 log

τ

=

τ∠φ

Gain (dB) = 20 Log

V

Trans

= 20 log

τ

V

Inc

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Linear Versus Nonlinear Behavior

A * Sin 360 o * f (t - t o

)

A

Sin 360 o * f * t to

Time

Linear behavior: input and output frequencies are the same

(no additional frequencies created) output frequency only undergoes magnitude and phase change

Time

A phase shift = t o

* 360 o * f f

1

Frequency

Output Input DUT f

1

Frequency f

1

Time

Frequency

Nonlinear behavior: output frequency may undergo frequency shift (e.g. with mixers) additional frequencies created

(harmonics, intermodulation)

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Criteria for Distortionless Transmission

Linear Networks

Constant amplitude over bandwidth of interest

Linear phase over bandwidth of interest

Frequency

Frequency

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Magnitude Variation with Frequency

F(t) = sin wt + 1/3 sin 3wt + 1/5 sin 5wt

Time

Linear Network

Time

Frequency

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Frequency

EECS142

Frequency

Phase Variation with Frequency

F(t) = sin wt + 1 /3 sin 3wt + 1 /5 sin 5wt

Linear Network

Time

Time

Frequency

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007

0 °

-180 °

-360 °

Frequency

EECS142

Frequency

Deviation from Linear Phase

Use electrical delay to remove linear portion of phase response

RF filter response Linear electrical length added

(Electrical delay function)

Deviation from linear phase

+ yields

Frequency

Low resolution

Frequency

Frequency

High resolution

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Phase

φ

Group Delay

Frequency ω

∆ω

∆φ t g t o

Group Delay (t )

− d d

φ

ω

=

− 1

360 o g = d φ

* d f

φ

ω

φ in radians in radians/sec in degrees f in Hertz ( ω = 2 π f)

Group delay ripple

Frequency

Average delay group-delay ripple indicates phase distortion average delay indicates electrical length of DUT aperture of measurement is very important

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Why Measure Group Delay?

f

− d d

− d d ω f

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 f

Same p-p phase ripple can result in different group delay

EECS142 f

Characterizing Unknown Devices

Using parameters (H, Y, Z, S) to characterize devices: gives linear behavioral model of our device measure parameters (e.g. voltage and current) versus frequency under various source and load conditions (e.g. short and open circuits) compute device parameters from measured data predict circuit performance under any source and load conditions

H-parameters

V

1

= h

11

I

1

+ h

12

V

2

I

2

= h

21

I

1

+ h

22

V

2

Y-parameters

I

1

= y

11

V

1

+ y

12

V

2

I

2

= y

21

V

1

+ y

22

V

2

Z-parameters

V

1

= z

11

I

1

+ z

12

I

2

V

2

= z

21

I

1

+ z

22

I

2

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 h

11

= V 1

I

1 V

2

=0 h

12

= V 1

V

2 I

1

=0

(requires short circuit)

(requires open circuit)

EECS142

Why Use S-Parameters?

relatively easy to obtain at high frequencies measure voltage traveling waves with a vector network analyzer don't need shorts/opens which can cause active devices to oscillate or self-destruct relate to familiar measurements (gain, loss, reflection coefficient ...) can cascade S-parameters of multiple devices to predict system performance can compute H, Y, or Z parameters from S-parameters if desired can easily import and use S-parameter files in our electronic-simulation tools b a

1

1

Incident

S 11

Reflected

Transmitted

Port 1

S

DUT

S

21

12

Transmitted

Port 2 b

2

S

22

Reflected a

2

Incident b 1 = S

11 a

1 + S 12 a

2 b

2 = S 21 a

1 + S 22 a

2

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Forward

Incident a

1 b

1

S

11

Reflected

S

11

S

21

=

Reflected

Incident

=

Transmitted

Incident

=

= b

1 a

1 b

2 a

1 a

2

= 0 a

2

= 0

S

21

DUT

Transmitted b

2 a

2

= 0

Z

0

Load

S

22

=

Reflected

Incident

S

12

=

Transmitted

Incident

=

= b

2 a

2 b

1 a

2 a

1

= 0 a

1

= 0 a

1

= 0 b Transmitted S

12 b

2

S

22

Reflected

Incident a

2

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Equating S-Parameters with Common

Measurement Terms

S11 = forward reflection coefficient (input match)

S22 = reverse reflection coefficient (output match)

S21 = forward transmission coefficient (gain or loss)

S12 = reverse transmission coefficient (isolation)

Remember, S-parameters are inherently complex, linear quantities -- however, we often express them in a log-magnitude format

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Generalized Network Analyzer Block Diagram

Incident Transmitted

DUT

Reflected

SOURCE

REFLECTED

(A)

SIGNAL

SEPARATION

TRANSMITTED

(B) INCIDENT (R)

RECEIVER / DETECTOR

PROCESSOR / DISPLAY

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Source

Supplies stimulus for system

Swept frequency or power

Traditionally NAs used separate source

Most Agilent analyzers sold today have integrated, synthesized sources

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Signal Separation

• measure incident signal for reference

• separate incident and reflected signals splitter directional coupler

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

SOURCE

INCIDENT (R)

Incident

DUT

Reflected

REFLECTED

(A)

SIGNAL

SEPARATION

TRANSMITTED

(B)

RECEIVER / DETECTOR

Transmitted

PROCESSOR / DISPLAY bridge

Detector

Test Port

Consider the Wheatstone Bridge:

If the bridge is balanced Vd+=Vd-, and Idet = 0

Vd − =

R 2 ⋅ Vin

R 1 + R 2

; Vd + =

R 3 ⋅ Vin

R 3 + R 4

I

Then

R 1 R 4

=

R 2 R 3

Vin

Idet

Further, it can be shown, that the input impedance of a balanced bridge follows the equation: Zin

2

= R 1 ⋅ R 3 = R 2 ⋅ R 4

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

We can morph this Wheatstone Bridge into a “Directional Bridge” with explicit ports by noting that the floating voltage source can be replaced with a transformer coupled port, and Rdet can be connected through a transmission line (representing a cable or port)

Rs

Vd+

R1 R4

Vd-

Vs

R2

R3

Isolated Port

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

We would like the bridge to be matched so Rs 2 =R1*R3=R2*R4.

In this condition, Vin=Vs/2.

If we fix R4=Rs, then R2=Rs as well, and we can replace R4 with a transmission line or cable of impedance Rs. Now we have three well defined ports, and we can see that the port replacing the detector port is isolated.

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

So, in the isolation direction it is clear that no signal appears at the isolated port, as the current divides equally across the bridge, if the test port is terminated in Rs

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Now we can set the forward loss of the bridge. The voltage on the test port is equal to the voltage across R1. We have complete flexibility to set any ratio we want. In this case let’s choose the voltage to be 5/6 of Vin. Then Vd+=Vd-=(1/6)Vin. The loss from

Input Port to output port is 20*log(5/6) = -1.58 dB.

These are quite convenient values: R4=50 -> R2 =50

R1/(R2+R1)=5/6 -> R1=5*R2 = 250;

And because R1*R3=R2*R4 ->R3 = 10;

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Now lets look how to “reverse” the power flow, and see what couples into the isolated port (we’ll now call it the Coupled Port) when we put the source at the test port, and redraw the figure (no connection changes) to highlight the coupled port.

Now the coupled port appears in one leg of the bridge. Next we’ll move the source from the input to the test port

(and make the input into a port as well)

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Finally, we can compute the coupling factor of the bridge. In the coupling direction, the voltage across the coupled port is 1/6 *V

TP

, or -15.5 dB. We can set either the loss of the bridge or the coupling, but once we set one, the other is determined.

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Just as clearly, with the signal driven from the test port, there will be the same loss to the Input Port as there was in the other direction, but now the signal will be coupled to the Coupled Port

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Let’s check two cases: Assume the test port is open circuit (R4 infinite), then the voltage at the isolated point will be

(1/2)*(5/6)*(1/6)*Vs, exactly the same as the combination of loss and coupling, assuming a total reflection at the test port.

Rs

Test Port

Open

Vd+

R1

Vs

Input Port

R2

R3

Isolated Port

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Now Assume the test port is short circuit (R4 =0). Surprisingly (or not, if you’re a real electrical engineer) the voltage at the isolated port will be (1/2)*(5/6)*(1/6)*Vs, exactly the same as the open, but with a sign change! Thus it is again the combination of loss and coupling, assuming a total reflection at the test port, but the reflection is negative.

Rs

R1

Test Port

Short

Vd+

Vs

Input Port

R2

R3

Isolated Port

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Directivity

Directivity is a measure of how well a coupler can separate signals moving in opposite directions

D = I/(C * L), I, C, L positive (loss).

Isolation (I)

(undesired leakage signal)

Coupling ©

(desired reflected signal)

Test port

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Directional Coupler

Loss (L)

EECS142

60

30

0

Interaction of Directivity with the DUT

(Without Error Correction)

Data Max

DUT RL = 40 dB

Add in-phase

Frequency

Data Min

Add out-of-phase

(cancellation)

Directivity

Data = Vector Sum

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Broadband Diode Detection

Easy to make broadband

Inexpensive compared to tuned receiver

Good for measuring frequency-translating devices

Improve dynamic range by increasing power

Medium sensitivity / dynamic range

10 MHz

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

26.5 GHz

Narrowband Detection – Tuned Receiver

ADC / DSP

Best sensitivity / dynamic range

Provides harmonic / spurious signal rejection

Improve dynamic range by increasing power , decreasing IF bandwidth , or averaging

Trade off noise floor and measurement speed

10 MHz

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007

26.5 GHz

EECS142

Errors due to reflections, other signals

100

10

-

+

Neg Mag

Error

1

Error Due to Interfering Signal phase error

0.1

Pos. Mag error

0.01

0.001

0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70

Interfering signal (dB)

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

In Log Mag format, the –dB error is larger than the +dB error

Processor/Display

SOURCE

INCIDENT (R)

Incident

DUT

Reflected

REFLECTED

(A)

SIGNAL

SEPARATION

TRANSMITTED

(B)

RECEIVER / DETECTOR

Transmitted

PROCESSOR / DISPLAY markers limit lines pass/fail indicators linear/log formats grid/polar/Smith charts

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Measurement Error Modeling

CA

L

R

E

CA

L

Systematic errors due to imperfections in the analyzer and test setup assumed to be time invariant (predictable)

Random errors vary with time in random fashion (unpredictable) main contributors: instrument noise, switch and connector repeatability

Drift errors due to system performance changing after a calibration has been done primarily caused by temperature variation

Measured

Data

Errors:

SYSTEMATI

C

RANDO

M

DRIFT

Unknown

Device

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Systematic Measurement Errors

R

Directivity

A

Crosstalk

DUT

Frequency response reflection tracking (A/R) transmission tracking (B/R)

Source

Mismatch

Six forward and six reverse error terms yields 12 error terms for two-port devices

Load

Mismatch

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

B

Types of Error Correction

response (normalization) simple to perform only corrects for tracking errors stores reference trace in memory, then does data divided by memory vector requires more standards requires an analyzer that can measure phase accounts for all major sources of systematic error thru

S

11 a

S

11 m

SHORT

OPEN

LOAD

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142 thru

What is Vector-Error Correction?

Process of characterizing systematic error terms measure known standards remove effects from subsequent measurements

1-port calibration (reflection measurements) only 3 systematic error terms measured directivity, source match, and reflection tracking

Full 2-port calibration (reflection and transmission measurements)

12 systematic error terms measured usually requires 12 measurements on four known standards (SOLT)

Standards defined in cal kit definition file network analyzer contains standard cal kit definitions

CAL KIT DEFINITION MUST MATCH ACTUAL CAL KIT USED!

User-built standards must be characterized and entered into user cal-kit

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

RF in

Reflection: One-Port Model

Ideal

RF in

Error Adapter

1

S 11

M

S 11

A

S

11

M

E

D

E

RT

E

S

S 11

A

E

D

= Directivity

E

RT

= Reflection tracking

E

S

= Source Match

S11

M

= Measured

S11

A

= Actual

To solve for error terms, we measure 3 standards to generate

3 equations and 3 unknowns

S 11M = E D + E RT

S 11A

1 - E S S 11A

Assumes good termination at port two if testing two-port devices

If using port 2 of NA and DUT reverse isolation is low (e.g., filter passband): assumption of good termination is not valid two-port error correction yields better results

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Before and After One-Port Calibration

0

2.0

data before 1-port calibration

20

1.1

40

1.01

data after 1-port calibration

60

6000

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MHz

EECS142

12000

1.001

Crosstalk: Signal Leakage Between Test

Ports During Transmission

DUT

Can be a problem with: high-isolation devices (e.g., switch in open position) high-dynamic range devices (some filter stopbands)

Isolation calibration adds noise to error model (measuring near noise floor of system) only perform if really needed (use averaging if necessary) if crosstalk is independent of DUT match, use two terminations if dependent on DUT match, use DUT with termination on output

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LOAD

DUT

EECS142

DUT LOAD

Errors and Calibration Standards

UNCORRECTED RESPONSE 1-PORT FULL 2-PORT

DUT

Convenient

Generally not accurate

No errors removed thru

SHORT

OPEN

LOAD

SHORT

OPEN

LOAD

DUT

Easy to perform

Use when highest accuracy is not required

Removes frequency response error

DUT

For reflection measurements

Need good termination for high accuracy with two-port devices

Removes these errors:

Directivity

Source match

Reflection tracking ENHANCED-RESPONSE

Combines response and 1-port

Corrects source match for transmission measurements thru

DUT

Highest accuracy

Removes these errors:

Directivity

Source, load match

Reflection tracking

Transmission tracking

Crosstalk

SHORT

OPEN

LOAD

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Reflection Example Using a One-Port Cal

Directivity:

40 dB (.010)

.158

(.891)(.126)(.891) = .100

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Load match:

18 dB (.126)

DUT

16 dB RL (.158)

1 dB loss (.891)

Remember: convert all dB values to linear for uncertainty calculations!

ρ or loss

(linear)

= 10

20

Measurement uncertainty:

-20 * log (.158 + .100 + .010)

= 11.4 dB (-4.6dB)

-20 * log (.158 - .100 - .010)

= 26.4 dB (+10.4 dB)

EECS142

Transmission Example Using Response Cal

RL = 18 dB (.126)

RL = 14 dB (.200)

Thru calibration (normalization) builds error into measurement due to source and load match interaction

Calibration Uncertainty

= (1 ± ρ

S

ρ

L

)

= (1 ± (.200)(.126)

= ± 0.22 dB

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Filter Measurement with Response Cal

Source match =

14 dB (.200)

DUT

1 dB loss (.891)

16 dB RL (.158)

Load match =

18 dB (.126)

1

(.126)(.158) = .020

(.126)(.891)(.200)(.891) = .020

Total measurement uncertainty:

+0.60 + 0.22 = + 0.82 dB

-0.65 - 0.22 = - 0.87 dB

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Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

(.158)(.200) = .032

Measurement uncertainty

= 1 ± (.020+.020+.032)

= 1 ± .072

= + 0.60 dB

- 0.65 dB

Measuring Amplifiers with a Response Cal

Source match =

14 dB (.200)

DUT

16 dB RL (.158)

Load match =

18 dB (.126)

1

Total measurement uncertainty:

+0.44 + 0.22 = + 0.66 dB

-0.46 - 0.22 = 0.68 dB

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

(.126)(.158) = .020

(.158)(.200) = .032

Measurement uncertainty

= 1 ± (.020+.032)

= 1 ± .052

= + 0.44 dB

- 0.46 dB

Two-Port Error Correction

Forward model

E

X Port 1 Port 2 a1 b1 a1 b1

E

D

E

S

E

RT

E

D

E

S

E

RT

= fwd directivity

= fwd source match

= fwd reflection tracking

E

D'

E

S'

E

RT'

= rev directivity

= rev source match

= rev reflection tracking

S

11

A

S

21

A

S

22

A

E

TT a2 b2

E

L

S

12

A

E

L

E

TT

E

X

= fwd load match

= fwd transmission tracking

= fwd isolation

E

L'

E

TT'

E

X'

= rev load match

= rev transmission tracking

= rev isolation

Each actual S-parameter is a function of all four measured S-parameters

Analyzer must make forward and reverse sweep to update any one S-parameter

Luckily, you don't need to know these equations to use network analyzers!!!

E

TT'

E

L'

Port 1

Reverse model

Port 2

S

11

A

S

21A

S

22

A

S

12

A

E

X'

E

RT'

E

S'

E

D'

(

S

11 m

E

RT

E

D

)( 1 +

S

22 m

E

RT

'

E

D

'

E

S

' ) − E

L

(

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)(

S

12 m

E

TT

'

E

X

'

)

S

11 a

=

( 1 +

S

11 m

E

RT

E

D'

E

S

)( 1 +

S

22 m

− E

D

'

E

RT

'

E

S

' ) − E

L

' E

L

(

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)(

S

12 m

− E

E

TT

'

X

'

)

S

21 a

(

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)( 1 +

S

22 m

E

RT

'

E

D

'

( E

S

' − E

L

))

=

( 1 +

S

11 m

− E

D

E

RT

E

S

)( 1 +

S

22 m

− E

D

'

E

RT

'

E

S

' ) − E

L

' E

L

(

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)(

S

12 m

E

TT

'

E

X

'

)

(

S

12 m

E

TT

'

E

X

'

)( 1 +

S

11 m

E

RT

E

D

( E

S

− E

L

' ))

S

12 a

=

( 1 +

S

11 m

E

RT

E

D

E

S

)( 1 +

S

22 m

− E

D

'

E

S

' ) −

E

RT

'

E

L

' E

L

(

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)(

S

12 m

E

TT

'

E

X

'

)

(

S

22 m

E

RT

'

E

D

'

)( 1 +

S

11 m

E

RT

E

D

E

S

) − E

L

' (

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)(

S

12 m

− E

E

TT

'

X

'

)

S

22 a

=

( 1 +

S

11 m

E

RT

E

D

E

S

)( 1 +

S

22 m

E

RT

'

E

D

'

E

S

' ) − E

L

' E

L

(

S

21 m

E

TT

E

X

)(

S

12 m

E

TT

'

E

X

'

) b2 a 2

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Response versus Two-Port Calibration

Measuring filter insertion loss

CH1 S 21 &M log MAG

CH2 MEM log MAG

1 dB/

1 dB/

REF 0 dB

REF 0 dB

Cor

After two-port calibration

After response calibration

Uncorrected

Cor x2 1

START 2 000.000 MHz

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

STOP 6 000.000 MHz

2

Adapter Considerations

reflection from adapter desired signal leakage signal measured

= Directivity +

Coupler directivity = 40 dB

Adapter DUT adapter

+

Termination DUT has SMA (f) connectors

DUT

APC-7 calibration done here

Worst-case

System Directivity Adapting from APC-7 to SMA (m)

28 dB

17 dB

APC-7 to SMA (m)

SWR:1.06

APC-7 to N (f) + N (m) to SMA (m)

SWR:1.05 SWR:1.25

APC-7 to N (m) + N (f) to SMA (f) + SMA (m) to (m)

SWR:1.05 SWR:1.25 SWR:1.15

14 dB

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

ECal: Electronic Calibration (85060/90 series)

Variety of modules cover 300 kHz to 26.5 GHz

2 and 4-port versions available

Choose from six connector types (50 Ω and 75 Ω )

Mix and match connectors (3.5mm, Type-N, 7/16)

Single-connection reduces calibration time makes calibrations easy to perform minimizes wear on cables and standards eliminates operator errors

Highly repeatable temperature-compensated terminations provide excellent accuracy

85093A

Electronic Calibration Module

30 kHz - 6 GHz

Microwave modules use a transmission line shunted by PIN-diode switches in various combinations or use custom GaAs switches

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) Calibration

We know about Short-Open-Load-Thru (SOLT) calibration...

What is TRL?

A two-port calibration technique

Good for noncoaxial environments (waveguide, fixtures, wafer probing)

Uses the same 12-term error model as the more common SOLT cal

Developed from the “8 term error model”

Uses practical calibration standards that are easily fabricated and characterized

Two variations: TRL (requires 4 receivers) and TRL* (only three receivers needed)

TRL was developed for microwave non-coaxial measurements

Other variations: Line-Reflect-Match (LRM),

Thru-Reflect-Match (TRM), plus many others

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

TAKE CARE of YOUR NETWORK ANALYZER

• Always use an adpater on the port of the analyzer

• Never drive too much power into the Network Analyzer

• Watch out for running too much bias current through the NA

• Never drive too much power into the Network Analzyer

• Don’t hood up DC voltage directly to the NA (use the bias tees)

• Touch the case of the NA first before touching the cable ends

(discharge your ESD).

• Did I say “Don’t drive too much power into the NA”?

= =

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

In Class Demo: Setting up and using the NA

• Start by setting up the start/stop/number of points for your measurement, under the Stimulus block

• Set the IF BW: 1 KHz for precise measurements, 10 kHz for fast.

• Set the power if you’re measuring an active device, to avoid over driving the NA

• Select the traces: on the ENA select “display traces” to change then number of traces shown.

• Hit the Meas key to select what parameter to display

• Hit the MARKER key to put one (or more) markers on the screen

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

In Class Demo: Setting up and using the NA

• Use the FORMAT to change between Log and Linear

• Use the Scale key to bring up the scale. Use autoscale or select the scale in dB/div, the reference live value, and reference line position

• Use the Data->Memory and Data&Mem to save compare traces

(DISPLAY)

• Save your data using “Save S2P”

• Use the equation editor to change the value of your trace

• Use Save/Recall to save your setups

Network Analyzer Basics

Joel Dunsmore Copyright 2007 EECS142

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