New
Open-file Report 190
Mexico Bureau of Mines
and Mineral Resources
HYDROGEOLOGIC CROSS SECTIONS
OF THE MESILLA BOLSON AREA,
DONA ANA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO
AND EL PAS0
COUNTY. TEXAS
John W. Hawley, Senior Environmental Geologist
New Mexico Bureauof Mines and Mineral Resources
Socorro, NM 87801
1984
APPENDICES
A
and
C
pages 147-157 from
Peterson, D.M.,
Khaleel, R., and Hawley, J. W., 1984, Quasi
three-dimensional modeling of groundwater flow in the Mesilla
Bolson, New Mexico and Texas:
New Mexico Water Resources Research
Institute, Technical Completion
Report, Project
No. 1345645, WRRI
,
Report No. 178, 185 p.
HYDROGEOLOGIC CROSS SECTIONSOF THE MESILLA BOLSON AREA,
DONA ANA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO, AND
EL PAS0 COUNTY, TEXAS
John W. Hawley, Senior Environmental Geologist
New Mexico Bureauof Mines and Mineral Resources
The purpose of this phaseof research on numerical modeling
of groundwater flowin the lowerRio Grande basinof New Mexico
(Khaleel et all 1983; in progress) is to illustrate the
hydrogeologic framework of the Mesilla
Bolson utilizing all
available surface and subsurface information. Emphasis is on
physical properties of the intermontane-basin fill related to
storage and transmission of ground water, and on the structural
and lithologic properties of rock units forming basin boundaries.
Information is presented in a combined surface-mapand crosssection format (Plates 1 to 16) in order to provide 3-dimensional
hydrogeologic models that interface directly with numerical
models developed for the hydrologic phase of the study. Basic
map scale (1:125,000) and cross-section dimensions (1:l and 10:1
vertical exaggeration) conform with mapand section formats used
in ongoing hydrologic and geologic investigations by the U.S.
Geological Survey, New Mexico State Engineer,and New Mexico
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources (Wilson and others, 1981;
Seager and others, in press).
Any valid characterization of bolson hydrogeology must be
based on the best possible understanding
of the local geologic
framework, particularly in the context of relatively recent
geologic history, since the major water-bearing units are fills
of intermontane structural basins of late Cenozoic age. The bulk
of these units, and associated confining beds, are components of
the Santa Fe Group and include deposits of the ancestral Rio
Grande. Recent mapping (summarized by Seager and others, in
press) of exposed geologic units and structures is o f excellent
quality. However, hydrologic investigations focus on basin- and
valley-fill units that are rarely well exposed; and in much of the
area, subsurface data from drill holes
and geophysical surveys are
not available. Therefore, portrayals of bolson hydrogeology (e.g.
King and others, 1971; King and Hawley, 1975; Wilson and others,
1981), including materials in this report, should be regarded only
as reasonable state-of-the-art models that will be subject to
testing and revision. The reference list indicates sources of
most of the data used in preparation of cross sections. The only
unpublished data used were preliminary welllogs, mainly from
files at the Las Crucesand El Paso offices of the U.S. Geological
Survey, and some geophysical information. It must be emphasized,
however, the interpretations presented in this study are strictly
those of the author.
Plates 1 to 16 illustrate the major hydrogeologic features
of the Mesilla Bolsonand the format used for presenting
hydrogeologic information in this ongoing study. Plate 1 is a
topographic map view of the area showing location
of 1) major
basin-range boundary faults, 2) well-control points, and 3)
sixteen cross sections that form the basis for hydrogeologic
the
1
model. Plates 2 to 9 and 11 to 14 are preliminary versions of
twelve transverse sections (AA', BB', CC', DD', ED', FF', GG',
GH', JJ', KK', LL', and MM') across the bolson and adjacent parts
of the Jornada and Hueco basins. Plate 10 comprises two
longitudinal sections (HH' and 11') along the structural uplifts
that form the east margin of the Mesilla Bolson; these sections
extend from the Dona Anato the Franklin Mountains. Plate 15 is
a longitudinal profile (NN') down the Mesilla Valley from north
of Las Cruces to south ofAnthony. Plate 16 is a longitudinal
section (AN') extending from north to south down the bolson floor
west of the Mesilla Valley. The orientation of sections in
Plates 15 and 16 is down regional slope and approximately
parallel to major ground-water flow lines. The base line of all
sections is mean sea level, and geologic information to that
depth is given wherever possible. The bulk of hydrogeologic data
is from a zone between2,500 ft elevation and the land surface,
with the top of the zone of saturation at about
4,000 ft.
However, a few well and geophysical control points extend to or
below an elevation of 2,000 ft.
General distribution patterns of 10 hydrogeologic subclasses
of valley and basin fills are shown on Plates2 to 16 (sections
with 1O:l vertical exaggeration). These deposits of late
Oligocene to Holocene age( < 2 5 million years) are listed in order
of decreasing aquifer potential and include six subdivisions that
form important aquifers in the Mesilla Bolson area (Plate 1).
Units I toIV form the major aquifers of the region and includ
deposits of a largefluvial-fan system constructed by the
ancestral Rio Grande in Pliocene to middle Pleistocene time ( 5 to
0.5 million years ago). Clean sand or gravelly sand zones are
extensive and thick, and have relatively large hydraulic
conductivities. Estimated transmissivities commonly exceed
10,000 ft2/day and water quality is good (tds usually <1,000
mg/L).
Units V and VI form thinner and less extensive aquifers
that are locally important water sources, particularly
in the
southern Jornada del Muerto Basin. These piedmont-slope and
basin-floor alluvial deposits include elongate sandand gravel
lenses that arein part transitional to more extensive deposits
of the ancestral Rio Grande. Transmissivities locally may be as
high as 10,000 ft2/day. Units VI1 to X rarely form aquifers and
include fine-grained basin fill (playa and lake beds) and
indurated fan-piedmont deposits. Hydraulic conductivities are
very low and water quality is usually poor.
2
Selected References
Bond, G. N., B oucher, J. H., Eriksen, W. T., Hudson, S. L., and
Kaiser, E5. D., 1981, A direct application of geothermal
energy at L'EGGS Plant, Las Cruces, New Mexico: U S .
Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office, Report
DOE/ID/12047-3.
Bryan, Kirk, 1938, Geology and ground-water conditions of the Rio
Grande depression in Colorado and New Mexico; in Natural
Resources Planning Board, The RiO Grande jointinvestigations in the upper Rio Grande basin: Washington,
D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, v. I, part 2, pp.
197-225.
Conover, C. S.,
1954, Ground-water conditions in the Rincon and
Mesilla Valleys and adjacent areas in New Mexico: U.S.
Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1230, 200 pp.
Doty, G.C.,
1963, Water-supply development at the National
Aeronautics and Space Agency-Apollo Propulsion System
Development Facility, Dona Ana County, New Mexico: U.S.
Geological Survey, Open-file Report, 40 pp.
Gates, J. S., White, D. E., Stanley, W. D., and Ackermann, H. D.,
1980, Availability of fresh and slightly saline ground water
in the basins of westernmostTexas: Texas Department of
Water Resources, Report 256, 108 pp.
Gile, L. H., Hawley, J. W., and Grossman, R.B.,
1981, Soils and
geomorphology in the Basin and Range area of southern New
Mexico - guidebook to the Desert Project: New Mexico Bureau
of Mines and Mineral Resources, Memoir 39, 222 pp.
Gross, J., and Icerman, L., 1983, Subsurface investigations for
the area surrounding Tortugas Mountain, DonaAna County, New
Mexico: New Mexico Energy Research and Development
Institute, Interim Report NMERDI 2-67-2238(2).
Harbour, R. L., 1972, geology of the northern Franklin Mountains,
Texas and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin
1298, 129 pp.
Hawley, J. W., 1969, Notes on the geomorphology and late Cenozoic
geology of northwesternChihuahua: New Mexico Geological
Society, Guidebook to 20th field conference, pp. 131-142.
, 1975, Quaternary history of Dona Ana County region,
south-central New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society,
Guidebook to 26th field conference, pp. 139-150.
,
compiler, 1978, Guidebook to the Rio Grande rift
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and
Mineral Resources, Circular 163, 241 pp.
in New Mexico and Colorado:
3
, 1 9 8 1 ,P l e i s t o c e n ea n dP l i o c e n eh i s t o r yo ft h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a lB o u n d a r ya r e a ,s o u t h e r n
N e w Mexico:
G e o l o g i c a lS o c i e t y ,G u i d e b o o kt oA p r i l1 9 8 1f i e l dt r i p ,
26-32.
E l Paso
pp.
H a w l e y , J. W., K o t t l o w s k i , F. E., S e a g e r , W. R., K i n g , W. E.,
S t r a i n , W. S., a n dL e M o n e , D. V., 1 9 6 9 , T h e S a n t a F e G r o u p
N e w M e x i c ob o r d e rr e g i o n :
N e w Mexico
i nt h es o u t h - c e n t r a l
B u r e a uo fM i n e sa n dM i n e r a lR e s o u r c e s ,C i r c u l a r1 0 4 ,
pp.
235-274.
H o f f e r , J. M.,
1 9 7 6 ,G e o l o g yo ft h eP o t r i l l ob a s a l tf i e l d ,s o u t h c e n t r a l N e w Mexico: N e w Mexico Bureau o fM i n e sa n dM i n e r a l
R e s o u r c e s ,C i r c u l a r1 4 9 ,
30pp.
J.
K e l l e y , S. A., a n d M a t h e n y ,
P., 1 9 8 3 , G e o l o g y o f A n t h o n y
q u a d r a n g l e , Dona Ana County, New Mexico: N e w MexicoBureau
Map 5 4 ,S c a l e
o fM i n e sa n dM i n e r a lR e s o u r c e s ,G e o l o g i c
1:24,000.
J.
K h a l e e l , R., P a l u m b o , M. R., P e t e r s o n , D. M., a n dH a w l e y ,
W.,
1 9 8 3 ,N u m e r i c a lm o d e l i n go fg r o u n d - w a t e rf l o wi nt h el o w e r
N e w Mexico: N e w M e x i c oW a t e rR e s o u r c e s
R i oG r a n d eb a s i n ,
R e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e ,P r o j e c tC o m p l e t i o n
Rept., P r o j . No.
135465,188pp.
King, W. E., H a w l e y , J. W., T a y l o r , A. M., a n dW i l s o n ,
R. P.,
1 9 7 1 ,G e o l o g ya n dg r o u n d - w a t e rr e s o u r c e so f
c e n t r a l and
w e s t e r n Dona Ana County, N e w Mexico: N e w MexicoBureauof
1, 64pp.
M i n e sa n dM i n e r a lR e s o u r c e s ,H y d r o l o g i cR e p o r t
Knowles, B.,D.
and
Kennedy,
R. A., 1 9 5 8G
, r o u n d - w a t er e s o u r c e s
E l Paso,Texas:
U.S.
o ft h e
H u e c oB o l s o nn o r t h e a s ot f
G e o l o g i c a lS u r v e y ,W a t e r - S u p p l yP a p e r1 4 2 6 ,1 8 6p p .
L e g g a t , E. R., L o w r y , M. E., a n dH o o d , J. W., 1 9 6 2 , G r o u n d - w a t e r
r e s o u r c e so f
t h el o w e r M e s i l l a V a l l e y , Texas and N e w Mexico:
T e x a s w a t e r Commission, B u l l e t i n6 2 0 3 ,
1 9 1p p .
S a y r e , A. N., a n dL i v i n g s t o n ,
P., 1 9 4 5G
, r o u n d - w a t er e s o u r c e s
t h e ~1 P a s o a r e a , T e x a s : U.S. G e o l o g i c a lS u r v e yW a t e r - S u p p l y
Paper919,190pp.
S e a g e r , W. R., 1 9 8 1 G
, e o l o g yo ft h eO r g a nM o u n t a i n sa n ds o u t h e r n
S a nA n d r e sM o u n t a i n s ,
N e w Mexico: N e w MexicoBureauof
M i n e sa n dM i n e r a lR e s o u r c e s ,
Memoir 36,97pp.
S e a g e r , W. R., H a w l e y , J. W., K o t t l o w s k i , F. E., a n d K e l l e y , S.
A., 1 9 8 4 ,G e o l o g i c
map of e a s t e r n h a l f of Las Cruces and
n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f E l Paso 1x 20 s h e e t s : N e w Mexico
B u r e a uo fM i n e sa n dM i n e r a lR e s o u r c e s ,G e o l o g i c
Map 57,
Press).
s c a l e1 : 1 2 5 , 0 0 0( I n
S e a g e r , W. R.,
and Hawley,
K o t t l o w s k i , F. E.,
4
J. W.,
1976,
of
Geology of Dona Ana Mountains, New Mexico: New Mexico
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Circular 147, 36
pp.
Seager, W. R., and Morgan, Paul, 1979, Rio Grande rift in
southern New Mexico, west Texas and northern Chihuahua; in
Riecker, R. E. (ea.), Rio Grande rift, tectonics
and
magmatism: Washington D. C., American Geophysical Union,
pp. 87-106.
-
Strain, W. S., 1966, Blancan mammalian fauna and Pleistocene
formations, Hudspeth County, Texas: Texas Memorial Museum,
Bulletin 10, 55 pp.
Uphoff, T. L., 1978, Subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the
Mesilla and Hueco Bolsons, El Paso region, Texas and New
Mexico: Unpublished M.S. thesis, The University of Texas at
El Paso, 66 pp.
Wen, C-L, 1983, A study of bolson-fill thickness in the southern
Rio Grande rift, southern New Mexico, west Texasand
northern Chihuahua: Unpubished M.S. thesis, The University
of Texas at El Paso, 74 pp.
Wilson, C. A., White, R. R.,
Orr, B. R.,
and Roybal, R. G., 1981,
Water resources of the Rincon
and Mesilla Valleys and
adjacent areas, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer,
Technical Report 43, 514pp.
Wilson, C. A., and White,R. R., 1984, Geohydrologyo f the
central Mesilla Valley, DonaAna County, New Mexico: U.S.
Geological Survey, Water-resources Investigations Report82555, 144 pp.
Acknowledgements. The following persons have freely contributed
much valuable information on the geology, hydrology,
and
geophysical properties of bolson-fill and bedrock units, and
their help is gratefully acknowledged: W. R. Seager, W. E. King,
F. E. Kottlowski, R. E. Clemons, W. S. Strain, Thomas Cliett,
G.
R. Keller, Chandler Swanberg, Paul Morgan, Pamela Mack,
Shari
Kelley, James Gross, Jay Snyder, and R.L.
Lohse. Assistance of
the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, hasbeen
very helpful; and special thanks are due to Bob Myers, Brennon Orr
and Don White of the Las Cruces
and E l Paso offices.
This workis d e d i c a t e d t o t h e m e m o r y of ClydeA.Wilson, who
headed the U.S.G.S.
office in Las Cruces from 1971 'until his
untimely death in 1980. This unassuming and highly motivated
public servant played the key rolein putting ground-water
hydrology and hydrogeology of the Mesilla Bolson area on a sound
technical and scientific footing. Clyde's expertise and commonsense approach to water resource investigations are greatly
missed.
5
-
..
Explanation--Plate 1
Well-Control
700
0
890t
'902
2430+
"
Q
Points
Water-well (test or production) with depth
indicated;
water-level
information
usually
available; sample and/or drillers logs also
available for many holes
Water-well (test or production) with geophysical
log(s); sample and/or drillers logs commonly
available; upper and lower members indicate
thickness of basin fill and total depth,
respectively.
Oil test control point,with thickness of basin
fill indicated; geophysical, driller, and sample
logs usually available
Boundary
Faults
,Ar High-angle normal fault: bar and ball on
downthrown side
n
*****bee
U
Buried high-angle normal fault
Cross Sections
Location of transverse hydrogeologic
sections (Plates 2-9, 11-14)
*-'
f.
Location of longitudinal hydrogeologic
sections (Plates 10, 15, 16)
6
cross
cross
..
Explanation--Plates -"
2 to 16
Valley-Fill and Basin-Fill (QTa) Subdivisions
Valley-fill unit
I. Sand and gravel,
with local silt-clay lenses. Upper
Quaternary Rio Grande Valley fill.
Forms upper pirt of
"shallow aquifer" of Leggat et al. (1962) and "floodplain alluvium-of
z l s o n et al. (1981).
"
_
.
"
Younger basin-fill units (basin-floor fluvial
to deltaic facies)
11.
Sand, with pebble gravel, clay-silt, and sandstone
lenses; partly cemented with calcite. Plio-Pleistocene
ancestral river facies; includes upper Santa
Fe Gp-Camp
Rice Fm fluvial facies. Unit mainly unsaturated: where
saturated forms partof major Mesilla Bolson aquifers.
111. Sand and
some fine pebble gravel, interbedded with
clay-silt; broadly lenticularto sheet-like strata:
partly cemented with calcite (sand> clay-siltsandstone; sand bodies estimated
tomake up about 5060% of section). Pliocene-lower Pleistocene
transitional facies; fluvial-deltaic deposits of upper
Santa Fe Gp, includins parts Camp
of
Rice and Fort
Hancock Fm;.
Includes parts of "medial aquifer"
-of
Leggat et al. (1962).
"
111s. Zones where sand bodies are the major
constituent (sand>clay-silt-sandstone; sand
bodies estimatedto make up about
60-80% of
section)
.
Younger basin-fill units (piedmont-slope and basin-floor facies)
IV. Sand,
with discontinuous thin clay layers. Plioceneupper Miocene? eolian facies; unnamed upper SantaFe
Gp unit. Includes major part of "deep aquiferof
Leggat et al. (1962).
"
V.
Pebbly sand to clay mixtures, interbeddedwith clean pebbly
sand, and clay-silt; broadly lenticular bodies
of clean
sand and pebble gravel (20-30%). Plio-Pleistocene
distal piedmont facies, mainly coalescent fan (bajada)
deposits, and local basin-floor alluvium that
intertongue with units I1
to IV and VII. Upper Santa
Fe Gp--Camp Rice and Fort Hancock Fms. Includes"NASA
(1963) in southern Jornada
well I-Jaquifer" of
Basin.
"
7
I ,
VI.
VII.
Coarse gravelly sand to clay
mixtures, with thin
l e n t i c u l a rb o d i e so fc l e a ns a n d
and g r a v e l (10-20%),
and discontinuouszonesofcalcitecementation.
Pleistocene proximal piedmont facies, mainly alluvial
f a nd e p o s i t s .
Upper Santa F e Gp-Camp RiceandFort
Hancock Fms.
C l a y - s i l t ,w i t hi n t e r b e d d e ds a n d
and sandstonelenses:
broadlylenticulartosheet-likestrata(clay-siltsandstone>sand:sandlenseslessthan
1 0 % o fs e c t i o n ) ;
l o c a l l yw i t hc a l c i u m
andsodium sulphates.Pliocenelower Pleistocene deltaic-lacustrine
and playa facies
t h a ti n t e r t o n g u ew i t hu n i t s
111, I V , and V.
I nc e n t r a l
b a s i n a r e a s t r a n s i t i o n a l downward w i t h u n i t X. Upper
Santa Fe Gp-Fort Hancock Fm.
Olderbasin-fillunits(piedmont-slope
VIII.
IX.
X.
and b a s i n - f l o o r f a c i e s )
Conglomeratic sandstone and mudstone and conglomerate:
with discontinuous zones of gravelly sand
and clays i l t . Miocene t ol o w e rP l e i s t o c e n ef a n g l o m e r a t e
f a c i e s : S a n t a Fe Gp--mainly c o r r e l a t i v e w i t h Rincon
Valley and Hayner Ranch Fms., b u t a l s o i n c l u d e b a s a l
Camp Rice fan deposits.
Fine conglomeratic sandstone andmudstone,interbedded
w i t hs a n d s t o n et o
mudstone.Miocene
t o lower
P l e i s t o c e n e d i s t a l piedmontfacies,coalescentfan
V I 1 1 and
(bajada)depositsthatintertonguewithunits
X).
MainlylowerSanta
Fe-Rincon Valley Fm.
C l a y - s i l t , mudstone,and
s h a l e ,w i t hl o c a ls a n d s t o n e
and conglomeratic lenses: locally with calcium
and
sodium s u l p h a t e s . Miocene t o lowerPlioceneplaya-lake
facies; mainly lower Santa
Fe Group-Rincon Valley Fm.
8
Bedrock
Units*
Qb
Basaltic volcanics, mostly flows,
with local cindercone and conduit material. Quaternary
Tb
Basaltic plugs. Miocene and Pliocene
Tr
Rhyolitic volcanics, withsome interbedded sandstone
and conglomerate mostly ash-flow tuff lava.
and
Oligocene
Tri
Rhyolitic intrusive complexes; mostly sills, plugs and
associated lava domes. Oligocene
Ti
Silicic to intermediate plutonic rocks. Oligocene and
Eocene
Tv
Andesitic and other intermediate volcanic and
volcaniclastic rocks, including lavas and laharic
breccias. Oligocene and Eocene
Trv
Undivided Tr and Tv
T1
Mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate
with local
beds. Lower tertiary, mainly Eocene
Tvl
Undivided TV and
M
Mesozoic rocks--undivided; includes limestone,
sandstone, shale and marine limestone. Cretaceous
TM
Undivided Ti, Tv, T1, M
Pu
Upper Paleozoic rocks; includes limestone, shale,
sandstone and mudstone, with local gypsum beds.
MP
Undivided
P1
Lower Paleozoic rocks--undivided: includes limestone,
shale, and minor sandstone.
P
Undivided
P€
Precambrian
granite.
PPB
Undivided Pu,P1, and P€
*
M
Pu
gypsum
T1
and
Pu
and
P1
metasedimentary
rocks,
metavolcanics,
and
Primarily hydrogeologic boundary units with low
very
transmissivities. However, limestones may locally be highly
transmissive in zones with solution-enlarged joints and
fractures: and sandstone, conglomerate, and fractured tuffs
and lavas may also form aquifers in a few areas.
9
Faults
High-angle normal faults, dashed where inferred;
direction of relative displacement shown
\
Well Control
3918'
1
1
1
Well on or near lineof section; land-surface
elevation and total depth shown
704
4355'
Well location projectedto line of section; surface
elevation, basin-fill thickness, and total depth shown
640+
850
22.2.15.143 Well location shown by township south, range east,
section, and 40-acre quarter
Other Control (see Wilson et al, 1981)
X
Location
of
nfr/
USGS vertical
electrical
sounding
Indication
electrical
of
basement
<1000 Mg/L Estimated dissolved solid content
tds
-...
+
Water table
10
of ground water
I
-1
5
0
5
10
15
PLATE I. Index map showing location1 of we1 I-control points, hydrogeologic
sections, and major boundary faults.
20 Statute Miles
-
z
z
I
I
c
0
._
c
A
a,
-nc
IZZ
cn
Daiia Ana
Mtns
I
Son
I
Southern
Jarnada del Mueria Basln
I
I
2
1
I
I
4
3
5
I
6
7
-
--
-
IAndres
n-
02-
n
B
Northeahern Mesilla Bolson
&l
477
-"_
pu
,
a,
,-
VI
0
-
Northern
Mesilla
Bolson
I
Southern
Jornada
del
Muerto
Basin
OTa
10 ml
9
8
iE-
-
W
I
I
-
Southern Jornada del Muerto
Basin
C'
+
5
m
0
c
V
10,000'
I
&p!
QTa
""""
0
I
I
c
B'
A'-10,000
-
a,
m
m m
-
Z
c
0
._
c
u
V
l O , O O O-- ~
z
0
I
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
8
9
I
10 mt.
0
I
2
I
3
5
4
6
8
7
10 ml
9
-
r
r
I
I
c
C
I
0
._
c
6,000
V
W
faultJornada
m
c
0
.c
West Slde
fault zone
Valley
V
C'
I
c
Mesllla
fault
zane
NN
-
zane
-5,000
5,000
.4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
0
PLATE 2.
HYDROGEOLOGIC SECTION AA'
- PRELIMINARY
3/
0
!Y
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J. W. Howley
PLATE 4. HYDROGEOLOGIC SECTION CC"
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3/84
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3/84
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J
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3/84
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AN'
- PRELIMINARY
J. W. Hawley
4/ 84