İsmail Usta
University of Marmara,
Technical Education Faculty,
Department of Textile Studies,
Goztepe 34722 İstanbul, Turkey
Tel: 00902163365770,
E-Mail: iusta@marmara.edu.tr
Effect of Balloon Angle on the Hairiness
and other Yarn Properties of Polyester Ring
Spun Yarn
Abstract
In this research the effects of the yarn balloon angle on yarn hairiness and other yarn properties was investigated. The yarn balloon was changed by use of five different weights of
C type travellers. The yarn counts chosen were 15 tex, 20 tex and 30 tex. Three spindle
speeds were used: 9,000 r.p.m., 10,000 r.p.m. and 11,000 r.p.m. Yarn hairiness, yarn count,
balloon angle, yarn surface helix angle, yarn twist, strength and elongation at break, as
well as irregularity and imperfection tests were carried out for all the yarn samples. In this
research it was noted that as the balloon angle increases, the yarn hairiness and yarn surface helix angle increase. Other yarn properties were also investigated and discussed.
Key words: balloon angle, yarn hairiness, yarn properties, traveller weight, and yarn tension.
Introduction
Yarn hairiness causes some problems
during fabric production affects the final product. Hairiness on warp yarns can
cause an entanglement amongst the warp
yarns, and as a result yarn breakages and
machine stoppages occur. Yarn hairiness
can also cause pilling, changing the appearance and construction of the fabric.
The research carried out shows that 46%
of warp breakages occur due to yarn hairiness [1, 3, 12].
Yarn hairiness is caused by either protruding fibres or loops of fibres appearing
outside the yarn body. The behaviour of
these fibres within the yarn is dependent
on a number of factors. These factors can
be investigated under three headings:
physical properties of the fibres, yarn pa-
40
rameters and machine parameters. Many
researchers have investigated the effect
of the physical properties of fibres and
yarn parameters on hairiness. According
to those researchers, hairiness decreases
with an increase in fibre length and fibre
fineness, the short fibre content [4-6, 11],
the number of fibre in the yarn [15, 19],
the flexural rigidity and torsional rigidity as well as in yarn twist. As far as the
machine parameters are concerned, an
increase in the spindle speed in the eccentricity of the spindle and increases the
hairiness. An increase in the yarn tension
decreases the hairiness, friction between
separators increases the yarn hairiness,
increasing the drafting ratio increases the
hairiness, a weight increase in travellers
decreases the hairiness, and the winding
speed increases the yarn hairiness [7-9,
13, 14, 16-18, 20]. Apart from these findings, the compact spinning system used
since the year 2000 has also been found
to decrease the hairiness of yarn [2, 10].
But many areas of the world still use conventional spinning methods. One of the
main problems of conventional spinning
is still yarn hairiness. This work investigates the yarn hairiness and other yarn
properties of polyester ring spun yarn on
yarn ballooning, which is affected by the
traveller weight.
Experimental
In this work yarns were produced using cotton type of 40 mm staple length,
2 dtex polyester fibre with irregularity
values of CV% 4.3 703 tex (Ne0.83) polyester roving. From this roving, knitting
yarns of 15 tex (Ne40), 20 tex (Ne30) and
30 tex (Ne20) with a twist level of αtex38
(αe3.5) were produced. A Suessen sixspindle laboratory-typespinning machine
was used. Yarn production was undertaken at spindle speeds of 9,000 r.p.m.,
10,000 r.p.m. and 11,000 r.p.m. with 51,
61, 73, 82 and 86 milligrams for 15 tex,
61, 73, 82, 86; 96 milligrams for 20 tex,
and 73, 82, 86, 96 and 107 milligrams for
C type travellers of 30 tex. All the yarns
produced with these spindle speeds were
coded as below. The cods of the particular yarns tested are listed in Table 1.
During the yarn production, the spinning
tension, yarn ballooning and yarn hairiness were measured. After the yarn production, the yarn hairiness, yarn surface
helix angle (YSHA), yarn count, twist,
strength, elongation, irregularity and imperfection were also measured. The whole
yarn production and tests were carried out
under standard atmospheric conditions
(20 °C ± 2 °C and 65% ± 2% RH).
Measurements during spinning
During the yarn production stages, the
yarn hairiness and spinning tension were
measured between the top roller and yarn
guide. For the measurement of yarn hairiness, a Shirley Yarn Hairiness Monitor
was used. Which can measure fibres of
3 mm length with 70° angles to the yarn
Table 1. Yarn codes.
code
Yarn linear
density, tex
Spindle speed,
r.p.m.
15tex09
15
9,000
15tex10
15
10,000
11,000
15tex11
15
20tex09
20
9,000
20tex10
20
10,000
11,000
20tex11
20
30tex09
30
9,000
30tex10
30
10,000
30tex11
30
11,000
Usta I.; Effect of Balloon Angle on the Hairiness and other Yarn Properties of Polyester Ring Spun Yarn.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70) pp. 40-47.
within a 5 mm distances of the apparatus.
For reproducibility, 10 tests were carried
out. Yarn tension was measured at the bottom of the ring rail. For this measurement
Schmidt Zf2 yarn tension equipment of a
10-100 cN range was used. A Sony digital camera was used for investigation of
the yarn ballooning. Pictures were taken
exactly opposite the yarn guide to be able
to accurately measure the yarn ballooning . From the pictures the balloon angle
was measured by taking the spindle as
the centre (Figure 1). All the measurements were taken in relation to the traveller weight and spindle speed, which are
given in Table 2.
tester. Strength values of the yarns were in
cN, and the elongation was in %. The test
speed of the equipment was 500 mm/min,
with test lengths of 500 mm, and 50 tests
were carried out for each sample.
Measurements after spinning (in cops)
The yarn counts were calculated by taking 50 samples of 100 meter in length.
Yarn surface helix angle (YSHA) measurements were carried out under a microscope of the Projectina projection type
with x50 magnification (Figure 2). Angle measurements were taken 50 times
for each sample. For yarn twist measurements the opening and closing technique
was used. 500 mm samples were taken
and 50 measurements were carried out
for each sample. For the yarn hairiness
measurement, the Shirley Yarn Hairiness
Monitor was used. The measurement was
carried out at a speed of 50 m/min with
50 repeats, and the results were evaluated in terms of hairiness per meter. The
irregularity and imperfection of the yarns
were determined with a Uster Tester I-B.
Imperfection measurement of thin places
(-50%), thick places (+%50) and neps
+200% sensitivity was performedusing
one km of yarn. Strength and elongation
at break measurements of the yarn were
carried out with an Instron 4411 tensile
Results during spinning
The results for the balloon angle, spinning tension and hairiness values measured during spinning are given in Figures 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
The measurement results for the yarn surface helix angle, yarn count, twist, hairiness, irregularity, imperfections, strength,
elongation against the spindle speed and
traveller weight are listed as an example
for a linear density of 15 tex in numbers
in Table 3 and for all cases tested in Figures 3-14 see pages 43 and 44.
Balloon angle
Yarn balloon
Figure 1. Yarn balloon and balloon angle.
Results and discussion
In Figure 3 it can be clearly seen that
during spinning, as the traveller weight
increases, the balloon angle decreases.
Here, the traveller weight increases the
friction between the ring and traveller,
which in turn decreases the yarn balloon
and causes an increase in yarn tension.
The centrifugal force occurs as a result
of the spindle speed, which makes the
balloon larger by overrunning the tension
between the top roller and traveller in the
area between the yarn guide and traveller.
As the traveller gets heavier, the swinging
effect, which is caused by the centrifugal
force, diminishes to make the balloon
narrower. As a result of all these, the narrower yarn balloon leads to a narrower
balloon angle. This narrower balloon
angle, as can be easily understood from
the correlation coefficient, is affected by
Yarn axis
Yarn surface helix angle (YSHA)
Figure 2. Measurements of the yarn surface
helix angle.
the weight of the traveller. What is more
the traveller weight can be addressed as
the only effective factor concerning the
traveller weight. When the spindle speed
increases are closely examined, it can be
seen that the yarn balloon and, thus, the
balloon angle increase. Here, the increase
in centrifugal force, in return for the increase in spindle speed, leads to an increase in yarn balloon and balloon angle.
When Figure 4 is examined, we can see
that as the traveller weight increases, the
yarn spinning tension increases. As was
mentioned before, the increase in traveller weight increases the friction between
the ring and traveller. This increase in
friction between the ring and traveller
leads to the conclusion that the yarn in
Parameter
Linear
density, tex
Table 2. Values of yarn hairiness, balloon angle and spinning tension during spinning.
Balloon angle, o
Spinning tension, cN
15 tex
(Ne40)
Traveller weight, mg
Hairiness, H/m
Balloon angle, o
Spinning tension, cN
20 tex
(Ne30)
Traveller weight, mg
Hairiness, H/m
Balloon angle, o
Spinning tension, cN
Hairiness, H/m
30 tex
(Ne20)
Traveller weight, mg
Spindle speed: 9,000 rpm
Spindle speed: 10,000 rpm
Spindle speed: 11,000 rpm
51
61
73
82
86
51
61
73
82
86
51
61
73
82
22
21
19
17
16
22
21
20
18
17
23
22
20
19
18
22.1
23.0
24.7
27.0
28.3
26.0
29.1
30.7
33.0
33.7
30.2
32.3
34.9
36.2
41.3
28.9
20.3
17.7
16.1
14.2
26.3
16.9
14.5
15.2
13.0
18.6
15.8
15.4
12.2
9.9
61
73
82
86
96
61
73
82
86
96
61
73
82
86
96
22
20
19
17
16
24
22
20
18
17
25
24
20
19
17
25.0
27.3
29.0
32.2
33.7
27.5
28.3
29.2
32.8
36.3
29.8
34.0
36.5
39.0
39.3
57.1
48.6
42.2
27.6
19.8
47.3
34.2
23.9
20.0
17.8
23.0
22.5
13.6
13.8
16.0
73
82
86
96
107
73
82
86
96
107
73
82
86
96
107
28
26
26
25
22
28
27
26
25
23
29
28
26
25
24
33.1
34.0
35.6
37.0
41.0
38.0
39.2
41.9
44.0
46.3
42.0
45.2
48.2
49.7
51.2
60.7
53.8
47.0
38.5
32.5
49.0
30.9
26.4
24.3
22.7
39.6
22.2
16.3
15.8
15.5
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
86
41
Table 3. Physical properties of polyester ring spun yarns for linear density of 15 tex.
Parameter
Traveller w., mg
Spindle speed: 10,000 rpm
15 tex (Ne40)
Spindle speed: 9,000 rpm
Spindle speed: 11,000 rpm
51
61
73
82
86
51
61
73
82
86
51
61
73
82
86
YSHA, degree
23.3
21.5
19.3
19.0
18.1
24.3
23.3
22.5
21.0
19.5
26.0
24.7
22.7
21.3
20.8
Yarn count, tex
SD
CV, %
15.2
0.3
2.0
15.4
0.3
1.9
14.9
0.4
2.7
15.4
0.5
3.2
15.7
0.2
1.3
15.7
0.5
3.2
15.5
0.4
2.6
15.6
0.4
2.6
15.8
0.3
1.9
15.7
0.4
2.5
15.6
0.4
2.6
15.7
0.3
1.9
15.8
0.5
3.2
15.6
0.3
1.9
15.8
0.4
2.5
Twist, T/m
SD
CV, %
908
29.4
3.2
847
26.3
3.1
845
29.6
3.5
854
21.5
2.5
838
25.4
3.0
900
31.7
3.5
857
31.7
3.7
842
21.9
2.6
850
30.9
3.6
842
17.0
2.0
916
22.9
2.5
859
20.7
2.4
850
23.9
2.8
847
27.3
3.2
839
27.7
3.3
Hairiness, H/m
SD
CV, %
5.9
0.6
10.1
5.1
0.8
15.7
4.9
0.3
6.1
4.2
0.6
14.3
3.9
0.6
15.4
7.5
1.1
14.7
5.3
0.5
9.4
4.8
0.5
10.4
4.5
0.3
6.7
3.5
0.3
8.6
9.7
1.5
15.5
6.3
1.0
15.8
5.2
0.6
11.5
4.8
0.6
12.5
4.1
0.5
12.2
Strength, cN
SD
CV, %
523.6
32.5
6.2
515.4
37.0
7.2
502.5
56.1
11.2
499.6
44.6
8.9
496.2
51.7
10.4
533.3
29.9
5.6
528.0
28.9
5.4
513.0
33.4
6.5
509.3
30.0
5.9
505.1
27.4
5.4
546.3
30.7
5.6
525.5
29.9
5.7
534.3
34.7
6.5
518.8
44.6
8.6
511.1
31.2
6.1
Elongation, %
SD
CV, %
10.7
0.6
5.6
10.4
0.8
7.7
10.6
1.0
9.4
10.4
0.6
5.8
10.2
0.8
7.8
10.4
0.7
6.7
10.7
0.7
6.5
10.6
0.7
6.6
10.2
0.6
5.9
10.4
0.5
4.8
10.6
0.6
5.7
10.6
0.7
6.6
10.2
0.7
6.9
9.9
0.8
8.1
10.1
0.6
5.9
Irregularity, U%
10.6
9.9
9.7
10.0
9.8
10.5
9.8
9.9
9.8
10.0
10.6
10.2
10.2
10.1
10.9
Thin places
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Thick places
12
10
5
10
13
6
8
6
11
13
4
10
16
13
11
Neps
15
18
12
22
25
10
12
20
21
18
10
30
23
22
32
the top roller is pulled down with greater
force. At the same time, the increase in
the spindle speed has an effect on the increase in the yarn spinning tension. These
significant effects on the spinning tension
can be easily seen in Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows that during spinning,
yarn hairiness between the top roller and
yarn guide decreases rapidly as the traveller weight increases. The increase in the
spindle speed also decreases the hairiness
of the yarn. It is well known that the spinning triangle after the top roller affects
yarn hairiness. The wider the spinning
triangle is, the higher the hairiness on the
yarn is, and the narrower the spinning
triangle, the lower the hairiness is. The
increase in traveller weight increases the
yarn tension, which in turn narrows the
spinning triangle, and as a result, reduces
the hairiness. Fibres in this area are gathered in the yarn body with a narrower helix angle, and this results in lower hairiness on the yarn. At the same time, an
increase in yarn tension due to the spindle speed between the top roller and yarn
guide reduces the yarn hairiness.
Results measured in cops
When after yarn spinning the results are
considered, almost the only factor affecting the yarn balloon angle is the traveller weight. Because of this, the yarn
balloon angle was accepted as the main
parameter. Figures 6-14 show the yarn
balloon angle against the change in yarn
hairiness, yarn surface helix angle, yarn
count, twist, strength, elongation, as well
as irregularities and imperfections.
42
Figure 6 shows that as the yarn balloon
angle increases, yarn hairiness increases
as well. The rise of the yarn balloon also
increases the balloon angle. The yarn
guide between the top roller and traveller
helps the yarn move to the spindle centre.
The top of the spinning balloon that appears at the point where the yarn passes
through the yarn guide can be wide or
narrow depending on the size of the balloon. At this point the fibre on the yarn
surface touches the guide and gets affected by the balloon angle caused by the
yarn settling in its own structure . Yarn
diameter is considered to be cylindrical,
when fibre is wound on the yarn body at a
narrow angle , the wound fibre length on
the body of the yarn increases, while for
fibres wound at a wider angle, the fibre
length decreases on the body of the yarn.
This is a stable occurrence as long as the
twist does not change, which produces
lower hairiness when the balloon angle is
narrower, and higher hairiness when it is
wider .
When the hairiness is examined in conjunction with the spindle speed, the
spindle speed increases the hairiness.
The increase in centrifugal force as a
result of an increase in spindle speed
causes the yarn balloon to increase,
and thus an increase in the balloon angle. This affects the fibre entanglement
within the yarn body, which causes
hairiness.
Furthermore, as far as the yarn counts
are concerned, the hairiness in 20 tex and
30 tex yarns follows a much more vertical
path compared to 15 tex yarn. The thickness of the yarn is considered to be effective here. As the yarn gets thicker, the
fibres on the yarn increase, and more fibres are active on the yarn surface, which
makes it clearer. This can be clearly illustrated by the case of 30 tex yarn.
When Figure 7 is examined, the increase
in the yarn balloon, leading to an increase
in the balloon angle, increases the yarn
surface helix angle (YSHA) in conjunction with the yarn diameter of the fibres
of the yarn. This relation is clear, as can
be understood from the correlation coefficients. In the yarn guide, the angle friction effect that occurs as a rest of balloon
angle which affects the spindle speed of
the yarn in the process of twisting. During the friction, the fibres in the yarn are
moulded around the structure of the yarn
upon the effect of the balloon angle. As
the balloon angle increases, the fibres are
wound around with a wider YSHA. and
as the balloon is diminished, they settle
on the yarn structure with a narrower helix angle.
When the effects of the spindle speed on
YSHA are examined, it is clear that as
the spindle speed increases, the YSHA
increases again. Instability is observed
only in 15 tex09 yarns. When the effects
of the spindle speed are examined, yarn
count should be taken into consideration.
As the yarn gets thicker, change in the
YSHA happens more slowly. It should be
taken into consideration that the increase
in the number of fibres on the yarn surface is important.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
5
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
Traveller weight, mg
15tex09 r = - 0.99
15tex10 r = - 0.97
15tex11 r = - 0.99
20tex09 r = - 0.98
20tex10 r = - 0.98
20tex11 r = - 0.97
30tex09 r = - 0.97
30tex10 r = - 0.99
30tex11 r = - 0.96
Figure 3
40
30
25
15tex11, y = -0,248x + 40,75
20tex09, y = -0,212x + 37,08
20tex10 , y = -0,176x + 32,84
15tex10 , y = -0,141x + 30,39
20tex11, y = -0,138x + 29,39
20
15
10
15tex 09, y = -0,173x + 31,22
5
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
Traveller weight, mg
15tex09 r = - 0.99
15tex10 r = - 0.97
15tex11 r = - 0.99
20tex09 r = - 0.98
20tex10 r = - 0.98
20tex11 r = - 0.97
30tex09 r = - 0.97
30tex10 r = - 0.99
30tex11 r = - 0.96
30tex10, y = 0,255x + 19,23
50
20tex11, y = 0,238x + 17,76
40
30tex09, y = 0,231x + 15,61
15tex11, y = 0,287x + 12,80
Figure 3. Yarn balloon angle at different traveller weights and
spindle
speeds.
70
20tex11, y = 0,238x + 17,76
40
30tex09, y = 0,231x + 15,61
15tex11, y = 0,287x + 12,80
15tex09, y = 0,175x + 12,63
60
80
30tex09, y = -0,855x + 122,5
30tex10, y = -0,221x + 29,98
30tex11, y = -0,684x + 91,44
120 y = -0,620x 140
20tex11,
+ 77,01
15tex11, y = -1,106x + 127,1
20tex09, y = -0,273x + 39,55
15tex09, y = -0,372x + 45,76
15tex11y =r-0,317x
= - 0.97+ 39,58
15tex10,
20tex10,
20tex11y =r-0,890x
= - 0.97+ 99,55
100
Traveller weight, mg
15tex09 r = - 0.98
15tex10 r = - 0.99
20tex09 r = - 0.97
20tex10 r = - 0.91
30tex09 r = - 0.98
40
60
30tex10 r = - 0.98
80
30tex11 r = - 0.95
100
120
140
Traveller weight, mg
15tex09 r = - 0.95
15tex10 r = - 0.87
15tex11 r = - 0.95
Figure 4. Spinning
andr spindle
20tex09tension
r = - 0.96 at different
20tex10traveller
r = - 0.97 weights
20tex11
= - 0.78
speeds.
30tex09 r = - 0.99
30tex10 r = - 0.85
30tex11 r = - 0.79
Figure 5
15tex10, y = 0,251x + 10,83
30
20tex10, y = 0,211x + 15,54
70
20tex09, y = 0,259x + 8,763
15tex09, y = 0,175x + 12,63
80
100
Traveller weight, mg
15tex09 r = - 0.98
15tex10 r = - 0.99
20tex09 r = - 0.97
20tex10 r = - 0.91
30tex09 r = - 0.98
30tex10 r = - 0.98
60
80
100
120
140
Traveller weight, mg
15tex09 r = - 0.95
15tex10 r = - 0.87
15tex11 r = - 0.95
20tex09 r = - 0.96
20tex10 r = - 0.97
20tex11 r = - 0.78
30tex09 r = - 0.99
30tex10 r = - 0.85
30tex11 r = - 0.79
Hairiness, H/m
60
30tex09, y = -0,855x + 122,5
120y = -0,221x + 29,98
140
30tex10,
30tex11, y = -0,684x + 91,44
20tex11, y = -0,620x + 77,01
15tex11, y = -1,106x + 127,1
15tex11
r = - 0.97
20tex09,
y = -0,273x
+ 39,55
15tex09,
y = -0,372x
+ 45,76
20tex11
r = - 0.97
15tex10, y = -0,317x + 39,58
30tex11
r = - 0.95
20tex10,
y = -0,890x
+ 99,55
60
30tex11, y = 5,214x - 88,88
50
30tex10, y = 6,220x - 124,2
20tex11, y = 3,437x - 67,16
40
20tex10, y = 3,110x - 35,86
30tex09, y = 1,154x - 0,108
20tex09, y = 0,793x - 5,928
30
20
10
30
0
YSHA, degree
Hairiness, H/m
20tex09, y = 0,259x + 8,763
30tex10, y = 0,255x + 19,23
50
60 40
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 4
40
20tex10, y = 0,211x + 15,54
30tex11, y = 0,267x + 23,50
60
20
90
10
80
700
15tex10, y = 0,251x + 10,83
30
90
2080
1070
060
50
40
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 4
Figure 3
Spinning tension, cN
30tex11, y = 0,267x + 23,50
60
Hairiness, H/m
Balloon angle, degree
30tex11, y = -0,152x + 39,92
30tex10, y = -0,145x + 38,75
30tex09, y = -0,162x + 39,82
Spinning tension, cN
70
35
25
15
20
25
Balloon angle, degree
20
15tex09 r = 0.97
15tex10 r = 0.90
20tex09 r = 0.96
20tex10 r = 0.98
30tex09 r = 0.92
30tex10 r = 0.97
15tex11, y = 0,968x - 11,80
15tex10, y = 0,641x - 6,818
15tex09, y = 0,300x - 0,900
15tex11, y = 1,064x + 1,395
20tex10, y = 0,908x + 4,847
20tex09, y = 0,822x + 6,791
30 15tex10, y = 0,909x35
+ 4,297
20tex11, y = 0,587x + 12,39
15tex09, y = 0,792x + 5,186
30tex11, y = 1,302x - 9,881
30tex10, y = 1,208x - 7,889
15tex11 r = 0.91
30tex09, y = 0,600x + 4,600
20tex11 r = 0.94
30tex11 r = 0.98
15
15
Figure 5
Figure 5. Yarn hairiness at different traveller weights and spindle
speeds.
70
35
30tex09 r = 0.96
30tex10 r = 0.92
30tex11 r = 0.99
30tex10, y = 6,220x - 124,2
20tex11, y = 3,437x - 67,16
40
20tex10, y = 3,110x - 35,86
30tex09, y = 1,154x - 0,108
20tex09, y = 0,793x - 5,928
30
2030
10
YSHA, degree
30
30tex11, y = 5,214x - 88,88
50
025
15
20
25
Balloon angle, degree
20
15tex11, y = 0,968x - 11,80
15tex11, y = 1,064x + 1,395
15tex10, y = 0,641x - 6,818
20tex10, y = 0,908x + 4,847
15tex09, y = 0,300x - 0,900
20tex09, y = 0,822x + 6,791
15tex10, y = 0,909x + 4,297
20tex11, y = 0,587x + 12,39
30 15tex09, y = 0,792x
35+ 5,186
30tex11, y = 1,302x - 9,881
30tex10, y = 1,208x - 7,889
30tex09, y = 0,600x + 4,600
15tex09 r = 0.97
15tex10 r = 0.90
20tex09 r = 0.96
20tex10 r = 0.98
20tex11 r = 0.94
30tex10 r = 0.97
30tex11 r = 0.98
30
15 30tex09 r = 0.9220
25
15tex11 r = 0.91
35
Figure 7
35
30tex09, y = 0,065x + 28,57
30tex10, y = 0,109x + 26,69
30tex11, y = 0,017x + 28,34
30
25
20tex09, y = 0,006x + 19,60
20tex11, y = -0,001x + 19,76
20
20tex10, y = -0,007x + 19,96
15tex11, y = -0,023x + 16,17
15tex10, y = -0,027x + 16,20
15tex09, y = -0,057x + 16,41
15
10
15
20
Balloon angle, degree
Figure 6
25
Balloon angle, degree
Figure 6. Yarn15tex09
hairiness
angles
andr =spindle
r = 0.98 at different
15tex10 balloon
r = 0.99
15tex11
0.99
speeds.
20tex09 r = 0.99
20tex10 r = 0.98
20tex11 r = 0.98
Yarn Count. tex
Hairiness, H/m
60
15
20
Figure 6
25
30
35
Balloon angle, degree
15tex09 r = 0.98
15tex10 r = 0.99
15tex11 r = 0.99
15tex09 r = 0.50
15tex10 r = 0.51
15tex11 r = 0.48
20tex09 r = 0.99
20tex10 r = 0.98
20tex11 r = 0.98
20tex09 r = 0.22
20tex10 r = 0.063
20tex11 r = 0.40
30tex09 r = 0.96
30tex10 r = 0.92
30tex11 r = 0.99
30tex09 r = 0.72
30tex10 r = 0.68
30tex11 r = 0.51
Figure 8
35 7. Yarn surface helix angle (YSHA) at different balloon
Figure
30tex09, y = 0,065x + 28,57
angles and spindle speeds.
Figure 8. Yarn counts at different balloon angles and spindle
speeds.
Yarn Count. tex
Figure 7
30
30tex10, y = 0,109x + 26,69
30tex11, y = 0,017x + 28,34
25& TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
FIBRES
20tex09, y = 0,006x + 19,60
20
15
20tex11, y = -0,001x + 19,76
20tex10, y = -0,007x + 19,96
15tex11, y = -0,023x + 16,17
15tex10, y = -0,027x + 16,20
15tex09, y = -0,057x + 16,41
43
500
15
20
25
30
35
Balloon angle, degree
15tex09 r = 0.67
15tex10 r = 0.73
15tex11 r = 0.85
20tex09 r = 0.99
20tex10 r = 0.67
20tex11 r = 0.89
30tex09 r = 0.89
30tex10 r = 0.97
30tex11 r = 0.82
Figure 9
1000
900
700
Strength, cN
20tex09, y = 8,892x + 601,7
20tex11, y = 5,054x + 667,3
20tex10, y = 6,469x + 642,4
800
30tex10, y = 8,120x + 447,9
30tex11, y = 4,309x + 545,5
30tex09, y = 5,384x + 490,6
600
500
15
20
25
30
30tex11, y = 5,898x + 806,8
30tex10, y = 4,452x + 846,3
30tex09, y = 4,950x + 809,5
900
800
12
35
Balloon angle, degree
20tex09, y = 8,892x + 403,4
2,752x +
yy == 0,106x
+ 551,3
8,624
y = 4,242x + 502,9
700
600
Elongation, %
Twist, T/m
1000
15tex11, y = 12,66x + 603,8
15tex10, y = 7,542x + 715,0
15tex09, y = 8,515x + 691,1
11
500
30tex10,
15tex09,
20tex11,
30
15tex10,
y = 0,027x + 10,50
y = 0,057x + 9,363
y = 0,042x + 9,670
35
y = 0,056x + 9,313
15
20
25
Balloon angle, degree
10
20tex10, y = 0,047x + 9,525
15tex09 r = 0.67
15tex10 r = 0.73
15tex11 r = 0.85
15tex09 r = 0.96
15tex10 r = 0.95
15tex11 r = 0.83
20tex09 r = 0.99
20tex10 r = 0.67
20tex11 r = 0.89
20tex09 r = 0.91
20tex10 r = 0.71
20tex11 r = 0.83
30tex09 r = 0.89
30tex10 r = 0.97
30tex11 r = 0.82
30tex09 r = 0.98
30tex10 r = 0.73
9
Figure
and
spindle
10009. Yarn twists at different balloon angles
30tex11,
y = 5,898x
+ 806,8
30tex10, y = 4,452x + 846,3
speeds.
900
20
30tex11 r = 0.96
25
30
35
Balloon angle, degree
Figure 10
Figure 9
15tex09 r = 0.75
15tex10 r = 0.51
15tex11 r = 0.91
20tex09 r = 0.91
20tex10 r = 0.43
20tex11 r = 0.70
Figure 10. Yarn
strengths
angles
and
spindle
30tex09
r = 0.71 at different
30tex10 rballoon
= 0.52
30tex11
r = 0.63
speeds.
30tex09, y = 4,950x + 809,5
Strength, cN
y = 0,059x + 9,758
5,494x +
yy == 0,136x
+ 415,1
7,504
5,591x +
yy == 0,052x
+ 408,1
9,818
15tex09, y = 4,376x + 424,3
400
15
800
600
15tex11, y = 5,494x + 415,1
15tex10, y = 5,591x + 408,1
15tex09, y = 4,376x + 424,3
15
20
25
Balloon angle, degree
10
12
y = 0,106x + 8,624
y = 0,059x + 9,758
y = 0,136x + 7,504
35
y = 0,052x + 9,818
15tex09 r = 0.96
15tex10 r = 0.95
20tex09 r = 0.91
20tex10 r = 0.71
30tex10, y = 0,027x + 10,50
15tex09, y = 0,057x + 9,363
15tex11
r = +0.83
20tex11,
y = 0,042x
9,670
15tex10,
y = 0,056x
9,313
20tex11
r = +0.83
30tex09 r = 0.98
30tex10 r = 0.73
20tex10,
y = 0,047x
9,525
30tex11
r = +0.96
11
Irregularity, U%
400
20tex09,
30tex09,
15tex11,
30
30tex11,
Figure 10
9
15
20
25
30
35
15
15tex10 r = 0.51
15tex11 r = 0.91
20tex09 r = 0.91
20tex10 r = 0.43
20tex11 r = 0.70
30tex09 r = 0.71
30tex10 r = 0.52
30tex11 r = 0.63
15tex11, y = -0,110x + 12,65
30tex11, y = -0,076x + 11,44
20tex11, y = -0,030x + 9,999
15tex09, y = -0,017x + 9,460
30tex09, y = -0,023x + 9,503
30tex11,
y = -1,453x
+ 50,37
15tex10,
y = -0,131x
+ 12,59
30tex10,
y = -0,051x
+ 10,16
30tex10,
y = -1,527x
+ 49,79
20tex10, y = -0,026x + 9,389
30tex09,
y = -1,584x
+ 47,77
20tex09,
y = -0,069x
+ 9,322
8
7
10
Balloon angle, degree
15tex09 r = 0.75
10
20 9
Thick places
500
11
Figure 11
20tex09, y = 8,892x + 403,4
20tex11, y = 2,752x + 551,3
20tex10, y = 4,242x + 502,9
700
12
Elongation, %
20tex11,
20tex09,
20tex10,
30tex09,
15tex11,
15tex11,
15tex10,
30tex11,
6
15
5
15tex11,
20tex11,
30
20tex10,
15tex10,
Balloon angle, degree 15tex09,
15tex09 r = - 0.63
15tex10 r = - 0.81 20tex09,
y = -1,360x + 35,46
y = -0,956x + 26,48
y = -0,981x + 27,0335
y = -1,269x + 32,71
y = -1,430x + 39,97
y = -1,140xr =
+ 27,43
15tex11
- 0.66
20tex09 r = - 0.94
30tex09 20
r = - 0.25
20tex11 r = - 0.37
30tex11 r = -35
0.23
20
0
15
25
20tex10 r = - 0.84
30tex10
r = - 0.87
25
30
Balloon angle, degree
Figure
Figure
11
Figure 12
11. Yarn elongations at different balloon angles and spindle
speeds.
15tex09 r = - 0.96
15tex10 r = - 0.91
15tex11 r = - 0.67
20tex09 r = - 0.93
20tex10 r = - 0.59
20tex11 r = - 0.74
Figure 12. Yarn
irregularity at30tex10
different
balloon 30tex11
anglesr =and
spindle
30tex09 r = - 0.94
r = - 0.87
- 0.89
speeds.
Figure 13
12
50
10
20
15tex11, y = -0,110x + 12,65
30tex11, y = -0,076x + 11,44
20tex11, y = -0,030x + 9,999
30tex11,
15tex09, yy==-1,453x
-0,017x ++ 50,37
9,460
30tex09, y = -0,023x + 9,503
30tex10, y = -1,527x + 49,79
15tex10, y = -0,131x + 12,59
30tex10, yy==-1,584x
-0,051x ++ 47,77
10,16
30tex09,
20tex10, y = -0,026x + 9,389
15tex11, y = -1,360x + 35,46
20tex09, y = -0,069x + 9,322
15
8
710
6
5
15
20
25
Balloon angle, degree
0
15
Figure 12
15tex09 r = - 0.63
20tex09 r = -20
0.94
30tex09 r = - 0.25
15tex10 r = - 0.81
25 r = - 0.84
20tex10
30tex10
r = - degree
0.87
Balloon
angle,
20tex11,
20tex10,
15tex10,
30
15tex09,
20tex09,
40
Neps
9
Thick places
Irregularity, U%
11
y = -0,956x + 26,48
y = -0,981x + 27,03
y = -1,269x + 32,71
35
y = -1,430x + 39,97
y = -1,140x + 27,43
30
20tex11,
30tex11,
30tex10,
15tex09,
30tex09,
15tex11,
20tex10,
20tex09,
15tex10,
20
10
0
15tex11 r = - 0.66
r = - 0.3735
30tex11 r = - 0.23
3020tex11
15
20
25
30
Balloon angle, degree
y = -1,543x + 57,01
y = -1,872x + 64,02
y = -1,973x + 63,70
y = -1,461x + 46,16
y = -1,849x + 56,73
y = -2,488x + 74,16
y = -3,353x + 97,74
y = -1,605x + 46,57
y = -1,837x + 52,20
35
15tex09 r = - 0.96
15tex10 r = - 0.91
15tex11 r = - 0.67
15tex09 r = - 0.71
15tex10 r = - 0.77
15tex11 r = - 0.60
20tex09 r = - 0.93
20tex10 r = - 0.59
20tex11 r = - 0.74
20tex09 r = - 0.95
20tex10 r = - 0.96
20tex11 r = - 0.49
30tex09 r = - 0.94
30tex10 r = - 0.87
30tex11 r = - 0.89
30tex09 r = - 0.93
30tex10 r = - 0.91
30tex11 r = - 0.88
Figure 13
Figure 13. Thick places at different balloon angles and spindle
speeds.50
44
Figure 14. Neps at different balloon angles and spindle speeds.
Figure 14
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
eps
40
30
20tex11, y = -1,543x + 57,01
30tex11, y = -1,872x + 64,02
In Figure 8 it can be understood that as
the balloon angle increases, yarn counts
(tex) increase slightly, and thus the yarn
gets marginally thicker. On the other
hand, when spindle speeds are taken into
consideration, 30 tex yarn, especially,
shows a remarkable count difference.
This difference is thought to be caused
by the increase in the number of fibres
depending on the yarn count.
Figure 9 shows that as the balloon angle increases, the yarn twist increases,
which is greatly affected by the balloon
angle. Widening of the yarn balloon angle is caused by the decrease in traveller
weight and also by a decrease in spinning tension. Because of this the length
of yarn between the front roller and the
traveller increases and less yarn is wound
onto the cone. In other words, fora wider
balloon angle, more spindle speed is required for a certain set length of yarn, but
less spindle speed is applied for the winding. This in fact results in higher twist at
a wider balloon angle and lower twist at
a narrow balloon angle. A higher spindle
speed also widens the spinning balloon
angle, which also results in higher twist
in yarn.
In Figure 10, as a result of the increase
in the balloon angle, the yarn strength
increases considerably. As mentioned
above, an increase in the balloon angle
results in an increase in twist . It is clear
that an increase in twist causes an increase
in the yarn strength. With the increasing
balloon angle, the fibres are wound in
the yarn body with a wider surface helix
angle. The increasing surface helix angle
puts the fibres on the upper points in the
direction of the yarn with frictional forces. These types of fibre gathering that occur as a result of the widening of the yarn
balloon increase the tenacity of yarn.As
far as the spindle speed is concerned, it
is clear that it increases the yarn balloon,
and as a result the balloon angle increases. The increase in balloon angle allows
for the case mentioned above, which increases the yarn strength.
Figure 11 shows the elongation at break
values of the yarn increase with the widening balloon angles. The increase in
elongation at break is seen as insignificant for 15 tex10, 20 tex10, 30 tex10 and
30 tex11yarns. The increase in elongation can be explained in terms of the fibre
being wound at a wider helix angle as a
result of the yarn balloon angle having a
higher twist. When a force is applied on
yarn, as the surface helix angle increases,
the fibres hold onto each other at higher
points, which delays breaks in the yarn
and the elongation at break.
When Figure 12 is examined, it can be
seen that yarn irregularities decrease as
a result of the increase in the balloon angles. Meanwhile, the increase in spindle
speed seems to be effective with respect
to the irregularity in the widening yarn
balloon as well as lower spinning tension
and results in surface fibres being tightly
forced into the yarn body . Such fibre settlement causes less fibre movement and
decreases the irregularity in a set unit
length of yarn.
When the effect of the spindle speed on
the irregularity of yarn is considered, an
increase in spindle speed increases yarn
irregularity. In addition to the tension that
results from the traveller weight, the increase in spindle speed brings about an
increase in tension , which makes the
yarn thicker or thinner and changes the
fibre place of the fibre in the yarn and
produces higher irregularities in the yarn
structure.
Figure 13 shows that an increase in
the balloon angle degree decreases the
number of thick places on the yarn. Here
again there is tighter placement of fibres
on the body of the yarn with lower spinning tension, due to wider balloon angles,
which is the cause of less thin and thick
places on the yarn.
When Figure 14 is examined, as a result
of the increase in the balloon angle, the
number of neps gets lower. As is known,
neps are fibre bundles caused by the entanglement of fibres . A widening balloon
angle, as was examined above, means
lower spinning tension and lower friction. The yarn between the top roller and
traveller is subjected to tensions at these
points: the yarn guide, balloon control
ring and traveller. Here the strongest yarn
friction occurs in the traveller, where the
yarn changes direction at an angle of 900.
At higher tensions fibres are subjected to
higher friction, more closely touching
each other, whereas as the friction decreases, this tension related to the touch
decreases. As a result fewer neps are observedat lower spinning tension and more
neps at higher spinning tension.
Statistical analysis
Variance analysis was applied to check
whether the results obtained are important
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
statistically. Significance were conducted
at 95% and 99% confidence limits.
The test results for the balloon angle,
spinning tension and hairiness obtained
during spinning were investigated using
two-way variance analysis, depending
the traveller weight and spindle speed.
The results of analysis are given in Table 4 see page 46.
When Table 4 is examined, it can be
found that at a α0.05 significance level,
balloon angles, spinning tension and
hairiness are affected during the yarn
production by both the traveller weight
and spindle speed. These effects at a α0.01
significance level, except at the balloon
angle during the production of 30 tex
yarn, were all proved to be important.
This shows that the traveller weight and
spindle speed play an important role during the yarn production process.
Yarn properties obtained following the
production of the yarns were investigated
by two-way variance analysis depending
on the balloon angle and spindle speed.
All the analysis results are given in Table 5 see page 46.
When Table 5 is examined, it can be seen
that the balloon angle, except for 20 tex
yarn, has an important effect at both significance levels. Except for 15 tex yarn,
the effect of spindle speed on hairiness
was found to be significant. When the
YSHA is examined, it can be seen that
both the balloon angle and spindle speed
have an important effect on the YSHA.
The yarn count effect of the balloon
angle is seen to be negligible at both
significance levels. When the effect of
spindle speed on yarn count is examined, while it is not important for 15 tex
yarn at a α0.01 significance level, nor for
20 tex yarn at both significance levels,
for the other counts and significance
levels, the spindle speed effect is important. When yarn twists are examined,
the effect of the balloon angle seems to
be important at both significance levels.
As regards the effect of spindle speed on
twist , while it is important for both significance levels in 30 tex yarn, the effect
was found to be unimportant at either of
the significance levels. When the effect
of the balloon angle and spindle speed
on the yarn strength is examined, it can
be seen that the balloon angle has an important effect, except for 20 tex yarn at a
α0.01 significance level. When the effect
of the spindle on the strength is consid-
45
Table 4. Variance analysis of yarn properties using different weights of ring travellers
during spinning.
15tex
20tex
30tex
Properties
Variation
sources
α0.05
α0.01
α0.05
α0.01
Α0.05
α0.01
Balloon angle
Traveller weight
Spindle speed
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
n.s.
Spinning tension
Traveller weight
Spindle speed
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Hairiness
Traveller weight
Spindle speed
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s – significant, and n.s. – not significant
Table 5. Variance analysis of yarn properties at different balloon angles and spindle speeds
in the cops.
15tex
20tex
30tex
Properties
Variation
Sources
α0.05
α0.01
α0.05
α0.01
α0.05
α0.01
Hairiness, H/m
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
s
n.s.
s
s
n.s.
s
n.s.
s
S
s
s
s
YSHA, degree
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Yarn count, tex
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
n.s.
s
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
s
n.s.
s
Twist, T/m
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
s
n.s.
s
n.s.
s
n.s.
s
n.s.
s
s
s
s
Strength, cN
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
s
s
s
s
s
s
n.s.
s
s
s
s
s
Elongation, E%
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
s
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
Irregularity, U%
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
s
n.s.
s
s
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
Thick places, in km
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
s
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
s
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
s
s
s
s
Neps, in km
Balloon angle
Spindle speed
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
s
s
n.s.
n.s.
s
s
s
s
s – significant, and n.s. – not significant
ered, it was found out that it has an effect
on all counts of yarn at both significance
levels. The effect of the balloon angle
on yarn elongation at break is important
for all counts and significance levels except for 30 tex yarn at a α0.05 significance
level. The effect of spindle speed on the
elongation at break has was to be important. The effects of balloon angles on
irregularities is of great significance for
30 tex yarn, while it is not important for
other counts and significance levels. The
effect of spindle speed on irregularities
for 20 tex yarn is important for two significance levels, while for 15 tex and 30
tex yarns it is seen to be unimportant for
the two significance levels. The effect of
the balloon angle on thick places on the
yarn is insignificant at the significance
level for 15 tex and 20 tex yarns, whereas it is important for other counts and
significance levels. The effect of spindle
speed on thick places is important for
30 tex yarn at both significance levels,
whereas it is not important for 15 tex
and 20 tex yarns. When the effect of the
balloon angle on neps is examined, for
15 tex yarn at two significance levels
and for 20 tex yarn at a α0.01 significance
46
level, it is important, whereas for other
counts and significance levels, it is not
important. As regards effect of spindle
speed on neps, it is seen that the same
effect exists, as observed for balloon
angles .
Conclusions
When the results obtained from this study
are taken into consideration, the following conclusions can be drawn.
Conclusions regarding measurements
during spinning;
 The traveller weight has an important
effect on the spinning balloon and balloon angle. Furthermore, the traveller
weight affects the spinning balloon
completely by itself. As the traveller
weight increases, the spinning balloon and balloon angle get narrower,
but when it decreases, the spinning
balloon widens and the balloon angle
becomes higher. It can be understood
that the spindle speed has an effect on
the spinning balloon. As the spindle
speed increases, the spinning balloon
and balloon angle get higher as well.
 Yarn spinning tension increases remarkably as the traveller weight increases. Similarly, the spindle speed
increases spinning tension.
 The effects of the traveller weight
and spindle speed on yarn hairiness
during spinning were observed as
significant. As the traveller weight
increases, hairiness decreases during the yarn spinning. The spindle
speed increases with rising spinning
tension, and yarn hairiness decreases
during spinning.
Conclusions regarding measurement in
cops;
 It is clear that both the balloon angle
and spindle speed have an effect on
the hairiness of yarn. An increase in
the balloon angle has an effect on the
hairiness of yarn, except for 20 tex
yarn. A rise in the Spindle speed, increases the hairiness in all the yarns
tested.
 It is clear that the angle of the fibres on
the yarn axes – angle of yarn surface
helix (YSHA) – affects the increase in
balloon angles and spindle speed.
 Statistically, the effect of balloon angles on yarn counts has been proved
to be unimportant. However, the effect
of an increase in spindle speed on yarn
count is important, except for 20 tex
yarn.
 An increase in the balloon angle leads
to higher yarn twists. This increase is
distinctive for all types of yarn produced. The effect of spindle speed
on twist, except for 30 tex yarn, was
found to be unimportant.
 It was found that an increase in the
balloon angle and spindle speed significantly increases the tenacity in all
the yarns produced.
 Generally, it can be said that an increases in the balloon angle and spindle speed increases the elongation at
break of yarns. However, this is not
considered statistically significant.
 Statistically, it was proved that the effect of the balloon angle on yarn irregularities is unimportant. The effect
of spindle speed on yarn irregularities,
except for 20 tex yarn, was found to
be insignificant. However, considering that yarn irregularities change at
short intervals, this irregularity tendency should be taken into account.
 An increase in the balloon angle generally decreases the number of thick
places. This decrease, especially for
a α0.01 significance level, was found
to be important for all the yarns pro-
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
duced. During an increase in spindle
Acknowledgments
speed, the most important effect on
The authors wish to express their thanks to
thick places was found in 30 tex yarn.
Ceytas Textile Company for supplying the
 An increase in the balloon angle dematerial, and Mr. Husnu Isik and the employcreases the number of neps. This deees of Adim Textile Company for their support
crease is significant for 20 tex and
and facilities for the production and testing of
30 tex yarns. The effect of the increase
the yarn samples.
in spindle speed on neps was found to
be important in 20 tex and 30 tex yarn,
but not in 15 tex yarn.
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Received 17.06.2008
Received 21.11.2006
,
Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres
Multifilament Chitosan Yarn
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ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27; 90-570 Łódź, Poland;
Phone: (48-42) 638-03-02, Fax: (48-42) 637-65-01
E-mail: ibwch@ibwch.lodz.pl http://www.ibwch.lodz.pl
Reviewed 23.08.2008
Reviewed 22.02.2008
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2008, Vol. 16, No. 4 (69)
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / December / A 2008, Vol. 16, No. 5 (70)
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