,HMSC
E. GC
856
.0735
'no. 58-7
..cop. 2
CHOOL OF
EGON
SGOENCE'
STATE COLLEGE-
-
HEAT BUDGET TERMS FOR
MIDDLE SNAKE RIVER RESERVOIRS
Wayne V. Burt
Final Report
U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Contract
Water Temperature Studies
on the Snake River
6
sh
`
t
and WUdii
ac
III
The tint step in foretasting the thermal structure in a
reservoir is to detereine the beat
budget of the reservoir
as a function of ties, In order to do this, each of the methods
of best transfer must be considered Sm itidually and then the
ecabined effects considered together.
the heat bSgst for a body of water is usually eicpresesd as
eons fore of the following equation
1952; Svardrup
st
at 1946)s
Q5Qr%s%Q4QvC
(I)
is the short wave solar radiation striking the nter
surfac,
is the asount of short wave solar radIation that is
relented back toward the sun end sky from the water surface,
% is the net gain of heat this to solar red! ation),
is the net beck radiation lost to the aim sphere free the
water surface as a result of the exchange of long wave ndiation
between the water surface and the atmosphere.
% iø the
lost through eanduotton of heat from the
water at face to the air.
1oer
Vr
'Dies
r
`,
.
..
`rv,
for aE h 1 nlivi `?_=
-e
r>
T: CUO
1,12
,era8 vas
u_
ns
:i
'.
lye to rvi which
:x,n
'%ta"tffi
W
; or
Artunf,
etroro1opluaI conditions.
t
b
be c; t K:1 r i throm
tatio a in
ti.._
C
:
10 -q-,O 0- for 011h notommic VO
n"G i
t
'"t?!
rr
:
?mar=
tar
b.-- istan 1zT.4:,
te
C- "
71
..":Fi
e::J obtaic,
W
Ky,c
400i
.
:'''(7
C. r.
use
ul uc 00e s Pt ..t.. tor in the
F-ekreds.t.;cn. `ep-nTn
ud io er it tf'r
Weather
tr
iR'+
tar fight.
aco,r
f'.
but It is not
aroau rem
back radlaticcn de r
effect s
in avy4 ..F ab,i1 a f.`roe
of
`!°e
cover
~i th c1rur, el p,. at ' or such th} t rrcan
:,rcFn ed by m ddle
our
?cud
awls will }:e ccn i Pr,; ;s T-Iddle
date
o neat,-! ns.
7-or this
"'d b
!°
tuwe'" ccnvid,re'kdor
t al
I2ud
5
The teaperaturs of the air s a factor in the computation of
Air taperatur. is
conduction of baa to and from the
also
of the nanameters red to comrnte the water vapor pressure
in the air and tius is a. factor in the computatIon of back radiation
and enporatlenc 'ecords show a
difference in air
temperature between Lewiston and Oxbow,
thus, nan
temperatures were needed at both locations,
The Weather
thirty year mean month Ly air temperature
date for Lewiston were used (u.s,i,s,, 1957*) for the Lewiflon area,
In the case of the Oxbow area, the problem of obtaining
represeatattve air temperatures was more difficult, the VISIt and
Wildlife Service 1195?) recorded air temperatures at Oxbow from
1955 throuSs
data,,
July 1956, inclusive, in order to
use
these
some correction must be applied to take into account dew.-
inSane from long term averages. The monthly
air temperatures
for 1955 and 1956 for each of fin stations near Oxbow were compared
to the long term monthly nan temperature for each station, This
indicated tibet the individual monthly means for the individual
stations for 1955 and 1936 were high or low and by how much. In
average correction factor was computed for each of the 18
and applied to the Oxbow
For example, daring February, 1955,
Veiny, }falfway, Nyssa, Runtington, and Idra±n ILZLWJ,
reported mean teaperetares that were 10,0, 12.9, 104, 5.4, and
4,5°?, respectively below their long term February mean temperature,
This gave a mean long term five station deviation of 4.4°?,
The
reported wean temperatur. for Oxbow for February 1035 was
Taking into account the -S,6°? deviation for surrounding stations,
"1,.2
40
51.4
6(.3
0
50.x.
stations
the
..
v ..
7Ei
i
-PAN, 1' 51 th'' uol;
local r6w rs 1n«z _' C'nK
business
.t
?
i.32g° t
`uc
of open areas In thn vicinity.
8.5
n
.6
ximt re
r dt h7 l water
ter,
=01+ut :t1on of e''`d`e: titre
the mon
.c
for
741
5
9
out,ide cC the 20° nnge, Vichy
be brought
would
the tongs vety
ware ret carried c-ut below 320C, the freezirg
point of fresh water a
The
retn of brat
are radi or Ily
of lee
altered to very low veluse by the
The relative humtdity of the air is a factor to the f3ODpe
utation of
a& effectIve back radlatiot, Relative
humidity data were avenged by months far flattens located at
Idehop Pendlston, Orcgonj Spokane, Washingtonj and Levi atos,
Idaho. Data for the tint three stations were for the sevensyns
per$od 1951 through 1951 (V,LVJ, 1951—1957), Part of the 1951
1957 data for Iawletor, Idaho, were
available, The Weather
(TS,LW,3,, 1957a) long term mean or normal relatIve huwtdity
was used for that station in the avenging
The
relative buiri dity was markedly lower during July than during
June at all statIons,
January
It?
July
40.5
Pabnmz7
73,7
August
41.l
March
63.8
September
45.7
April
54.8
October
g,ç
57.1
rovaber
74.4
53.0
December
79.2
June
I0
r- r t, on
13In
cter Surf⩔.
clout
T=
t1
virf4
by
u r 5 tea
'nor
r--.
together
't
and
ore
c,
-7.
urit Is
t
It
uq,re
:
f: * the l n-ngley
a suitable unit 'cr
f co
rr:
i t: of the -,-
,
,, r t
r
t in this ttu y .
The -? rt
=
c
tis
e- and
fa0
in
,,
.i
c
t:
r
r:; rte
n
r:
,
direct
Alo'er: _.t.fticn
r r z-" -7*r
u^
a
riled o
r
r
in the hrd t
n roan of ec::.4utd try:
r:;.,
statinnn.
w.At x c
Twin
I r r t i cr t
t the best i.r or- t i or
L&r radiat.i°c.r the ;-it
ec
nt
amen
:;ado.
date
1'«
I
C !t 't
a °a
below
`i,.
ire
?l
.te tk of turns foot,
MOW 30 feet (See
)US to d1 str .ht t
I
Ran t
pas
,y r'
below
ow
`.
p+.'_ t.
Aur mrTnip "Yon the sun
the nurjnv or tre
the W1 n
-,
-'rip
over
put
nts over
1;;5
`. near
Ux
On .;
o
^_i
Cc
st r usC c:
AN's of tip -,Or
c. _.s
.
ootu,
06707 4I VIM
s
"'I
.
t br ug
`. r ' : e?".
¢4
QxrUMd?
>dd e
ara .
-ate',
.,
ouch t'
}
{.0 r [..., , :: s
_u
..
rtes i : A Nor f.
`.'v r t y b-e n
fit
t that
17
4
404
ft
I
24
376
r
5
216
Ill
7
14
te*tperattwe of the water surface according to the ecpationi
=
is the nuaber of calories eaStted net square centimeter
per day (ly)
is the Sefen—Eoitzms.s constant (1.176 x
dar'
eel,
is the absolute ttapersture of tAt
and
water surface.
The
the rats of
of the rate of a theoretical Black
factor 0.9? indicates that water radiates at
(Andersen,
1952),
At the same time
the water surfac. is radiating long
wets radiation upward toward the atmosphere, it is elso receiving
dialler long wave radiatien casing downward from the
This term, Q5, is always less than
The
atmosphere,
difference between the
two tern %
%, or %, the effective or net back radiation, is
always negative, indierting a net transfer of bent
tram the
water surface to the atmosphere, A reservoir always loses long
wave redS tion enerc upward to the
atmosphere.
The rate that the eo.rc is radiated downward from the
atmosrhers to the water surface,
js en unknown function of
type, height, thf ottesa, and amount of cloud cover as well as the
amounts and distribution of water vapor and dust in the atmosphere,
Anderson (1c52) reviewed a number of amplrical relationships
between
water vapor, and cloud cover in addItion to reporting
on a large number of direct measure,ents of
that were carried
out over Lake Better, In the past, clouds have not been differs
eatitted by type or height in empirical retail
designed for
At-mos"s,--+c---R-c1iolisr,
10
Vapor
Adapter! --Fr pm- - Awde san---(-tt52 )
It
Pr.ssur
II
13
II 16
in Millibsrs
14
IT
I
19
20
21
It
23 24
as
15
computation of
Anderson's data are presented in nine scatter
best fit least square lines for each
anted
with
the data are asp—
cording to height of clouds (low, riddle, end high) and
arcunt (scattered, broken, and overcast) at the time at
The decimal percentage effectiveness at the atmosphere (inclu9 op
clouds) compared to the effectiveness of a theoretical Black body
radiatirg at the temperature of the sir
/
is plotted
against the vapor pressure of the air measured in mi.llibars, the
air temperature, Tea, and the vapor pressure *lcb is a function
of air tempereture and relative humidity were measured at a height
of two meters.
Anderson also prezented a least squares relationship
for data observatons on clear
In order to use Anderson 'a data for computing thc mean monthly
atmospheric
(as a step in computtrg effective back red—
icti on) as a runction of mean monthly cloud cover, mean monthly
air
a composite
diaen
was constructed based on Anderson's tour lent square lines
tar days with eidd3e clouds and days with clear skye (flgure 1),
tinear interpolation was used to draw liner for each tenth nan
cloud cover between Arderson's lines for overcast, broken, scattered,
and clear skys,
Long wave radIatIon striking a water surfane is approximately
97% absorbed and 3% reflected (Anderson 1952).
This long wave
albedo aarrw,tion was mode to the radiatIon from the staos4tere,
fleet lost through evaporation,
is the largest term in the
16
con
"10-IM -0-
-
'
an W
sled
C+
s
is
pros
T
eO
determine the
OT, nuthors
(3)
theory involved in W
Y
in an 7 wa ti o
i,
o6
s
17
Parbeek
ntd ilsrbeek (1c52) have us& this
and
technique for studying
ef water
tion
evaporated each
which
Lake
24
The
bunts
fle. tint calculated
directly trot the water budget of the lake for a period at ISO
This provided anpiricat data far computing the nine
their
at
findings shaved that the lake surface as
rough
at all times with no evidence of a critical dud
changed values.
Municiple
where K
Far weather data tram utarby Oklahoma
Airport, K has a calculated eonstnat value of
0,00450.
These weather data are taken under siSter conditions to the mean
data used in the present study,
of eight
value
metars directly over
Jeatber data measured at a height
the lake gave a calculated constant
of d which was
Sverdrgp is his latest (iS57) caper considering evaporation
from the sea surt-ea euggnts the use at
(3) with vapor
pressure and wind measured at en elevaUon of 10 meters,
ife
rocosasends using a K value between .0057 and
Jacobs
used
of evaporation from the
the following values
oceans
of K tsr
calculetSon
as a Lunctien of averaged attest—
clogicat conditions. For a secoth surface with wine a less than
J meters per SS000dr
IC
.0032.
aver
cetera per second, F
latitmie
value tar £ of .0069,
For a rough
surface with winds
TI. calculated a main mid—
Assuming a distribution of wInds about the mean similar to
that
of
found by Diukelacker (1948)
one can calculate a teen value
K on the basis of the percentage of tin the wind is above and
below the cr1 ii cat velocity of 6.5 meters per second and then apply
the K values used by Jacobs to anita at a mean K to use for say
18
This was carried out tar the mean menthly winds far
teaa
Sntzks flnr area re8arvajn. The sean annual value of K was O.OOU
in good agreeeent with the espirtal finding at Recheck (1952) and
Recheck and Vitredani (1952),
r tar consideration of the then, it was decided to use
Rarbeck's ttnn arcoal
as applicable to the use
of K a
of elbatolo€icel data to eoo9ute eteperetion in the present stndy,
The heat lass due
to evaporation, %, was computed from the
amount of water eve orated pet square
heat of
per day times the
ff, of the water at the
of the
lake. U was corrected fOr temperature.
fist
and the
is continually being transferred between any water
conduction.
This beat flux $ rnnrnrd whenever
the water surface is vaxnr than the air end downward when the air
is warmer than the water.
The Rewet ratio, N, is usiafly used to derive a working
eqwiion for the computation of conduction,
a
P
Ia
—S
P is the ann air pressure, P is a constant, and
and
a
are the water surface tamperateis and air temperatures, respectively.
Varions authors suggest values for D in the range of 0.57 to
inclusive, while 'Raven took 0.61 as the most probable value
0.S
I'
20
teh heat is passing
the surface of a reservocr in
calories pe square centimeter per day (lenglays), This sun, celled the
storage rete
1957)
is posItive %tansver the reservoir is
gaining heat through its surfers or negative when heat is being lost to
the
n a Artion of ties
The p+orsge rots, !, 5st
and relative tenpenture
the water
on flruresj and Ltor
area.
aid 6 tar the
Th order to Cind the storsgs rate *em the tiares it is first
necessary to detereine the r4ative tesperstnre. Ta do this, enter
the
area and en
flpre 2 with the estinated or
and the date ton which? is desired,
water surface teeneraters
reed 'ist the reletive
teeperature as the niaber at degrees that the entering surface
tennerature is above or below the base
Linear intfls
polation should be need when the surface ± espertttn tells between
any two lines of the five lines drown on the graph
2).
the reinS yr tenoerflune end the date enter the appropriate Figure
(3
toó) and read oft fi in
Linear interpolation should
be used between the five relative teanerature curves.
The total rate of hnt!ng or cooling for the tie reservoir,
C, is found by nultinty'ng the area in acres by the rusher at square
centimeters
an acre (L.0i I
tines F. The result is in gras
calories pete day for the whole reservoir surface.
It requires 1 ,51 I
calories to raIse the teepctreture of a
is the
nusber at cubic feet of water that could ban a tcrrerature absinge
cubic foot of water one degree !, 0 divided by 1.57 1
at one degree
surface,
(degree—feet)
due to th, beat exchange across the
21
It
be seen on flqures 4 to 6 that colder then avenge
surface tonpereture (minus relative tearteratures) bring abemt
hIgher then enrage rntes of heatIng while varrer than rmnge
surface water tey b5 rapIdly cooled4
a
WE
JANUARY
15 20 25
82
SO
;:
I Yl AR NY DAYS X 250 DIVNS.
KEUFFEL& ESSER CO.
CALENDAR YEAR
359-142
o[n u. s. s.
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
510152025
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510152025
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t.,
Anderson,
Energy Eudget Studies, Water Loss
lnvestlgaticnsa Vol. 1 — Lola latter StudSee, Caologioel
225, pp.
Andetna,
tndergori,
71
A
tion The3ry and I ntonatt at lnstnaantetioe,
cr4 cc laboratory, at 21 egO,
• S.
anl
ettew of
Fepo t
2. 0., 1950,
and
159,
?P'
Deny, F. A.
Jr., lollay, C., and Seen,
of
ti., 1U5. Patdbook
aourawlfSll, anw fork, loncon, ltYS pp.
Bunt, C yns V.,
957a,
.t Fntinlnary ictimate of Tcnparature
Sitar Selow
Canlifloine Sn Brownice Lasenoir and In the
BrownIes Sc, TB 1, Set,
Cater Teaparaturo Studies on
tim Snake r4asr, Oregon State College, 6 pp. (typed).
Burt,
V.,
2. Second fonanst
Trperutwt CcrAitiOns
in the Erowolew Besenoir and In the 'Make River Scow Brownies
later Tenperature StudIes zr4 the Snake
Sea, 71' 4,
State College, 10 pp. (processed),
River,
of :rpcrritu.-s Corndtlons in the
Burt, atync 1,, 1557c, a
Oxbow cad Low Hells Canyon
ecenaira and in the Snake River
Polow delta
5, Cot, 57e6,
nyon Stat,
TB
liver, 'ngon ttate
on Ira
date-c
Tei.poruture
7
çprocssasd).
Burt, SCyra
later, Jornal of
Over
ThI.
Si'elcaVew, C., leSS.
U,
a. 4,
283—290.
is iertei lancrafunktion den Cindgsschwiedigkeit
fur die floohrber, latter V. flier, Scnloau/Wlrtt* Sara, 1,
'WI
, P.
Fish and Clidlife Service, 195t A Ftejress Rej*rt on Air and
hater teap9ntt;re
7itddIs snake BAyer Drainage, 1954
1956, !'ortland, Pregon.
Fritz, fiçmtnd, and YrFon4d, P. P.,
Lu the Ibtited
tlntohinson, 0,
and
.,
46i 61.44.
Seating
1957,
Bsdiat!on
Average
on ithcrrolotl, Vol. 1, John
a
lark, 1015
Sons,
Jacobs, hoodrow, C., 1951.
irhange Between the Sea
The
and Atmosphere nad Some of Its Con sequences, Bulletin of the
Scripps institution of Oceanography of the University of
Celifarde, Vol. 6, Se. 2, pp. 21a122.
keroSene, 3, 3,, end larbeok,
1;, Jr., 1950. Mass Innate
Studies, hater Less lnvestlptionez Vol. 1 —
Lake Keflier
Osolofleel tInIer 229, pp. 46a70.
Sverdrup, B, h., 195?. tncyelepedia
Physics, pp. oOB.459,
1045 pp.
Svercintp, U. U., Johnson,
,
Z,
arc
P1,,
Pbyaios, lisdetry, and
s946,
The
Bioloc,
Prentioe—lfail, Sew York, lOS? pp.
C.
w.
B., 1958a, Letter :ron
P.
btotlcc at jails
Salle,
P•
S.
C. F,, 1957a.
iaoai tiimatciogtcsl Cd;ta 4th SornpsMtin
rate for
Idaho; Lte, aSebo;
#afla,
and Fendleton, Oregon.
•
5, 5, B,, 1950—1991.
s
Cilsatologieal rate,
Idaho, &egon,
Annual Seamer cc and Sonthly Data,