SURVIVAL OF GAME FARM JUVENILE
RING-NECXED PHEASANTS ON
ELIZA ISLAND, WASHINGTON
J:fl,
A THESIS
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
AP?ROViD:
Redacted for privacy
In Charge of Major
Redacted for privacy
Redacted for privacy
Date thesia ie preaented
Typed by Lenora Pond
E ASI
NORTH P0
'IC
MAPLE GROVE
WOODS
'0
8
CLU
W000SHOUSE
2
0
0
4b4)
14
LEGEND
ISLAND
D
It7
9
Fields
Donkey Engine
Old Ways
10
Marsh
II
Old
8
12
.
13.
.
Dock
Barn
Lagoon
ELIZA
BELLINGHAMI
'5
Jio
Road
-
14
15
Main Gob in
New Dock
16
Holding
Pen
WASHINGTON
S
Observation Lone
Field
Marshland
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Commission, The Wildlife Management
* Oregon 8tate Ga
Institute, iJnitei States FIsh and Wildlife Service, and
Oregon State College cooperating.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
a
a
a
e
a
Review ot the literature
The Area
METHODS
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WtldrearedBirde
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GaineParmuveniles..,,...aaa.a
EabitatManagement
Release
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Mortality Searches
Rarvest *
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I 953 study
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11
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14
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Release Mortalities a
Weather
Predator losses
Accidental Deaths
Survival
TheCombinedStudtes
Release Mortalities
Predator Loeae
,
Accidental Mortalities
a
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Weather
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Releasekethod.a.a.,aaaaa.
or
SUMMARY a
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
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Table I
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Table 2
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Table 4
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Table 8
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Table 3
16
16
lB
18
a
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Factors Influencing Recovery
Mortalities
Survival a a a
14
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10
*
, . . . .
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
6
7
9
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5
53
56
57
I.
2.
Release Mortalities Grouped by Rearing
Methods * . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Release Mortalities Grouped by Age
at Reloaae . . . . . , . . . . .
.
25
.
.
.
.
23
5.
Predator tills Grouped by Rearing Methods
28
4.
Predator
27
ilis Grouped by Age at Release
Survival For All Three Years of the Study
Grouped by Type of Rearing and by Ags
at Release .
.
.
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59
SURVIVAL 0? GAME FARM JUVENILE RING-NECXEJ) PREASANT8
cm ELIZA ISLAND, WASHINGTON
INTRODUCT I ON
Review of Literature
it Eearch of the literature failed to reveal any
/
3
birds were from 3 to 8 times as valuable for releases
as 8 to 12 weeks old game farm birds.
The only data that can be compared readily with the
information from the Elisa Island studies are those from
of losses of pheasant chicks, found that marsh hawks
n
The Area
ShOwn in the map by fiansen, frontia
Detailed descrip-
tiona of the history, physiography, geology, climate,
and vegetation can be found in the theses by Scott
(9, pp. 4-25) and hansen (5, pp. 1-10).
Two-thirds of
the island is covered with a stand of Douglas fir,
western red-cedar, and. grand. fir, but the central
portion is open and, contains a freSh water marsh and
a brackish lagoon as indicated on th. map.
The eastern
portion of this area is several feet higher in elevation
than the rest, and it has deeper, more fertile soil.
Several cultivated fields have been established on this
more arable soil to increase the similarity of ecological conditions to those found in mainland pheasant
habitat.
a dominant species on West Point.
The two areas marked
"Alders #1" and "Alders #2" on the map are thick clumps
of red alder saplings with dense understories of
Himalaya berry canes and grass respectively.
Eliza island has a typically oceanic climate with
IEPEODS
Habitat Managent
The limited amount of pheasant foods available
naturally on Eliza island made it desirable to plant
small fields of grain arid alfalfa.
This provtded the
needed food and increased the similarity of the study
area to typical mainland pheasant habitat.
Field #5
was in alfalfa for all 3 years of the atndies, field #4
was in wheat and barley in 1952, and field #2 was in
oats and barley in 1953.
in order to facilitate observations of the
pheasants as they moved through the cover, lanes were
mowed scroas the flat each year.
These lanes were about
10 feet wide and were kept cut to aot a 3iuch stubble
height.
next to good cover, scattering about a quart of scratch
grain in front or it, opening a slat, and retiring out
of sight to watch,
it has been already mentioned that
the birds reacted. violently to the bands, but they
dispersed when the observers attempted to catch them.
The island dog broke loose and badly mauled one of the
hens that wandered by, but the rest escaped. into cover
without Injury.
The injured bird wobbled. away aid
vanished into the fiat.
After liberation in early April, the adults were
observed. from 8 to 16 hours daily until the juveniles
were released in July.
ThIs stndy yielded accurate
infortion on the nesting success and the number of
young that reached juvenile age which was considered. to
be six weeks for this study.
Nests were located aid the
broods observed both by stalking aid by watching likely
places from vantage points such as the barn tower, the
shelter'cabin window, or suitable perches in trees.
Use of 8-power binoculars m&d It possible to distinguish
the hens by the color of their neck bands at dIstances up
to about 200 yards.
This made it easy to be certain that
2 different hens were not recorded as 2 observations of
the same bird and vice versa.
it also made the Identi-
fication of broods and subsequent counting much easier
than It would have been bad the hens been unmarked.
Game Farm Juveniles
On July 20, eight groups of game farm juvenile
pheasants were obtained fron the Washthgton State Game
Farms at Wbidbey Island and Auburn and brought to Eliza
Island.
The groups consisted of 20 birds from each of
the following categories:
I, hen hatched and brooded,
field reared, 6 weeks old; II, incubator hatched,
brooder and. pen reared, 7.5 weeks old; III, hen hatched
and brooded, field reared, 8 weeks old; IV, incubator
hatched, brooder and pen reared, 0 weeks old; V,
incubator hatched, brooder and field reared, 8.5 weeks
old; VI, hen hatched and brooded, field reared, 10 weeks
old; VII, incubator hatched, brooder and field reared,
10 weeks old; and VIII, incubator hatched, brooder and
pen reared, 5 weeks and 5 days old.
On arrival at the island, 7 groups were held just
The release was made In the niddle of the afternoon
Reieaae Mortalities
For three days after the juvenile release the
S
the woods.
PrecLatoz' Kills
After an Initial search of the entire area of
Hax"vest
in order to account for as niany of the birds as
bunting and the number ot ahote required to bag a
pheasant and other 8ucb information about the faotore
involved in killing of pheaeante by bunters.
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
1953
RELEASE MORTALITIES
Losses f.l1 naturally into three groups that can
15
and accidenta]. deaths.
The first includes all deaths
that occux within a few days to two weeks after release
that cannot be attributed to other causes.
Typically
they occurred within the first 2 ox' 3 days and were
found lying in the cover with no gross signs of a cause
for death.
It appeared that they had died of maladjust.
ment or exposure0
The løsses from the 1953 release were
good examples of this type of mortality.
The birds were
watched from an elevated station from the time they were
released until they went to roost the first night.
Although they all seemed to travel about and explore
their new surroundings within an hour or two after the
release, and food and cover were plentiful and the
weather mild, five of the birds were later found lying
dead in the grass with no evidence of having been
disturbed.
Some of the birds that were never accounted
for probably belong in this category.
russ (3, p. 85)
discussed several releases where release mortality was
noted and accounted for 2 to 10 percent of the birds
that were liberated.
loss of artiticiall
forced into the wild,
It is one of the major causes for
propagated birds when they are
The only explanation seems to be
that some of the birds are unable to adjust to the
sudden change in environment and die of exposure and
starvation when they are deprived of their accustomed
16
The role of weather and the effects of different
móthode of liberation on release mortalities will be
discusSed in the analysis of the combined, studies.
PREDATOR LOSSES
Known losses to predators were confined to those
from Cooper's hawks and to one red.tai1ed hawk kill that
bate inhabited the island, so there were no losses from
maialian predators.
It is interesting to note that
the first known hawk kill was made on August 1.8 even
though there was at least one Cooper's hawk present daily
all through the suimer, and red..tailed hawks were seen on
r13t).xrit3t).J
t!Iii!L
not begin taktng the pheasants as soon as they were
released for they certainly weren't as wary then as they
became later.
A possible explanation for the lapse of over a
month between the release and the first kill is that
earlier kills were made but not found.
That is not a
likely explanation because 1 observer kept a very close
watch of the pheasants and hawks in the flat while
another was constantly eeacbing tougb the woodS, a
no pheasant kills were found by either in t
month.
first
All but one of the kills that were found during
the summer were fresh and that on. was found so late
that it was probably killed after August 18, too.
Another explanation might be that the birds were
attention of the hawke from the pheasants far the month.
£ooi8ental deaths accounted for 5 of the 25
iown
8URV IVAL
!1
pheasants harvested, 4 that flew off the teland, 1 that
remained alive after th. experiment was over, and 23
whose deaths have been accounted for (this differs from
the 30 unaccounted for shown in table 3 of the appendix
because there all birds whose group was unknown were
considered unaccounted for).
The total survival rate to
the beginning of the harvest, 71 percent, appeared to be
very good compared to data from other studies such as
that of Buss (3, pp. 751l2) who found that less than a
third of 1,249 released btz'ds survived until fall in one
series of studies.
Another series of 1,896 juvenile
releases showed a survival of 34 percent (3, p.. 82)
which is still less than half that for the present study.
Warm weather, abundant food, and 1ght and scattered rain
If the number of harvested btrda was considered to
21
It must be remembered, however, that this latter group
was held. overnight and sprayed with floor wax, aid it
is possible, though unlikely, that the treatment was
responsible for the lowered. survival
For a more
complete disøusaiou see the aalysis of the combined
studies which follows.
The Combined Studlea
t
studies it might be well to review them briefly.
The
experiment was designed. to test the abIlities of gene
farm pheasants of various ages aid types of rearing to
survive when released into the wild.
An island was
chosen f or the site of the work because of the control
over ingress and egress its isolation provided.
The
small size of the area aid the limited persGnnel
available restricted the number of birds that could. be
adequately studied each year.
This and the need for
a check on the effects of weather in different years
led to repeating the experiment 3 summers in succession,
those of 1951, 1952, aM 1953.
In all 3 of the studies release mortalities were an
came from a lot of birds that were later found to have
been suffering from malnutrition at the game farm, and
the entire group succumbed when nearly half an inch of
rain fell the second night after the release.
If this
group was disregarded, predston became the leading
cause of loss, and release mortalities dropped into
second place.
A breakdown of release mortalities by types of
F1
Rearing Method
Groups
per Method
3irde
per Method
Mortalitte4
Percent
No.
Incubation and.
Brooding
hen
electric
200
260
13
44*
1.9
36
13
2.7
10
140
200
Post'brooding
id
6.5
10
13
6.5
Figure 1. Release mox'ta1itie grouped by rearing methods,
*Includes 20 birds from the weakened group of 1952.
field reared birds were much better able to survive in
the wild than were pen reared young,
When the release mortalities were analyzed by age
class, figure 2, the 6 weeks old juveniles could be
8,1 percent for the next highest loss, that for 8 weeks
Age
(in weeks)
6
7
7.5
8
8.5
10
Groups
per Method
6
2
1
Bird;
per Method
120
40
20
Morta1ities
Percent
No.
17
21*
3.
8
10
13
1
20
0
5
100
5
14.2
5.2
5.0
8.1
0.0
5.0
Figure 2. Release mortalities grouped by age at release.
*Includee 20 birds from the weakened group of 1952.
old birds.
Again the figures for the weakened group in
1952 are excluded.
If they were included the 7 weeks
old birds would have suffered. ever 52 perCent release
mortalities, but this inclusion does not seem warranted
in the face of the very low loss from the other group
of 7 weeks old birds released in the aame year.
losses even though no mammals other than bats inhabited
the area a
avian predators had to cross large bodies
of water to reach the js1a.
If the data from the 1952
group of weakened birds are discarded, predation was the
moat important decimating factor for the pheasants
despite the effective control of predators that was
accomplished &n the 1952 study.
This control was so
successful that only 3 mortalities were attributed to
predators during 1952 while in 1951 and 1953 the losses
possible predators, only the Cooper's hawk, the redtailed hawk, and the horned owl were known to have taken
Forty-one Of the 44 kills
pheasants during the studies.
in which the predators were known were made by Cooper's
hawks, 2 by horned owls, and 1 (pius another kill that
witnessed but not recovered) by red-tailed hawks.
Although sharp-shinned and marsh hawks have been known
to kill pheasants, there wa
rio evidence that they made
any kills during these studies.
The number of kills of
known sex was too email to form an adequate basis for
conclusions, but there were 15 cooke and 21 hens killed,
Post-broodlng
pen
field
200
6
Ii
8.5
Figure 5. Predator kille grouped bi rearing methods.
*Includea 20 birds from the weakened group of 1952.
Age
(in weeks)
Groups
per Method
girds
per Method
S
1
6
2
1
120
40
20
160
16
20
3
ioo
6
'1.5
8
8
1
5
8.8
10
Kills
Percent
13.3
0.0
0.0
4.4
15.0
6.0
0
0,
-
-
xriaJ
!:1;:U
ACC IDENTAL MOR?ALIT IRS
In any wild population or birds there are
accidental deaths, a
exception.
liberated pheasants present no
In each ot the 3 Studies reported here,
2 birds were drowned in the small ditch that Was
described in the introduction.
In addition at least
accidents played a vei'y minor role as a mortality factor
operating against the young pheasants,
U41sc4I
their own volition after the worker had left the
immediate area.
PACTOR
INFLtJENCIKG E1COVEI1Y OF MORTALITIE3
Inspection of tables 1, 2, a
3 shows that in each
31
those blrd.a that are not tow. 1
still an important one,
8everal factors that have a marked influence on recovery
will be diacuBsed.
At first it would seem that an observer who has
32
than fifty square feet, but when the grass was burned
off in the late fall three iore carcasses were recovered
from the patch,
This was amazing after the intensive
searches.
One of the most important factors influencing the
ease with which dead birds could be fouxd. was the cover
in which the birds died,
In certain areas of the island
a dense growth of orchard grass and. wild blackberries
made a tangle that warn almost Impossible to search
adequately.
The marsh and the clumps of Himalaya berries
were especially difficult places to search, but the
wooded sections of the i8land. were relatively easy to
cover because the understory was not so dense there,
Weather exerted an indirect effect on the success of
finding mortalities through Its influence on the vegeta
field workers in their search for dead birds because a
kill was apt to be marked by a group of feathers at the
site of the strike, and often more feathers led directly
to the carcass.
Some kills were hidden on the tops of
stumps or In thick briars, but It warn believed that by
a combination of observations or the hawks and their
activities and of the tell-tale bunches of feathers,
moat kills were eventually located,
It must be
mentioned here, though, that a red-tailed hawk was seen
to take a juvenile pheasant in 1953 and the remains were
never found despite an intensive search of the entire
area where the hawk was thought to have ted,
of the kill wa
The site
plainly marked with a few body feathers,
but no other trace of the bird was ever found.
On several occasions patches of feathers that
evidently bad been left by attacks of predators on
pheasants served as stimuli for very intensive searches
o
the areas for five or six hundred feet in every
direction, but ktlls were not found.
This led to the
question as to whether predators might have carried kills
off the island, arid that subject has been covered in the
analysis of the 1953 study.
Still another factor that influenced recovery of
the released birds both as mortalities and in the harvest
was the tendency of the birds to disperse when they began
to mature.
Por the first few weeks after the releases
they spent most of their time in the Flat or in the
woods Immediately surrounding it and field #5, but in
late August or early September they began to spread
through the woods and. to Congregate at the small open
When they spread thxough more of the habitat, the birds
began to inhabit areas where kills and other mortalXties
were very hard to find.
The steep east bank of the
island and the thick salal and other vegetation on South
Point were especially difficult places in which to locate
mortaltjes and to bunt down the last few birds for the
harvest
A phase of dispersal was the tendency of the
birds to try to leave the island.
This has bean noted in
past studies on Elisa Island especially by Wick ill,
pp. 4546).
In several instances pheasants have been
seen attempting to leave, particularly from West Point
where Lununi Island is only three.'fourtbs of a mile away.
A few birds have been known to succeed in making the
crossing, and once one was observed attempting the
return trip.
Luckily a passing fishing boat was near,
and when the bird fell into the water of the pass, the
fishermen picked it up and turned it over to the
personnel on
liza Island.
I1r)r
- Jir
;T
ua" I
.J1
i ior
*!j.1 .k )'L)t LT.Vl
.I1 I
r.T!fl4
9r rr(!)krf..4 1 iE
I1
1_V
!
. Pr
- i _r TI
FT;,.vi
E1,Ta
k11 I[
.ii
- !
r)J'
j)
f 1
'1 ITkL )
'
-
I wfbfl
r1.Ew tII
L }[L
T_ .i
pressure on the birds that might have forced them to
flee.
In fact, there was no one within a half *mile Øf
the group that made the flight from South Point.
This
evidence strongly indicates that many of the birds that
were not accounted for n the studies might have flown
off the island.
Certainly the records show that some
birds have done it and others mad. the attempt, and
the amount of time spent watching the extremities of the
island was only a small part of each day.
It Xe also
J4MI1
11
i
I
II!
.flI
I
(.
Post-brooding
7
10
1d
Vt1d
Age
(in weeks)
6
7
7.5
8
8.5
10
Groups
per Method
6
2
1
8
1
5
140
200
74
121
52.9
60.5
47
35
74.5
Birds
per Method
Survival
Percent
Re.
120
40
55
20
18
107
14
67
160
20
100
9
44.2
22.5
90.0
66.9
70.0
67.0
Figure 5. Survival for all three years of the study
grouped by type of rearing and by age at release.
*Ineludes the weakened group of the 1962 study.
41
SUMMARY
mortality
as found to be the greatest cause of loss with
predation a close second.
If the weakened group from the
1952 study was not included, predation became the cause
of the greatest number of known mortalities.
Cooper's
hawks were the main predator species and greatborned
owls and re&.tailed hawks were known to have killed a
total of four birds.
Predator control as practiced by
Bohi in 1952 was effective and held lOsses from predators
to only 3 that year in contrast to 32 and 11 for the
other two years.
Accidents were a minor sourc. of loss
each yeare
Factors influencing recovery of the birds were
- !IEI FTI*TLiT F!-FTT 1 iTl T%IXL) 14k! LTI
rrr
than any of the typee of game farm bii'da tested.
1
Harrisburg,
1.
AlIen, Durwood L. Pheasants afield.
Stackpole, 1953. 128p.
2.
Bohi, Wayne H. Unpublished research on ringnecked
pheasant survival. Corvallis, Oregon
cooperative wildlife research unit, 1952.
(Field notes)
3.
Buss, Irven 0. Wisconsin pheasant populations.
Madison, Wisconsin conservation department,
1946. 184p,
4.
Errington, Paul L. and W. J. Breckenridge. The
evaluation of nesting losses and juvenile
mortality of the ring-necked pheasant. The
journal of wildlife managinent 1:3-20. 1937.
5.
Hansen, Charles Goodman. Comparative winter
farm pheasants with
survival of wild and ga
predator control practiced on Eliza Island,
Washington. Master's thesis. Corvallis, Oregon state college, 1952. 99 numb. leaves.
6.
Rartwell, Harry D, Unpublished research on ringnecked pheasant survival. Corvallis, Oregon
cooperative wildlIfe research unit, 1951.
(Field notes)
'7.
The controlled hunting areas
.
Kicks, Lawrence
and the pheasant refuge management system In
northwestern Ohio. Transactions of the second
North msrican wildlife conference 2589-59a.
193'7.
8.
Randall, Pierce K. Causes of juvenile mortality
in the ringneck pheasant. Pennsylvania game
news 11:10-11, 28. Mar. 1940.
9.
$cott, Robert
pheasant
Master's
college,
Falcon. Results of a ring-necked
liberation on Kliza Island, Washington.
thesis. corvallis, Oregon state
1948. 95 numb. leaves.
10.
8hiok, Charles. A study of pheaunts on the 9,000
acre prairie farm Saginaw County, icbigan.
Lansing, Michigan department of conservation,
1952. 134p.
11.
Wick, William Quentin. The winter mortality and
movement of wild and game'farm ringnecked
pheasants on Eliza Island, Washington.
Master's thesis, Corvallis, Oregon state
college, 1952. 63 numb., leaves.
APPENDIX
wke 8
Corvallis
wki 6
Corvallis
wks 6
Is. Whidbey
Is. Whidbey
wks 10
pen
field
brooder
hen
battery
pen
pen
A.s
Farm Game
wks 6
Is. Whidbey
field
wks 8
Is. Whidbey
pea
wks 8
Is. ihid.bey
wke 8
Corvallis
field
Reared
brooder
hen
brooder
hen
hen
Brooded
thcu.
hen
men,
incu.
hen
men,
hen
hen
Hatched
VIII
VII
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
No.
Group
study. 1951 the in released
were that juveniles of groups the of histories Rearing
A,
PHEASANTS JUVENILE FARM GAME OP
MORTALITY THE OF STUX)Y 1951 THE OF RESULTS
TABLE I (cont.)
B.
Group
Release Mortalities
F
total
Accidents
Drowning
Other
P
F
Total, accidents
Predator Kills
Cooper's gawk
II,J
K
F
Mortalities in 1951
V
VI
1
2
1
VIII
1
Total
10
13
0
23
0
VIZ
1
2
0
1
3
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
a
*
S
I
I
0
a
I
S
I
4
*
a
a
a
a
S
S
a
a
a
S
I
4
S
4
I
a
*
4
4
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
IV
I
III
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
7
0
0
0
0
1
C)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
I
II
I
0
4
5
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Wi1d
-
---
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
4
1
5
I
I
I
I
I
S
*
S
a
$
S
7
13
0
*
a
a
S
*
a
*
S
I.'
ThBLE I (cont.)
C,
I
Group
II
Survival in 1951
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Wild
Total
tir-bTITI
1
P
----- L_i'
-
a
I
1
I
I
I
I
*
-
a
-
I
P
P
4
a
a
S
a
*
a
a
LFrx-iF11!v lWt)
a
a
a
EE8TJXP3 0? THE 1982 STUDY 0? THE MORTALITY
OF GAME FARM JIJVENILE PHEASANTS
A.
Rearing histories ot the groups of juveniles that
were released in the 1952 study.
Group
Reared
Age
Game Farnt
Hatched
Brooded
hen
hen
6 wks Wbidbey Is.
II
incu.
brooder
'7 wks E. E. Wilson
III
iricu.
brooder
IV
hen
hen
V
hen
hen
VI
incu,
brooder
10 wks Whidbey Is.
VII
thou,
brooder
8 wks Whldbey Is.
No.
I
I-c,!
TABLE 2 (omit.)
B.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
M
F
1
0
10
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
13
1.
0
0
0
0
0
total
1
2
0
1
0
0
4
7
29
2
GrOup
Release Mortalities
Accidents
Drowning
M
P
Other
M
F
Total accidents
Predator kills
Cooper's Hawk
0
M
0
0
0
0
0
F
1
total
1
F
0
total
0
0
Dog
predators
Total Mortalities
0
0
Red..tail,d Hawk
Total
Mortalities in 1952
4
6
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0O
00
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
10
1
0
2
1.
1
F
1
1
1
4
8
total
5
20
0
2
0
3.
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
4
1
Total
9
0
0
M
F
M1
W11d
0
1
0
0
0
VII
3
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
10
6
54
TABLE 2 (sont.)
[!.
Group
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
8
2
1
0
.G
12
'7
6
5
5
VII
Wild
Total
Barvest
Trapped
U
F
Total Earyest
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
5
0
5
7
3
49
52
F
3
total
8
0
10
17
12
12
10
12
81
F
4
0
2
6
5
5
5
7
34
0
10
8
12
12
U
12
84
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.
total
M
Se*n leaving area
0
0
o
0
total
Shot
1
.
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
total
0
0
0
0
8
0
8
1
6
0
0
5
'7
5
TABLE
I
I*._
'II.)
.
DTit4
'I)
-
ti'
iJI
*)[I.I.! )I)'
fP
-.
hen
hen
field 10 wk
Auburn
VII
incu,
brooder
field 10 wke
Whidbey Is.
VIII
incu.
brooder'
pen
VI
8 ws
5 deys
Whidb.
is.
TABLE 5 (cont.)
13.
Mortalities
Aecldents
Other
Vi
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3.
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
M
0
F
1
1
0
M
F
-1
Total, accidents
0
0
2
M
2
P
?
0
0
total
2
M
F
to
V
M
F
1
Pred.ator Kills
iawk
Cocper
IY
II
total
0
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VII
III
I
Group
Re1eas
Mortalities in 1953
0
1
1
0
0
0
0.
3.
000o
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wild.
Total
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
0
5
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
-
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
00
O
0
-
VIII
1
3.
0.
0
2
5
4
2
2
8
2
0
0
2
TABLE 3 (cont.)
C.
Suxviva1 in 1963
H
TLT
iT TIT1
1:
$
I
I
I
$
$
I
I
*
*
$
tL&u
'
i,&!aI.:Wbj;t r7
species
Year
Augut
July
Month
'51
'52
Cooper's gawk
'52
'53
1
9
Vi
14
10
1
1
4
4
7
2
4
9
2
8
1
3
3.
Sharp-sbinned Bawk
Re4-tailed Bawk
1
'51'52 '53
'51
'
October
September'
1?
3
'51
'53
'5
14
4
2
8
1
7
3
2
4
5
4
Tot3.
91
27
3
40
P1eon Uuk
Duck Ewk
Mmhliawk
KornedOwl
ota1
3
4
3
5
2
2
6
4
5
1
11
3
44
1
214
Week of:
1-7
8-14
iSii.21
22-28
29Ju1y 5
July
6-12
13-19
20-26
27-Aug. 2
August
3-9
10-16
17-23
24-30
1951
Max Mm
Temperature
1953
1952
Max MIi
x Mm
63
68
68
12
74
50
51
55
54
53
64
60
60
64
65
48
46
50
50
50
60
63
63
67
49
49
50
50
53
76
69
51
55
70
68
5
70
70
64
68
52
52
50
50
67
66
67
67
53
55
55
53
89
68
54
54
54
53
72
54
68
94
64
52
52
51
65
70
55
57
55
54
'70
64
53
63
62
66
Prscip1at1on
1951
Amt.. Days
.1
-
.02
4
3
-
--.08
1
---
-
-
l452
Amt. Days
.14
.15
.74
.51
.14
3
2
3
2
4
.54
-
4
.00
1
.06
.32
1
.40
4
.24
5
2
1953
Amt. Days
.43
.92
.18
.10
5
4
3
3
.45
.36
1
3
.00
3.
.02
1
.06
.00
.31
.25
4
1
5