BACTERIA & GRAM STAINING
Note Guide
I.
Origins
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Genetic Material
Organelles
Cell Wall
Cell Division
A. Bacteria were formed __________________ years ago
B. The first real life forms were ________ or ancient bacteria
C. __________ is true bacteria
a. Eu- means _____
II.
Archaea
A. Live in _____________________
B. 3 kinds of Archaea:
1. Halophiles– _______________ environments
(e.g. __________ Lake)
2. Methanogens- make ___________ (CH4)
3. Thermophiles- live in hot or acidic environments (~pH 1-4)
(e.g. ____________ in Yellowstone National Park)
BACTERIA & GRAM STAINING
Note Guide
III. __________
A. Ubiquitous= they _________________
B. Harmful= they are ___________ (cause disease)
C. ________= _______________
IV.
Bacterial Uses
A. _____ and ______ Production
(e.g. ________ yeast)
B. _______ Decomposition= bacteria _________________________
C. Nitrogen Fixation ________= help plants ______________________
D. ______________= bacteria can help ______ damaged __________
F. Human __________
(e.g. ______________________= bacteria allow H2O to form ______________)
V.
Bacterial Classification
A.
B.
C.
D.
VI.
_______ & Groupings
Composition of _________
___________
____ Sequences
Bacterial Structure
A. _________
1. Prevents _______________________
2. Composition of cell wall ___________________________
B. Cell membrane
1. F(x) = ____________________________
2. _______________ permeable
C. Cytoplasm
1. Contains __________________________
D. _________________ (DNA)
1. Contains a ________________ chromosome
2. Plasmid= an extra chromosome that can _________ separately from
main chromosome
a. Can be used in ____________________
b. Can pass on ___________________________ to other bacteria
E. Ribosomes
1. F(x) = __________________
F. ________ (Slime layer)
1. _______ coating ________ of bacteria, _________ to cell wall
2. F(x) =
a. ___________
b. Increases pathogenicity (_________________________)
c. Protect bacteria from the ______________ (WBCs)
BACTERIA & GRAM STAINING
Note Guide
G. Other structures (___________)
1. ________ (protein appendage)
a. F(x)= ___________
b. Can have one, two, or many
2. Pili (____________________)
a. F(x)= ___________ to host, __________________________
3. ________ (shorter than pili)
a. F(x)= ________ to surfaces
VII. Bacterial Shapes
Shape
Spherical or round
Rod-shaped
Spiral-shaped
Singular
Plural
D. Pleiomorphic = can ________________________
E. ___________ = can change shape
VIII.
Bacterial Groupings
A. Groups are determined by the ______ in which they divide
B. Groupings:
1. One plane= ______ (pair) or ________ (chain)
2. __________= _______ (packet of four)
3. ______________ at random= staphylo (____________________)
IX. Gram Staining
A. History
1. Developed by ____________________ in 1884
2. __________________= used to identify different types of bacteria
3. Helps determine which antibiotic will be ______________________
B. Gram _________ Cells
1. ___________________ layer + teichoic acids = __________
2. This layer is __________________ molecules, and sits __________
the cell membrane
C. Gram _________ Cells
1. Outer layer = ____________________ + an outer membrane
2. _____ layer of _______________ sits above the ______________
3. Porin molecules in outer layer allow _________________ to pass
D. Gram Staining Procedure
1. Add ______________ to cells (________________)
2. Add mordant to cells (________)
3. Add ____________ to cells (Alcohol)
4. Add ________________ to cells (_________)