United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
Research Paper
PNW-RP-505
May 1998
Phytomass in
Southeast Alaska
Bert R. Mead
Author
BERT R. MEAD is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3301 C St.,
Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503-3954.
Abstract
Mead, Bert R. 1998. Phytomass in southeast Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-505.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 48 p.
Phytomass tables are presented for the southeast Alaska archipelago. Average
phytomass for each sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss in
10 forest and 4 nonforest vegetation types is shown.
Keywords: Alaska, southeast, phytomass, biomass, inventory, wildlife, plant ecology.
Summary
Phytomass tables are presented for the southeast Alaska archipelago. Average
phytomass for each sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss in
10 forest and 4 nonforest vegetation types is shown. These data provide a tool for
estimating habitat carrying capacity for many wildlife species. They also may be used
for estimating extent of the resources for traditional uses, such as berry production,
and relative abundance of other plants that may be important to a subsistence
lifestyle. Tree phytomass is reported for the entire aboveground tree, thereby allowing
estimates of total fiber content.
Contents
List of Tables
1
Introduction
1
Methods
2
Sampling Grid
5
Vegetation Classification System
6
Ground Sampling
6
Phytomass Estimation
6
Tree Phytomass
9
Nontree Phytomass
9
Coefficients
10
Results
10
Forested Vegetation Types
12
Nonforest Vegetation Types
13
Conclusion
13
English Conversions
14
Literature Cited
16
Appendix A: Phytomass on General Vegetation Types
25
Appendix B: Phytomass on Closed-Canopy Needleleaf Forest
Vegetation Types
39
Appendix C: Scientific Name Authority, Frequency of Plant Occurrence
on Sampled Plots, Phytomass Coefficient Used, and Common Name
Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system
Table 2—Area by vegetation type, southeast Alaska
Table 3—Plant group and range of coefficient of determination (r2) associated
with phytomass coefficients
Table 4—Plant species count and number of sample locations by forest
vegetation type, southeast Alaska
Table 5—Plant species count and number of sample locations by nonforest
vegetation type, southeast Alaska
Appendix A: Phytomass on General Vegetation Types
Table 6—Aboveground phytomass of trees on general vegetation types in
southeast Alaska
Table 7—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on general vegetation types in
southeast Alaska
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 9—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on general
vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 10—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 11—Aboveground phytomass of mosses, clubmosses, and liverworts on general
vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Appendix B: Phytomass on Closed-Canopy Needleleaf Forest Vegetation Types
Table 12—Aboveground phytomass of trees on mountain hemlock, hemlock-spruce, and
hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 13—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mountain hemlock, hemlock-spruce,
and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 14—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mountain hemlock, hemlock-spruce, and
hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 15—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on mountain hemlock, hemlock-spruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 16—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on mountain hemlock, hemlock-spruce,
and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 17—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on mountain hemlock,
hemlock-spruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 18—Aboveground phytomass of trees on western hemlock and mixed western
redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 19—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on western hemlock and mixed western
redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 20—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on western hemlock and mixed western
redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 21—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on western hemlock
and mixed western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 22—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on western hemlock and mixed western
redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Table 23—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on western hemlock and
mixed western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Appendix C: Scientific Name Authority, Frequency of Plant Occurrence on Sampled
Plots, Phytomass Coefficient Used, and Common Name
Table 24—Scientific name authority, frequency of tree-seedling species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 25—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on sampled
plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 26—Scientific name authority, frequency of grass and grasslike species
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 27—Scientific name authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 28—Scientific name authority, frequency of moss, clubmoss, and liverwort
species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 29—Scientific name authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Introduction
The Pacific Resource Inventory, Monitoring, and Evaluation (PRIME) Program of the
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, has responsibility for
measuring and evaluating resources in Alaska, California, Oregon, Washington, and
Hawaii. The Alaska PRIME unit has developed vegetation measurement techniques
using phytomass estimates that quantify nonforest and marginal forest areas as well
as heavily timbered vegetation types.
The coastal rain forest of southeast Alaska is dominated by Sitka spruce, western
hemlock, cedar, and lodgepole pine. Nonforest areas occur at high elevations and on
steep slopes and avalanche chutes, as well as boglands. It is an area dominated by
old growth, and is culturally and environmentally sensitive. Southeast Alaska is valuable
spawning ground for anadromous salmon, and it has several wildlife species that
depend on old-growth ecosystems to different degrees. Traditional timber inventory
procedures give a limited assessment of such resources. Timber inventories normally
concentrate on highly productive forest lands and large trees, but this inventory sought
to gain additional information about the vegetation resource over the whole ecosystem.
Consequently, multiresource procedures were developed to measure all types of
vegetation on both forest and nonforest land. A major objective of this procedure
development was to incorporate phytomass estimates by plant species (Mead 1992).
Several habitat evaluation models have been constructed for wildlife populations in
Alaska and elsewhere, which require knowledge of vegetation resources in the area of
interest (Hanley and Rogers 1989, Hobbs and Swift 1985, Lennartz and McClure 1979,
Sheffield 1982, Telfer 1980, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
1980, Walmo and others 1977). Foliar cover and phytomass estimates by species
provide inputs into wildlife models (Mead and others 1987). This type of vegetation data
also has been applied successfully in classifying forest vegetation into plant associations (Reynolds 1990). Plant associations were then used in a system for rating the risk
of spruce-beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) outbreaks on the Kenai Peninsula
(Reynolds and Hard 1991).
The multiresource inventory of the 10.878 million-hectare southeast Alaska unit (fig. 1)
was conducted in 1982-83 by using the Alaska Integrated Resource Inventory System
(AIRIS). The southeast inventory unit lies between 130.00o and 141.00o W. longitude
and 54o30' and 60o N. latitude. It encompasses U.S. lands from the Canadian border on
the southern and eastern ends of the panhandle north to the U.S.-Canada boundary on
the 141st degree of longitude. At the point where the 141st degree of longitude boundary bears east, the survey unit boundary runs southwest through the center of Icy Bay.
This area encompasses 7.36 percent of the land mass of Alaska.
Methods
The AIRIS used regression sampling in a multiphase statistical design. This design
called for selected 8-hectare sample plots to be located and measured at four phases:
1. LANDSAT satellite multispectral scanner imagery (MSS).
2. High-altitude, small-scale infrared photography (HAP) 1:60,000 scale.
3. Large-scale infrared photography (LSP) 1:5,000 scale.
4. Ground-measured plots.
All plots were described by using the Alaska vegetation classification system.1 Statistical analysis, using this system, produced area estimates by vegetation type.
_____________________
1
Viereck, Leslie A.; Dyrness, C.T.; Batton, A.R. 1986. The 1986
revision of the Alaska vegetation classification. Anchorage, AK:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 112 p. (Plus bibliography). Unpublished report.
On file with: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences
Laboratory, 3301 C Street, Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503-3954.
1
Arctic
East Arctic
West Arctic
Colville
Northwest
Upper
Yukon
Kotzebue
Yukon
Koyukuk
Norton
Bay
Tanana
Central Yukon
Lower Yukon
Inlet
River
Kuskokwim
Bristol
Bay
Southwest
South Central
Kodiak/
Shelikof
Southeast
Aleutians
Figure 1—Location of the southeast Alaska unit within Alaska.
Sampling Grid
2
Sample plots were located on uniformly spaced geographic grids in both forest and
nonforest vegetation types by using a metric map coordinate system, the Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. LANDSAT MSS samples were taken every 5 kilometers. Vegetation types were delineated and classified on an 8-hectare circular plot on
high-altitude, small-scale (1:60,000) color infrared photography every 10 kilometers.
Vegetation was type-mapped on large-scale, color infrared photography every 20
kilometers. Ground measurement samples were taken every 40 kilometers; however,
because so many plots in this unit were ice and snow, an additional set of 31 plots were
randomly selected from the 20-kilometer LSP grid to be ground sampled. The number
of vegetated ground plots was chosen by estimating the number of multiresource plots
that could be measured in two field seasons, based on previous work in the Tanana
River basin. This resulted in ground samples at 85 locations. At each of these locations,
an 8-hectare circular area was sampled which often represented several distinct
vegetation types. A total of 401 tree plots and 167 vegetation plots were measured at
these 85 locations. These represented about 149 type-mapped polygons. Figure 2
gives a graphic representation of the sampling grids. The following tabulation shows the
proportion of the area sampled at each sampling level:
LAN
DSA
T sa
mpl
e gr
id
5 kilometers
HA
Ps
am
ple
grid
10 kilometers
LS
Ps
am
ple
gri
d
20 kilometers
Gr
ou
nd
sam
ple
gr
id
40 kilometers
Figure 2—Sample grid spacing at each sampling phase: LANDSAT satellite, high-altitude photography
(HAP), large-scale photography (LSP), and ground-sampling phases.
3
Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system
Level IIIa
Level 1
Level II
Forest
Needleleaf
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Broadleaf
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Mixed
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Dwarf tree
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Tall (> 1.5 meters)
Closed (75-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-74% canopy closure)
Low (0.2 meters to 1.4 meters)
Closed (75-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-74% canopy closure)
Dwarf (< 0.2 meters)
Closed (75-100% canopy closure)
Open (25-74% canopy closure)
Graminoid
Dry
Mesic
Wet
Forb
Dry
Mesic
Wet
Bryoid
Moss
Lichen
Aquatic
Freshwater
Brackish
Marine
Scrub
Herbaceous
a
Level III of dwarf scrub was modified for this inventory from dryas, ericaceous, and willow categories to
closed and open categories because of remote sensing limitations in determining small shrub species on
aerial photographs.
4
Vegetation
Classification
System
Sample phase
Proportion of area sampled
Satellite imagery
1 hectare sampled for every 12.5 hectares on the ground
High-altitude photos
(HAP)
1 hectare sampled for every 1250 hectares on the ground
Large-scale photos
(LSP)
1 hectare sampled for every 5000 hectares on the ground
Ground samples
1 hectare sampled for every 16 000 hectares on the ground
The Alaska vegetation classification system is a multilevel classification, the first level
having only three categories: forest, scrub, and herbaceous. The second level uses
either species grouping or height class, depending on the category into which the
vegetation falls. Level III uses foliar cover for all vegetation except herbaceous.
Vegetation on each 8-hectare plot was type-mapped and classified down to level III at
all photo sample levels, and for forest plots, to level IV at the large-scale photo and
ground level. There were not enough plots in some categories to develop statistically
significant estimates at level III or IV, so some tables report only at level I or II. An
abbreviated description of the classification system is given in table 1, and the area in
each category is shown in table 2. Ground plots were described down to level IV, a
species descriptive level which is not shown in the following abbreviated outline.
Table 2—Area by vegetation type, southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Area
Proportion
Thousands of hectares
Percent
3678.22
1338.73
291.00
33.8
12.3
2.7
Closed-canopy broadleaf forest
Open canopy broadleaf woodland
Closed mixed broadleaf-needleleaf forest
137.15
247.78
41.98
1.3
2.3
.4
Dwarf tree scrub
Tall shrub scrub
Low shrub scrub
Dwarf shrub scrub
339.99
823.31
217.54
178.51
3.1
7.6
2.0
1.6
357.59
2883.77
342.41
3.3
26.5
3.1
10 877.96
100.0
Closed-canopy needleleaf forest
Open-canopy needleleaf forest
Open-canopy needleleaf woodland
Herbaceous
Barren
Water
Total, all types
5
Ground Sampling
Each 8-hectare ground sample area was permanently established by using land-survey referencing techniques. Sample trees were selected by using a relascope at each
of 19 points within the 8-hectare area (fig. 3). Basal area factors of 9 square meters
per hectare and 6.25 square meters per hectare were used to select sample trees.
We considered several alternatives for measuring nontree vegetation and tree seedlings. These included the following:
1. Measuring percentage of cover at set height intervals (every 0.5 meter).
2. Taking one height measurement for all plants in a particular group such as shrubs,
forbs, and grasses.
3. Measuring the height and percentage of cover of each plant.
4. Using a unique parameter (for example, basal area and leaf length) to predict
phytomass for each species rather than using percentage of cover as the predictor
for all species.
The plot measurement techniques we finally chose we call a horizontal-vertical vegetation measurement plot (HV plot). This plot has a circular fixed radius with an area of
0.01 hectare (5.64-meter radius). On these HV plots, the percentage of foliar cover in
each natural layer was estimated by using procedures developed by Daubenmire
(1959). In a typical vegetation type, there are several natural layers: ground cover, forbs
and grasses, low shrubs, tall shrubs, and trees. The heights of these layers differs from
bottomland to alpine sites; however, because vegetation types may lack one of the
layers, field crews were allowed to determine which layers were present. The heights of
these natural layer breaks were measured and recorded, thereby allowing percentage
of cover to be measured at variable heights, depending on the type of vegetation found
on the plot. Sometimes plants would extend over more than one layer with a different
percentage of cover in each layer.
This method was more descriptive than simply measuring plant cover at predetermined height intervals or taking one height measurement for all shrubs or forbs, etc.
It was also more cost-effective than measuring height and cover on each plant or using
a unique parameter for each plant to predict biomass. Using plant cover as a universal
predictor for all nontree vegetation added speed and uniformity as well as cost savings.
Phytomass Estimation
Both the nontree phytomass coefficients and the tree phytomass equations were taken
from previous studies (Alemdag 1984; Manning and others 1984; Yarie and Mead 1988,
1989; Singh 1983).
Phytomass was expressed in terms of ovendry weight, the unit of measure most
commonly used across all plant groups.
Phytomass was calculated for various types of vegetation in the following way:
Tree Phytomass
6
We determined tree phytomass by using diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and total
tree height measurements and applying these to species phytomass equations. Tree
phytomass shown in all tables is total aboveground weight including foliage.
A
18
17
*
*
*
4
*
2
*
19
16
3
5
*
*
7
*
*
1
*
14
6
*
*
15
8
*
*
13
12
B
*
9
*
*
10
*
11
*
*
Stars represent sample points 75 meters apart.
Small circles represent points where detailed measurements are made on all
sample trees. Seedlings and saplings less than 10 centimeters d.b.h. that fall
within a circle of 2-meter radius are tallied and measured.
Large circles represent points where horizontal-vertical profiles are
measured. These profiles are used to estimate biomass of nontree plants.
Profiles are measured at the first two points encountered in each
vegetation type (A and B).
B
Large letters (A and B) designate different vegetation types.
Figure 3—Distribution of 19 ground sampling points within the 8-hectare circular area.
7
Whole-tree phytomass equations were chosen by searching the available literature for
tree species equations in areas geographically and climatically similar to interior Alaska.
Where several species equations were available, one was selected by using the following evaluation criteria:
1. Equations using d.b.h. and total tree height as predictors were preferred to equations
using diameter only. Tree height has been shown to better reflect site differences in total
tree weight.
2. Equations developed in an area similar in latitude and climate to interior Alaska
were preferred.
3. Equations developed by using a wide diameter range of trees were selected over
those that did not.
4. Equations using the largest number of trees and having the lowest standard errors
were preferred.
5. Sets of equations predicting both whole tree weight as well as weight of individual
components (for example, bole, branch, and foliage) were preferred over those that
did not.
6. Equations using metric standards of measurement and metric outputs were preferred
over those that did not.
Species
Equation source
Sitka spruce
Western hemlock
Mountain hemlock
Alaska yellow cedar
Lodgepole pine
Western redcedar
British Columbia, Canada (Standish 1983)
Washington and Oregon (Shaw 1977)
British Columbia, Canada (Krumlik 1974)
British Columbia, Canada (Standish 1983)
British Columbia, Canada (Adamovich 1975)
Washington and Oregon (Shaw 1977)
Seedling phytomass of tree species was estimated by using HV plot percentage of
cover data and phytomass coefficients.
Dead-tree phytomass was estimated by using the live-tree equations. The weight
predicted was then reduced by a set percentage based on a field classification into
one of six snag- or log-condition classes representing different stages of decomposition.
Our snag-log condition classes are a modification of earlier descriptions by Maser and
others (1979):
Condition class
Dead, intact
Loose bark; secondary branches gone
Clean, no branches
Clean, broken bole
Broken and decomposing
Decomposed
8
Percent of
deduction
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tables displaying the vertical weight distribution of phytomass are available from the
PRIME program. These may be useful in determining amount of browse that is either
available above a certain snow depth or obtainable for a particular animal. Space
limitations prevent their inclusion in this report. These tables are available for plants
within the lowest two meters of height on the HV plot.
Nontree Phytomass
Shrubs, forbs, grasses, lichens, and mosses—
1. We applied species-specific coefficients to the percentage of cover and height
measurements.
2. If a species-specific coefficient had not been developed for that plant, we applied a
coefficient for the most similar plant.
Coefficients
The Alaska inventory team developed phytomass coefficients to predict the ovendry
weight of a plant from average percentage of foliar cover and height. They developed
the coefficients through cooperative studies with the University of Alaska, Fairbanks
(Yarie and Mead 1988). The studies produced phytomass predictors for 120 of the most
common species encountered. These species represent major plant taxonomic families
and life forms, including lichens and mosses. A special consideration arose in the case
of mosses, which in peat conditions can extend many feet below the ground surface.
Only the green, active portion of moss phytomass is predicted by this method.
Percentage of foliar cover for each sampled species was related to ovendry phytomass
by means of regression analysis. This analysis showed a straight line relation between
percentage of foliar cover and weight. The slope of that line is referred to as a
phytomass regression coefficient.
Phytomass coefficient development followed techniques similar to those first used by
Harcombe and Marks (1977) in a mesic forest in Texas, which are applicable to other
areas as well. The original research was done by using U.S. Customary measurements
to determine plot sizes and heights. They involve using a three-dimensional sampling
frame made of rope or plastic pipe to randomly sample a set volume of vegetation
0.6096 meter wide, 0.9144 meter long, and 2.45 meters high. Foliar cover is measured
for each plant species, and plants are clipped, bagged, ovendried, and weighed in
vertical segments of 0.3048 meter. A regression analysis related foliar cover and
measured weights to develop an equation for predicting weight from measured foliar
cover for each species. The regression analysis resulted in a set of regression coefficients that could be used with height measurements to predict phytomass. Because
height measurements on inventory plots are taken to a resolution of 10-centimeters,
the coefficients were developed to predict for a 10-centimeter segment, even though
the cover estimate used in their development was only done for 30.48-centimeter
segments. The associated weight and cover was proportioned evenly for each 30.48centimeter segment. Thus, regression coefficients predicted weight for a 10-centimeter
segment based on percentage of the plot area with foliar cover. Measuring the height
of the plants in each inventory sample plot allows us to determine the number of 10centimeter vertical segments and thus the total phytomass.
9
Table 3—Plant group and range of
coefficient of determination (r2) associated with phytomass coefficients
Plant group
Mosses
Ferns
Grasses
Forbs
Midsize shrubs
Tall shrubs
Range of r2
0.67-0.99
.57- .93
.66- .97
.41- .97
.64- .98
.55- .86
A discussion of errors associated with the regression coefficients is available in Yarie
and Mead (1989). Over 70 percent of the regression equations had r2 greater than
0.70. An r2 of 0.70 indicates that 70 percent of the variation in weight was associated
with the amount of foliar cover. At lower r2 values, less of the variation is accounted
for by a percentage of cover estimate and a less reliable estimate of weight is predicted from percentage of cover for that plant relative to a plant with a higher r2. An r2
of 1.00 would indicate a 100-percent correlation between foliar cover and plant
weight. A brief summary of r2 for plant groups is given in table 3.
Results
Forested
Vegetation
Types
Distribution of phytomass by plant species is displayed in all tables. Appendix table 6
shows the distribution of tree phytomass on forested vegetation types in the southeast Alaska archipelago. Live tree phytomass in the closed-canopy needleleaf vegetation type is 166 381 kilograms per hectare compared to 47 933 kilograms per
hectare reported in the Tanana River basin of interior Alaska (Mead 1995). 0n average, woodland (with only 10 to 25 percent canopy cover) in southeast Alaska had
almost as much live tree phytomass (46 072 kilograms per hectare) as did closedcanopy needleleaf forest in the interior of Alaska (47 933 kilograms per hectare).
The woodland phytomass had only 28 percent as much live tree phytomass as the
closed-canopy type. Dead tree phytomass was 7.69 percent of live phytomass in
the closed-canopy forest type and ranged from 4.60 percent to 5.73 percent in the
other forest types. Woodland needleleaf forest had the lowest percentage of dead
tree phytomass (4.60 percent).
The shrublike, dwarf-tree type had only 13 percent (21 900 kilograms per hectare)
as much live tree phytomass as the closed-canopy, needleleaf forest type (166 381
kilograms per hectare). The dwarf-tree type occupies only 3.1 percent of the total
land area compared with 33.8 percent of the land area occupied by the high
phytomass closed-canopy forest, making it a minor component of total phytomass.
10
Table 4—Plant species count and number of sample
locations by forest vegetation type, southeast Alaska
Plant group
Closed
needleleaf
forest
Open
needleleaf
forest
Woodland
needleleaf
forest
Number of species
Trees
Shrubs
Forbs
Grasses
Lichens
Mosses
Total
6
34
65
9
15
22
6
36
84
12
12
20
5
26
45
9
7
15
151
170
107
Number of locations
55
25
7
Phytomass of shrubs and other plants was highest in the tall shrub vegetation type
(16 164 kilograms per hectare) and lowest in the herbaceous type (2049 kilograms
per hectare).
Among forest vegetation types, the total number of plant species was highest in the
open-canopy, needleleaf type with 170 different species encountered (table 4). This
same type had the highest number of species in interior Alaska, although there the
number of different species was only 156. Lowest number of species in the forest
category was found on the woodland needleleaf vegetation type with 107 (table 4).
The number of species encountered is dependent on the number of plots measured,
the size of plots used, the dispersion of the vegetation type, the ability of the crew to
distinguish among species, and many other factors in addition to the natural diversity
present. The table of species counts per vegetation type is not a species diversity
index, but it is a method by which vegetation diversity can be preliminarily assessed
or ranked within broad categories.
11
Nonforest Vegetation
Types
Total aboveground phytomass on nonforested vegetation types ranges from a low of
2987 kilograms per hectare in the herbaceous type to 21 862 kilograms per hectare in
the tall shrub type. Even on nonforest vegetation types (with less than 10 percent tree
crown closure), there is some tree phytomass. This ranges from none on some barren
types to 5698 kilograms per hectare on tall shrub types. Shrub phytomass expressed
as a percentage was highest on the tall shrub type comprising 64 percent of the total
phytomass and lowest on the herbaceous type at only 32 percent of the total. Shrub
phytomass ranged from a high of 14 100 kilograms per hectare to a low of 962 kilograms per hectare. Distribution of other components is shown below:
Type of
vegetation
Minimum/
Proportion of
maximum total phytomass
Vegetation type
Percent
Shrubs
High
Low
61
31
Tall shrub type
Herbaceous type
Lichens
High
Low
1
<1
Tall shrub type
Herbaceous type
Moss
High
Low
2
10
Tall shrub type
Herbaceous type
Forb
High
Low
25
7
Herbaceous type
Tall shrub type
Grass
High
Low
3
<1
Herbaceous type
Tall shrub type
Among nonforest vegetation types, the total number of plant species was highest in the
tall shrub type with 114 different species encountered (table 5). This compares with a
high of 170 on open needleleaf forest in southeast Alaska and with a range of 75 to 81
on tall shrub types in the Tanana River basin of interior Alaska. The lowest number of
species in the nonforest category was found in the low shrub type with 68 (table 5). In
contrast, the low shrub type in interior Alaska had the highest numbers of species (105)
of any nonforest type. The number of species encountered is dependent on the number
of plots measured, the size of plots used, the dispersion of the vegetation type, the
ability of the crew to distinguish among species, and many other factors in addition to
the natural diversity present. The table of species counts per vegetation type is not a
species diversity index, but it is a method by which vegetation diversity can be preliminarily assessed or ranked within broad categories.
12
Table 5—Plant species count and number of sample locations
by nonforest vegetation type, southeast Alaska
Plant group
Dwarftree
scrub
Tall
shrub
Low
shrub
Herbaceous
Number of species
Trees
Shrubs
Forbs
Grasses
Lichens
Mosses
Total
6
23
34
6
11
16
3
15
71
5
7
13
1
12
45
2
1
7
4
20
52
6
4
10
96
114
68
96
Number of locations
8
12
2
4
Conclusion
The vegetative resources in the southeast Alaska archipelago are vast and varied.
This inventory was a first attempt by the Alaska PRIME unit to characterize and
quantify the nonforest vegetation as well as to estimate tree biomass volumes. The
data presented provide some comparison among vegetation types in both the quantity
and diversity of the resource. The Alaska PRIME unit is continuing to refine and
develop methods for quantifying and analyzing the vegetative resource with the
objective of providing information useful to resource managers.
English Conversions
1 millimeter = 0.039 inch
1 meter = 3.281 feet or 1.094 yards
1 decimeter = 3.3937 inches
1 hectare = 2.471 acres
1 square meter = 10.7639 square feet
1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards
1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
1 kilogram per hectare = 0.89218 pound per acre
1.120 85 kilograms per hectare = 1 pound per acre
1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile
13
Literature Cited
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and green weight of components of three conifers in interior British Columbia on
poor growing sites. Inf. Rep. FMR-X-82. British Columbia: University of British
Columbia, Forest Management Institute. 65 p.
Alemdag, I.S. 1984. Total tree and merchantable stem biomass equations for Ontario
hardwoods. Inf. Rep. PI-X-46. Ottawa, ON: Agriculture Canada, Canadian Forestry
Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute. 53 p.
Crum, Howard. 1976. Mosses of the Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor, MI: University of
Michigan, University Herbarium. 404 p.
Daubenmire, R. 1959. A canopy-coverage method of vegetational analysis. Northwest
Science. 33: 43-64.
Hale, Mason E. 1979. How to know the lichens. [The pictured key nature series].
Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 246 p.
Hanley, Thomas A.; Rogers, James J. 1989. Estimating carrying capacity with simultaneous nutritional constraints. Res. Note PNW-RN-485. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 29 p.
Harcombe, P.A.; Marks, P.L. 1977. Understory structure of a mesic forest in southeast
Texas. Ecology. 58: 1144-1151.
Hobbs, N. Thompson; Swift, David M. 1985. Estimates of habitat carrying capacity
incorporating explicit nutritional constraints. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49:
814-822.
Hulten, Eric. 1974. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press. 1008 p.
Krumlik, J.G. 1974. Biomass and nutrient distribution in two old-growth forest ecosystems in south central British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. 87 p. (Plus appendix) M.S. thesis.
Lennartz, M.R.; McClure, Joe P. 1979. Estimating the extent of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in the southeast. In: Frayer, W.E., ed. Forest resource inventories:
Proceedings of a workshop; 1979 July 23-26; Fort Collins, CO. Fort Collins, CO:
Colorado State University, Department of Forest and Wood Sciences: 48-62. Vol. 1.
Manning, G.H.; Massie, M.R.C.; Rudd, J. 1984. Metric single-tree weight tables for the
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Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre. 60 p.
Maser, Chris; Anderson, Ralph G.; Cromack, Kermit, Jr. [and others]. 1979. Dead
and down woody material. In: Thomas, Jack Ward, ed. Wildlife habitats in managed
forests: the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb. WO-553. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 80-81. Chapter 6.
Mead, B.R. 1992. Methods for describing and comparing biomass distribution among
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forest information over space and time; 1992 January 13-17; Canberra, Australia.
Canberra, Australia: Anutech Pty. Ltd.: 358-366.
Mead, Bert R. 1995. Plant biomass in the Tanana River basin, Alaska. Res. Pap. PNWRP-477. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 78 p.
14
Mead, Bert; Yarie, John; Herman, David. 1987. Biomass estimates for nontimber
vegetation in the Tanana River basin of interior Alaska. In: Wharton, Eric H.; Cunia,
Tiberius, eds. Estimating tree biomass regressions and their error: Proceedings of
the workshop on tree biomass regression functions and their contributions to the
error of forest inventory estimates; 1986 May 26-30; Syracuse, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep.
NE-117. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern
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Reynolds, Keith M. 1990. Preliminary classification of forest vegetation of the Kenai
Peninsula, Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-424. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 67 p.
Reynolds, Keith; Hard, John. 1991. Risk and hazard of spruce beetle attack in
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Forest Ecology and Management. 43: 137-151.
Shaw, D.L. 1977. Biomass equations for Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and red alder in
Washington and Oregon. Tech. Rep. 044-3001/77/22. Centralia, WA: Weyerhaeuser
Corporation. 19 p.
Sheffield, Raymond M. 1982. Multiresource inventories: techniques for evaluating
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Res. Note 27. Edmonton, AB: Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service,
Northern Forest Research Centre. 4 p.
Standish, J.T. 1983. Development of a system to estimate quantity of biomass following
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Frank L.; Gunn, Anne, eds. Symposium on census and inventory methods for
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Wildlife and Range Experiment Station: 67-82.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Terrestrial habitat
evaluation criteria handbook--Alaska. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Ecological Services. 850 p.
Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb.
410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 265 p.
Wallmo, O.C.; Carpenter, L.H.; Regelin, W.L. [and others]. 1977. Evaluation of deer
habitat on a nutritional basis. Journal of Range Management. 30: 122-127.
Yarie, John; Mead, Bert R. 1988. Twig and foliar biomass equations for major plant
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Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
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15
Appendix A:
Phytomass on
General Vegetation
Types
Tables 6-12 summarize forest and nonforest types and tables 13-23 give species data
on individual level III types (in the Alaska vegetation classification system), which may
be more useful in models of wildlife carrying capacity. Tables 24-29 list the scientific
naming authority for each species encountered and provide additional information on
frequency of occurrence and the phytomass coefficient used for each species.
For all tables, genus names are used when the plant was not keyed to species; therefore, when a genus name occurs in a table without an attached species name, it may
include several species, including some of the species that are identified separately
elsewhere in the table.
Table 6—Aboveground phytomass of trees on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Closeda
needleleaf
forest
Species
60-100
Open
Woodland
needleleaf needleleaf
forest
forest
25-59
10-24
Dwarf
tree
scrub
nonforest
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
10-100
25-100
Low
shrub
Herbaceous
nonforest nonforest
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
25 488
49 208
5287
2646
58 182
25 570
11 698
17 117
7847
1693
12 305
22 461
9884
9468
19 265
—
1321
6134
3262
2987
11 275
442
255
3679
—
5126
—
—
85
487
—
—
—
—
—
1700
4
15
654
—
—
265
Total, needleleaf
166 381
73 121
46 072
21 900
5698
1700
938
Total, live trees
% of live phytomass
166 381
(97.48)
73 121
(93.93)
46 072
(90.81)
21 900
(92.86)
5698
(26.06)
1700
(35.67)
938
(31.40)
4304
4722
2330
1684
16 164
3066
2049
170 686
77 843
48 402
23 584
21 862
4766
2987
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
651
13 566
—
4734
—
2332
—
1351
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, dead trees
14 217
4734
2332
1351
—
—
—
184 903
82 577
50 734
24 935
21 862
4766
2987
Total, other plants
Total, live plants
Total, live and dead
— = plant not sampled in this type.
a
Closed and open refer to crown-canopy closure.
b
Tall shrubs are greater than 1.5 meters tall. Low shrubs are 20 centimeters to 1.5 meters tall.
16
Table 7—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Species
Closeda
needleleaf
forest
Open
needleleaf
forest
Woodland
needleleaf
forest
Dwarf
tree
scrub
nonforest
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
Low
shrub
nonforest
Herbaceous
nonforest
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
25-100
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
Alnus sinuata
Andromeda polifolia
Artemisia arctica
Artemisia sp.
Cassiope mertensiana
Cassiope sp.
Cassiope stelleriana
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Gaultheria shallon
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum groenlandicum
Linnaea borealis
Loiseleuria procumbens
Luetkea pectinata
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Phyllodoce aleutica
Ribes bracteosum
Ribes lacustre
Ribes laxiflorum
Ribes sp.
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Sambucus callicarpa
Sambucus racemosa
Salix sitchensis
Salix sp.
Sorbus sitchensis
Sorbus sp.
Spirea douglasii
Vaccinium
Vaccinum alaskensis
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinum ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinum parvifolium
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Viburnum edule
Total, shrub
% of live phytomass
—
468
—
—
—
2
—
t
127
8
118
4
t
1
—
t
576
224
2
t
t
—
2
—
t
3
4
257
8
t
t
—
t
t
—
546
530
2
206
t
230
18
2
t
—
622
t
t
—
248
—
8
291
18
31
16
5
t
t
2
467
165
4
1
1
15
—
t
t
—
3
241
—
15
—
21
5
69
—
678
273
9
330
t
7
17
3
4
1
171
t
—
—
228
70
11
65
66
—
40
23
—
—
t
333
—
6
—
—
—
—
1
10
—
1
18
—
—
—
—
6
10
—
—
147
26
144
2
—
63
3
2
—
16
t
—
—
431
—
20
108
74
49
48
19
t
t
3
109
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
10
24
124
1
—
54
5
—
—
7177
—
—
t
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
108
1474
—
148
—
12
6
—
—
—
t
4038
25
462
—
567
—
—
—
—
19
—
39
—
—
—
—
—
—
314
—
—
—
60
—
—
1108
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
2
33
—
141
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
541
—
—
—
1
—
7
—
90
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
108
1
—
—
220
—
11
124
20
—
3
3
—
—
7
—
—
2
121
—
—
—
t
—
—
t
199
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
21
—
—
29
2
1
52
—
—
3338
(1.96)
3569
(4.32)
1447
(2.85)
1117
(4.74)
14 100
(64.45)
2304
(48.34)
962
(32.21)
— = plant not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
a
Closed and open refer to crown-canopy closure.
b
Tall shrubs are greater than 1.5 meters tall. Low shrubs are 20 centimeters to 1.5 meters tall.
17
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Closeda
needleleaf
forest
Open
needleleaf
forest
Woodland
needleleaf
forest
Dwarf
tree
scrub
nonforest
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
Low
shrub
nonforest
Herbaceous
nonforest
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
25-100
25-100
0-100
Species
Kilograms per hectare
Achillea borealis
Aconitum delphinifolium
Actaea rubra
Adiantum pedatum
Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone sp.
Angelica genuflexa
Apargidium boreale
Aquilegia formosa
Arnica latifolia
Arnica sp.
Aruncus sylvester
Athyrium filix-femina
Barbarea orthoceras
Blechnum spicant
Boschniakia rossica
Caltha biflora
Caltha leptosepala
Caltha sp.
Castilleja miniata
Castilleja parviflora
Cardamine umbellata
Cardamine sp.
Circaea alpina
Claytonia sarmentosa
Claytonia sibirica
Clintonia uniflora
Compositae
Coptis aspleniifolia
Coptis trifolia
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Cruciferae
Crytogramma crispa
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Dodecatheon pulchellum
Dodecatheon sp.
18
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
29
—
21
t
10
2
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
t
t
3
t
5
2
—
—
t
t
—
—
t
—
—
t
—
1
t
—
t
—
—
66
—
19
—
7
4
t
t
—
t
—
t
—
t
t
t
3
t
5
3
—
t
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
1
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
1
1
t
11
—
—
t
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
1
5
2
—
—
t
t
t
t
t
—
1
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
186
751
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
t
t
t
—
—
1
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
363
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
2
—
—
3
1
—
—
—
6
—
—
258
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
2
2
t
—
t
1
—
14
—
t
—
1
—
t
—
5
—
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
(continued)
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Closeda
needleleaf
forest
Open
needleleaf
forest
Woodland
needleleaf
forest
Dwarf
tree
scrub
nonforest
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
Low
shrub
nonforest
Herbaceous
nonforest
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
25-100
25-100
0-100
Species
Kilograms per hectare
Drosera rotundifolia
Drosera sp.
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris sp.
Epilobium hornemannii
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium latifolium
Epilobium sp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum sp.
Erigeron peregrinus
Erigeron purpuratus
Erigeron sp.
Fauria cristi-galli
Fern
Forb
Fritillaria camschatcensis
Galium kamtschaticum
Galium sp.
Galium trifidum
Geocaulon triflorum
Gentiana douglasiana
Gentiana platypetala
Gentiana sp.
Geranium erianthum
Geocaulon lividum
Geum calthifolium
Geum macrophyllum
Geum sp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Heracleum lanatum
Heuchera glabra
Hieracium sp.
Hieracium triste
Hippuris montana
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia
Listera caurina
t
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
—
8
—
t
—
—
t
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
t
20
—
t
1
—
t
—
t
t
—
—
26
—
t
1
—
t
t
—
1
—
t
—
—
t
—
—
4
14
t
—
t
t
t
t
t
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
1
—
—
17
—
1
t
—
—
—
—
3
—
t
—
t
1
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
23
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
175
2
—
—
t
3
t
t
t
—
—
—
t
1
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
4
163
t
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
2
—
—
4
—
t
1
—
t
15
11
1
6
1
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
1
—
t
2
18
—
—
—
t
4
—
t
—
12
—
t
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
69
—
2
2
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
4
72
—
—
—
—
7
—
19
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
(continued)
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Species
Closeda
needleleaf
forest
Open
needleleaf
forest
Woodland
needleleaf
forest
Dwarf
tree
scrub
nonforest
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
Low
shrub
nonforest
Herbaceous
nonforest
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
25-100
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Listera cordata
Listera sp.
Lupinus nootkatensis
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mitella pentandra
Mitella sp.
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Osmorhiza purpurea
Osmorhiza sp.
Oxyria digyna
Parnassia fimbriata
Pedicularis parviflora
Petasites hyperboreus
Pinguicula vulgaris
Plantago macrocarpa
Platanthera sp.
Polystichum braunii
Polystichum munitum
Polystichum sp.
Potentilla palustris
Polypodium vulgare
Prenanthes alata
Pteridium aquilinum
Pyrola secunda
Ranunculus cooleyae
Ranunculus nivalis
Ranunculus sp.
Rorippa sp.
Romanzoffia sitchensis
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba sp.
Sanguisorba stipulata
Saxifraga adscendens
Saxifraga ferruginea
20
2
t
—
64
2
—
—
—
t
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
—
—
t
t
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
—
—
t
1
—
t
67
2
t
—
—
t
t
t
t
—
t
—
—
—
3
1
—
—
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
1
2
—
t
1
—
—
109
1
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
2
1
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
2
—
—
1
—
—
3
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
2
1
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
t
t
—
t
t
1
1
t
—
t
—
—
1
3
—
t
—
—
t
—
—
—
1
1
t
1
—
3
2
t
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
2
—
—
1
3
—
—
1
3
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
46
—
—
—
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Species
Closeda
needleleaf
forest
Open
needleleaf
forest
Woodland
needleleaf
forest
Dwarf
tree
scrub
nonforest
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
Low
shrub
nonforest
Herbaceous
nonforest
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
25-100
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Saxifraga lyallii
Saxifraga punctata
Saxifraga sp.
Sedum rosea
Senecio triangularis
Smilacina stellata
Smilacina sp.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Stellaria crispa
Stellaria sp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus roseus
Streptopus sp.
Streptopus streptopoides
Swertia perennis
Tellima grandiflora
Thelypteris phegopteris
Thelypteris sp.
Tiarella trifoliata
Tiarella unifoliata
Tofieldia glutinosa
Tolmiea menziesii
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana sitchensis
Veratrum viride
Viola glabella
Viola langsdorffii
Viola sp.
—
—
t
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
3
11
t
t
—
—
t
t
t
t
—
—
t
t
13
t
t
t
—
t
—
—
t
—
1
t
—
t
1
5
t
1
—
t
t
—
1
t
t
—
t
t
57
t
t
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
1
t
—
2
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
1
—
4
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
t
t
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
t
17
3
—
t
—
2
1
—
2
1
—
t
1
1
120
5
t
t
—
t
t
—
3
—
—
—
t
—
t
t
—
t
—
—
t
—
t
2
—
—
—
5
93
t
—
1
—
1
1
—
10
—
—
3
—
1
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
t
t
3
12
—
4
167
—
—
2
Total, forbs
% of live phytomass
199
(0.12)
319
(0.44)
224
(0.44)
78
(6.23)
1466
(6.72)
558
(11.71)
754
(25.03)
— = plant not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
a
Closed and open refer to crown-canopy closure.
b
Tall shrubs are greater than 1.5 meters tall. Low shrubs are 20 centimeters to 1.5 meters tall.
21
Table 9—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Dwarf
Closeda
Open
Woodland
tree
needleleaf needleleaf needleleaf
scrub
forest
forest
forest
nonforest
Species
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
25-100
Low
shrub Herbaceous
nonforest nonforest
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Calamagrostis sp.
Carex mertensii
Carex pauciflora
Carex sitchensis
Carex sp.
Eriophorum sp.
Grass
Juncus sp.
Luzula sp.
Phleum commutatum
Scirpus sp.
Secale sereale
Trichophorum caespitosum
Total, grasses
% of live phytomass
—
10
t
—
—
5
9
t
10
—
t
—
1
—
t
1
t
6
11
—
t
16
6
5
—
2
—
2
t
3
—
—
15
—
2
72
43
23
9
2
—
—
—
t
21
—
—
3
—
1
—
24
3
1
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
2
5
—
—
—
4
—
6
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
7
13
28
5
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
35
(0.02)
52
(0.07)
187
(0.39)
40
(0.17)
17
(0.08)
23
(0.48)
79
(2.62)
— = plant not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
a
Closed and open refer to crown-canopy closure.
b
Tall shrubs are greater than 1.5 meters tall. Low shrubs are 20 centimeters to 1.5 meters tall.
22
Table 10—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on general vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Dwarf
Closeda
Open
Woodland
tree
needleleaf needleleaf needleleaf
scrub
forest
forest
forest
nonforest
Species
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
25-100
Low
shrub Herbaceous
nonforest nonforest
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria sp.
Cetraria sp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina sp.
Cladina bellidiflora
Cladonia sp.
Hypogymnia
enteromorpha
Hypogymnia sp.
Lichen
Lobaria linita
Lobaria oregana
Lobaria sp.
Nephroma sp.
Parmelia sp.
Peltigera sp.
Pilophoron aciculare
Usnea sp.
Total, lichens
% of live phytomass
22
—
t
—
40
t
1
18
—
—
—
8
t
8
40
t
—
—
29
—
10
10
—
3
7
33
1
28
—
2
—
—
t
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
11
—
9
2251
t
16
t
3
4
—
t
8
t
t
4
—
10
1
—
8
1
2
2
—
16
t
—
32
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
22
—
—
t
3
—
—
—
—
—
392
9
—
—
—
3
12
—
—
—
—
36
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
96
(0.06)
325
(0.42)
118
(0.23)
115
(0.49)
422
(1.79)
36
(0.76)
22
(0.74)
— = plant not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
a
Closed and open refer to crown-canopy closure.
b
Tall shrubs are greater than 1.5 meters tall. Low shrubs are 20 centimeters to 1.5 meters tall.
23
Table 11—Aboveground phytomass of mosses, clubmosses, and liverworts on general vegetation types in
southeast Alaska
Vegetation type and crown-closure percentage
Dwarf
Closeda
Open
Woodland
tree
needleleaf needleleaf needleleaf
scrub
forest
forest
forest
nonforest
Species
60-100
25-59
10-24
10-100
Tallb
shrub
nonforest
25-100
Low
shrub Herbaceous
nonforest nonforest
25-100
0-100
Kilograms per hectare
Conocephalum conicum
Dicranum sp.
Hepaticae
Herbertus lutchensis
Hookina lucens
Hylocomium splendens
Hypnum sp.
Kindberga praelonga
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium sabinaefolium
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium sp.
Mnium sp.
Moss
Pleurozium ruthenica
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum sp.
Porella navicularis
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum
Rhacomitrium sp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus sp.
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum sp.
Total, mosses
% of live phytomass
t
37
2
t
t
82
t
t
2
—
—
t
t
42
208
1
t
20
t
2
—
1
135
47
2
41
—
27
2
t
—
42
t
—
1
t
t
1
t
20
141
—
9
1
—
2
4
t
92
49
—
57
—
23
1
—
—
41
—
—
1
—
—
t
—
3
23
—
19
t
—
28
1
8
52
18
—
128
—
32
1
—
—
34
—
—
1
—
2
1
—
2
56
—
2
1
1
3
15
2
77
—
—
103
1
1
1
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
32
96
—
t
9
t
—
—
—
8
1
—
3
—
4
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
109
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
10
—
106
t
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
23
50
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
2
38
—
81
621
(0.36)
448
(0.58)
346
(0.68)
333
(1.41)
155
(0.66)
145
(3.02)
302
(10.11)
— = plant not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
a
Closed and open refer to crown-canopy closure.
b
Tall shrubs are greater than 1.5 meters tall. Low shrubs are 20 centimeters to 1.5 meters tall.
24
Appendix B:
Phytomass on
Closed-Canopy
Needleleaf Forest
Vegetation Types
Table 12—Aboveground phytomass of trees on mountain hemlock, hemlockspruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern Mountain
hemlock hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Picea sitchensis
Pinus contorta
Thuja plicata
Tsuga heterophylla
Tsuga mertensiana
6700
32 289
—
4
72 499
38150
—
220 328
—
—
110 106
46838
2622
81 416
—
999
120 799
8618
114 880
33 810
23 882
—
8375
8693
2545
23655
—
—
14 216
104 192
Total, needleleaf
149 642
377 272
214 454
189 640
144 608
Total, all live trees
% of live phytomass
149 642
(97.96)
377 272
(99.00)
214 454
(98.58)
189 640
(98.04)
144 608
(94.92)
3113
3792
3089
3789
7743
152 755
381 064
217 543
193 429
152 351
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
940
28 040
—
4243
—
2640
1395
19 875
—
11 700
Total, dead trees
28 979
4243
2640
21 269
11 700
181 734
385 307
220 183
214 698
164 051
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Total, live and dead
— = plant not sampled in this type.
25
Table 13—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mountain hemlock, hemlockspruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Mountain
hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus sinuata
Cassiope mertensiana
Cassiope stelleriana
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Kalmia polifolia
Linnaea borealis
Luetkea pectinata
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridum
Phyllodoce aleutica
Ribes bracteosum
Ribes lacustre
Ribes sp.
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Salix sitchensis
Sorbus sitchensis
Sorbus sp.
Sambucus callicarpa
Vaccinium sp.
Vaccinium alaskensis
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium parvifolium
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Total, shrubs
% of live phytomass
—
7
1
20
41
2
1
—
445
28
2
—
—
9
—
—
6
149
—
—
—
—
319
989
1
75
—
83
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
649
244
—
25
—
—
—
—
23
236
—
—
—
—
—
1492
—
103
—
—
—
26
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
583
206
—
—
1
3
—
11
4
173
—
—
—
34
412
582
2
251
t
100
—
117
—
1
316
12
26
3
—
878
—
3
—
—
—
t
—
2
17
—
—
—
—
608
394
2
239
—
174
13
2063
4
1
382
1
—
—
t
264
883
4
—
—
—
—
—
4
987
t
1
3
—
408
665
1
244
—
t
—
2177
(1.43)
2772
(0.73)
2418
(1.11)
2804
(1.45)
5915
(3.88)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
26
Table 14—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mountain hemlock, hemlockspruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Mountain
hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Actaea rubra
Adiantum pedatus
Aruncus sylvester
Athyrium filix-femina
Blechnum spicant
Caltha biflora
Caltha leptosepala
Circaea alpina
Clintonia uniflora
Coptis aspleniifolia
Coptis trifolia
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Dodecatheon pulchellum
Dryopteris dilatata
Equisetum sp.
Erigeron purpuratus
Fauria crista-galli
Forb
Galium sp.
Galium triflorum
Gentiana douglasiana
Geum calthifolium
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia
Listera cordata
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Osmorhiza purpurea
Platanthera sp.
Polypodium vulgare
Polystichum braunii
Polystichum munitum
Prenanthes alata
Pyrola secunda
—
—
—
2
19
—
—
—
7
6
—
4
12
—
—
8
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
1
7
—
2
99
5
1
t
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
63
20
—
—
t
—
13
—
6
17
—
—
28
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
21
—
13
136
—
3
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
t
9
39
5
—
—
t
t
3
—
6
1
—
t
49
—
—
—
t
—
t
t
—
9
t
2
39
1
t
t
t
t
t
3
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
16
7
—
—
—
5
2
6
3
t
—
—
1
t
16
—
—
—
1
—
1
—
2
121
2
—
t
—
1
—
—
—
t
1
—
—
—
73
25
30
14
—
—
5
1
1
—
—
—
11
t
t
36
t
t
—
—
—
3
—
4
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
27
Table 14—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mountain hemlock, hemlockspruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Mountain
hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba sp.
Saxifraga ferruginea
Saxifraga sp.
Smilacina stellata
Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus roseus
Streptopus streptopoides
Thelypteris phegopteris
Thelypteris sp.
Tiarella trifoliata
Tiarella unifoliata
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana sitchensis
Veratrum viride
Viola glabella
Viola langsdorffii
Viola sp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
40
—
—
—
t
—
—
1
25
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
27
14
1
—
—
1
2
—
—
9
—
—
t
—
t
—
1
—
—
2
2
t
1
t
2
t
t
—
3
t
1
t
t
1
—
—
t
1
t
2
1
—
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
1
24
t
t
—
2
1
—
t
37
—
—
t
Total, forbs
% of live phytomass
249
(0.16)
374
(0.10)
181
(0.08)
191
(0.10)
268
(0.18)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
28
Table 15—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on
mountain hemlock, hemlock-spruce and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in
southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Mountain
hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Calamagrostis sp.
Carex sitchensis
Carex sp.
Grass
—
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
23
—
—
3
2
—
—
31
30
41
—
—
—
5
1
Total, grasses
% of live phytomass
2
(0.00)
—
(0.00)
28
(0.01)
102
(0.05)
6
(0.00)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
29
Table 16—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on mountain hemlock, hemlockspruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Mountain
hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria sp.
Cladina sp.
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia sp.
Hypogymnia enteromorpha
Hypogymnia sp.
Lichen
Lobaria linita
Lobaria oregana
Lobaria sp.
Parmelia sp.
Peltigera sp.
Pilophoron aciculare
Usnea sp.
Total, lichens
% of live phytomass
3
4
—
21
3
t
22
2
t
15
—
15
t
—
8
—
—
31
t
—
37
23
—
—
—
14
—
—
4
—
—
7
1
—
9
1
—
1
t
2
—
—
121
—
—
1
2
—
33
—
23
—
—
11
—
—
12
312
t
15
t
—
11
1
—
3
—
20
—
3
85
(0.06)
101
(0.03)
25
(0.01)
191
(0.10)
377
(0.25)
— = plant was not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
30
Table 17—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on mountain
hemlock, hemlock-spruce, and hemlock-cedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlockmountain
hemlock
Sitka
sprucewestern
hemlock
Western
hemlockSitka
sprucewestern
redcedar
Yellow
cedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Mountain
hemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Conocephalum conicum
Dicranum sp.
Hepaticae
Herbertus lutchensis
Hookina lucens
Hylocomium splendens
Kindberga praelonga
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium sp.
Mnium sp.
Moss
Pleuroziopsis ruthenica
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum sp.
Porella navicularis
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium sp.
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus sp.
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Sphagnum sp.
Total, mosses
% of live phytomass
—
55
3
—
—
104
—
3
—
—
51
80
—
—
28
1
8
5
164
15
—
81
13
73
3
—
—
48
—
1
—
—
78
87
—
—
—
5
—
—
188
11
—
25
1
36
2
t
t
70
—
1
t
t
50
70
t
1
12
t
—
2
142
37
6
6
—
33
t
t
—
111
t
4
—
—
12
73
—
4
—
—
t
—
169
23
—
68
—
60
2
—
—
22
—
—
t
t
34
871
—
—
10
—
3
—
78
34
—
63
598
(0.39)
532
(0.14)
437
(0.20)
500
(0.26)
1177
(0.77)
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
31
Table 18—Aboveground phytomass of trees on western hemlock, and mixed western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlock
Western
Western
Western
redcedar- redcedar redcedarmountain
yellow
mountain
hemlockcedarhemlock(yellow (lodgepole western
cedar)
pine)
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
1
Picea sitchensis
24 328
Pinus contorta
—
Thuja plicata
11 601
Tsuga heterophylla
107 806
Tsuga mertensiana
—
85 341
19 623
20 384
1945
8097
6411
1
7553
18 596
36 271
3399
—
29 535
5810
5922
5917
20 093
—
Total, needleleaf
143 736
49 837
141 801
65 821
67 274
Total, all live trees
% of live phytomass
143 736
(94.68)
49 837
(89.90)
141 801
(97.69)
65 821
(96.63)
67 274
(93.36)
8078
5601
3356
2299
4785
151 814
55 438
145 157
68 120
72 059
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
2934
17 214
21 495
—
817
21 490
1219
2224
—
11 036
Total, dead trees
20 138
21 495
22 307
3443
11 036
171 952
76 933
167 464
71 563
83 095
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Total, live and dead
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
32
6966
—
—
—
—
42 871
Table 19—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on western hemlock and mixed
western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
Western
Western
redcedar- redcedar redcedarmountain
yellow
mountain
hemlockcedarhemlockWestern
(yellow (lodgepole western
hemlock
cedar)
pine)
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus sinuata
Cassiope stelleriana
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Empetrum nigrum
Gaultheria shallon
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum groenlandicum
Linnaea borealis
Menziesia ferruginea
Oplopanax horridus
Phyllodoce aleutica
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus parviflorus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spectabilis
Sambucus racemosa
Vaccinium sp.
Vaccinium alaskensis
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium parvifolium
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Total, shrubs
% of live phytomass
—
—
—
—
282
—
—
—
308
40
—
—
—
1
21
6
2452
37
—
97
2174
—
—
2390
—
143
1
—
—
—
—
925
—
1
—
—
2
284
—
—
524
20
684
—
—
—
328
2
141
9
274
11
6
8
524
1
4
t
—
2
51
—
326
398
3
132
93
111
8
16
—
3
—
552
—
—
1
489
—
—
—
—
t
33
—
—
102
—
368
68
—
1
700
—
721
3
606
—
—
—
844
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
594
2
—
—
5418
(3.57)
4974
(8.97)
2432
(1.68)
1633
(2.40)
3471
(4.82)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
33
Table 20—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on western hemlock and mixed
western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
hemlock
Western
redcedarmountain
hemlock(yellow
cedar)
Western
redcedar
yellow
cedar(lodgepole
pine)
Western
redcedarmountain
hemlockwestern
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Athyrium filix femina
Blechnum spicant
Caltha biflora
Clintonia uniflora
Compositae
Coptis aspleniifolia
Coptis trifolia
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Dodecatheon jeffreyi
Drosera rotundifolia
Dryopteris dilatata
Equisetum sp.
Erigeron peregrinus
Erigeron purpuratus
Fauria crista-galli
Forb
Gentiana douglasiana
Geum calthifolium
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Listera caurina
Listera cordata
Listera sp.
Lysichiton americanum
Maianthemum dilatatum
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Platanthera sp.
Polypodium vulgare
Polystichum munitum
Prenanthes alata
Pteridium aquilinum
Pyrola secunda
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba sp.
Saxifraga ferruginea
34
5
39
—
5
t
t
t
1
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
t
2
—
1
12
t
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
4
40
7
—
—
4
1
6
1
t
—
—
t
t
t
8
t
1
—
1
—
3
t
98
2
—
t
1
—
—
t
t
t
t
2
—
1
19
52
—
—
2
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
1
t
1
—
82
1
—
—
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57
34
—
—
1
t
3
—
2
t
—
—
t
—
11
—
—
2
2
—
1
—
32
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 20—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on western hemlock and mixed
western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
Western
Western
Western
redcedar- redcedar redcedarmountain
yellow
mountain
hemlockcedarhemlockWestern
(yellow (lodgepole western
hemlock
cedar)
pine)
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Smilacina stellata
Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus roseus
Streptopus sp.
Streptopus streptopoides
Thelypteris phegopteris
Tiarella trifoliata
Tiarella unifoliata
Trientalis europaea
Veratrum viride
Viola langsdorffii
Viola sp.
—
—
1
8
—
1
—
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
1
1
2
—
1
2
t
t
t
16
—
t
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
3
—
—
—
2
t
—
t
t
—
t
—
t
14
t
—
Total, forbs
% of live phytomass
94
(0.06)
11
(0.02)
201
(0.14)
170
(0.25)
164
(0.23)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
35
Table 21—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on western
hemlock and mixed western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
Western
Western
redcedar- redcedar redcedarmountain
yellow
mountain
hemlockcedarhemlockWestern
(yellow (lodgepole western
hemlock
cedar)
pine)
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis nutkaensis
Calamagrostis sp.
Carex sitchensis
Carex sp.
Eriophorum sp.
Grass
Scirpus sp.
Trichophorum caespitosum
Total, grasses
% of live phytomass
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
23
—
14
24
—
40
8
—
—
2
—
5
—
t
—
—
—
13
—
15
3
—
—
5
—
(0.00)
14
(0.03)
109
(0.08)
7
(0.01)
36
(0.05)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
36
Table 22—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on western hemlock and mixed
western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
Western
Western
redcedar- redcedar redcedarmountain
yellow
mountain
hemlockcedarhemlockWestern
(yellow (lodgepole western
hemlock
cedar)
pine)
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria sp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina sp.
Cladonia sp.
Hypogymnia enteromorpha
Hypogymnia sp.
Lichen
Lobaria linita
Lobaria oregana
Lobaria sp.
Parmelia sp.
Peltigera sp.
Total, lichens
% of live phytomass
—
—
2
2
—
—
2
4
—
1
—
3
—
—
7
44
31
—
71
5
—
—
—
38
56
t
—
t
1
5
19
—
10
t
—
5
—
—
—
4
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
14
(0.01)
198
(0.36)
96
(0.07)
6
(0.01)
12
(0.02)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
37
Table 23—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on western hemlock and mixed western redcedar vegetation types in southeast Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
Western
Western
Western
redcedar- redcedar redcedarmountain
yellow
mountain
hemlockcedarhemlockWestern
(yellow (lodgepole western
hemlock
cedar)
pine)
hemlock
Low site
cedarhemlock
Kilograms per hectare
Dicranum sp.
Hepaticae
Herbertus lutchensis
Hylocomium splendens
Hypnum sp.
Kindberga praelonga
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium sp.
Mnium sp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum sp.
Porella navicularis
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus sp.
Sphagnum sp.
Total, mosses
% of live phytomass
36
1
t
126
—
—
—
1
t
102
1970
2
13
1
—
86
204
10
24
2
—
82
—
—
—
—
—
5
72
14
10
—
6
156
—
35
25
1
t
97
t
t
5
1
—
25
62
2
59
—
t
125
64
53
21
1
—
112
t
—
1
t
—
25
109
—
9
2
—
156
—
46
6
1
—
72
t
—
—
7
—
25
758
—
—
—
—
192
—
41
2552
(1.68)
406
(0.73)
519
(0.36)
483
(0.71)
1101
(1.53)
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
38
Appendix C:
Scientific Name
Authority, Frequency
of Plant Occurrence
on Sampled Plots,
Phytomass
Coefficient Used,
and Common Name
Table 24—Scientific name authority, frequency of tree-seedling species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea
Scientific name
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
(D. Don) Spachb
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.b
Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.b
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.b
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.b
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
48
92
22
30
117
90
5.87
20.02
17.64
20.02
8.87
17.90
Yellow cedar
Sitka spruce
Lodgepole pine
Western redcedar
Western hemlock
Mountain hemlock
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight.
Phytomass = [(percentage foliar cover of first layer) (coefficient) (height of first layer in decimeters]
+ [(percentage foliar cover of second layer) (coefficient) (height of second layer in decimeters)]
... + [(percentage foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b
Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients
of the most similar species. Source of scientific names, Viereck and Little 1972.
39
Table 25—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea
Scientific name
Achillea borealis Bong.
Aconitum delphinifolium DC.
Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.
Adiantum pedatum L.
Anemone L.
Anemone narcissiflora L.
Angelica L.
Angelica genuflexa Nutt.
Apargidium boreale (Bong.) Torr. & Gray
Aquilegia formosa Fisch.
Arnica L.
Arnica latifolia Bong.
Aruncus sylvester Kostel.
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Rothb
Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb.
Blechnum spicant (L.) Rothb
Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schlect.)
Fedtsch.
Caltha L.
Caltha biflora DC.
Caltha leptosepala DC.
Cardamine L.
Cardamine umbellata Greene
Castilleja miniata Dougl.
Castilleja parviflora Bong.
Circaea alpina L.
Claytonia sarmentosa C.A. Mey.
Claytonia sibirica L.
Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth
Compositae family
Coptis aspleniifolia Salisb.b
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.
Cornus canadensis L.b
Cornus suecica L.
Cruciferae
Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br.
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Dodecatheon L.
Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte
Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr.
Draba aurea Vahl
Drosera L.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Dryopteris Adans.
Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Grayb
Epilobium L.
Epilobium angustifolium L.b
40
Frequency Coefficient
Common name
3
5
2
3
1
4
2
2
3
1
1
2
12
73
1
92
1.28
.96
3.50
1.28
1.86
1.86
3.50
3.50
2.94
.96
3.50
3.50
1.78
2.66
.96
5.59
Common yarrow
Monkshood
Red baneberry
Maiden hair fern
Anemone
Wild narcissus
Wild celery
Bent-leaved angelica
—
Western columbine
Arnica
Mountain arnica
Goatsbeard
Common lady fern
Wintercress
Deer fern
1
2
15
9
2
6
3
2
8
1
4
16
12
97
32
104
54
3
4
1
1
6
9
2
4
17
1
71
11
4
2.94
3.79
3.79
3.79
.96
.96
1.81
1.81
.23
1.81
1.81
1.48
3.50
.87
.87
.84
1.48
3.50
1.86
1.28
.96
.96
.96
1.81
.11
.11
2.07
2.07
3.50
3.50
Ground-cone
Marshmarigold
Broadleaf marshmarigold
Mountain marshmarigold
Bittercress
Umbel bittercress
Scarlet indian paintbrush
Mountain paintbrush
Enchanted nightshade
Alaska spring beauty
Siberian sp. beauty
One-flowered clintonia
Aster, daisy family
Fern-leaf goldthread
Three-leaf goldthread
Bunchberry
Swedish cornel
Mustard family
Parsley fern
Fragile fern
Shooting-star
Jeffrey shooting-star
Pretty shooting-star
Golden rockcress
Sundew
Round-leaf sundew
Shield-fern
Spinulose shield fern
Willow herb
Common fireweed
Table 25—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea (continued)
Scientific name
Epilobium hornemannii Rchb.
Epilobium latifolium L.
Equisetum L.
Equisetum arvense L.b
Erigeron L.b
Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene
Erigeron purpuratus Greene
Fauria crista-galli (Menzies) Makinob
Fern
Forb
Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne
Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.
Galium kamtschaticum Steller
Galium L.
Galium trifidum L.
Galium triflorum Michx.
Gentiana L.
Gentiana douglasiana Bong.b
Gentiana platypetala Griseb.
Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern.b
Geranium erianthum DC.
Geum L.
Geum calthifolium Menzies
Geum macrophyllum Willd.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris L. (Newm.)b
Heracleum lanatum Michx.
Heuchera glabra Willd.
Hieracium L.
Hieracium triste Willd.
Hippuris montana Ledeb.
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia (D. Don) Ser.
Listera R.Br.
Listera caurina Piper
Listera cordata (L.) R.Br.
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn
Lysichiton americanum Hult. & St. John)b
Maianthemum dilatatum (How.) Nels.
& Macbr.b
Menyanthes trifoliata L.
Mitella L.
Mitella pentandra Hook.
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray
Osmorhiza Raf.
Osmorhiza purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksd.
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
Parnassia L.
Parnassia fimbriata Konig
Frequency Coefficient
Common name
6
1
10
1
2
18
1
75
3
28
2
6
2
6
1
5
2
27
1
1
1
1
16
2
89
19
5
2
2
8
10
1
3
76
5
68
1.88
3.50
1.28
1.28
.65
.65
.65
1.93
1.88
1.81
3.79
3.50
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
1.87
1.87
3.79
1.88
.96
1.81
1.81
1.81
.82
1.83
1.88
3.79
3.79
1.28
3.79
2.94
2.94
2.94
1.88
3.60
Alpine willow herb
Dwarf fireweed
Horsetail
Field horsetail
Fleabane
Coastal fleabane
Fleabane
Deer cabbage
Unknown fern
Unknown forb
Beach strawberry
Black lily
Northern wild-licorice
Bedstraw
Small bedstraw
Sweet-scented bedstraw
Gentian
Swamp gentian
Broad-petaled gentian
Northern comandra
Northern geranium
Avens
Caltha-leaved avens
Large-leaf avens
Oak-fern
Cow parsnip
Alpine heuchera
Hawkweed
Woolly hawkweed
Mountain marestail
Leatherleaf saxifrage
Twayblade
Western twayblade
Heart-leaved twayblade
Nootka lupine
Yellow skunk cabbage
53
1
1
1
17
4
6
3
1
3
1.46
1.48
3.79
3.79
1.86
1.28
1.28
1.81
1.86
1.86
Deerberry
Buckbean
Mitrewort
Alpine mitrewort
Single delight
Sweet cicely
Sitka sweet cicely
Mountain sorrel
Grass-of-parnassus
Fringed grass of parnassus
41
Table 25—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea (continued)
Scientific name
42
Frequency Coefficient
Common name
Pedicularis parviflora J.E. Sm.
Pedicularis verticillata L.
Petasites hyperboreus Rydb.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Plantago macrocarpa Cham. & Schlecht.
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl.
Platanthera L.C. Rich.
Polypodium vulgare L.
Polystichum Roth
Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fee
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth
Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.
Prenanthes alata (Hook.) Dietr.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Pyrola asarifolia Michx.
Pyrola secunda L.b
Ranunculus cooleyae Vasey & Rose
Ranunculus L.
Ranunculus nivalis L.
Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong.
Rorippa Scop.
Sanguisorba L.
Sanguisorba menziesii Rydb.
Sanguisorba stipulata Raf.
Saxifraga L.
Saxifraga adscendens L.
Saxifraga bronchialis L.
Saxifraga ferruginea Graham
Saxifraga lyallii Engler
Saxifraga punctata L.
Sedum rosea (L.) Scop.
Senecio triangularis Hook.
Smilacina Desf.
Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.
Stellaria L.
Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht.
Stellaria sitchana Steud.
Streptopus Michx.
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.b
2
1
5
2
4
2
17
3
1
8
2
6
1
17
2
4
6
1
5
1
3
1
28
3
10
4
1
1
4
1
6
2
8
1
1
7
9
2
2
9
77
1.81
1.81
3.50
3.79
1.48
1.48
2.94
1.28
.89
.89
.89
.89
10.95
.46
.96
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
1.86
.96
1.88
1.88
1.88
3.79
1.86
1.81
2.94
1.86
1.86
1.81
.96
3.50
3.50
1.81
1.28
1.28
1.28
.44
.75
Streptopus roseus Michx.a
Streptopus streptopoides (Ledeb.)
Frye & Rigg
Swertia perennis L.
Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl.
58
1.52
Small-flower lousewort
Whorled lousewort
Far-northern coltsfoot
Common butterwort
Seashore plantain
White bog-orchid
Bog-orchid
Common polypody
Polystichum
Prickly shield-fern
Holly-fern
Western sword-fern
Marsh cinquefoil
Rattlesnake root
Western bracken
Liverleaf wintergreen
One-sided wintergreen
Cooley buttercup
Buttercup
Snow buttercup
Sitka mist-maid
Yellowcress
Burnet
Menzies burnet
Sitka burnet
Saxifrage
Wedge-leaf saxifrage
Spotted saxifrage
Alaska saxifrage
Red-stem saxifrage
Brook saxifrage
Roseroot
Arrowleaf groundsel
Solomon-seal
Starry solomon-seal
Ladies’ tresses
Chickweed
Crisp starwort
Sitka starwort
Twisted-stalk
Cucumber-root
twisted-stalk
Rosy twisted-stalk
28
1
3
.75
1.88
1.88
Kruhsea
Alpine bog swertia
Fringe-cups
Table 25—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea (continued)
Scientific name
Thelypteris Schmidel
Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson
Tiarella trifoliata L.b
Tiarella unifoliata Hook.
Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers.
Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & Gray
Trientalis europaea L.
Valeriana sitchensis Bong.
Veratrum viride Ait.b
Viola L.b
Viola glabella Nutt.
Viola langsdorffii Fisch.
Frequency Coefficient
1
18
68
30
12
3
24
18
63
27
11
8
.96
.96
.53
.53
2.78
1.88
.70
.96
3.45
.65
.65
.65
Common name
Deciduous fern
Beech-fern
Three-leaf lace flower
One-leaf lace flower
Sticky tofieldia
Youth-on-age
Starflower
Sitka valerian
Northern false-hellebore
Violet
Stream violet
Alaska violet
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight.
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of first layer) (coefficient) (height of first layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of second layer) (coefficient) (height of second layer in decimeters)]
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)] .
b
Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients
of the most similar species. Source of scientific names, Hulten 1974.
43
Table 26—Scientific name authority, frequency of grass and grasslike species
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea
Scientific name
Calamagrostis Adans.b
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.
Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Presl) Steud.
Carex L.b
Carex mertensii Prescott
Carex pauciflora Lightf.
Carex sitchensis Prescott
Eriophorum L.b
Grassb
Juncus L.
Luzula DC.
Phleum commutatum Gandoger
Scirpus L.
Secale sereale L.
Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm.b
Frequency Coefficient
27
2
9
105
1
3
6
20
54
1
2
1
2
3
15
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.34
2.92
2.92
2.38
3.70
2.16
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.29
Common name
Reed bent grass
Bluejoint reedgrass
Pacific reedgrass
Sedge
Mertens sedge
Star sedge
Sitka sedge
Cotton grass
Unknown grass
Rush
Woodrush
Mountain timothy
Bulrush
Common rye
Tufted clubrush
— = no common name.
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight.
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of first layer) (coefficient) (height of first layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of second layer) (coefficient) (height of second layer in decimeters)]
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)] .
b
Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients
of the most similar species. Source of scientific names, Hulten 1974.
44
Table 27—Scientific name authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence
on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea
Scientific name
Alectoria
Cetraria b
Cladina b
Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hale & Culb.
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Harm.
Cladonia b
Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer.
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
Hypogymnia
Hypogymnia enteromorpha (Ach.) Nyl.
Lichen
Lobaria
Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabh.
Lobaria oregana (Mull. Arg.) Hale
Nephroma
Parmelia
Peltigera b
Pilophoron aciculare (Ach.) Nyl.
Usnea
Frequency Coefficient
34
3
43
3
2
92
5
2
2
11
79
24
22
3
3
5
56
1
3
4.98
5.63
7.41
4.32
4.32
4.32
4.32
4.32
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
18.44
Common name
Fruticose lichen
—
Reindeer lichen
—
Reindeer lichen
Cup-stalk lichen
Red-cap cladonia
—
Foliose lichen
Foliose lichen
Unknown lichen
Lobaria
Felty lobaria
Oregon lobaria
Lettuce lichen
Foliose lichen
Veined lichen
—
Usnea
— = no common name.
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight.
Phytomass = [(percentage foliar cover of first layer) (coefficient) (height of first layer in decimeters]
+ [(percentage foliar cover of second layer) (coefficient) (height of second layer in decimeters)]
... + [(percentage foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)] .
b
Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients
of the most similar species. Source of scientific names, Hale 1979.
45
Table 28—Scientific name authority, frequency of moss, clubmoss, and
liverwort species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,
and common namea
Scientific name
Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum.
Dicranum Hedw.b
Hepaticae b
Herbertus lutchensis
Hookina lucens
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG b
Hypnum Hedw.b
Kindberga praelonga
Lycopodium L.
Lycopodium annotinum L.
Lycopodium clavatum L.
Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd.
Lycopodium selago L.
Mnium Hedw., nom. cons.b
Moss
Pleuroziopsis ruthenica
Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.b
Polytrichum Hedw.b
Porella navicularis
Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not.
Rhacomitrium Brid.
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid.
Rhytidiadelphus (Lindb. ex Limpr.) Warnst.b
Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst.b
Sphagnum L.b
Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ.
Frequency Coefficient
7
154
120
5
2
156
4
3
5
37
1
4
33
137
213
1
23
68
7
17
13
7
56
142
142
2
5.36
4.05
.29
.01
.01
3.69
2.51
.01
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
4.52
3.92
3.52
3.52
3.92
1.79
3.76
3.61
3.61
5.46
5.22
3.53
3.53
Common name
—
Broom moss
Liverwort
—
—
Stair-step moss
Moss
—
Clubmoss
Stiff clubmoss
Running clubmoss
Alaskan clubmoss
Fir clubmoss
—
Unknown moss
Pleurocarpus moss
Schreber’s moss
—
Liverwort
Knight’s plume
—
—
—
—
Sphagnum moss
Sphagnum
— = no common name.
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight.
Phytomass = [(percentage foliar cover of first layer) (coefficient) (height of first layer in decimeters]
+ [(percentage foliar cover of second layer) (coefficient) (height of second layer in decimeters)]
... + [(percentage foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)] .
b
Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned
coefficients of the most similar species. Source of scientific names, Crum 1976.
46
Table 29—Scientific name authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name a
Scientific name
Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh b
Alnus rubra Bong.
Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb.
Andromeda polifolia L.
Artemisia L.
Artemisia arctica Less.
Cassiope D. Don
Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don b
Cassiope stelleriana (Pall.) DC.b
Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Bong.
Empetrum nigrum L.b
Gaultheria shallon Pursh b
Kalmia polifolia Wang.b
Ledum groenlandicum Oederb
Linnaea borealis L.
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.b
Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze b
Menziesia ferruginea Sm.b
Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq.b
Phyllodoce aleutica (Spreng.) Heller
Ribes L.b
Ribes bracteosum Dougl.
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.
Ribes laxiflorum Pursh
Rubus arcticus Trautv.
Rubus chamaemorus L.
Rubus pedatus Sm.b
Rubus parviflorus Nutt.
Rubus spectabilis Pursh b
Salix L.
Salix polaris Wahlenb.
Salix sitchensis Sanson b
Sambucus callicarpa Greene
Sambucus racemosa L.
Sorbus S.F. Gray
Sorbus sitchensis Roem.
Spiraea douglasii Hook.
Vaccinium L.
Vaccinium alaskensis (alaskaense) Howell b
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.b
Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.b
Frequency Coefficient
1
2
59
6
1
1
1
37
35
53
51
21
34
23
17
2
28
145
69
2
8
11
2
6
6
11
130
2
81
13
1
1
2
17
6
6
1
72
53
54
45
4.50
4.43
4.43
2.81
1.88
1.88
4.61
21.32
4.61
6.20
5.85
11.53
4.48
3.55
3.29
6.76
1.16
5.80
2.10
2.41
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
.50
4.11
.50
3.45
5.91
4.05
1.48
4.03
4.29
4.29
8.70
8.70
10.95
6.20
6.19
2.62
3.70
Common name
American green alder
Red alder
Sitka alder
Bog rosemary
Sagebrush
Arctic wormwood
Cassiope
Mertens cassiope
Alaska moss heath
Copperbush
Black crowberry
Salal
Bog laurel
Labrador tea
Twin-flower
Alpine azalea
Luetkea
Rusty menziesia
Devil’s club
Aleutian mountain-heather
Currant
Stink currant
Swamp gooseberry
Trailing black currant
Nagoon berry
Cloudberry
Five-leaf bramble
Thimbleberry
Salmonberry
Willow
Polar willow
Sitka willow
Pacific red elderberry
Red elderberry
Mountain ash
Sitka mountain ash
Douglas spirea
Blueberry
Alaska blueberry
Dwarf blueberry
Red huckleberry
47
Table 29—Scientific name authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common namea (continued)
Scientific name
Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.b
Vaccinium oxycoccus var. microcarpus
(Turcz.) Fedtsch. & Flerov.
Vaccinium uliginosum L.b
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.b
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.b
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
66
13
4.28
2.29
Early blueberry
Bog cranberry
27
28
6
3.99
4.14
3.10
Bog blueberry
Lowbush cranberry
Highbush cranberry
— = no common name.
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight.
Phytomass = [(percentage foliar cover of first layer) (coefficient) (height of first layer in decimeters]
+ [(percentage foliar cover of second layer) (coefficient) (height of second layer in decimeters)]
... + [(percentage foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)] .
b
Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients
of the most similar species. Source of scientific names, Viereck and Little 1972.
48
Mead, Bert R. 1998. Phytomass in southeast Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-505.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 48 p.
Phytomass tables are presented for the southeast Alaska archipelago. Average
phytomass for each sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss in
10 forest and 4 nonforest vegetation types is shown.
Keywords: Alaska, southeast, phytomass, biomass, inventory, wildlife, plant ecology.
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