United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
Research Paper
PNW-RP-523
January 2000
Phytomass in
Southwest Alaska
Bert R. Mead
Author
BERT R. MEAD is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3301 C St.,
Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503-3954.
Abstract
Mead, Bert R. 2000. Phytomass in southwest Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-523.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 164 p.
Phytomass tables are presented for southwest Alaska. The methods used to estimate
plant weight and occurrence in the river basin are described and discussed. Average
weight for each sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss in 19
forest and 48 nonforest vegetation types is shown. Species frequency of occurrence
and species constancy within the type are presented.
Comparisons are made with the results of similar inventories of the Tanana River
basin and the southeast Alaska archipelago.
Keywords: Alaska, southwest, phytomass, biomass, inventory, plant ecology, Alaska
Peninsula, Kuskokwim Census Division, Bristol Bay Census Division, Bethel Census
Division, Nunivak, Togiak, Katmai, Lake Clark, Yukon Delta, Illiamna, Alaska vegetation classification system, species composition.
Summary
Phytomass tables are presented for southwest Alaska. Average phytomass for each
sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss in 19 forest and 48
nonforest vegetation types is shown.
Species frequency listings and occurrence within different types add to existing
knowledge about vegetation in this infrequently studied area of the state. Some new
vegetation types were discovered, and additional information about the occurrence of
lichen and moss species were obtained, which were not included in many of the original type descriptions.
These data provide a tool for estimating habitat carrying capacity for many wildlife
species. They also may be used for estimating extent of the resources for traditional
uses, such as berry production, and relative abundance of other plants that may be
important to a subsistence lifestyle. Tree phytomass is reported for the entire aboveground tree, thereby allowing estimates of total fiber content.
Contents
Tables
1
Introduction
1
Effects of Climate on Plants
5
Subsistence Uses of Plants
6
Methods
8
Vegetation Classification System
8
Horizontal-Vertical Plot Measurement
13
Phytomass Estimation
13
Tree Phytomass
15
Nontree Phytomass
16
Error
17
Results
17
Forested Vegetation Types
19
Nonforest Vegetation Types
21
Conclusion
22
Acknowledgments
23
U.S. Customary Equivalents
23
Literature Cited
25
Appendices
26
Appendix A: Phytomass on Needleleaf Forest Vegetation Types
44
Appendix B: Phytomass on Broadleaf Forest Vegetation Types
52
Appendix C: Phytomass on Mixed Forest Vegetation Types
60
Appendix D: Phytomass on Nonforest Dwarf Tree and Shrub Vegetation Types
69
Appendix E: Phytomass on Nonforest Shrub Vegetation Types
106
Appendix F: Phytomass on Nonforest Herbaceous Vegetation Types
133
Appendix G: Species Constancy on Forest Vegetation Types
140
Appendix H: Species Constancy on Nonforest Vegetation Types
154
Appendix I: Scientific Name and Authority, Frequency of Occurrence,
Phytomass Coefficient Used, and Common Name
Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system
Table 2—Area of forest by vegetation type, southwest Alaska
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, southwest Alaska
Table 4—Plant group and range of coefficient of determination (r2 ) associated with
phytomass coefficients
Appendix A: Phytomass on Needleleaf Forest Vegetation Types
Table 5—Aboveground phytomass of trees on closed and open canopy needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 6—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on closed and open canopy needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 7—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on closed and
open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 9—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on closed and open needleleaf forest
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 10—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on closed and open
needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 11—Aboveground phytomass of trees on open and woodland needleleaf forest
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 12—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open and woodland needleleaf
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 13—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open and woodland needleleaf
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 14—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on open and
woodland needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 15—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on open and woodland needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 16—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on open and
woodland needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix B: Phytomass on Broadleaf Forest Vegetation Types
Table 17—Aboveground phytomass of trees on closed and open canopy broadleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 18—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on closed and open broadleaf forest
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 19—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy broadleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 20—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on closed and
open canopy broadleaf vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 21—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on closed and open canopy broadleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 22—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on closed and open
canopy broadleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix C: Phytomass on Mixed Forest Vegetation Types
Table 23—Aboveground phytomass of trees on mixed forest vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 24—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mixed forest vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 25—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mixed forest vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 26—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on mixed forest
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 27—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on mixed forest vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 28—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on mixed forest
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix D: Phytomass on Nonforest Dwarf Tree and Shrub Vegetation Types
Table 29—Aboveground phytomass of trees on dwarf tree and shrub types in
southwest Alaska
Table 30—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 31—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 32—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on dwarf tree and
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 33—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 34—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on dwarf tree and
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix E: Phytomass on Nonforest Shrub Vegetation Types
Table 35—Aboveground phytomass of trees in open canopy tall shrub types in
southwest Alaska
Table 36—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs in open canopy tall shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 37—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy tall shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 38—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species in open canopy
tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 39—Aboveground phytomass of lichens in open canopy tall shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 40—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses in open canopy tall
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 41—Aboveground phytomass of trees on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 42—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 43—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 44—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on tall shrub and
low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 45—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 46—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on tall shrub and low
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 47—Aboveground phytomass of trees on open canopy low shrub types in
southwest Alaska
Table 48—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open canopy low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 49—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 50—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on open canopy
low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 51—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on open canopy low shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 52—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on open canopy low
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 53—Aboveground phytomass of trees on open canopy low and dwarf shrub
types in southwest Alaska
Table 54—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open canopy low and dwarf shrub
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 55—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy low and dwarf shrub
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 56—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on open canopy
low and dwarf shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 57—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on open canopy low and dwarf shrub
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 58—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on open canopy low
and dwarf shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 59—Aboveground phytomass of trees on dwarf shrub types in southwest
Alaska
Table 60—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on dwarf shrub vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 61—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf shrub vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 62—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on dwarf shrub
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 63—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on dwarf shrub vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 64—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on dwarf shrub
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix F: Phytomass on Nonforest Herbaceous Vegetation Types
Table 65—Aboveground phytomass of trees on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 66—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 67—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 68—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on herbaceous
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 69—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 70—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on herbaceous
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 71—Aboveground phytomass of trees on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 72—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 73—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 74—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on herbaceous
tundra and marsh vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 75—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 76—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on herbaceous
tundra and marsh vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 77—Aboveground phytomass of trees on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 78—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 79—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 80—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on wet-graminoid
and dry-forb herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 81—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 82—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on wet-graminoid
and dry-forb herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 83—Aboveground phytomass of trees on mesic-forb and lichen-bryoid
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 84—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mesic-forb and lichen-byroid
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 85—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mesic-forb and lichen-bryoid
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 86—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on mesic-forb and
lichen-bryoid vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 87—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on mesic-forb and lichen-bryoid
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 88—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on mesic-forb and
lichen-bryoid vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 89—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on bryoid, aquatic, and talus
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 90—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on bryoid, aquatic, and talus vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Table 91—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on bryoid,
aquatic, and talus vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 92—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on bryoid, aquatic, and talus
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 93—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on bryoid, aquatic,
and talus vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix G: Species Constancy on Forest Vegetation Types
Table 94—Constancy of trees and shrubs on forest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska
Table 95—Constancy of forbs on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 96—Constancy of grasses on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 97—Constancy of lichens on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 98—Constancy of mosses on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix H: Species Constancy on Nonforest Vegetation Types
Table 99—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska
Table 100—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 101—Constancy of grasses on nonforest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 102—Constancy of lichens on nonforest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 103—Constancy of mosses on nonforest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 104—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest low shrub and herb
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Table 105—Constancy of forbs on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 106—Constancy of grasses on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Table 107—Constancy of lichens on nonforest low shrub and forb vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Table 108—Constancy of mosses on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Appendix I: Scientific Name and Authority, Frequency of Occurrence,
Phytomass Coefficient Used, and Common Name
Table 109—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 110—Scientific name and authority, frequency of grass and grasslike species
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 111—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 112—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss and clubmoss
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 113—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Table 114—Scientific name and authority, frequency of tree-seedling species
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used, and common name
Introduction
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station, has responsibility for measuring and evaluating
resources in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. The Alaska FIA
unit has developed vegetation measurement techniques using phytomass estimates
that quantify vegetation on nonforest and marginal forest areas as well as heavily timbered vegetation types.
The southwest Alaska inventory unit (fig. 1) lies between 55° and 64° 30´ N. latitude,
and between 151° 30´ and 167° 30´ W. longitude. It covers an area beginning in the
north and east near Fairbanks and extending south to near Port Moeller and westerly
to the western edge of Nunivak Island. This huge area encompasses almost 29 million ha and is just slightly smaller than Arizona. It includes the Alaska Peninsula, the
Kuskokwim River lowlands, the Kuskokwim Mountains, the Alaska Range, part of the
Aleutian Range (fig. 2), and the Bristol Bay lowlands. The physiographic regions cover
three major climatic zones: maritime, continental, and transition.
The maritime climate includes islands and coastal areas where average annual precipitation ranges from 50 to 180 cm, depending on the effects of mountain shadows
on the leeward side of mountains. Winds carrying moisture generally come from the
south; thus, the north side of the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands receive
less precipitation than the south sides. Altogether, the maritime zone here receives
less precipitation than does south-central or southeastern Alaska. Temperature extremes in the maritime zone tend to be less than those in the continental zone, with
relatively warmer winters and cooler summers. The number of frost-free days at Port
Heiden is 118 days, whereas areas in the continental zone can have as few as 61
frost-free days.
The much larger land mass of interior southwest Alaska is characterized by the
continental climatic zone. This zone has relatively warm summers, cold winters, and
lesser amounts of precipitation than found in the maritime zones. Average annual
precipitation amounts are usually less than 50 cm; however, mountainous areas create exceptions by increasing total amounts on the mountain sides with the prevailing
moisture-laden winds. Average maximum temperatures are around 16 °C, with average winter minimums between -14 and -37 °C. Surface winds are quite light compared to coastal areas, though channeling through mountain valleys results in narrow
bands of strong winds.
Effects of Climate
on Plants
Plant communities compete for space, light, water, and nutrients, and this competition
controls patterns of plant distribution. Low water and soil temperatures in southwest
Alaska retard nutrient absorption and plant growth. The relatively low levels of precipitation combined with the effects of the discontinuous permafrost make moisture a
particularly influential factor in community distributions. Frozen ground makes moisture unavailable to plants and contributes to winter periods of intense “physiological
drought.” This physiological drought factor is far more limiting than the low temperatures in the distribution of forest versus nonforest tundra. Strong winds, in some
areas, further contribute to water loss and prevent establishment of many tree
species and other less adapted plants (Selkregg 1974).
1
Figure 1—Location of the southwest Alaska unit within Alaska.
Figure 2—The data collection crew was rewarded with this view after a long steep climb to the plot.
Location is near Chinita Bay of Cook Inlet. The mountains are the Chigmit Mountains, part of the Aleutian
Range.
2
Figure 3—A crowberry tundra plot near Fort Heiden.
Plants that predominate in tundra areas minimize this drying effect in several ways.
On the most exposed sites, plants are low growing (fig. 3). Many plants die back in
winter and survive as underground plant parts, such as root stocks, rhizomes, corms,
and bulbs. The herbaceous plants that maintain stems and leaves above the ground
in winter, such as saxifrage, do so by having tightly packed rosettes or cushions of
leaves. Arctic shrubs, such as willow and alder, shed their leaves; heath shrubs, such
as Cassiope, have adapted small, needlelike leaves; and ericaceous shrubs exude
protective oils. These adaptations minimize water loss. Lichens form an important
component of arctic vegetation because of their ability to survive in a dehydrated
state for long periods.
Temperature extremes, wind, short growing season, drainage, and permafrost prevent the growth of trees in tundra areas. Thus forests in southwest Alaska occupy valleys and the lower portions of mountain slopes where the soils are deeper and the
drying effect of the winter winds is reduced. Mountain tops and ridges are covered
with tundra (fig. 4) as a result of shallow soils and exposure to dry winds.
Most tundra plants are perennials, owing to the restriction on plant growth posed by
the short growing season. The number of frost-free days in tundra areas is typically
under 50. Although the long daylight hours during summer support rapid growth and
flowering, there is not the time and energy required by annual plants to grow from
seed, mature, flower, and produce new seeds in one growing season. The perennial
plants either bloom early by using food stored in corms or bulbs or bloom late in the
year after building up food reserves to use for flowering and seed production. Both
early and late flowering tundra perennials die back and overwinter as underground
root stock, growing aboveground leaves and stems again the following spring
(Selkregg 1974).
3
Figure 4—The plants found in
this mountain heath tundra type
are typical of plants adapted to
such extreme moisture-limiting
conditions. Giovanni Speciale,
England, worked for us through
an exchange program. Here she
tapes out the radius of an HV
plot.
The forests of the region occur mostly along river drainages and better drained sites
on mountain slopes. They are comprised mainly of white spruce (Picea glauca
(Moench) Voss) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), with some mixed
stands of spruce-birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), spruce-cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray), and spruce-tamarack (Larix lariciana (Du Roi) K.Koch). White
spruce predominates in better drained river bottoms and lower slope terraces; black
spruce predominates on cold, north-facing slopes and in poorly drained areas underlain by permafrost (fig. 5). Stands of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) occur on
recently deposited alluvium along most of the larger rivers in this region.
Fire plays an important role in the ecological and vegetative patterns in the area.
White spruce and black spruce, the predominant trees in southwest Alaska, burn
easily, and the nonforested lands also are quite susceptible to fire. The shrubs,
mosses, and lichens are highly flammable when dry. Precipitation is light, in some
areas only about 48-53 cm annually, and the summer days are long and warm. A
lightning belt extends up the Kuskokwim Valley from Aniak to Lake Minchumina and
provides the natural ignition for dry vegetation (Selkregg 1974).
There are extensive areas of nonforest tundra and shrublands in the poorly drained
river deltas and areas underlain by permafrost. Marginally vegetated talus slopes
and rocklands occur in alpine areas. Some coastal areas have extensive grass and
4
Figure 5—This stunted, open black spruce stand is typical of those found on cold, north-facing slopes in
the region.
sedge communities. Land cover vegetation in southwest Alaska is affected by periodic wildfires, which maintain seral communities. The area contains valuable spawning
ground for anadromous salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.; Selkregg 1974).
Although sampling was concentrated on forest lands, this inventory also attempted a
limited sampling of all vegetation types across the ecosystem. Consequently, multiresource procedures were developed to measure all types of vegetation on both forested and nonforested land. A major objective of this procedure development was to
incorporate phytomass estimates by plant species (Mead 1992).
Subsistence Uses
of Plants
Local residents harvest berries and wild vegetables during summer and early fall.
Many families depend on local timber sources for both housing and fuel. It is estimated that between 3 and 20 cords of firewood per family are used as fuel each year
(Olson 1982, Selkregg 1974).
Local diets often are supplemented with various wild plants. Cranberries (Vaccinium
vitis-idaea L.; Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.), and crowberries (Empetrum nigrum
L.) are picked in early fall. Crowberry is also a favorite food of bears (Pojar and
MacKinnon 1994). The oblong reddish fruits of Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,
known as watermelon berries, are gathered to make jellies or are eaten raw (Matz
1996). Cow-parsnip (Heracleum lanatum Michx.) was another historically important
food source for native Alaskans. The young stalks and leaf stems were peeled and
either eaten raw or boiled. This is sometimes referred to locally as “pootschky.” Other
edible greens are tender shoots of wild celery (Angelica lucida L.) and anemone
(Anemone spp.). Gathered and stored for emergency supplies are fern fiddleheads
(the young uncoiling fern leaves of Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth), Labrador tea
(Ledum), and northern fireweed (Epilobium). The bulbs and roots of bistort (Polygonum bistorta L.) also can be eaten. Although not included in this report, certain
kelps and other seaweeds also are used as food (Selkregg 1974).
5
Historically, these wild plants supplemented the meat-rich diet of the local residents
and provided many essential vitamins, thereby preventing vitamin deficiency diseases such as scurvy (Selkregg 1974). Other markets for nontimber forest products continue to grow. There is substantial interest in devil’s club (Oplopanax horridus
(Sm.) Miq.) and other plant products as sources of herbal supplements.1
Plants were used in other ways by native peoples. The plants provided a wide range
of important materials for fuel wood and construction; fibrous bark, stem, and leaf tissues for making mats, baskets, bags, cord, and clothing; bark and other materials for
dyes and stains; pitch for glue, caulking, and waterproofing; and miscellaneous plant
parts for containers, abrasives, and scents. Plants were used in manufacture of fish
traps, spears, sewing needles, and fishing lures (Pojar and MacKinnon 1994).
Woven grass baskets from native grasses found in the southwest Alaska unit and
elsewhere command large sums in art and craft markets. The weaving of colorful and
delicate grass baskets is a highly specialized skill contributing to family income in
rural subsistence Alaska. Selling prices range from $30 to well over $200.2
Several habitat evaluation models, which require knowledge of vegetation resources
for the species of interest, have been constructed for wildlife populations in Alaska
and elsewhere. (Hanley and Rogers 1989, Hobbs and Swift 1985, Lennartz and
McClure 1979, Sheffield 1982, Telfer 1980, U.S. Department of the Interior 1980,
Walmo and others 1977). Foliar cover and phytomass estimates by species provide
inputs to wildlife models (Mead and others 1987). This type of vegetation data also
has been applied successfully in classifying forest vegetation into plant associations
(Reynolds 1990).
Methods
The first step of the design was to divide the unit into independent subpopulations by
using LANDSAT imagery with 74-m resolution resampled to 50-m resolution. Various
summer scenes were used to obtain complete coverage of the unit; most were taken
in the early 1980s and a few dated to the 1970s. A review of the pixel classification
determined that six independent subpopulations were reasonably distinct. These were
labeled forest, woodland, shrub, herbaceous, barren, and unknown. The “unknown”
subpopulation consisted of pixels representing clouds, snow, and shadows and comprised less than 2 percent of the unit area. The sum of all LANDSAT pixel areas
within a subpopulation established the total area of each; these later were sampled.
The sampling design was a double sample for stratification. This optimal allocation
approach had a relatively intensive aerial-photo sample for strata identification as the
first phase, followed by an extensive ground sample in the second phase.
Within each subpopulation of LANDSAT pixels, the coordinates of the northwest corner of each pixel were listed. The list was randomized, and then a sample of coordinates was selected to sample on aerial photographs. To ensure that the sample was
1 Personal
communication. 1998. Michael Pilarski, Director,
Friends of the Trees Society, P.O. Box 4469, Bellingham,
WA 98227.
2 Personal
communication. 1999. James Hunter, Alaska
Native artist, Dublin, CA.
6
Figure 6—Helicopters were needed to access ground sample plots owing to the lack of roads, trails, or
other means of access. Tom Meade holds a banner used to estimate hiding cover across the distance of
an HV plot.
well distributed across the entire inventory unit, photo plots were proportionately allocated to each of the several 1:250,000 USGS topographic map quadrangles covering
the inventory unit, according to the percentage of the total subpopulation found in
that quadrangle. A total of 13,531 aerial-photo plots were selected.
Selected coordinates were located on 1:60,000 nominal scale, color infrared photos
also taken in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The coordinates were located with an
analytical stereo-plotter, visually interpreted for land cover, and the entire 2-ha photo
plot area placed into one of seven sample strata: forest, woodland, shrub herbaceous,
vegetated, barren, and unknown. Although the names duplicate those of the subpopulations, there is a statistical distinction between sampling strata and subpopulations.
Each subpopulation is the focus of an independent sampling effort, whereas the photo
strata are descriptors of land cover types within each sample. Further discussion of
the sampling methodology can be found in van Hees (1999).
About 2 percent, or 282, of the aerial-photo plots were selected for ground sampling
(fig. 6). Ground plots were allocated to subpopulations and strata according to the
need for information relevant to those land cover classes. Generally, more ground
sampling was done in forested areas to meet inventory design sampling error goals
for forest land area and volume (van Hees 1999).
Field plots were 2-ha circles. These plots were mapped for land cover and vegetation
type and were subsampled at five points within the circle. One point was located at
the center of the circle, the other four were cardinally located 63.6 m from the center.
At each of the five points, trees (if present) were sampled with a variable radius plot
(6.25 metric basal area factor). Saplings were sampled with a 2-m, fixed-radius plot
at each of the five locations. A horizontal-vertical profile (HV plot) assessing vegetation structure was established at the first two points in each vegetation type. These
7
three plots are the source of phytomass information presented in this report. Sampling
started in June and was completed by early September over 4 years from 1991 to
1994.
All plots were described by using the Alaska vegetation classification system developed by Viereck and others (1992). Statistical analysis, using this system, produced
area estimates by vegetation type.
Vegetation
Classification
System
The Alaska vegetation classification is a multilevel classification, the first level having
only three categories: forest, scrub, and herbaceous. The second level uses either
lifeform grouping or height class, depending on the first category. Level III uses foliar
cover for all vegetation except herbaceous. Vegetation on each 2-ha plot was typemapped and classified down to level IV at the ground level. Not enough plots were
available in some categories to develop statistically significant estimates at level IV,
so some types sampled are not shown in the tables. An abbreviated description of
the classification system is given in table 1, and the area in each category is shown
in tables 2 and 3. Ground plots were described down to level IV, a species descriptive
level not shown in the following abbreviated outline. The abbreviated codes, used in
the text and in the table appendices, match the classification key in Viereck and others (1992).
Horizontal-Vertical Plot
Measurement
A horizontal-vertical profile (HV plot) of vegetation structure was made at the first two
points in each vegetation type. This included cover information on tree seedlings as
well as other plants.
The horizontal-vertical profile plot (HV plot) has a circular fixed radius with an area
of 0.01 ha (5.64-m radius). On these HV plots, the percentage of foliar cover in each
natural layer of vegetation was estimated with procedures of Daubenmire (1959) but
modified by using a continuous percentage rather than percentage of cover categories. In a typical vegetation type, several natural layers occur: ground cover, forbs
and grasses, low shrubs, tall shrubs, and trees. The heights of these layers differ
from bottomland to alpine sites; however, because vegetation types may lack one
of the layers, field crews were allowed to determine which layers were present. The
heights of these natural layer breaks were measured and recorded, thereby allowing
percentage of cover to be measured for all taxa in each layer. Layer heights differed
for each plot, depending on site factors such as aspect and elevation, which influenced the natural layers present. Sometimes plants would extend over more than one
layer with a different percentage of cover in each layer.
This method was more descriptive than simply measuring plant cover at predetermined height intervals or taking one height measurement for all shrubs or forbs, etc.
It also was more cost-effective than measuring height and cover on each plant or
using a unique parameter for each plant to predict biomass. Using plant cover as a
universal predictor for all nontree vegetation added speed and uniformity as well as
cost savings.
A minimum quality-evaluation effort was attempted by having a field supervisor visit
a few sites and judge the number and height of layers as well as identify species and
estimate percentage of cover. Major discrepancies were discussed with field crew
8
Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system
Level 1
Forest
Scrub
Herbaceous
Level IIIa
Level II
Needleleaf
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Broadleaf
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Mixed
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Dwarf tree
Closed (60-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-59% canopy closure)
Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)
Tall (> 1.5 m)
Closed (75-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-74% canopy closure)
Low (0.2 to 1.4 m)
Closed (75-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-74% canopy closure)
Dwarf (< 0.2 m)
Closed (75-100% canopy closure)
Open
(25-74% canopy closure)
Graminoid
Dry
Mesic
Wet
Forb
Dry
Mesic
Wet
Bryoid
Moss
Lichen
Aquatic
Fresh-water
Brackish
Marine
a
Level III of dwarf scrub was modified for this inventory from dryas, ericaceous, and willow categories to
closed and open categories because of remote sensing limitations in determining small shrub species on
aerial photographs.
9
Table 2—Area of forest by vegetation type, southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Type
code
Area
Thousand hectares
Percent
Closed canopy needleleaf forest:
White spruce
Black spruce
1A1J
1A1K
17.86
14.76
0.06
.05
Open canopy needleleaf forest:
White spruce
Black spruce
Black spruce-white spruce
Black spruce-tamarack
1A2E
1A2F
1A2G
1A2H
707.49
1495.63
44.46
44.36
2.43
5.14
.15
.15
Woodland canopy needleleaf forest:
White spruce
Black spruce
Black spruce-white spruce
Tamarack forest
1A3C
1A3D
1A3E
1A3X
704.67
1353.89
15.22
222.88
2.42
4.65
.05
.77
Closed canopy broadleaf forest:
Black cottonwood
Paper birch
1B1B
1B1D
29.77
452.16
.10
1.55
Open canopy broadleaf forest:
Paper birch
Balsam poplar (black cottonwood)
1B2A
1B2C
38.59
14.93
.13
.05
Closed canopy mixed needleleaf-broadleaf forest:
Spruce-paper birch
1C1A
98.29
.34
Open canopy mixed needleleaf-broadleaf forest:
Spruce-paper birch
Aspen-spruce
Paper birch-balsam poplar-spruce
Undescribed
1C2A
1C2B
1C2C
1C2X
880.15
8.54
219.93
2.99
3.02
.03
.76
.01
Woodland mixed needleleaf-broadleaf forest:
Spruce-paper birch forest
1C3A
99.61
.34
Herbaceous, previously forested
3B2B
17.75
.06
6483.93
22.28
Total, all forest vegetation types
10
Proportion
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Type
code
Area
Thousand hectares
Proportion
Percent
Dwarf tree types:
Open canopy, black spruce
Woodland canopy, black spruce
2A2A
2A3A
14.76
11.87
0.05
.04
Tall shrub types:
Willow closed canopy
Alder closed canopy
Alder-willow closed canopy
Undescribed closed canopy
Alder open canopy
Shrub birch open canopy
Alder-willow open canopy
Shrub birch-willow open canopy
Shrub swamp open canopy
Undescribed open canopy
2B1A
2B1B
2B1D
2B1X
2B2B
2B2C
2B2D
2B2E
2B2F
2B2X
522.48
2 920.65
737.52
515.11
671.03
73.59
23.67
2.97
8.96
5.93
1.80
10.04
2.53
1.77
2.31
.25
.08
.01
.03
.02
Low shrub types:
Shrub birch closed canopy low shrub
Low willow closed canopy low shrub
Shrub birch-willow closed canopy
Ericaceous shrub closed canopy
Open low shrub
Mesic shrub-sedge tussock tundra open canopy
Mesic shrub birch-ericaceous open canopy
Shrub birch-ericaceous bog open canopy
Ericaceous shrub bog open canopy
Shrub birch-willow open canopy
Willow open canopy low shrub
Sweetgale-graminoid bog open canopy
Low alder open canopy
Undescribed open low shrub
2C1A
2C1B
2C1C
2C1D
2C2
2C2A
2C2C
2C2D
2C2E
2C2F
2C2G
2C2J
2C2L
2C2X
204.04
504.11
11.06
1 317.95
216.20
1 302.30
1 557.69
215.83
335.42
40.52
493.93
142.31
329.35
692.51
.70
1.73
.04
4.53
.74
4.47
5.35
.74
1.15
.14
1.51
.49
1.13
2.38
Dwarf shrub types:
Dryas-lichen tundra
Dryas-lichen tundra
Vaccinium ericaceous tundra
Crowberry tundra-ericaceous
Mountain heath ericaceous tundra
Cassiope ericaceous tundra
Willow tundra
2D1C
2D2A
2D2B
2D2C
2D2D
2D2E
2D3A
7.36
320.45
376.83
1 080.09
382.70
38.80
27.92
.29
1.10
1.29
3.71
1.31
.13
.10
11
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Type
code
Area
Thousand hectares
Herbaceous types:
Mesic graminoid types—
Bluejoint meadow
Tussock tundra
Sedge-grass meadow tundra
Grass-herb meadow tundra
Sedge-willow tundra
Sedge-shrub birch tundra
12
Proportion
Percent
3A2A
3A2D
3A2E
3A2G
3A2H
3A2 I
220.76
166.49
73.59
73.59
216.20
220.76
.76
.57
.25
.25
.74
.76
Wet graminoid types—
Wet sedge meadow tundra
Wet sedge-grass meadow tundra
Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra
Fresh sedge marsh
Fresh grass marsh
Subarctic lowland sedge-shrub wet meadow
Subarctic lowland sedge-bog meadow
Subarctic lowland moss-bog meadow
3A3A
3A3B
3A3C
3A3D
3A3E
3A3G
3A3J
3A3K
162.68
147.17
177.40
416.90
2.95
8.89
5.90
123.37
.56
.51
.61
1.43
.01
.03
.02
.42
Dry forb types—
Alpine-herb sedge (snowbed)
Alpine herbs
Undescribed
3B1B
3B1C
3B1X
49.43
97.22
25.62
.17
.33
.09
Mesic forb type—
Mixed subarctic herbs
Mesic fireweed subarctic herbs
3B2A
3A2B
70.71
17.75
.24
.69
Wet forb types—
Fresh herb marsh
3B3A
132.65
.46
Bryoid types—
Wet bryoid
3C1A
86.52
.30
Bryoid-lichen—
Crustose lichen
Foliose and fruticose lichen
3C2A
3C2B
49.43
448.05
.17
1.54
Freshwater aquatic—
Common marestail
3C2B
21.81
.07
Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Type
code
Area
Thousand hectares
Other, nonvegetated types:
Snow-ice fields
Glacier
Solid rock outcrop
Scree, talus slope
Other, including bare soil and gullies
Census streams
Non-census streams
Census lakes
Non-census lakes
Total, nonforest and water types
Total, all types
7A1
7A2
7B2
7B3
7B4
8A1
8A2
8B1
8B2
Proportion
Percent
695.21
49.43
821.98
711.76
247.96
341.69
74.70
1 593.78
30.45
2.39
.17
2.82
2.45
.85
1.17
.26
5.48
.10
22 619.89
77.72
29 103.80
100.00
members in an effort to make estimates as uniform as possible. A complete remeasurement of the plot was not done, and not enough plots were revisited to enable us
to quantify error bounds on the visual estimates. The reason for this was the distance
between the remote plots and the logistics and costs involved in returning check
crews via helicopter to these areas for remeasurement purposes.
Phytomass Estimation
Both the nontree phytomass coefficients and the tree phytomass equations were
taken from previous studies. Those studies used either equations that converted tree
diameter and height into weight (Alemdag 1984, Manning and others 1984, Singh
1983) or foliar cover to predict plant weight by means of regression analysis of clipping and weighing data (Yarie and Mead 1988, 1989).
Phytomass was expressed in terms of ovendry weight, the unit of measure most
commonly used across all plant groups.
Phytomass was calculated for various types of vegetation in the following ways.
Tree Phytomass
We determined tree phytomass by using diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and total
tree height measurements and applying these to species phytomass equations. Tree
phytomass shown in all tables is total aboveground weight including foliage. Although
crown diameter and length measurements were taken, they were not used for biomass estimation.
13
Whole-tree phytomass equations were chosen by searching the available literature
for tree species equations in areas geographically and climatically similar to interior
Alaska. Where several species equations were available, one was selected by using
the following evaluation criteria:
1. Equations using d.b.h. and total tree height as predictors were preferred to equations using diameter only.
2. Equations developed in an area similar in latitude and climate to interior Alaska
were preferred.
3. Equations developed from a wide diameter range of trees were preferred.
4. Equations using the largest number of trees and having the lowest standard errors
were preferred.
5. Sets of equations predicting both whole tree weight and weight of individual components (for example, bole, branch, and foliage) were preferred over those that did
not.
Species
Equation source
White spruce
Black spruce
Tamarack
Aspen (Populus temuloides Michx.)
Balsam poplar
Cottonwood
Birch
Yukon Territory, Canada (Manning and others 1984)
Yukon Territory, Canada (Manning and others 1984)
Northwest Territories, Canada (Singh 1983)
Yukon Territory, Canada (Manning and others 1984)
Northwest Territories, Canada (Singh 1983)
Northwest Territories, Canada (Singh 1983)
Ontario, Canada (Alemdag 1984)
Seedling phytomass of tree species was estimated by using HV plot percentage of
cover data and phytomass coefficients.
Dead-tree phytomass was estimated by using the live-tree equations. The weight predicted was then reduced by a set percentage based on a field classification into one
of six snag- or log-condition classes representing different stages of decomposition.
Our snag-log condition classes are a modification of earlier descriptions by Maser
and others (1979):
Condition class
Deduction
Percent
Dead, intact
Loose bark, secondary branches gone
Clean, no branches
Clean, broken bole
Broken and decomposing
Decomposed
14
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nontree Phytomass
Shrubs, forbs, grasses, lichens, and mosses—Percentage of foliar cover for each
sampled nontree plant was related to ovendry weight by means of regression analysis. This analysis showed a straight line relation between percentage of foliar cover
and weight. The slope of that line is referred to as a phytomass regression coefficient.
The regression analysis allowed us to use percentage of cover and height measurements to predict plant weight.
The Alaska inventory team developed coefficients through cooperative studies with
the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (Yarie and Mead 1988). The studies produced
phytomass predictors for 120 of the most common species encountered. These
species represent major plant taxonomic families and lifeforms, including lichens and
mosses. If a species-specific coefficient had not been developed for that plant, we
applied a coefficient for the most similar plant.
A special consideration arose in the case of mosses, which in peat conditions can
extend many feet below the ground surface. Only the green, active portion of moss
phytomass is predicted by this method.
Phytomass coefficient development followed techniques similar to those first used by
Harcombe and Marks (1977) in a mesic forest in Texas, which are applicable to other
areas as well. The original research was done using U.S. customary measurements
to determine plot sizes and heights. This involves using a three-dimensional sampling frame made of rope or plastic pipe to randomly sample a set volume of vegetation 0.6096 m wide, 0.9144 m long and 2.45 m high. Foliar cover is visually estimated
for each plant species, and plants are clipped, bagged, ovendried, and weighed in
vertical segments of 0.3048 m. A regression analysis related foliar cover and measured weights to develop an equation for predicting weight from measured foliar
cover for each species. The regression analysis resulted in a set of regression coefficients that could be used with height measurements to predict phytomass. Because
height measurements on inventory plots are taken to a resolution of 10 cm, the coefficients were developed to predict for a 10-cm segment, even though the cover estimate used in their development was done only for 30.48-cm segments. The associated
weight and cover were proportioned evenly for each 30.48-cm segment. Thus, regression coefficients predicted weight for a 10-cm segment based on percentage of
the plot area with foliar cover. Measuring the height of the plants in each inventory
sample plot allowed us to determine the number of 10-cm vertical segments and thus
the total phytomass.
A discussion of errors associated with the regression coefficients is available in Yarie
and Mead (1989). Over 70 percent of the regression equations had an r2 greater than
0.70. An r2 of 0.70 indicates that 70 percent of the variation in weight is explained by
the predictive model using foliar cover as a predicting variable. At lower r2 values,
less of the variation is accounted for by a percentage of cover estimate, and a less
reliable estimate of weight is predicted from percentage of cover for that plant relative
to a plant with a higher r2. An r2 of 1.00 would indicate a 100-percent correlation between foliar cover and plant weight. A brief summary of r2 for plant groups is given in
table 4.
15
Table 4—Plant group and range of coefficient
of determination (r2) associated with
phytomass coefficients
Plant group
Mosses
Ferns
Grasses
Forbs
Midsize shrubs
Tall shrubs
Error
Range of r2
0.67-0.99
.57- .93
.66- .97
.41- .97
.64- .98
.55- .86
A limited and informal study of the repeatability of cover estimates was conducted
in conjunction with the coefficient development project. Cover estimates from three
plots in three different vegetation types were taken by the team collecting information
for the development of biomass coefficients. These were compared with cover estimates for the same plots taken by the inventory crew. Graphic comparisons were
included in the Tanana biomass coefficient report (Yarie and Mead 1988) and indicated a graphically similar but unmeasured correlation between the two sets of measurements.
A more rigorous study of the repeatability and the components of variation associated
with foliar cover estimates was conducted in 1997 after the southwest Alaska inventory was completed. This study in south-central Alaska involved repeat measurements
in one vegetation type of 20 plots remeasured three times by six different observers
over one summer. The results of that study indicated that the measurement component of variation exceeded that of the natural variation. The variation between observers and even for the same observer between plots was greater than the naturally
occurring variation. This is likely due to the subjectivity of ocular estimates of foliar
cover (Mead and van Hees 1998). This study also looked for measurement bias by
individual observer, but we were unable to detect any trend that a particular observer
consistently estimated high or low. If we had, it may have been possible to make an
adjustment of known bias. Such results indicate that caution should be taken with the
data presented in the following tables. Error in any estimate could exceed 100 percent: a more precise estimate of nontree vegetation biomass could result from further
measurement and study. Different techniques, probably more time consuming than
those presented here, using stem diameters, leaf measurements, stem counts, or
other methods less subjective than ocular estimation of foliar cover might give more
precise estimates. Currently the demand for this type of data does not justify the more
time-intensive techniques that would yield greater precision. Such techniques might
be cost-effective, however, for specific local resource assessments where precise
estimates are needed. The current study does provide preliminary information on the
species composition and relative biomass and prevalence among different structural
components of each vegetative community.
16
Nonforest,
shrub, tall
20%
Nonforest, dwarf
tree
4%
Nonforest,
graminoid
4%
Nonforest,
shrub, low
7%
Forest, broadleaf
17%
Nonforest, forb
1%
Forest,
needleleaf
30%
Forest, mixed
16%
Nonforest,
shrub, dwarf
1%
Figure 7—Biomass distribution by major vegetation type, southwest Alaska.
Results
Forested Vegetation
Types
With the previously stated cautions concerning the error in these estimates being
borne in mind, relative comparisons can be made between previously measured
inventory units and among different communities within the southwest Alaska inventory unit. Figure 7 shows phytomass distribution by major vegetation type. Distribution of phytomass by plant species is displayed in tables 5-93.
Comparisons of live tree phytomass have greater confidence levels, because they
were developed from tree diameter and height measurements, rather than from ocular estimates of foliar cover. Regional differences are apparent.
Live tree phytomass in the closed-canopy needleleaf vegetation type is 32 463 kg/ha
compared to 47 933 kg/ha in the Tanana River basin of central-eastern interior Alaska
and 166 381 kg/ha in the southeast Alaska archipelago (Mead 1995, Mead 1998).
Live tree phytomass in the open canopy types averaged 13 021 kg/ha. In the Tanana
River basin, this figure was about 28 000 kg/ha, and in southeast Alaska, it was
73 121 kg/ha. Not surprisingly, dead tree biomass on open canopy needleleaf forest
was closely related to the amount of live tree biomass, 863 kg/ha in southwest, 1566
kg/ha in the Tanana River basin, and 4734 kg/ha in southeast.
17
Figure 8—A typical needleleaf woodland plot.
Regional differences also are apparent in the percentage of nontree plants that make
up total phytomass in the open needleleaf forest type: in southwest Alaska, 28.33
percent; in the Tanana River basin, 12.75 percent; and in southeast Alaska, 6.07 percent.
0n average, woodland (with only 10 to 25 percent canopy cover, fig. 8) in southwest
Alaska had 5389 kg/ha live tree biomass, about half the amount found in the Tanana
River basin (10 719 kg/ha), and only 11.7 percent of the live tree biomass found on
woodland plots in southeast Alaska (46 072 kg/ha).
A previously undescribed woodland tamarack-black spruce type was sampled.
Tamarack predominated accompanied by black spruce. Common shrubs were
Potentilla fruticosa L., Ledum sp., Betula glandulosa Michx., Andromeda polifolia L.,
E. nigrum, Salix sp. L., Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm., and Myrica gale L. Common forbs
included Rubus arcticus L., Rubus chamaemorus L., and Carex. Sphagnum and
Pleurozium mosses predominated in the ground layer with occasional occurrence of
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Harm. and Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. lichens.
Also of interest are the species constancy tables in appendix G. Species constancy is
expressed as a percentage and represents the number of times a species occurred within a particular vegetation type, divided by the total number of plots measured in the type. Although a comprehensive review of all Alaska vegetation types,
described by Viereck and others (1992), is not within the scope of this report, our
knowledge of their composition and regional differences is expanded by the present
inventory. For example, the open white spruce forest (1A2E) description was developed primarily from plots in interior central and northern Alaska with less sampling in
outlying areas, such as in southwest Alaska. The common associated shrubs in
southwest Alaska are E. nigrum, Rosa acicularis Lindl., Rubus arcticus, Spirea beauverdiana Schneid., and Vaccinium vitis-idea. Willows, alders, and shrub birches do
occur but apparently with less regularity than elsewhere in Alaska. Common herbs in
18
Spirea
Salix
Ledum
Empetrum
Betula
Arctostaphylos
Alnus
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Foliar cover (percent)
Figure 9—Cover of selected shurbs in type 2C1D, closed canopy ericaceous low shrub.
southwest Alaska include Cornus canadensis L., Epilobium angustifolium L., and
Trientalis europaea L. The type description in Viereck and others (1992) does not
mention these herbs at all but does mention Linnaea borealis L., and Equisetum L.,
which occur only sporadically in this type in southwest Alaska. Calamagrostis Adans.
seems to be ubiquitous throughout much of Alaska within this type. In addition to the
feathermosses mentioned in Viereck and others, Cladonia, and Parmelia are common lichens occurring in this type. Spirea beauverdiana appears to be a consistent
element in many other vegetation types of this region, although it was not often
mentioned as a significant component in the type descriptions found in Viereck and
others.
Nonforest Vegetation
Types
Among nonforest types the species constancy tables reveal some regional differences in communities type composition. Closed low ericaceous shrub type (2C1D) is
described in Viereck and others (1992) as a rare type, and yet it comprises 1317.95
thousand ha in southwest Alaska. The one community previously described for this
type occurs in southeast Alaska and is dominated by Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus
Bong. Viereck and others (1992) mention closely related dwarf ericaceous shrub
types, but those are dominated more by Vaccinium, Arctostaphylos, or Empetrum
and are shorter; this type in southwest Alaska also contains significant cover in
taller Ledum, Betula, Alnus, and Salix (fig. 9).
The tables reveal another anomaly with the open-low-ericaceous-shrub-bog type
(2C2E). There is a 100-percent constancy for shrub birch in the plots classified in this
type. Viereck and others (1992) describe a closely related type: Shrub birch-ericaceous shrub bog (2C2D), which also contains Andromeda polifolia and Myrica gale.
It is likely that these plots should be classified as 2C2D, because the 2C2E type normally contains little or no shrub birch.
19
Figure 10—Plot NKK0056, an unusual shubby paper birch type. The white and black banner panels are
46 cm (18 in) high; the total panel is 1.8 m (6 ft) tall.
From examination of the species composition and constancy of species on plots
reported as crowberry dwarf shrub tundra (2C2C) and those reported as mountainheath dwarf tundra (2D2D), it appears that the two inventory-classified types are so
similar that they could both be combined into crowberry dwarf shrub tundra (2C2C).
Little or no mountain-heath (Phyllodoce) occurs on those plots labeled as 2D2D.
Mountain heath tundra is primarily a southeast Alaska type, whereas crowberry dwarf
shrub tundra is more typical of southwest Alaska.
Other unusual vegetation type occurrences in this region were as follows:
1. An open tall shrub type where the predominant shrubs were mature Betula
papyrifera, which grew in shrub form and did not attain tree size owing to site
conditions and not the effects of browsing (fig. 10). Only two plots, at the same
location, were measured in this type. Other shrub species that occurred on these
plots were B. nana L., E. nigrum, Salix planifolia Pursh, S. glauca L., Spirea beauverdiana, Vaccinium vitis-ideae, and V. uliginosum L. Major forbs and grasslike
species were Equisetum arvense L. and Carex. Numerous species of mosses and
lichens also occurred including Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG., Pleurozium
schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Polytrichum, Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not.,
Sphagnum, Cladina rangiferina (L.) Harm., Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd., Parmelia,
Peltigera, and Stereocaulon.
2. At the same location a closed tall shrub type predominated by B. papyrifera also
was sampled. Other shrubs were Salix bebbiana Sarg., V. vitis-ideae, and
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. More herbs and grasses were recorded, including
Calamagrostis, E. arvense, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, and Trientalis
europaea. A similar mixture of mosses and lichens occurred as in the previously
mentioned type. These unusual tundra tall shrub types occurred near a river
oxbow at an elevation of 58 m along the Naknek river.
20
3. Two unusual types occurred in the open low shrub category. One consisted of four
plots at two locations, which were dominated primarily by Ledum palustre var.
decumbens, (L.) Ait., V. vitis-ideae, and Empetrum nigrum with smaller amounts of
B. nana and S. planifolia. These were very dry upland areas where the Sphagnum
moss was replaced by Cladina lichen. Forbs included Polemonium, Calamagrostis,
Epilobium, Lupinus, Artemisia, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, Antennaria, and
Petasites frigidus (L.) Franch. The entire plot area was underlain with permafrost.
Elevations were 17 and 21 m.
The second unusual open low shrub did not fit any known type, and a field comment
was that it “contains a little bit of everything.” It occurred at higher elevation, 224 m, in
the Togiak wildlife refuge. The type surrounded an area of closed tall alder shrubs.
The predominant low shrubs were Empetrum nigrum, Spirea beauverdiana, Salix
monticola Bebb, and V. uliginosum. These were overtopped at 1 to 1.5 m by Calamagrostis, Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray, Sambucus racemosa L., and Alnus
sinuata (Reg.) Rydb. Other forbs included Sedum rosea (L.) Scop., Lycopodium
annotinum L., Trientalis europaea, Rubus chamaemorus, Streptopus amplexifolius,
Sanguisorba L., Equisetum arvense L., Epilobium angustifolium, Veratrum viride Ait.,
Angelica, Anemone, Artemisia, Cornus canadensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.)
Newm., Stellaria, Rubus arcticus, Geranium, Lycopodium alpinum (L.) Rothm., and
Viola. Mosses included Hylocomium splendens, Polytrichum, and Ptilium cristacastrensis. Lichens were Cladina rangiferina, and Cladonia.
Viereck and others (1992) frequently mention that although moss and lichens are
important components of previously described nonforest types, the specific composition of species has not often been reported. The current inventory fills those gaps by
providing more extensive species lists for those plant groups within previously
described types. The tables in the appendices are presented so that these types of
assessments can be made concerning species composition as it relates to vegetation
type classification. Figure 11 compares the amount of willow cover among selected
nonforest types having higher percentages of willow.
There were fewer plots in the herbaceous types, although the area in herbaceous
types is fairly extensive. Within particular types, there were typically fewer than four
observations as a result of a sampling design with less emphasis on nonforest types.
Eight plots were measured in the fresh-sedge-marsh type, which had been described
previously only in south-central and southeastern Alaska, although it was expected to
occur in other parts of the state. This inventory documents its occurrence in southwest Alaska as well.
Conclusion
The vegetative resources in southwest Alaska, found in three distinct climatic zones
and several physiographic regions, are varied and vast, covering over 29 million ha,
with 78 percent of the area considered nonforest. Forested areas have lower live tree
phytomass than either the Tanana basin or southeast regions. Other plant groups
account for a higher percentage of total plot biomass than in these other areas of the
state. This inventory differed from earlier multiresource inventories of the 1980s in
that it did not sample forest and nonforest areas equally, but used LANDSAT imagery
to create subpopulations sampled at different intensities, with areas likely to be forest
having more sample plots.
21
Cassiope tundra ericaceous
dwarf shrub
Crowberry tundra ericaceous
dwarf shrub
Undescribed open canopy
low shrub
Sweetgale-graminoid bog
open canopy low shrub
Willow open canopy low
shrub
Mesic shrub birchericaceous open canopy low shrub
Mixed shrub-sedge tussock
tundra open canopy low shrub
Alder-willow open canopy
tall shrub
Alder-willow closed canopy
tall shrub
Alder closed canopy tall
shrub
Willow closed canopy tall
shrub
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Foliar cover (percent)
Figure 11—Willow cover on selected nonforest types.
The data presented provide some comparison among vegetation types in both quantity and diversity of the resource. This third in a series of phytomass publications
allows for comparisons among different areas of the state. The number of vegetative
communities sampled and the extensive species lists expand the knowledge about
regional differences and similarities. Vegetative communities are described by using
the Alaska vegetation classification system developed by Viereck and others (1992).
This inventory expands our knowledge concerning lichen and moss occurrence, prevalence, and constancy. Many of the nonforest types in the Alaska vegetation classification system did not have adequate descriptions of these plant groups. The Alaska
FIA unit is continuing to refine and develop methods for quantifying and analyzing the
vegetative resource with the objective of providing information useful to resource
managers.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks the following people:
Data collection: Tony Atkins, Sarah Butler, Brian Daum, Pete Delzotto, Stephen
Dibble, William Dunning, Nancy Gehm, Erica Hanson, Darrel Kasse, Daniel Kenney,
Ray Koleser, Thomas Meade, Margaret Paty, Karl Sclamm, Giovanna Speciale, Ken
Winterberger, and Eve Witten.
Reviewers: Larry Bednar, Rosanne Densmore, Dot Helm, Beth Shultz, and Willem
van Hees.
22
U.S. Customary
Equivalents
Literature Cited
When you know:
Multiply by:
To find:
Centimeters (cm)
Meters (m)
Hectares (ha)
Kilograms per
hectare (kg/ha)
Celsius (°C)
0.39
3.28
2.47
Inches
Feet
Acres
0.89
9/5 + 32
Pounds per acre
Fahrenheit
Alemdag, I.S. 1984. Total tree and merchantable stem biomass equations for
Ontario hardwoods. Inf. Rep. PI-X-46. Ottawa, ON: Agriculture Canada, Canadian
Forestry Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute. 53 p.
Crum, Howard. 1976. Mosses of the Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor, MI: University
of Michigan,University Herbarium. 404 p.
Daubenmire, R. 1959. A canopy-coverage method of vegetational analysis.
Northwest Science. 33: 43-64.
Hale, Mason E. 1979. How to know the lichens. [The pictured key nature series].
Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 246 p.
Hanley, Thomas A.; Rogers, James J. 1989. Estimating carrying capacity with
simultaneous nutritional constraints. Res. Note PNW-RN-485. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 29 p.
Harcombe, P.A.; Marks, P.L. 1977. Understory structure of a mesic forest in southeast Texas. Ecology. 58: 1144-1151.
Hobbs, N. Thompson; Swift, David M. 1985. Estimates of habitat carrying capacity
incorporating explicit nutritional constraints. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49:
814-822.
Hulten, Eric. 1974. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press. 1008 p.
Lennartz, M.R.; McClure, Joe P. 1979. Estimating the extent of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat in the southeast. In: Frayer, W.E., ed. Forest resource inventories:
Proceedings of a workshop; 1979 July 23-26; Fort Collins, CO. Fort Collins, CO:
Colorado State University, Department of Forest and Wood Sciences: 48-62. Vol. 1.
Manning, G.H.; Massie, M.R.C.; Rudd, J. 1984. Metric single-tree weight tables for
the Yukon Territory. Inf. Rep. BC-X-250. Victoria, BC: Environment Canada,
Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre. 60 p.
Maser, Chris; Anderson, Ralph G.; Cromack, Kermit, Jr. [and others]. 1979.
Dead and down woody material. In: Thomas, Jack Ward, ed. Wildlife habitats in
managed forests: the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb.
553. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 80-81.
Chapter 6.
23
Matz, George. 1996. Alaska: the great land of berries. Alaska Geographic. 23(2):
94-99.
Mead, B.R. 1992. Methods for describing and comparing biomass distribution among
selected Alaska vegetation types. In: Wood, Geoff; Turner, Brian, eds. Integrating
forest information over space and time; 1992 January 13-17; Canberra, Australia.
Canberra, Australia: Anutech Pty. Ltd.: 358-366.
Mead, Bert R. 1995. Plant biomass in the Tanana River basin, Alaska. Res. Pap.
PNW-RP-477. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 78 p.
Mead, Bert R. 1998. Phytomass in southeast Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-505.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 48 p.
Mead, Bert R.; van Hees, Willem W.S. 1998. Assessing ocular estimates of plant
foliar cover. In: Integrated tools for natural resources inventories in the 21st century—abstracts of posters presented; 1998 August 16-20; Boise, ID. St. Paul, MN:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment
Station.
Mead, Bert; Yarie, John; Herman, David. 1987. Biomass estimates for nontimber
vegetation in the Tanana River basin of interior Alaska. In: Wharton, Eric H.; Cunia,
Tiberius, eds. Estimating tree biomass regressions and their error: Proceedings of
the workshop on tree biomass regression functions and their contributions to the
error of forest inventory estimates; 1986 May 26-30; Syracuse, NY. Gen. Tech.
Rep. NE-117. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 149-153.
Olson, Craig M. 1982. Outlook for supplying wood for personal use in southeast
Alaska. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of
Forestry. 27 p.
Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy, eds. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast:
Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine
Publishing. 527 p.
Reynolds, Keith M. 1990. Preliminary classification of forest vegetation of the Kenai
Peninsula, Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-424. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 67 p.
Selkregg, Lydia L. 1974. Alaska regional profiles: southwest region. Anchorage, AK:
The University of Alaska, Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center. 313 p.
Sheffield, Raymond M. 1982. Multiresource inventories: techniques for evaluating
nongame bird habitat. Res. Pap. SE-218. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 28 p.
24
Singh, T. 1983. Weight tables for important tree species in the Northwest Territories.
Res. Note 27. Edmonton, AB: Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service,
Northern Forest Research Centre. 4 p.
Telfer, Edmund S. 1980. Browse inventories: techniques and evaluation. In: Miller,
Frank L.; Gunn, Anne, eds. Symposium on census and inventory methods for population and habitats: Proceedings of the Northwest section, Wildlife Society: 1980
April 10; Banff, AB. Contrib. 217. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho; Forest, Wildlife
and Range Experiment Station: 67-82.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Terrestrial habitat evaluation criteria handbook—Alaska. Anchorage, AK: Division of Ecological
Services. 850 p.
van Hees, Willem W.S. 1999. Vegetation resources of southwest Alaska: development and application of an innovative, extensive sampling design. Res. Pap. PNWRP-507. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 51 p.
Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T.; Batten, A.R.; Wenzlick, K.J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 p.
Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb.
410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 265 p.
Wallmo, O.C.; Carpenter, L.H.; Regelin, W.L. [and others]. 1977. Evaluation of
deer habitat on a nutritional basis. Journal of Range Management. 30: 122-127.
Yarie, John; Mead, Bert R. 1988. Twig and foliar biomass equations for major plant
species in the Tanana River basin of interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-401.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 20 p.
Yarie, John; Mead, Bert R. 1989. Biomass regression equations for determination of
vertical structure of major understory species of southeast Alaska. Northwest
Science. 63(5): 221-231.
Appendices
Tables 5 through 28 give species biomass on individual level III forested vegetation
types (in the Alaska vegetation classification system), and tables 29 through 93 give
species biomass data on nonforest vegetation types. Tables 94 through 98 summarize species constancy in forest vegetation types. Tables 99 through 108 summarize
species constancy in nonforest vegetation types. Tables 109 through 114 list the scientific naming authority for each species encountered and provide additional information on frequency of occurrence and the phytomass coefficient used for each species.
Genus names are used when the plant was not keyed to species; therefore, when a
25
genus name occurs in a table without an attached species name, it may include several species, including some of the species identified separately elsewhere in the table.
Table 5—Aboveground phytomass of trees on closed and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Appendix A:
Phytomass on
Needleleaf Forest
Vegetation Types
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
1A2E
1A2F
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
Open
canopy
white
spruce
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Larix lariciana
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
—
36 214
—
—
—
15 853
3
10 489
107
164
512
9 019
—
11 614
2 875
36 214
15 853
10 599
9 695
14 489
Betula papyrifera
Populus tremuloides
Populus trichocarpa
4 554
—
—
—
—
—
2 492
—
111
233
7
—
8
—
—
Total, broadleaf
4 554
—
2 603
240
8
40 768
15 853
13 202
9 935
14 497
Percent, live phytomass
(86.75)
(88.15)
(68.07)
(71.26)
(70.65)
Total, other plants
6 228
2 132
6 192
3 304
6 023
46 996
17 985
19 394
13 239
20 520
—
—
—
1 506
294
947
216
486
89
311
—
1 506
1 241
702
400
Total, live and dead
46 996
19 491
20 635
13 941
20 920
Number of plots
4
2
53
69
8
Total, needleleaf
Total, all live trees
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant not sampled in this type.
26
Table 6—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on closed and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
Open
canopy
white
spruce
1A2F
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
—
Alnus sinuata
313
Alnus spp.
—
Alnus tenuifolia
1128
Andromeda polifolia
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Artemisia spp.
2
Artemisia tilesii
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
—
Betula spp.
—
Chamaedaphne calyculata
—
Empetrum nigrum
—
Ledum groenlandicum
—
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
—
Linnaea borealis
—
Menziesia ferruginea
313
Myrica gale
—
Oplopanax horridus
—
Potentilla fruticosa
—
Ribes spp.
—
Ribes triste
22
Ribes hudsonianum
—
Rosa acicularis
58
Rubus arcticus
28
Rumex arcticus
—
Rubus chamaemorus
21
Rubus arcticus
—
Rubus idaeus
—
Rubus pedatus
—
Rumex arcticus
—
Salix alaxensis
—
Salix arbusculoides
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
584
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
392
688
8
318
—
4
t
t
1289
202
—
—
25
54
37
3
51
—
1
29
18
t
t
—
42
3
1
—
—
3
—
12
45
228
—
—
10
5
t
—
—
370
494
—
29
38
162
186
t
—
1
—
9
t
—
—
3
t
t
11
t
t
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
3
4
—
—
476
1469
8
—
79
7
112
1
—
—
—
16
—
—
—
16
3
—
9
—
—
2
—
—
—
27
Table 6—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on closed and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
1A2F
Open
canopy
white
spruce
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Salix barclayi
Salix barrattiana
Salix bebbiana
Salix fucescens
Salix glauca
Salix lanata
Salix monticola
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix spp.
Sorbus scopulina
Sorbus spp.
Spirea beauverdiana
Spirea spp.
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Viburnum edule
181
—
144
—
—
—
1559
—
—
—
—
—
—
620
—
—
—
—
9
136
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
106
—
—
—
—
—
—
171
75
—
74
34
6
10
183
—
73
56
240
1
451
4
t
342
4
5
—
308
30
23
22
—
—
8
—
20
43
—
193
t
34
—
—
67
46
32
3
516
33
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
1148
—
37
—
270
—
—
56
4
—
1
1146
52
3
Total, shrubs
4534
958
5069
2563
4942
Percent, live phytomass
(9.65)
(5.33)
(26.14)
(19.36)
(24.08)
Number of plots
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
28
2
53
69
8
Table 7—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
Open
canopy
white
spruce
1A2F
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphinifolium
Achillea borealis
Achillea spp.
Angelica spp.
Anemone richardsonii
Boschniakia rossica
Boykinia richardsonii
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Collomia linearis
Compositae family
Draba aurea
Drosera spp.
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris fragrans
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum pratense
Equisetum scirpoides
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Erigeron purpuratus
Fauria crista-galli
Forb
Galium aparine
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium bicknellii
Geranium erianthum
Geranium spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Iris setosa
Listera cordata
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
9
5
—
—
—
—
260
—
—
34
88
—
—
78
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
126
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
58
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
48
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
t
t
2
t
—
—
7
1
t
4
t
—
47
t
26
8
1
1
t
14
13
—
—
t
1
1
1
1
1
1
—
2
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
1
t
1
t
—
t
t
—
—
5
2
—
—
29
3
—
t
—
—
t
—
2
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
6
19
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
t
1
—
26
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
29
Table 7—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
Open
canopy
white
spruce
1A2F
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Lupinus arcticus
Lupinus spp.
Mertensia paniculata
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites frigidus
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium acutiflorum
Polemonium spp.
Potentilla palustris
Potentilla spp.
Pyrola asarifolia
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus lapponicus
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex spp.
Rumex fenestratus
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba spp.
Sanguisorba stipulata
Saxifraga bronchialis
Sedum rosea
Solidago multiradiata
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus streptopoides
Stellaria spp.
Thalictrum alpinum
Thalictrum europaea
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Thelypteris phegopteris
Trientalis europaea
30
—
—
—
9
3
—
—
—
6
t
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
28
—
—
—
17
—
t
—
—
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
7
t
t
t
—
1
t
1
8
—
1
3
3
—
t
1
t
t
9
—
—
1
t
t
t
t
t
—
t
t
2
—
—
t
t
t
1
1
t
—
t
3
11
—
t
1
1
—
1
—
—
t
—
1
t
—
—
—
—
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
—
1
2
—
—
7
1
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 7—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
1A2F
Open
canopy
white
spruce
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Valeriana spp.
Veratrum viride
Vicia spp.
Viola epipsila
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
1
2
t
t
t
1
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
682
114
175
62
77
(1.45)
(0.63)
(0.90)
(0.47)
4
2
53
69
(0.38)
8
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
31
Table 8—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on closed
and open canopy needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
1A2F
Open
canopy
white
spruce
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
72
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
76
28
5
—
19
t
4
1
26
4
1
—
8
—
6
—
2
—
72
—
128
36
16
(0.15)
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
32
(0.67)
2
53
(0.27)
69
(0.08)
8
Table 9—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on closed and open needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
1A2E
1A2F
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
Open
canopy
white
spruce
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria nigricans
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaria (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera canina
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon spp.
Usnea spp.
—
—
383
—
55
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
29
122
17
37
—
—
36
1
—
—
—
23
559
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
19
57
—
—
67
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
111
—
1
10
2
11
1
5
t
6
9
48
28
6
4
3
86
2
4
—
t
159
—
t
2
t
2
4
1
78
6
3
—
7
9
2
4
—
2
25
28
—
3
t
—
124
147
—
310
—
—
20
—
14
—
23
—
3
7
82
5
—
3
18
3
2
—
—
—
13
Total, lichens
714
741
498
300
650
Percent, live phytomass
(1.52)
(4.12)
(2.57)
(2.27)
(3.17)
Number of plots
4
2
53
69
8
— = plant was not sampled in this type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
33
Table 10—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on closed and
open needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A1J
1A1K
Closed
canopy
white
spruce
Closed
canopy
black
spruce
1A2E
Open
canopy
white
spruce
1A2F
Open
canopy
black
spruce
1A2G
Open
canopy
black
sprucewhite
spruce
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Climacium dendroides
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium splendens
Hylocomium spp.
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
—
—
—
8
—
23
26
25
—
—
—
22
23
40
—
5
—
23
12
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
108
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
211
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
1
18
—
1
168
8
8
1
t
1
1
14
51
1
17
t
11
—
t
1
—
18
2
—
5
—
1
166
t
3
—
—
—
t
6
24
—
9
—
6
—
—
t
t
121
—
—
8
6
—
158
42
—
—
—
—
—
t
48
4
7
—
12
—
—
—
—
53
Total, mosses
227
319
323
343
338
Percent, live phytomass
(0.48)
(1.77)
(1.67)
(2.59)
(1.65)
Number of plots
4
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
34
2
53
69
8
Table 11—Aboveground phytomass of trees on open and woodland needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Larix lariciana
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
1061
867
3784
—
5928
—
112
337
3999
108
1997
1115
1027
—
348
5712
5928
4448
3220
1375
Betula papyrifera
Populus balsamifera
Populus tremuloides
Populus trichocarpa
—
—
—
—
303
58
14
2
113
—
—
—
8010
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, broadleaf
—
377
113
8010
—
5712
6305
4561
11 230
1375
(65.9)
(55.49)
(55.46)
(74.78)
(25.41)
2958
5057
3663
3788
4036
8670
11362
8224
15018
5411
—
—
—
711
187
187
—
—
—
—
—
711
373
—
—
Total, live and dead
8670
12073
8597
15018
5411
Number of plots
6
46
40
3
3
Total, needleleaf
Total, all live trees
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
35
Table 12—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open and woodland needleleaf
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
57
Alnus sinuata
—
Alnus spp.
—
Alnus tenuifolia
—
Andromeda polifolia
—
Arctostaphylos alpina
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Artemisia spp.
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
828
Chamaedaphne calyculata
85
Diapensia lapponica
—
Dryas spp.
—
Empetrum nigrum
42
Kalmia polifolia
—
Ledum groenlandicum
222
Ledum palustre var. decumbens 374
Ledum spp.
—
Linnaea borealis
10
Menziesia ferruginea
—
Myrica gale
—
Oplopanax horridus
—
Potentilla fruticosa
—
Ribes spp.
—
Ribes triste
—
Rosa acicularis
—
Rubus arcticus
1
Rubus chamaemorus
17
Rubus pedatus
—
Rumex arcticus
—
Salix alaxensis
—
Salix arbusculoides
—
Salix arctica
—
36
320
33
107
29
6
—
2
t
943
536
—
t
—
35
t
28
102
—
t
1
59
6
56
4
5
1
3
3
2
6
46
31
14
343
198
—
19
2
2
1
—
664
436
45
—
t
13
—
49
420
19
t
—
40
—
29
1
—
2
8
10
—
1
2
17
—
632
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1299
—
57
—
—
48
—
—
247
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
23
23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
25
—
947
75
9
—
—
4
—
135
345
—
—
—
258
—
1244
—
—
—
2
8
—
—
—
—
—
Table 12—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open and woodland needleleaf
vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Salix barclayi
Salix bebbiana
Salix commutata
Salix fuscescens
Salix glauca
Salix hastata
Salix interior
Salix lanata
Salix monticola
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix setchelliana
Salix stolonifera
Salix spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
Spiraea spp.
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Viburnum edule
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
281
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
518
52
—
223
—
—
48
49
—
—
48
—
1
679
2
3
—
83
157
2
6
t
391
15
3
2
4
21
—
—
36
18
—
—
10
42
1
—
2
18
67
32
11
3
370
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
35
—
172
—
—
—
—
63
—
—
9
335
12
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
42
—
—
166
t
219
6
—
Total, shrubs
2488
4088
2980
2969
3526
Percent, live phytomass
(28.70)
(35.98)
(36.24)
(19.77)
(65.16)
Number of plots
6
46
40
3
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
37
Table 13—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open and woodland needleleaf
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphinifolium
Achillea spp.
Astragalus spp.
Cardamine pratensis
Cicuta mackenzieana
Collomia linearis
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Cruciferae family
Drosera spp.
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum scirpoides
Equisetum spp.
Erigeron purpuratus
Forb
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Galium trifidum
Gentiana spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium erianthum
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Iris setosa
Lepidium densiflorum
Listera spp.
Mertensia spp.
Mertensia paniculata
Mitella pentandra
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
15
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
t
—
—
t
11
t
t
t
24
23
3
t
15
—
10
t
14
—
t
t
1
t
t
—
t
1
1
5
t
t
—
t
—
—
—
—
3
t
t
—
t
—
1
—
—
8
—
2
17
15
—
4
t
t
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
70
—
—
—
139
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 13—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open and woodland needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Parnassia palustris
Parnassia spp.
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites hyberboreus
Platanthera hyberborea
Polemonium acutiflorum
Polygonum spp.
Potentilla palustris
Potentilla spp.
Pyrola asarifolia
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex acetosella
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba stipulata
Sanguisorba spp.
Sedum rosea
Senecio spp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Stellaria crispa
Streptopus spp.
Swertia perennis
Thalictrum occidentale
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
t
t
t
1
1
t
9
t
2
2
t
1
—
t
t
1
4
1
t
t
t
t
t
t
1
t
—
1
1
t
2
—
—
—
—
9
15
—
—
t
t
t
1
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
21
32
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
39
Table 13—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open and woodland needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Veratrum viride
Vicia spp.
Viola epipsila
Viola spp.
—
—
—
—
1
1
1
1
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
136
81
210
58
(0.29)
(1.20)
(0.98)
(1.40)
(1.07)
46
40
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
40
3
3
Table 14—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on open and
woodland needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
Luzula spp.
2
—
12
—
1
—
—
38
7
34
2
4
t
1
50
5
35
5
1
—
—
119
2
1
—
—
—
—
5
—
67
—
—
—
—
15
86
96
122
72
(0.17)
(0.76)
(1.17)
(0.81)
(1.33)
46
40
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
6
3
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
41
Table 15—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on open and woodland needleleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia enteromorpha
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera canina
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Usnea spp.
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
2
—
—
2
22
31
—
—
—
7
—
2
—
—
5
15
6
—
2
—
—
—
13
33
2
t
t
7
t
68
2
11
4
7
—
11
8
t
—
13
66
t
2
2
—
159
—
—
t
4
—
3
t
69
1
6
5
8
—
—
1
—
2
14
23
—
6
t
1
83
—
—
—
6
—
1
—
24
—
—
7
11
—
—
—
—
—
13
140
—
—
—
—
95
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
6
—
—
—
5
—
—
3
3
—
—
—
—
—
94
408
226
297
33
(3.59)
(2.75)
(1.98)
(0.61)
46
40
(1.08)
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
42
3
3
Table 16—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on open and
woodland needleleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1A2H
Black
sprucetamarack
open
canopy
1A3C
1A3D
White
spruce
woodland
Black
spruce
woodland
1A3E
Black
sprucewhite
spruce
woodland
1A3X
Black
sprucetamarack
woodland
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Climacium dendroides
Conocephalum conicum
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Sphagnum spp.
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
24
11
—
—
—
—
—
90
11
t
—
9
—
—
185
23
t
t
19
t
2
4
152
1
t
t
4
2
14
19
t
20
1
25
1
t
53
8
—
—
2
—
1
t
40
t
—
—
—
1
6
56
—
10
—
3
—
t
153
2
—
—
19
—
—
—
36
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
31
—
—
90
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
27
—
—
—
—
—
—
203
—
1
—
—
—
—
116
Total, mosses
336
340
280
190
347
Percent, live phytomass
(3.88)
(2.99)
(3.40)
(1.27)
(6.41)
46
40
Number of plots
6
3
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
43
Appendix B :
Phytomass on
Broadleaf Forest
Vegetation Types
Table 17—Aboveground phytomass of trees on closed and open canopy
broadleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Larix lariciana
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
—
—
—
181
3998
1945
—
6 983
5 497
—
6802
—
2
363
84
—
6124
12 480
6802
449
Betula papyrifera
Populus tremuloides
Populus trichocarpa
—
—
29503
18510
2
—
6 603
—
—
5 308
—
2802
3444
—
97
Total, broadleaf
29503
18512
6603
8110
3541
Total, all live trees
29503
24636
19083
14912
3990
(78.68)
(85.51)
(79.32)
(81.49)
(50.33)
7993
4171
4976
3388
3937
37496
28807
24059
18300
7927
1513
877
46
794
285
403
—
—
446
1414
2390
840
688
—
1860
Total, live and dead
39886
29647
24747
18300
9787
Number of plots
4
27
17
2
6
Total, needleleaf
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
44
Table 18—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on closed and open broadleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
Alnus sinuata
Alnus spp.
Alnus tenuifolia
Arctostaphylos rubra
Artemisia spp.
Betula glandulosa
Betula nana
Empetrum nigrum
Ledum groenlandicum
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
Linnaea borealis
Ribes bracteosum
Ribes spp.
Rosa acicularis
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus idaeus
Rubus pedatus
Rumex arcticus
Salix alaxensis
Salix arbusculoides
Salix barclayi
Salix glauca
Salix hastata
Salix interior
Salix monticola
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix planifolia
Salix spp.
Sorbus spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
Spiraea spp.
—
644
—
3191
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
91
—
—
—
—
—
1371
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2153
—
—
—
833
1221
—
158
—
t
16
20
3
6
11
7
1
36
50
1
t
t
—
—
155
—
315
1
—
—
—
202
46
8
1
168
58
2356
161
55
96
—
—
101
122
12
21
10
9
—
t
t
3
6
—
3
4
10
—
12
—
59
55
—
—
34
27
—
216
424
—
754
—
1311
—
—
—
16
—
—
—
3
—
—
325
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
66
890
—
—
1
—
—
355
2
1
77
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
311
—
—
—
—
318
1073
—
—
—
144
—
45
Table 18—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on closed and open broadleaf
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Viburnum edule
—
—
—
—
130
—
—
58
6
81
38
1
275
23
t
—
—
—
—
313
—
—
21
24
16
Total, shrubs
7586
3462
4133
2750
3301
Percent, live phytomass
(20.23)
(12.02)
(17.18)
(15.03)
(41.64)
Number of plots
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
46
27
17
2
6
Table 19—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy
broadleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Boschniakia rossica
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Delphinium glaucum
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum pratense
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Erigeron purpuratus
Forb
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium erianthum
Geranium spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Heracleum lanatum
Hippuris vulgaris
Listera cordata
Mertensia paniculata
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium spp.
Potentilla palustris
Pyrola asarifolia
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus lapponicus
—
—
7
—
—
1
—
—
6
—
2
—
—
101
—
1
—
3
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
3
1
4
—
t
—
—
13
8
—
22
16
30
—
t
1
70
36
1
—
t
—
1
t
—
6
—
—
t
1
t
2
—
1
6
—
1
1
—
—
4
—
5
1
—
43
2
2
t
11
—
45
—
—
1
—
—
t
—
—
t
—
t
—
t
t
t
t
t
13
—
2
t
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
70
28
—
25
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
4
4
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
16
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
308
—
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
3
1
—
—
47
Table 19—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on closed and open canopy
broadleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex spp.
Smilacina spp.
Streptopus streptopoides
Stellaria spp.
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Thalictrum spp.
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana spp.
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
—
6
27
3
3
—
—
1
—
t
—
t
—
t
3
—
t
1
—
t
—
—
t
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
9
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
189
221
130
172
318
(0.50)
(0.77)
(0.54)
(0.94)
(4.01)
27
17
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
48
2
6
Table 20—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on closed
and open canopy broadleaf vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Grass
21
104
—
—
153
—
—
2
56
38
2
27
201
—
—
—
44
2
—
7
Total, grasses
125
155
123
201
53
Percent, live phytomass
(0.33)
(0.54)
(0.51)
(1.10)
(0.67)
Number of plots
4
27
17
2
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
49
Table 21—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on closed and open canopy
broadleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria spp.
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Usnea spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
2
—
—
23
—
—
—
—
13
—
2
4
12
4
9
8
1
1
113
4
10
t
—
7
t
3
1
13
58
8
2
2
3
164
3
19
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
175
—
—
—
4
—
22
17
1
1
—
—
—
—
1
19
4
—
50
181
283
179
69
(0.13)
(0.63)
(1.18)
(0.98)
(0.87)
27
17
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
50
2
6
Table 22—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on closed and
open canopy broadleaf forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1B1B
1B1D
Black
cottonwood
closed
canopy
Paper
birch
closed
canopy
1C1A
Sprucepaper
birch
closed
canopy
1B2C
Balsam
poplarcottonwood
open
canopy
1B2A
Paper
birch
open
canopy
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium complanatum
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Sphagnum spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
39
3
2
—
—
—
2
11
4
t
2
79
6
t
—
7
18
6
16
—
1
4
11
—
t
3
155
14
4
—
5
21
13
23
4
50
—
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
—
7
37
—
—
—
—
1
1
—
t
—
61
—
—
—
10
71
15
18
—
19
46
152
307
87
196
(0.12)
(0.53)
(1.28)
(0.48)
(2.47)
Total, mosses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
4
27
17
2
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
51
Appendix C :
Phytomass on Mixed
Forest Vegetation
Types
Table 23—Aboveground phytomass of trees on mixed forest vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Larix lariciana
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
—
10530
359
3380
215
4499
—
4969
—
—
1993
690
10889
8094
4969
2683
Betula papyrifera
Populus balsamifera
Populus tremuloides
Populus trichocarpa
4783
22
38
—
877
—
3711
—
5 063
—
—
3788
978
t
113
—
Total, broadleaf
4843
4590
8851
1091
15732
12684
13820
3774
(73.15)
(70.53)
(66.25)
(44.44)
5774
5301
7040
4719
21506
17985
20860
8493
46
1226
—
—
—
433
—
—
1272
—
433
—
Total, live and dead
22778
17985
21293
8493
Number of plots
62
3
4
9
Total, needleleaf
Total, all live trees
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
52
Table 24—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mixed forest vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
1026
Alnus sinuata
714
Alnus tenuifolia
436
Andromeda polifolia
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
t
Artemisia spp.
t
Betula glandulosa
30
Betula nana
118
Cassiope tetragona
t
Chamaedaphne calyculata
—
Dryas octopetala
t
Empetrum nigrum
12
Ledum groenlandicum
9
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
7
Linnaea borealis
6
Menziesia ferruginea
9
Potentilla fruticosa
t
Ribes spp.
13
Ribes hudsonianum
—
Ribes laxiflorum
1
Ribes triste
1
Rosa acicularis
13
Rubus arcticus
8
Rubus chamaemorus
4
Rubus idaeus
1
Rubus pedatus
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
3272
—
—
—
—
—
131
289
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
t
5
—
—
69
—
3 862
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
92
—
—
30
—
858
—
31
8
—
—
189
692
—
3
—
23
136
376
12
—
—
—
12
—
—
1
2
7
—
—
53
Table 24—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mixed forest vegetation types
in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Salix alaxensis
Salix arbusculoides
Salix barclayi
Salix bebbiana
Salix glauca
Salix monticola
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix spp.
Sorbus spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
Spiraea spp.
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Viburnum edule
—
330
665
3
t
7
31
226
t
117
45
369
80
52
t
189
10
228
—
—
311
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
t
717
44
—
—
521
—
475
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
407
461
—
—
28
—
—
—
8
—
455
—
92
—
—
—
663
24
—
Total, shrubs
4775
4773
5471
4081
Percent, live phytomass
(22.20)
(26.54)
(26.23)
(48.05)
Number of plots
62
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
54
3
4
9
Table 25—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mixed forest vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Achillea spp.
Actaea rubra
Angelica lucida
Athyrium filix-femina
Circaea alpina
Collomia linearis
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Cypripedium montanum
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris fragrans
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium glandulosum
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Forb
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium erianthum
Geranium spp.
Goodyera repens
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Heracleum lanatum
Listera cordata
Lupinus spp.
Mertensia spp.
Mertensia paniculata
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
t
—
—
t
1
—
1
6
2
1
92
16
50
10
t
26
15
12
t
2
1
1
t
1
t
15
1
t
t
t
1
t
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
10
—
—
2
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
22
—
109
—
80
—
—
4
—
—
t
—
—
28
—
—
—
12
—
4
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
t
2
—
—
—
—
2
—
1
26
5
t
—
t
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
t
55
Table 25—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mixed forest vegetation types
in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Oxytropis spp.
Platanthera hyberborea
Polemonium spp.
Polygonum alaskanum
Potentilla palustris
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Saussurea americana
Smilacina spp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus spp.
Stellaria spp.
Streptopus spp.
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Thalictrum spp.
Thelypteris phegopteris
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana spp.
Veratrum viride
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
t
t
t
1
8
4
1
—
1
6
t
1
1
—
t
t
t
t
t
5
1
t
11
t
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
608
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
2
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
1
—
18
—
4
t
—
1
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
t
—
—
t
304
10
897
63
(1.41)
(0.06)
62
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
56
3
(4.30)
4
(0.74)
9
Table 26—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on mixed
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
68
45
0
—
10
196
—
—
—
—
80
79
170
—
149
60
9
14
1
70
Total, grasses
123
196
478
154
Percent, live phytomass
(0.57)
(1.09)
(2.29)
(1.81)
Number of plots
62
3
4
9
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
57
Table 27—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on mixed forest vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera canina
Peltigera spp.
Usnea spp.
3
t
1
t
3
4
—
3
t
4
14
14
15
15
1
8
113
1
3
78
—
—
—
—
5
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
4
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
9
20
6
20
—
—
52
—
—
—
—
4
—
1
7
60
1
—
—
—
1
2
1
—
4
2
90
—
3
4
Total, lichens
280
23
113
180
Percent, live phytomass
(1.30)
(0.13)
(0.54)
Number of plots
62
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
58
3
4
(2.12)
9
Table 28—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on mixed
forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
1C2A
Sprucepaper birch
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2B
Aspenspruce
open
canopy
mixed
forest
1C2C
Paper birch
balsam poplar,
and spruce
open canopy
mixed
forest
1C3A
Sprucepaper birch
woodland
canopy
mixed
forest
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Climacium dendroides
Dicranum scoparium
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium complanatum
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
3
1
t
26
1
1
12
153
5
t
2
11
35
3
10
t
8
t
1
—
21
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
161
—
1
—
7
55
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
56
8
—
—
11
—
1
4
—
—
—
—
33
10
—
5
—
3
—
—
—
6
5
—
—
1
—
—
t
24
4
—
—
7
86
—
24
—
7
—
—
1
83
Total, mosses
293
300
81
242
Percent, live phytomass
(1.36)
(1.67)
(0.39)
(2.85)
Number of plots
62
3
4
9
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
59
Appendix D :
Phytomass on
Nonforest Dwarf
Tree and Shrub
Vegetation Types
Table 29—Aboveground phytomass of trees on dwarf tree and shrub types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
—
6549
1632
5130
524
119
337
—
4270
30
6549
6761
643
337
4300
Betula papyrifera
Populus tremuloides
—
—
—
—
38
—
177
—
680
1
Total, broadleaf
—
—
38
177
681
6549
6761
681
514
4981
(26.55)
(54.22)
(7.87)
(5.64)
(25.36)
2367
5708
7972
8607
14660
8916
12469
8653
9121
19641
t
—
t
—
t
—
t
—
109
114
t
t
t
t
223
Total, live and dead
8916
12469
8653
9121
19864
Number of plots
2
2
16
34
15
Total, needleleaf
Total, all live trees
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
60
Table 30—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
—
Alnus sinuata
—
Alnus spp.
—
Alnus tenuifolia
—
Arctostaphylos alpina
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Arctostaphylos spp.
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
491
Chamaedaphne calyculata
61
Diapensia lapponica
—
Empetrum nigrum
6
Ledum groenlandicum
264
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
—
Linnaea borealis
—
Menziesia ferruginea
—
Myrica gale
—
Oplopanax horridus
—
Potentilla fruticosa
—
Ribes spp.
—
Ribes triste
—
Rosa acicularis
—
Rubus arcticus
—
Rubus chamaemorus
23
Rubus idaeus
—
Rubus pedatus
—
Rubus spectabilis
—
Rubus spp.
—
Rumex arcticus
—
Salix alaxensis
—
Salix arbusculoides
—
Salix artica
—
Salix barclayi
—
—
—
—
1412
—
—
—
—
544
49
—
58
267
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
87
50
—
53
—
—
—
70
45
—
—
5
—
14
t
—
—
—
40
4
1
21
9
3
—
1
—
—
3
456
541
417
1322
3369
3161
—
218
t
t
t
12
10
t
t
2
2
3
1
45
22
145
—
4
1
—
6
2
2
2
46
—
1
44
—
25
31
842
585
46
3165
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
t
—
—
—
50
17
5
39
14
—
29
—
—
2
9
1 896
404
—
300
61
Table 30—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Salix bebbiana
Salix commutata
Salix glauca
Salix lanata
Salix lasiandra
Salix monticola
Salix phlebophylla
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix sitchensis
Salix spp.
Sambucus racemosa
Sorbus spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
Spiraea spp.
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Viburnum edule
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
289
—
—
10
97
2
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
1206
—
—
857
—
—
—
—
—
12
627
24
—
—
280
455
—
—
785
—
2105
—
167
5
—
—
60
—
—
t
90
2
5
—
—
—
—
24
—
—
t
—
—
84
131
18
172
—
2
—
63
1
—
271
—
—
197
—
—
73
3111
1
—
2095
—
—
38
4
—
—
1
t
67
Total, shrubs
1247
5092
7096
7649
13263
Percent, live phytomass
(13.99)
(40.84)
(82.01)
(83.86)
(67.53)
Number of plots
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
62
2
16
34
15
Table 31—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Achillea spp.
Actaea rubra
Angelica lucida
Angelica spp.
Anemone richardsonii
Aruncus sylvester
Astragalus spp.
Athyrium filix-femina
Athyrium spp.
Boschniakia rossica
Cardamine pratensis
Chrysosplenium tetrandrum
Cicuta douglasii
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Cruciferae family
Cryptogramma spp.
Delphinium brachycentrum
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Forb
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
77
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
1
4
—
—
1
t
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
1
—
—
—
t
2
34
33
t
21
—
3
6
2
—
4
—
1
5
t
t
1
1
—
—
—
—
81
26
t
t
—
6
t
t
1
—
t
—
384
19
17
t
1
—
6
—
t
—
—
t
1
5
3
—
—
—
3
—
t
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
12
3
1
2
—
—
1
17
17
t
40
—
28
1
6
34
2
—
1
5
63
Table 31—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Heracleum lanatum
Heuchera glabra
Iris setosa
Listera cordata
Lupinus spp.
Mertensia spp.
Mertensia paniculata
Mushroom
Parnassia palustris
Petasites frigidus
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium acutiflorum
Polemonium spp.
Potentilla palustris
Pyrola asarifolia
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Romanzoffia spp.
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Saxifraga punctata
Sedum rosea
Sedum spp.
Senecio spp.
Sedum spp.
Stellaria crassifolia
Stellaria spp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus streptopoides
Streptopus spp.
Thalictrum occidentale
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
64
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
651
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
27
—
—
t
t
—
3
t
t
—
1
—
3
115
2
3
—
—
—
16
—
t
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
2
—
—
4
2
t
t
—
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
t
—
7
1
1
—
t
—
—
1
4
t
1
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
17
1
1
14
t
14
1
54
—
t
1
—
t
12
—
5
t
—
t
t
1
—
—
—
2
t
Table 31—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Thalictrum spp.
Thelypteris phegopteris
Thelypteris spp.
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana spp.
Valeriana sitchensis
Veratrum viride
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
1
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
3
—
—
—
25
1
2
t
—
t
5
3
1
t
—
t
10
732
54
296
605
319
(3.42)
(6.63)
(1.62)
(8.21)
2
(0.43)
2
16
34
15
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
65
Table 32—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on dwarf
tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex albo-nigra
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
94
—
51
—
41
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
248
37
—
21
—
3
62
73
—
6
—
10
357
15
—
9
—
—
Total, grasses
186
9
309
151
381
Percent, live phytomass
(2.09)
(3.57)
(1.66)
(1.94)
Number of plots
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
66
(0.07)
2
16
34
15
Table 33—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on dwarf tree and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alectoria delicta
Cetraria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Usnea spp.
—
—
30
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
73
—
—
30
—
—
13
—
—
—
15
—
162
—
—
87
—
—
1
t
—
—
—
32
—
1
—
15
1
—
3
—
9
1
2
t
3
—
47
1
—
t
11
2
t
3
1
38
—
1
1
10
11
78
22
—
3
139
1
—
139
Total, lichens
105
307
53
80
444
Percent, live phytomass
(1.18)
(2.46)
(0.61)
Number of plots
2
2
16
(0.88)
34
(2.26)
15
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
67
Table 34—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on dwarf tree
and shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2A2A
Black
spruce
open
canopy
dwarf
tree
2A3A
Black
spruce
woodland
canopy
dwarf
tree
2B1A
2B1B
Willow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Alder
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
2B1D
Alderwillow
closed
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Conocephalum conicum
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
Thuidium abietinum
—
—
37
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
51
—
4
—
65
5
—
—
51
—
—
—
—
—
—
71
—
2
—
8
—
t
—
74
7
1
44
20
—
—
15
—
—
—
47
—
t
3
9
6
t
1
21
10
1
49
12
2
t
t
3
1
—
3
1
1
—
53
—
1
—
101
1
9
56
11
13
—
2
—
—
1
6
—
Total, mosses
98
247
218
122
255
(1.10)
(1.98)
(2.52)
(1.34)
(1.30)
34
15
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
68
2
16
Appendix E:
Phytomass on
Nonforest Shrub
Vegetation Types
Table 35—Aboveground phytomass of trees in open canopy tall shrub types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Picea mariana
—
—
—
3263
—
—
—
—
3263
—
—
13
—
—
—
Total, broadleaf
—
13
—
—
—
Total, all live trees
—
13
—
3263
—
Total, needleleaf
Betula papyrifera
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
(0.23)
(43.13)
6737
5764
10 506
4303
2694
6737
5777
10 506
7566
2694
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
2044
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
6737
5777
10 506
9610
2694
Number of plots
3
7
1
6
1
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
69
Table 36—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs in open canopy tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
—
Alnus sinuata
—
Alnus tenuifolia
—
Andromeda polifolia
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
—
Artemisia spp.
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
73
Cassiope stellaria
—
Empetrum nigrum
—
Kalmia polifolia
—
Ledum groenlandicum
—
Ledum palustre var. decumbens —
Linnaea borealis
t
Loiseleuria procumbens
—
Luetkea pectinata
—
Menziesia ferruginea
—
Ribes spp.
—
Rubus arcticus
2
Rubus chamaemorus
—
Rubus pedatus
—
Salix alaxensis
443
Salix artica
—
Salix monticola
3729
Salix planifolia
1720
Salix spp.
141
Spiraea beauverdiana
123
70
—
3178
—
—
1
t
1
298
228
—
27
1
21
313
t
—
—
368
10
1
4
1
—
4
—
12
102
400
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6 080
2 372
—
33
—
1 290
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
759
443
260
1
—
1
—
—
248
2
62
—
143
60
—
4
6
—
—
1
6
t
—
—
—
234
307
351
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
270
284
—
—
—
—
232
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
538
—
—
—
158
156
Table 36—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs in open canopy tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
—
—
—
—
81
18
—
171
51
1
746
15
—
472
38
Total, shrubs
6231
5069
10 003
3650
2154
Percent, live phytomass
(92.49)
(87.74)
(95.21)
(48.24)
(79.96)
Number of plots
3
7
1
6
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
71
Table 37—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Anemone richardsonii
Angelica spp.
Boschniakia rossica
Chrysosplenium tetrandrum
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium latifolium
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Forb
Geranium erianthum
Geranium spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Mushroom
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium acutiflorum
Polygonum bistorta
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Sedum rosea
72
t
t
1
—
1
—
—
—
1
82
40
—
3
—
—
1
t
3
3
—
—
1
1
—
1
—
6
—
1
—
5
t
—
t
1
—
89
55
11
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
95
—
22
1
—
—
8
—
—
—
2
t
2
—
—
t
—
3
3
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 37—Aboveground phytomass of forbs in open canopy tall shrub vegetation
types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Streptopus amplexifolius
Stellaria spp.
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Thelypteris phegopteris
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Veratrum viride
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
t
—
t
—
t
1
t
—
4
1
—
t
—
t
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
42
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
150
167
18
191
6
(2.23)
(2.89)
(0.17)
3
7
1
(2.52)
6
(0.22)
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
73
Table 38—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species in open
canopy tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2B
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Grass
314
11
—
—
197
—
2
11
—
—
—
—
13
7
7
16
124
—
40
—
Total, grasses
325
210
—
43
164
Percent, live phytomass
(4.82)
(3.64)
(0.57)
(6.09)
Number of plots
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
74
7
1
6
1
Table 39—Aboveground phytomass of lichens in open canopy tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Lichen
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Usnea spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
51
1
16
6
1
1
—
1
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
111
—
—
22
—
—
—
25
56
—
—
—
—
2
—
34
—
1
2
5
1
3
5
8
1
1
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, lichens
10
81
214
101
—
Percent, live phytomass
(0.15)
(2.04)
(1.33)
Number of plots
3
(1.40)
7
1
6
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
75
Table 40—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses in open canopy
tall shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2A
2B2B
2B2C
Willow
open
canopy
tall
tree
Alder
open
canopy
tall
tree
Shrub birch
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2D
Alderwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2B2E
Shrub birchwillow
open
canopy
tall
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
—
—
—
—
—
1
16
—
—
1
—
—
4
2
5
—
113
36
—
10
45
2
4
8
1
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
116
—
12
—
—
—
143
6
42
t
88
12
—
3
24
—
23
14
—
108
—
7
—
36
—
—
4
253
—
59
11
—
—
Total, mosses
22
236
271
320
370
(4.09)
(2.58)
(4.23)
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
(0.33)
3
7
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
76
1
6
(13.73)
1
Table 41—Aboveground phytomass of trees on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
30
—
1320
—
651
116
27
—
1686
928
30
1320
767
27
2614
2016
—
537
—
42
2016
—
537
—
42
2046
1320
1304
27
2656
(32.70)
(18.33)
(19.44)
(0.41)
(57.55)
4210
5883
5405
6538
1959
6256
7203
6709
6565
4615
—
—
t
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
t
—
t
t
Total, needleleaf
Betula papyrifera
Total, broadleaf
Total, all live trees
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
Total, live and dead
6256
7203
6709
6565
4615
Number of plots
2
6
4
3
16
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
77
Table 42—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
—
Alnus sinuata
—
Andromeda polifolia
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Artemisia arctica
—
Artemisia spp.
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
—
Chamaedaphne calyculata
—
Diapensia lapponica
—
Empetrum nigrum
—
Ledum groenlandicum
—
Ledum palustre var. decumbens —
Linnaea borealis
—
Myrica gale
—
Phyllodoce coerulea
—
Rosa acicularis
—
Rubus arcticus
2
Rubus chamaemorus
—
Salix artica
—
Salix barclayi
—
Salix fuscescens
52
Salix glauca
—
Salix myrtillifolia
2012
Salix planifolia
—
Salix setchelliana
—
Salix spp.
—
Spiraea beauverdiana
—
78
—
311
—
13
—
t
2598
212
—
—
37
—
321
—
—
—
—
—
1
1
152
—
663
—
—
—
—
5
320
—
—
—
—
—
—
523
32
—
7
—
157
—
—
—
3
30
5
—
—
—
—
—
1230
—
1743
81
—
—
—
—
—
—
1239
251
160
—
18
—
121
—
324
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
13
1158
—
—
55
—
10
12
8
t
—
49
439
20
2
35
—
306
t
—
t
—
t
3
2
—
7
—
—
—
3
8
89
Table 42—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Total, shrubs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
129
—
778
15
—
3
536
24
—
15
2245
11
—
t
390
16
2066
5236
4694
5613
1399
(33.02)
(72.69)
(69.97)
(85.50)
(30.31)
2
6
4
3
16
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
79
Table 43—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Athyrium filix-femina
Cerastium spp.
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Drosera rotundifolia
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum scirpoides
Equisetum spp.
Forb
Galium boreale
Geranium spp.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Iris setosa
Mushroom
Parnassia palustris
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium spp.
Polygonum spp.
Potentilla palustris
Pyrola secunda
Ranunculus lapponicus
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Sedum rosea
Trientalis europaea
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
59
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
9
—
—
—
583
—
—
—
—
—
2
2
—
—
6
4
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
1
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
64
—
1
—
—
—
11
27
—
—
80
—
—
—
5
—
125
—
2
2
—
—
8
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
1
—
3
7
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
474
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
2
—
7
t
t
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
1
t
1
—
673
25
327
489
11
(0.35)
(4.87)
(7.45)
(0.24)
6
4
3
17
(10.76)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
80
Table 44—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on tall shrub
and low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
133
—
—
—
1085
—
—
22
—
3
—
—
—
—
140
—
—
10
—
93
1
2
26
12
1
Total, grasses
1218
25
140
103
42
Percent, live phytomass
(19.47)
(0.35)
(2.09)
(1.57)
(0.91)
Number of plots
2
6
4
3
16
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
81
Table 45—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on tall shrub and low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Usnea spp.
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
381
—
15
20
—
—
—
4
17
4
6
—
15
—
—
—
7
2
—
1
6
—
—
—
2
28
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
3
5
4
148
12
9
7
5
8
t
8
24
5
1
1
9
5
462
62
6
257
(0.08)
(6.41)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
82
6
(0.92)
4
(0.09)
3
(5.57)
16
Table 46—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on tall shrub and
low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2B2F
Shrub
swamp
open
canopy
tall
shrub
2C1A
2C1B
Shrub birch
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Low willow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1C
Shrub birchwillow
closed
canopy
low
shrub
2C1D
Ericaceous
shrub
closed
canopy
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium complanatum
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
30
—
2
—
—
—
37
—
20
41
—
—
—
119
—
13
4
6
1
7
—
—
71
5
—
8
2
17
—
—
1
—
—
—
19
3
105
16
—
—
—
38
—
41
4
—
—
—
—
13
93
—
54
—
—
122
17
12
t
85
1
—
—
2
28
17
—
4
—
85
Total, mosses
249
135
182
327
250
Percent, live phytomass
(3.98)
(1.87)
(2.71)
(4.98)
(5.42)
Number of plots
2
6
4
3
16
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
83
Table 47—Aboveground phytomass of trees on open canopy low shrub types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2C2A
Mixed
shrubsedge tussock
tundra open
low
shrub
2C2C
Mesic
shrub birchericaceous
open
low
shrub
2C2D
Shrub birchericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2E
2C2F
Ericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
Shrub birchwillow
open
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
—
—
219
754
—
2140
—
—
—
—
Total, needleleaf
—
973
2140
—
—
Total, all live trees
—
973
2140
—
—
Percent, live phytomass
(30.36)
(54.10)
1059
2232
1816
868
745
1059
3205
3956
868
745
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
1059
3205
3956
868
745
Number of plots
10
18
3
4
2
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
84
Table 48—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open canopy low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2C2A
Mixed
shrubsedge tussock
tundra open
low
shrub
2C2C
Mesic
shrub birchericaceous
open
low
shrub
2C2D
Shrub birchericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2E
2C2F
Ericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
Shrub birchwillow
open
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
Alnus spp.
Andromeda polifolia
Arctostaphylos alpina
Arctostaphylos rubra
Betula glandulosa
Betula nana
Cassiope stelleriana
Cassiope tetragona
Chamaedaphne calyculata
Empetrum nigrum
Ledum groenlandicum
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
Ledum spp.
Myrica gale
Potentilla fruticosa
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Salix artica
Salix fuscescens
Salix glauca
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix rotundifolia
Salix spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
10
5
9
—
138
—
—
—
4
—
100
—
—
—
1
4
7
12
—
3
—
t
—
3
t
67
3
15
16
7
5
3
6
652
—
—
t
30
—
336
5
—
—
1
13
—
—
—
154
1
—
—
198
t
138
23
4
—
—
—
11
—
248
—
—
6
26
—
344
—
—
—
—
47
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
483
37
—
—
1
—
—
—
70
—
—
—
14
37
80
—
98
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
10
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
119
—
17
5
—
11
—
85
—
—
75
—
—
—
—
60
113
33
—
15
—
—
58
2
366
1603
1211
334
593
(34.56)
(50.02)
(30.61)
(38.48)
(79.60)
Total, shrubs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
2
6
4
3
17
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
85
Table 49—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2C2A
Mixed
shrubsedge tussock
tundra open
low
shrub
2C2C
Mesic
shrub birchericaceous
open
low
shrub
2C2D
Shrub birchericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2E
2C2F
Ericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
Shrub birchwillow
open
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Anemone spp.
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Dryopteris dilatata
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum silvaticum
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Mushroom
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium spp.
Pyrola secunda
Trientalis europaea
Total, forbs
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
t
t
1
t
—
—
—
3
1
11
3
—
2
1
t
—
—
—
t
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
2
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
22
—
2
4
(0.23)
(0.54)
Percent, live phytomass
(0.19)
(0.69)
Number of plots
2
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
86
4
3
17
Table 50—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on open
canopy low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2C2A
Mixed
shrubsedge tussock
tundra open
low
shrub
2C2C
Mesic
shrub birchericaceous
open
low
shrub
2C2D
Shrub birchericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2E
2C2F
Ericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
Shrub birchwillow
open
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Poa spp.
20
—
69
91
—
—
10
20
42
6
—
1
2
—
22
21
—
—
—
—
82
10
1
—
—
—
19
—
3
—
Total, grasses
180
79
45
93
22
Percent, live phytomass
(0.17)
(2.46)
(1.14)
(10.71)
(2.95)
Number of plots
2
6
4
3
17
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
87
Table 51—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on open canopy low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2C2A
Mixed
shrubsedge tussock
tundra open
low
shrub
2C2C
Mesic
shrub birchericaceous
open
low
shrub
2C2D
Shrub birchericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2E
2C2F
Ericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
Shrub birchwillow
open
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia digitata
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Lichen
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Thamnolia subuliformis
Usnea spp.
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
30
3
2
16
—
149
3
31
4
t
4
11
1
—
—
1
—
7
—
16
2
2
3
2
135
32
76
—
6
11
1
4
1
t
2
3
—
3
32
—
—
3
—
304
—
5
—
—
2
16
—
3
—
—
—
—
14
7
5
—
—
—
—
—
70
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
1
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
63
—
—
—
—
16
13
—
—
5
15
—
—
—
261
299
379
86
111
(9.33)
(9.58)
(9.91)
(14.9)
(24.65)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
88
6
4
3
17
Table 52—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on open
canopy low shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2C2A
Mixed
shrubsedge tussock
tundra open
low
shrub
2C2C
Mesic
shrub birchericaceous
open
low
shrub
2C2D
Shrub birchericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2E
2C2F
Ericaceous
bog
open
low
shrub
Shrub birchwillow
open
low
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
3
25
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
17
9
—
19
—
1
172
1
36
t
1
40
t
—
t
t
2
33
3
15
18
—
81
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
181
7
4
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
37
—
2
12
—
288
—
—
—
—
4
2
1
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
249
230
181
353
17
(23.51)
(7.18)
(4.58)
(40.67)
(2.28)
Total, mosses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
2
6
4
3
17
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
89
Table 53—Aboveground phytomass of trees on open canopy low and dwarf
shrub types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
18
—
—
482
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, needleleaf
18
482
—
—
—
Total, all live trees
18
482
—
—
—
(0.95)
(25.84)
1883
1383
1875
750
774
1901
1865
1875
750
774
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
1901
1865
1875
750
774
Number of plots
6
10
3
2
1
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
90
Table 54—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open canopy low and dwarf
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
Alnus sinuata
Alnus spp.
Andromeda polifolia
Arctostaphylos alpina
Arctostaphylos rubra
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Artemisia arctica
Betula glandulosa
Betula nana
Cassiope tetragona
Chamaedaphne calyculata
Diapensia lapponica
Dryas octopetala
Dryas spp.
Empetrum nigrum
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
Luetkea pectinata
Myrica gale
Potentilla fruticosa
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus pedatus
Salix artica
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix phlebophylla
Salix planifolia
Salix polaris
Salix spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
2
—
—
8
—
—
—
169
—
407
4
121
274
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
18
186
—
2
—
—
—
15
28
58
—
325
56
t
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
16
119
36
t
—
—
14
5
—
—
68
1
—
6
—
—
2
—
11
—
—
—
—
4
3
2
44
—
—
—
—
598
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
1
—
68
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
65
—
—
—
27
—
—
—
5
1
—
5
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
91
Table 54—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on open canopy low and dwarf
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
—
39
1
4
124
3
—
183
19
—
—
—
—
105
2
Total, shrubs
1065
858
1115
130
216
Percent, live phytomass
(56.02)
Number of plots
(46.01)
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
92
10
(59.47)
3
(17.33)
2
(27.91)
1
Table 55—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy low and dwarf
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone spp.
Angelica lucida
Campanula lasiocarpa
Cornus canadensis
Dodecatheon spp.
Draba aurea
Drosera rotundifolia
Drosera spp.
Dryopteris dilatata
Epilobium angustifolium
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum spp.
Equisetum variegatum
Erigeron spp.
Forb
Galium trifidum
Geocaulon lividum
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Lupinus spp.
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mushroom
Oxytropis spp.
Parnassia palustris
Pedicularis spp.
Platanthera hyberborea
Platanthera spp.
Polemonium spp.
Potentilla palustris
Pyrola secunda
1
t
—
1
—
3
t
—
—
—
13
23
t
—
2
—
—
t
t
—
2
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
1
40
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
t
—
—
1
1
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
t
1
—
1
—
1
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
177
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
2
—
—
—
t
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
5
—
—
—
—
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
93
Table 55—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on open canopy low and dwarf
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Ranunculus spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Saxifraga bronchialis
Sedum rosea
Stellaria spp.
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Veratrum viride
Viola spp.
1
5
74
2
t
2
3
13
1
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
2
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, forbs
194
15
191
16
1
(10.21)
(0.80)
(10.19)
(2.13)
(0.13)
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
94
10
3
2
1
Table 56—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on open
canopy low and dwarf shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
—
110
148
2
5
—
2
2
186
9
2
20
1
—
1
—
122
—
—
—
55
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
265
221
124
55
3
(13.94)
(11.85)
(6.61)
(7.33)
(0.39)
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
6
10
3
2
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
95
Table 57—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on open canopy low and dwarf
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
2C2G
Species
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia spp.
Lichen
Masonhalea richardsonii
Nephroma spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Thamnolia spp.
Thamnolia subuliformis
—
33
—
1
—
33
—
3
4
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
1
—
11
1
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9
—
7
12
22
10
—
7
—
2
2
—
2
—
24
—
42
—
—
147
81
166
—
45
—
—
—
22
—
7
14
56
84
—
—
74
119
—
—
90
—
5
—
105
—
—
78
18
73
534
547
(4.10)
(0.97)
(3.89)
(71.20)
(70.67)
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
6
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
96
10
3
2
1
Table 58—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on open
canopy low and dwarf shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
2C2G
Willow
open
canopy
low
shrub
Species
2C2J
Sweetgalegraminoid
bog
open
low
shrub
2C2L
2D1C
2D2A
Low alder
open
canopy
low
shrub
Dryas
lichen
tundra
dwarf
shrub
Bearberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum
Sphagnum spp.
4
14
50
3
t
—
—
67
12
22
—
5
1
103
2
1
6
—
—
—
—
15
11
1
7
—
—
228
—
—
271
2
1
1
2
7
4
4
—
11
7
63
—
15
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
281
271
373
16
7
(14.78)
(14.53)
(19.84)
(2.13)
(0.90)
Total, mosses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
6
10
3
2
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
97
Table 59—Aboveground phytomass of trees on dwarf shrub types in southwest
Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
2
46
9
18
—
2
46
9
18
—
—
—
1
—
—
Total, broadleaf
2
46
1
18
—
Total, all live trees
2
46
10
18
—
(0.14)
(4.67)
(0.93)
(3.78)
1431
938
1067
458
502
1433
984
1077
476
502
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
46
9
18
—
Total, needleleaf
Betula papyrifera
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
Total, live and dead
Number of plots
4
13
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
98
22
5
2
Table 60—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on dwarf shrub vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus crispa
325
Alnus sinuata
3
Anemone parviflora
—
Arctostaphylos alpina
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
8
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
—
Artemisia arctica
1
Artemisia globularia
—
Artemisia spp.
1
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
110
Cassiope stellariana
1
Cassiope tetragona
—
Diapensia lapponica
3
Dryas drummondii
—
Dryas octopetala
—
Empetrum nigrum
22
Ledum groenlandicum
—
Ledum palustre var. decumbens 2
Linnaea borealis
3
Loiseleuria procumbens
5
Luetkea pectinata
2
Phyllodoce aleutica
—
Phyllodoce coerulea
—
Rhododendron camtchaticum —
Ribes spp.
—
Rubus arcticus
3
Rubus chamaemorus
—
Salix alaxensis
—
Salix arctica
1
Salix barrattiana
—
Salix fuscescens
—
Salix glauca
—
58
11
—
2
7
2
—
—
1
16
48
—
—
2
—
1
66
—
123
t
—
—
—
—
6
—
t
1
—
34
—
—
—
2
26
—
8
11
—
t
t
—
—
82
—
—
7
t
3
25
3
47
—
—
—
t
—
—
1
t
t
7
36
3
5
7
—
4
—
—
10
—
1
—
t
—
—
52
t
t
—
2
19
—
1
—
—
22
2
t
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
21
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
7
—
—
77
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—
99
Table 60—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on dwarf shrub vegetation types
in southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Salix phlebophylla
Salix planifolia
Salix polaris
Salix reticulata
Salix rotundifolia
Salix setchelliana
Salix stolonifera
Salix spp.
Spiraea beauverdiana
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
96
31
263
4
—
—
—
1
2
—
1
14
22
84
5
2
—
—
t
t
77
—
1
19
160
4
6
—
5
—
3
—
—
—
—
31
—
—
—
—
72
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, shrubs
899
507
536
159
214
(42.63)
Percent, live phytomass
(62.74)
(51.52)
(49.77)
(33.40)
Number of plots
4
13
22
5
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
100
2
Table 61—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf shrub vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aconitum delphiniifolium
Achillea spp.
Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone spp.
Angelica spp.
Angelica lucida
Antennaria monocephala
Antennaria spp.
Arabis arenicola
Bupleurum triradiatum
Campanula lasiocarpa
Campanula uniflora
Cardamine pratensis
Cardamine purpurea
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Campanula lasiocarpa
Cystopteris fragilis
Dryopteris dilatata
Dodecatheon frigidum
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium latifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum scirpoides
Equisetum spp.
Erigeron spp.
Forb
Gentiana glauca
Gentiana spp.
Geranium robertianum
Geranium spp.
Geum rossii
Lupinus spp.
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Oxytropis spp.
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
3
t
—
1
—
4
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
2
—
t
—
t
t
1
1
—
3
—
t
—
—
—
t
1
t
—
1
—
1
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
2
t
—
—
t
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
t
—
t
—
1
t
t
—
1
—
1
—
t
—
t
—
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
t
—
t
1
—
t
t
—
t
—
2
—
—
—
—
2
1
t
t
—
1
—
t
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
3
—
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
3
101
Table 61—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on dwarf shrub vegetation types in
southwest Alaska (continued)
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Parnassia spp.
Pedicularis kanei
Pedicularis labradorica
Pedicularis spp.
Pedicularis verticillata
Petasites hyberboreus
Pinguicula villosa
Polygonum bistorta
Polygonum spp.
Potentilla spp.
Primula spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex acetosella
Sanguisorba spp.
Saxifraga bronchialis
Saxifraga lyallii
Saxifraga punctata
Saxifraga spp.
Sedum rosea
Silene acaulis
Stellaria spp.
Tofieldia coccinea
Tofieldia pusilla
Tofieldia spp.
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Veratrum viride
Vicia spp.
Viola langsdorfii
Woodsia ilvensis
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
t
1
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
t
t
1
t
—
1
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
1
—
t
t
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
t
t
—
t
—
t
—
1
—
—
t
t
t
—
—
—
1
t
t
—
t
—
t
t
—
t
t
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
1
—
1
—
1
1
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
22
13
6
17
26
(1.54)
(1.32)
(0.56)
(3.57)
(5.18)
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
4
13
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
102
22
5
2
Table 62—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on dwarf
shrub vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
55
—
7
—
1
—
2
1
27
t
9
—
1
t
13
—
1
t
—
—
5
—
1
—
—
—
5
—
3
—
64
39
15
6
8
(4.47)
(3.96)
(1.39)
(1.26)
(1.59)
13
22
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
4
5
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
103
Table 63—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on dwarf shrub vegetation types
in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Dactylina spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Thamnolia subuliformis
Thamnolia spp.
Total, lichens
Pecent, live phytomass
Number of plots
3
2
2
—
104
68
—
11
—
6
—
6
—
4
—
4
1
—
—
1
7
1
8
5
—
98
26
1
4
2
—
4
1
7
—
t
7
8
—
1
24
t
6
15
71
156
—
69
2
3
1
32
1
6
t
1
22
—
t
1
2
—
—
9
13
17
—
—
2
8
—
27
8
15
—
1
4
—
—
2
3
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
33
—
—
—
3
4
—
—
4
212
180
410
108
52
(22.69)
(10.36)
(14.79)
4
(18.29)
13
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
104
(38.07)
22
5
2
Table 64—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on dwarf shrub
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
2D2B
Vaccinium
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2C
Crowberry
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2D
Mountain heath
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D2E
Cassiope
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
2D3A
Willow
tundraericaceous
dwarf
shrub
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium alpinum
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium sabinaefolium
Lycopodium selago
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Rhacomitrium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
Total, mosses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
35
—
—
106
—
4
—
—
—
t
22
9
—
33
—
14
—
7
4
4
12
1
—
97
—
t
—
—
—
—
34
3
t
9
—
5
1
33
—
1
14
—
5
50
—
1
t
1
—
t
7
6
—
4
t
2
—
t
9
—
29
1
—
59
1
—
—
3
1
1
65
3
—
—
—
—
—
2
3
23
—
—
90
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
84
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
234
199
100
168
202
(16.33)
4
(20.22)
13
(9.29)
22
(35.29)
5
(40.44)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
105
Appendix F:
Phytomass on
Nonforest
Herbaceous Vegetation
Types
Table 65—Aboveground phytomass of trees on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A2A
3A2D
3A2G
Bluejoint
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Tussock
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Grass-herb
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2H
Sedgewillow
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2I
Sedgebirch
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Picea mariana
—
1928
—
—
—
Total, needleleaf
—
1928
—
—
—
Total, all live trees
—
1928
—
—
—
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
(40.02)
747
2889
630
482
1056
747
4817
630
482
1056
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
747
4817
630
482
1056
Number of plots
2
2
1
2
2
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
106
Table 66—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A2A
3A2D
3A2G
Bluejoint
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Tussock
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Grass-herb
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2H
Sedgewillow
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2I
Sedgebirch
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Artemisia spp.
—
Betula nana
—
Cassiope stellariana
—
Diapensia lapponica
—
Empetrum nigrum
1
Ledum palustre var. decumbens —
Rhododendron camtschaticum —
Rubus arcticus
8
Rubus chamaemorus
—
Salix arctica
—
Salix planifolia
—
Salix polaris
—
Salix spp.
57
Spiraea beauverdiana
—
Vaccinium oxycoccus
—
Vaccinium uliginosum
—
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
1
—
—
481
—
—
—
1255
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
24
84
44
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
34
4
—
51
—
—
337
—
—
—
—
4
—
4
3
5
—
1
—
—
8
—
10
—
—
—
105
—
25
—
72
—
—
9
110
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
71
13
67
1917
444
140
302
(8.97)
(39.80)
(29.05)
(28.60)
Total, shrubs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
2
2
(70.48)
1
2
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
107
Table 67—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A2A
3A2D
3A2G
Bluejoint
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Tussock
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Grass-herb
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2H
Sedgewillow
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2I
Sedgebirch
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Anemone spp.
Angelica lucida
Arnica lessingii
Cardamine pratensis
Epilobium spp.
Forb
Geum calthifolium
Lagotis glauca
Ligusticum scoticum
Lupinus nootkatensis
Mushroom
Oxytropis spp.
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium acutiflorum
Potentilla palustris
Saussurea spp.
Sedum rosea
Valeriana capitata
Viola spp.
—
—
—
t
t
t
—
—
t
—
—
—
4
2
—
1
4
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
78
—
—
—
6
1
—
1
—
—
—
1
1
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
3
102
8
—
(1.74)
(0.06)
(16.19)
(1.66)
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
108
2
1
2
2
Table 68—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A2A
3A2D
3A2G
Bluejoint
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Tussock
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Grass-herb
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2H
Sedgewillow
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2I
Sedgebirch
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
335
—
—
—
—
—
547
—
—
16
—
68
—
34
—
2
—
105
167
—
Total, grasses
335
547
84
36
272
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
(44.85)
2
(11.36)
2
(13.33)
(7.47)
(25.76)
1
2
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
109
Table 69—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on herbaceous vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A2A
3A2D
3A2G
Bluejoint
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Tussock
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Grass-herb
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2H
Sedgewillow
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2I
Sedgebirch
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladonia spp.
Lichen
Nephroma spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Thamnolia spp.
Thamnolia subuliformis
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
12
—
185
—
15
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
11
4
2
25
—
—
4
—
31
—
—
41
133
11
—
3
9
—
2
Total, lichens
—
229
—
49
230
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
(4.75)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
110
2
(10.17)
1
2
(21.78)
2
Table 70—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on herbaceous
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A2A
3A2D
3A2G
Bluejoint
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Tussock
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Grass-herb
meadow
mesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2H
Sedgewillow
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
3A2I
Sedgebirch
tundramesic
graminoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium selago
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
—
—
216
—
19
79
—
18
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
18
4
—
—
160
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
26
—
1
198
—
—
—
21
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
253
Total, mosses
332
194
—
251
253
Percent, live phytomass (44.44)
Number of plots
2
(4.03)
2
(52.07)
1
2
(23.96)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
111
Table 71—Aboveground phytomass of trees on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
3A3A
Species
Wet
sedgemesic
meadow
tundra
3A3B
Wet
sedgegrass
mesic
meadow
tundra
3A3C
Wet
sedgeherb
mesic
meadow
tundra
3A3D
3A3E
Freshwater
sedge
marsh
Freshwater
grass
marsh
Kilograms per hectare
Picea mariana
—
—
—
—
820
—
—
—
—
820
Betula papyrifera
—
—
—
67
—
Total, broadleaf
—
—
—
67
820
—
—
—
67
820
Total, needleleaf
Total, all live trees
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
(17.38)
1017
748
1475
2085
3898
1017
748
1475
2152
4718
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
1017
748
1475
2152
4718
Number of plots
3
3
2
8
1
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
112
(3.11)
Table 72—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
3A3A
Species
Wet
sedgemesic
meadow
tundra
3A3B
Wet
sedgegrass
mesic
meadow
tundra
3A3C
Wet
sedgeherb
mesic
meadow
tundra
3A3D
3A3E
Freshwater
sedge
marsh
Freshwater
grass
marsh
Kilograms per hectare
Andromeda polifolia
Arctostaphylos alpina
Betula glandulosa
Betula nana
Chamaedaphne calyculata
Empetrum nigrum
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
Myrica gale
Rumex arcticus
Salix fuscescens
Salix planifolia
Salix stolonifera
Salix spp.
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Total, shrubs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
52
5
15
93
33
23
50
—
—
13
—
—
—
1
36
2
—
—
—
25
—
2
21
25
—
3
—
—
—
1
12
—
36
—
—
142
—
34
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
2
—
—
8
—
—
5
2
1
7
—
2
—
197
9
—
1
—
1
—
—
—
446
—
—
—
—
—
—
1348
—
270
8
478
—
323
89
221
233
2550
(31.76)
3
(11.90)
3
(14.98)
2
(10.83)
8
(54.05)
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
113
Table 73—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
3A3A
Species
3A3B
Wet
sedgegrass
meadow
tundra
Wet
sedge
meadow
tundra
3A3C
Wet
sedgeherb
meadow
tundra
3A3D
3A3E
Freshwater
sedge
marsh
Freshwater
grass
marsh
Kilograms per hectare
Angelica spp.
Cicuta mackenzieana
Drosera rotundifolia
Drosera spp.
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum spp.
Forb
Hippuris vulgaris
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mushroom
Pedicularis spp.
Pinguicula vulgaris
Polemonium spp.
Potentilla palustris
Potentilla spp.
Rumex spp.
Stellaria spp.
Trientalis europaea
Utricularia spp.
Valeriana capitata
Viola spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
3
t
—
—
t
95
—
5
t
t
—
1
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
120
—
2
—
22
—
2
3
—
368
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
1
—
1
t
t
1
—
1
10
4
t
—
—
—
700
—
t
—
—
t
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
644
—
—
2
—
—
—
Total, forbs
10
114
530
725
660
(0.98)
(15.24)
(35.93)
(33.69)
(13.99)
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
114
3
2
8
1
Table 74—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on
herbaceous tundra and marsh vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
3A3A
Species
Wet
sedge
meadow
tundra
3A3B
Wet
sedgegrass
meadow
tundra
3A3C
Wet
sedgeherb
meadow
tundra
3A3D
3A3E
Freshwater
sedge
marsh
Freshwater
grass
marsh
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex aquatilis
Carex rostrata
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
—
1
—
—
96
91
—
—
—
—
—
358
22
16
—
—
—
—
312
91
—
81
245
43
27
377
155
6
268
—
—
—
228
62
—
188
396
403
934
558
(18.49)
(52.94)
(27.32)
(43.40)
(11.83)
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
3
3
2
8
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
115
Table 75—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on herbaceous tundra and marsh
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
3A3A
Species
Wet
sedge
meadow
tundra
3A3B
Wet
sedgegrass
meadow
tundra
3A3C
Wet
sedgeherb
meadow
tundra
3A3D
3A3E
Freshwater
sedge
marsh
Freshwater
grass
marsh
Kilograms per hectare
Cladina spp.
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Lichen
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Usnea spp.
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
155
3
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
2
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
44
—
160
—
—
5
44
(15.73)
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
116
3
2
(0.23)
(0.93)
8
1
Table 76—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on herbaceous
tundra and marsh vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
3A3A
Species
Wet
sedge
meadow
tundra
3A3B
Wet
sedgegrass
meadow
tundra
3A3C
Wet
sedgeherb
meadow
tundra
3A3D
3A3E
Freshwater
sedge
marsh
Freshwater
grass
marsh
Kilograms per hectare
Aulacomnium spp.
Dicranum spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum spp.
Sphagnum spp.
8
5
—
—
—
3
320
—
—
—
7
6
—
136
—
—
20
69
—
—
233
—
—
—
18
—
2
168
—
22
—
—
21
—
43
336
149
322
188
86
(33.04)
(19.92)
(21.83)
(8.74)
Total, mosses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
3
3
2
8
(1.82)
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
117
Table 77—Aboveground phytomass of trees on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A3G
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-shrub
meadow
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3J
Subarctic
lowland
sedge
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3K
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-moss
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3B1B
Alpine
herbsedge
(snowbed)
dry-forb
herbaceous
3B1C
Alpine
herb
tundra
dry-forb
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
151
110
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, needleleaf
261
—
—
—
—
Total, all live trees
261
—
—
—
—
1333
2671
622
123
179
1594
2671
622
123
179
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
1594
2671
622
123
179
Number of plots
3
2
6
2
2
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
Total, all live plants
(16.37)
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
118
Table 78—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A3G
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-shrub
meadow
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3J
Subarctic
lowland
sedge
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3K
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-moss
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3B1B
Alpine
herbsedge
(snowbed)
dry-forb
herbaceous
3B1C
Alpine
herb
tundra
dry-forb
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Andromeda polifolia
19
Artemisia arctica
—
Betula glandulosa
75
Betula nana
77
Cassiope tetragona
—
Chamaedaphne calyculata
—
Diapensia lapponica
—
Dryas octopetala
—
Empetrum nigrum
—
Kalmia polifolia
3
Ledum groenlandicum
15
Ledum palustre var. decumbens 1
Myrica gale
100
Potentilla fruticosa
286
Rhododendron camtschaticum —
Rubus arcticus
—
Rubus chamaemorus
—
Rubus pedatus
2
Salix arctica
—
Salix fuscescens
—
Salix planifolia
—
Salix reticulata
1
Salix spp.
37
Spiraea beauverdiana
—
Vaccinium oxycoccus
2
Vaccinium uliginosum
65
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
2
Total, shrubs
Percent, phytomass
Number of plots
685
(42.97)
—
—
—
868
—
—
—
—
54
—
—
522
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
468
169
—
55
10
31
—
—
7
—
9
—
—
t
38
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
2
—
—
12
4
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
t
—
1
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
3
19
—
—
—
—
—
9
—
—
—
52
—
—
1
—
—
—
5
—
2164
103
3
89
(81.02)
3
2
(16.56)
6
(2.44)
2
(49.72)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
119
Table 79—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A3G
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-shrub
meadow
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3J
Subarctic
lowland
sedge
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3K
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-moss
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3B1B
Alpine
herbsedge
(snowbed)
dry-forb
herbaceous
3B1C
Alpine
herb
tundra
dry-forb
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Arabis arenicola
Campanula lasiocarpa
Campanula spp.
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Drosera rotundifolia
Epilobium latifolium
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum silvaticum
Forb
Geum rossii
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Menyanthes trifoliata
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Potentilla palustris
Rumex spp.
Saxifraga bronchialis
Sedum rosea
Silene acaulis
Trientalis europaea
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
t
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
2
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
t
3
—
—
1
—
—
—
4
t
t
7
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
t
—
1
—
—
1
—
—
t
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
2
—
7
9
15
1
9
(0.81)
(5.03)
(0.44)
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
120
(0.34)
2
(2.41)
6
2
2
Table 80—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on wetgraminoid and dry-forb herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A3G
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-shrub
meadow
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3J
Subarctic
lowland
sedge
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3K
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-moss
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3B1B
Alpine
herbsedge
(snowbed)
dry-forb
herbaceous
3B1C
Alpine
herb
tundra
dry-forb
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
—
32
247
2
1
—
96
—
6
—
1
237
22
t
1
—
26
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
282
102
261
26
2
(17.69)
(3.82)
Total, all live plants
1595
2670
Number of plots
3
2
(41.96)
(21.14)
621
6
117
2
(1.12)
178
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
121
Table 81—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on wet-graminoid and dry-forb
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A3G
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-shrub
meadow
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3J
Subarctic
lowland
sedge
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3K
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-moss
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3B1B
Alpine
herbsedge
(snowbed)
dry-forb
herbaceous
3B1C
Alpine
herb
tundra
dry-forb
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria spp.
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladonia spp.
Lichen
Nephroma spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
—
6
35
7
3
8
—
—
5
—
4
7
—
—
8
—
—
1
—
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
30
—
9
37
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
17
59
24
3
76
50
Percent, live phytomass
(3.70)
(0.90)
(0.48)
Total, all live plants
1595
2670
621
Number of plots
3
2
6
Total, lichens
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
122
(65.04)
(27.93)
117
2
178
2
Table 82—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on wetgraminoid and dry-forb herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3A3G
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-shrub
meadow
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3J
Subarctic
lowland
sedge
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3A3K
Subarctic
lowland
sedge-moss
bog
wet-graminoid
herbaceous
3B1B
Alpine
herbsedge
(snowbed)
dry-forb
herbaceous
3B1C
Alpine
herb
tundra
dry-forb
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium spp.
Hylocomium splendens
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium cilare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Rhacomitrium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
5
31
2
—
26
83
43
—
21
9
—
—
80
4
—
—
27
—
—
—
9
—
—
71
—
261
—
—
—
t
—
1
1
—
1
—
—
—
237
7
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
9
—
Total, mosses
300
372
240
13
29
Percent, live phytomass
Total, all live plants
Number of plots
(18.83)
(13.93)
1595
2670
3
2
(38.59)
(10.57)
621
6
(16.29)
117
2
178
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
123
Table 83—Aboveground phytomass of trees on mesic-forb and lichen-bryoid
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3B2A
Mixed
subarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B2B
Fireweedsubarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B3A
Freshwater
herb
marsh
wet-forb
herbaceous
3C2A
Crustose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
3C2B
Foliose and
fruticose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
—
—
1
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
146
—
—
—
Total, broadleaf
—
146
—
—
—
Total, all live trees
—
151
—
—
—
Total, needleleaf
Betula papyrifera
Percent, live phytomass
Total, other plants
(12.41)
1929
1066
729
160
1750
1929
1217
729
160
1750
—
—
4015
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4015
—
—
—
Total, live and dead
1929
5232
729
160
1750
Number of plots
1
3
3
2
4
Total, all live plants
Downed trees and logs
Standing dead trees
Total, dead trees
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
124
Table 84—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on mesic-forb and lichen-byroid
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3B2A
Mixed
subarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B2B
Fireweedsubarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B3A
Freshwater
herb
marsh
wet-forb
herbaceous
3C2A
Crustose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
3C2B
Foliose and
fruticose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Alnus sinuata
1319
Alnus spp.
—
Andromeda polifolia
—
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
—
Artemisia spp.
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
—
Diapensia lapponica
—
Empetrum nigrum
6
Ledum groenlandicum
—
Ledum palustre var. decumbens —
Rhododendron camtschaticum 10
Rosa acicularis
—
Rubus chamaemorus
—
Rubus idaeus
—
Rumex arcticus
—
Salix arctica
49
Salix ovalifolia
—
Salix spp.
—
Spiraea beauverdiana
—
Vaccinium uliginosum
93
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
—
Total, shrubs
1477
Percent, live phytomass
(14.77)
Number of plots
—
—
—
—
—
—
211
—
—
77
—
—
31
—
3
—
—
—
26
57
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
3
2
—
—
156
6
16
—
125
310
5
54
22
163
—
—
2
—
—
—
2
—
12
207
25
416
14
9
1105
(34.18)
1
3
(1.92)
3
(5.63)
2
(64.14)
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
125
Table 85—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on mesic-forb and lichen-bryoid
herbaceous vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3B2A
Mixed
subarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B2B
Fireweedsubarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B3A
Freshwater
herb
marsh
wet-forb
herbaceous
3C2A
Crustose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
3C2B
Foliose and
fruticose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Achillea spp.
Anemone narcissiflora
Angelica genuflexa
Angelica lucida
Astragalus nutzotinensis
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Forb
Geranium spp.
Hippuris vulgaris
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mushroom
Petasites frigidus
Potentilla palustris
Sanguisorba spp.
Silene acaulis
Stellaria spp.
Trientalis europaea
Viola spp.
Total, forbs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
1
—
—
63
—
6
24
8
31
1
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
3
—
13
9
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
29
—
337
—
—
117
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
89
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
132
—
80
—
—
8
83
—
—
158
—
—
7
—
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
3
—
—
1
—
t
—
—
—
t
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
173
483
579
—
7
(8.97)
1
(39.69)
3
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
126
(79.42)
3
(0.40)
2
4
Table 86—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike species on mesicforb and lichen-bryoid vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3B2A
Mixed
subarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B2B
Fireweedsubarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B3A
Freshwater
herb
marsh
wet-forb
herbaceous
3C2A
Crustose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
3C2B
Foliose and
fruticose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Poa trivialis
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
—
58
122
—
17
—
8
—
—
—
22
1
—
—
115
—
—
—
—
—
t
—
t
—
—
—
58
62
9
—
197
31
115
t
129
(10.21)
1
(2.55)
3
(15.78)
3
(7.37)
2
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
127
Table 87—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on mesic-forb and lichen-bryoid
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3B2A
Mixed
subarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B2B
Fireweedsubarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B3A
Freshwater
herb
marsh
wet-forb
herbaceous
3C2A
Crustose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
3C2B
Foliose and
fruticose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina stellaris (alpestris)
Cladina spp.
Cladonia spp.
Cornicularia divergens
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Nephroma spp.
Stereocaulon spp.
Thamnolia spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
2
—
—
135
—
3
2
1
9
7
20
41
11
84
125
1
1
—
36
—
5
—
5
5
—
149
341
(0.26)
(0.41)
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
128
3
(93.13)
3
2
(19.49)
4
Table 88—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses on mesic-forb
and lichen-bryoid vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3B2A
Mixed
subarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B2B
Fireweedsubarctic
herbs
mesic-forb
herbaceous
3B3A
Freshwater
herb
marsh
wet-forb
herbaceous
3C2A
Crustose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
3C2B
Foliose and
fruticose
lichen
lichen-bryoid
herbaceous
Kilograms per hectare
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Herbertus lutchensis
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Rhacomitrium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
—
—
—
—
—
59
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
111
6
—
14
—
—
—
—
1
—
3
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
23
62
—
3
—
1
6
2
22
1
48
Total, mosses
77
131
21
2
168
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
(3.99)
1
(10.76)
3
(2.88)
3
(1.24)
2
(9.60)
4
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
129
Table 89—Aboveground phytomass of shrubs on bryoid, aquatic
and talus vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3C1A
Wet
bryophyte
bryoid
herbaceous
3D1B
Common
marestail
freshwater
aquatic
7B3
Screetalus
slope
barren
Kilograms per hectare
Betula nana
Dryas octopetala
Empetrum nigrum
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
Potentilla fruticosa
Salix arctica
Salix fuscescens
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Total, shrubs
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
44
—
3
20
—
—
1
1
1
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
25
4
—
—
3
—
74
—
33
(59.46)
2
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
130
(67.35)
1
1
Table 90—Aboveground phytomass of forbs on bryoid, aquatic
and talus vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3C1A
Wet
bryophyte
bryoid
herbaceous
3D1B
Common
marestail
freshwater
aquatic
7B3
Screetalus
slope
barren
Kilograms per hectare
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum spp.
Hippuris vulgaris
Ranunculus pallasii
Total, forbs
—
—
—
—
—
12
148
28
1
—
—
—
—
188
1
Percent, live phytomass
(90.38)
Number of plots
2
1
(2.04)
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
Table 91—Aboveground phytomass of grass and grasslike
species on bryoid, aquatic and talus vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3C1A
Wet
bryophyte
bryoid
herbaceous
3D1B
Common
marestail
freshwater
aquatic
7B3
Screetalus
slope
barren
Kilograms per hectare
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Total, grasses
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
139
63
20
—
t
—
202
20
t
(28.90)
2
(9.62)
1
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
t = trace amount, less than 1 kilogram per hectare.
131
Table 92—Aboveground phytomass of lichens on bryoid, aquatic
and talus vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3C1A
Wet
bryophyte
bryoid
herbaceous
3D1B
Common
marestail
freshwater
aquatic
7B3
Screetalus
slope
barren
Kilograms per hectare
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Lichen
Total, lichens
Percent, live phytomass
Number of plots
4
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
26
—
15
(3.58)
2
(30.61)
1
1
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
Table 93—Aboveground phytomass of mosses and clubmosses
on bryoid, aquatic and talus vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Vegetation type
Species
3C1A
Wet
bryophyte
bryoid
herbaceous
3D1B
Common
marestail
freshwater
aquatic
7B3
Screetalus
slope
barren
Kilograms per hectare
Polytrichum spp.
Sphagnum spp.
Total, mosses
Percent, live phytomass
10
388
—
—
—
—
398
—
—
1
1
(56.94)
Number of plots
— = plant not sampled in this vegetation type.
132
2
Appendix G:
Species Constancy
on Forest Vegetation
Types
Table 94—Constancy of trees and shrubs on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
Percent
Alnus crispa
Alnus sinuata
Alnus spp.
Alnus tenuifolia
Andromeda polifolia
Arctostaphylos alpina
Arctostaphylos rubra
Artemisia tilesii
Artemisia spp.
Betula glandulosa
Betula nana
Betula papyrifera
Betula spp.
Cassiope tetragona
Chamaedaphne
calyculata
Diapensia lapponica
Dryas octopetala
Dryas spp.
Empetrum nigrum
Kalmia polifolia
Larix lariciana
Ledum groenlandicum
Ledum palustre
var. decumbens
Ledum spp.
Linnaea borealis
Menziesia ferruginea
Myrica gale
Oplopanax horridus
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
Populus balsamifera
Populus tremuloides
Populus trichocarpa
Potentilla fruticosa
11
13
2
9
—
—
15
4
8
36
17
19
—
—
25
—
—
1
6
—
3
—
—
28
59
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
13
—
—
25
75
13
13
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
4
4
4
7
7
—
11
—
2
30
54
24
—
—
13
8
—
5
15
3
3
—
—
25
63
15
—
—
44
19
—
22
—
—
—
—
7
7
7
74
—
—
33
17
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
50
100
—
—
41
6
6
12
—
—
—
—
—
12
12
65
—
—
24
16
—
15
—
—
3
2
—
8
13
58
—
2
22
—
—
11
11
—
—
—
—
22
56
44
—
—
—
—
—
—
62
—
2
17
20
—
—
—
84
—
9
38
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
25
17
—
—
—
67
—
50
33
—
2
—
—
72
2
—
17
25
—
—
3
70
—
40
18
—
—
—
—
22
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
50
—
17
17
—
—
—
—
53
—
—
29
—
—
2
—
42
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
—
5
—
11
21
—
30
8
—
4
68
4
—
—
2
9
68
—
1
—
3
—
6
97
—
4
—
4
38
—
13
—
—
—
50
63
—
—
—
25
67
—
33
—
—
—
17
100
—
—
—
—
43
—
9
2
11
4
59
—
—
2
2
20
83
3
3
—
10
—
15
88
—
—
—
8
4
—
52
—
—
—
59
74
—
7
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
17
100
—
—
17
—
6
—
6
—
56
—
47
53
22
—
—
—
65
29
—
3
—
—
53
18
2
—
—
—
33
33
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
3
—
—
133
Table 94—Constancy of trees and shrubs on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
—
—
3
19
2
24
42
27
2
44
—
—
8
—
10
—
2
—
—
2
—
—
—
2
3
11
2
—
—
11
—
—
—
11
22
56
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
19
67
—
—
8
55
13
18
2
40
60
32
—
—
—
56
—
—
—
89
67
—
Percent
Ribes bracteosum
Ribes hudsonianum
Ribes laxiflorum
Ribes spp.
Ribes triste
Rosa acicularis
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus idaeus
Rubus pedatus
Rumex arcticus
Salix alaxensis
Salix arbusculoides
Salix arctica
Salix barclayi
Salix barrattiana
Salix bebbiana
Salix commutata
Salix fuscescens
Salix glauca
Salix hastata
Salix interior
Salix lanata
Salix monticola
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix setchelliana
Salix spp.
Salix stolonifera
Sorbus scopulina
Sorbus spp.
Spirea beauverdiana
Spirea spp.
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Viburnum edule
—
2
—
19
2
42
45
23
—
19
—
2
4
—
13
2
2
—
4
15
—
—
—
11
9
15
6
—
26
—
2
2
55
6
4
—
62
75
15
—
—
—
1
—
9
6
72
3
—
1
1
—
—
4
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
4
4
—
16
3
—
16
—
—
—
30
17
3
35
91
94
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
13
63
—
13
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
13
—
—
25
—
—
—
38
25
—
13
100
100
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
100
100
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 2 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
134
—
—
—
2
4
4
35
35
—
17
13
7
2
2
15
—
—
—
11
4
—
—
9
—
2
26
15
2
39
2
—
—
61
4
7
11
72
76
4
—
—
—
5
—
5
18
70
—
—
5
3
3
—
5
—
5
5
—
—
5
5
—
—
8
15
3
—
10
5
—
—
23
15
10
53
85
90
—
4
—
—
37
—
48
22
15
4
—
—
7
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
7
11
—
—
7
—
—
4
52
30
—
—
26
56
19
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
—
50
67
33
—
—
—
6
—
6
47
53
—
24
6
6
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
6
12
—
—
—
12
—
—
6
—
—
—
41
41
12
6
59
82
6
Table 95—Constancy of forbs on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
—
—
6
—
2
2
—
—
3
—
—
—
5
—
39
16
—
2
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
32
3
19
19
—
31
—
—
—
27
23
—
3
—
6
3
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
22
—
—
—
67
22
—
11
—
—
11
—
Percent
Achillea borealis
Achillea spp.
Aconitum delphinifolium
Anemone richardsonii
Anemone
Angelica lucida
Angelica spp.
Astragalus spp.
Athyrium filix-femina
Boykinia richardsonii
Cardamine pratensis
Cicuta mackenzieana
Collomia linearis
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Cruciferae family
Cypripedium montanum
Delphinium glaucum
Draba aurea
Drosera spp.
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris fragrans
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum pratense
Equisetum scirpoides
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Erigeron purpuratus
Forb
Galium aparine
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Galium trifidum
2
2
9
6
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
—
2
9
42
9
—
—
—
2
—
21
2
13
47
—
15
—
6
6
25
11
—
11
2
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
1
20
4
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
7
—
13
—
—
—
55
12
—
4
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
25
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
13
—
13
—
63
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
33
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
2
7
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
2
—
—
2
39
9
2
—
—
—
2
7
—
7
15
2
26
—
—
2
13
15
—
7
—
2
4
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
3
—
3
3
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
15
—
8
5
—
—
50
10
3
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
37
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
4
—
7
—
—
33
—
4
—
—
7
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
—
11
83
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
29
12
—
—
—
—
—
41
—
12
6
6
24
—
—
—
53
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
135
Table 95—Constancy of forbs on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
(continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
Percent
Gentiana
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium bicknellii
Geranium erianthum
Geranium spp.
Goodyera repens
Gymnocarpium
dryopteris
Heracleum lanatum
Hippuris vulgaris
Iris setosa
Lepidium densiflorum
Listera cordata
Lupinus arcticus
Lupinus spp.
Mertensia paniculata
Mertensia spp.
Mitella pentandra
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Parnassia palustris
Parnassia spp.
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites frigidus
Petasites hyberboreus
Platanthera hyperboreus
Polemonium acutiflorum
Polemonium spp.
Polygonum alaskanum
Potentilla palustris
Potentilla spp.
Pyrola asarifolia
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus lapponicus
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex acetosella
Rumex fenestratus
Rumex spp.
136
—
13
4
2
11
—
—
14
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
4
—
—
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
4
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
3
13
2
—
—
—
—
11
—
19
—
—
4
—
2
2
4
26
—
—
6
19
—
—
2
—
9
—
4
9
—
8
—
6
25
8
—
4
—
2
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
23
—
—
1
1
6
—
—
1
—
3
3
—
7
4
1
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
13
—
—
—
13
25
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
2
2
2
—
—
—
4
4
4
17
—
7
2
—
2
2
4
7
—
13
2
4
20
2
—
13
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
30
5
5
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
8
5
—
—
8
—
3
3
—
8
19
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
4
—
—
4
70
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
4
—
—
11
11
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
6
47
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
6
—
8
—
—
12
6
6
—
—
—
6
34
3
—
—
—
5
—
2
13
2
—
6
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
2
8
—
—
34
3
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
—
22
—
—
—
11
—
11
—
—
—
Table 95—Constancy of forbs on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
(continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
Percent
Sanguisorba menziesii
Sanguisorba spp.
Sanguisorba stipulata
Saxifraga bronchialis
Sedum rosea
Senecio spp.
Smilacina spp.
Solidago multiradiata
Stellaria crispa
Stellaria spp.
Streptopus
amplexifolius
Streptopus spp.
Streptopus
streptopoides
Swertia perennis
Thalictrum alpinum
Thalictrum occidentale
Thalictrum spp.
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Thelypteris phegopteris
Trientalis europaea
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Valeriana spp.
Veratrum viride
Vicia spp.
Viola epipsila
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
Luzula spp.
6
21
—
—
6
—
—
4
—
2
—
3
—
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
26
4
—
7
2
—
—
2
2
—
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
18
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
6
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
6
—
11
4
—
2
—
—
4
2
51
2
4
4
8
2
2
2
17
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
3
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
2
—
2
—
37
4
—
—
2
2
4
—
7
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
30
—
—
4
—
—
—
—
11
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
35
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
2
2
74
6
—
5
13
—
—
2
23
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
33
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
22
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 2 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
137
Table 96—Constancy of grasses on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
48
27
3
—
15
—
—
22
33
56
11
33
—
—
Percent
Calamagrostis
canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
Luzula spp.
43
25
15
—
15
2
—
20
4
39
12
6
—
—
50
—
25
—
25
—
—
33
—
67
—
17
—
—
48
11
43
9
13
2
4
45
18
55
13
3
—
—
85
—
4
—
—
—
—
50
17
—
—
17
—
—
47
24
6
—
12
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 2 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
Table 97—Constancy of lichens on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
Percent
Alectoria nigricans
Alectoria spp.
Bryoria spp.
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladina stellaria
(alpestris)
Cladonia bellidiflora
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
138
—
4
6
—
6
—
25
8
36
13
—
1
4
4
13
—
19
3
71
6
25
—
25
—
—
—
63
—
75
13
—
—
—
17
—
—
33
50
67
—
—
7
15
9
4
4
17
4
50
15
—
—
—
3
30
—
25
3
70
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
41
—
15
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
6
6
12
—
—
3
2
—
3
2
5
—
15
15
—
—
11
—
—
11
11
—
44
—
6
2
21
68
28
32
8
12
—
42
68
6
29
—
—
—
38
75
63
25
—
—
—
—
33
17
—
—
9
—
28
61
17
22
4
5
—
35
70
—
8
—
—
—
7
93
7
26
15
—
—
17
17
—
67
—
—
—
12
82
24
35
18
—
2
15
69
19
23
13
11
—
—
22
11
11
—
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera canina
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon spp.
Usnea spp.
11
21
49
15
32
—
2
40
9
67
62
—
28
1
—
57
13
63
25
38
—
—
—
25
33
50
17
—
17
—
—
—
—
46
54
4
22
—
7
35
8
60
68
—
43
3
3
63
11
15
93
—
26
—
—
19
—
17
83
—
67
—
—
—
12
24
71
—
41
—
—
29
5
19
74
2
26
—
—
34
22
22
78
—
56
—
—
33
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 2 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
Table 98—Constancy of mosses on forest vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
1A2E 1A2F 1A2G 1A2H 1A3C 1A3D 1B1D 1B2A 1C1A
53
69
8
6
46
40
27
6
17
1C2A
62
1C3A
9
Percent
Aulacomnium spp.
Climacium dendroides
Dicranum scoparium
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium splendens
Hylocomium spp.
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium
complanatum
Lycopodium selago
Lycopodium spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium ciliare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Rhacomitrium
lanuginosum
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
15
4
—
43
—
8
70
11
34
14
—
—
28
—
6
71
1
22
—
—
—
38
13
—
63
38
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
17
30
2
—
46
2
9
61
13
11
25
—
—
8
—
18
43
5
3
11
—
—
63
4
4
70
4
37
17
—
—
17
—
17
83
—
—
29
—
—
59
—
6
76
12
41
8
2
2
45
2
6
69
11
44
22
—
—
11
—
—
11
11
22
8
2
2
8
47
70
8
49
4
42
—
—
—
—
1
14
58
—
35
—
19
—
—
—
—
—
13
63
38
50
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
50
17
—
17
—
4
2
7
11
37
61
2
72
4
46
4
—
—
—
5
23
83
—
53
—
13
—
4
—
—
—
59
74
—
56
—
56
—
—
—
—
—
67
67
—
67
—
50
—
6
—
—
—
35
53
—
53
—
53
—
10
—
—
10
37
60
3
45
2
32
2
—
—
—
—
33
67
—
56
—
22
—
2
9
—
36
—
1
1
86
—
—
—
75
—
—
—
100
—
2
—
70
—
3
—
90
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
50
—
6
—
65
—
5
—
—
—
11
31
89
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 2 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
139
Appendix H:
Species Constancy
on Nonforest
Vegetation Types
Table 99—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types in
southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
Percent
Alnus crispa
Alnus sinuata
Alnus spp.
Alnus tenuifolia
Andromeda polifolia
Arctostaphylos alpina
Arctostaphylos rubra
Arctostaphylos spp.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Artemisia arctica
Artemisia spp.
Betula glandulosa
Betula nana
Betula papyrifera
Cassiope stelleriana
Chamaedaphne
calyculata
Diapensia lapponica
Empetrum nigrum
Kalmia polifolia
Ledum groenlandicum
Ledum palustre var.
decumbens
Ledum spp.
Linnaea borealis
Loiseleuria procumbens
Luetkea pectinata
Menziesia ferruginea
Myrica gale
Oplopanax horridus
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
Phyllodoce coerulea
Populus balsamifera
Potentilla fruticosa
140
6
6
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
25
13
—
44
53
—
3
—
—
6
3
—
—
3
9
6
—
—
20
13
7
60
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
14
—
14
—
14
14
71
14
—
33
17
—
17
17
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
17
—
17
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
—
17
83
67
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
75
50
—
—
6
—
—
12
—
24
—
—
6
—
12
94
29
—
—
—
—
—
30
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
—
6
—
6
—
22
22
22
—
—
—
—
6
100
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
3
3
18
—
9
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
71
14
29
—
—
100
—
50
—
—
67
—
—
25
—
25
—
—
12
12
76
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
11
72
—
—
6
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
25
13
—
—
6
9
—
9
—
—
9
6
18
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
27
—
—
7
7
57
—
14
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
17
33
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
25
—
—
—
94
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
29
12
6
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
83
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
22
—
—
—
Table 99—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
—
—
—
—
75
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
50
—
—
25
75
50
—
—
—
—
—
12
47
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
29
—
—
47
—
—
6
88
88
—
—
—
—
—
30
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
30
100
70
—
—
—
—
—
11
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
56
—
—
6
78
83
—
Percent
Rhododendron
camtschaticum
Ribes spp.
Ribes triste
Rosa acicularis
Rubus arcticus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus idaeus
Rubus pedatus
Rubus spp.
Rubus spectabilis
Rumex arcticus
Salix alaxensis
Salix arbusculoides
Salix arctica
Salix barclayi
Salix bebbiana
Salix commutata
Salix fuscescens
Salix glauca
Salix lanata
Salix lasiandra
Salix monticola
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix planifolia
Salix reticulata
Salix rotundifolia
Salix setchelliana
Sorbus sitchensis
Salix spp.
Sambucus racemosa
Sorbus spp.
Spirea beauverdiana
Spirea spp.
Vaccinium ovalifolium
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Viburnum edule
—
13
6
6
75
25
—
6
—
—
13
13
13
6
31
—
13
—
13
—
—
13
—
63
—
—
—
13
6
—
—
19
—
—
13
25
19
19
9
12
3
—
24
24
3
32
—
18
3
3
—
9
3
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
3
—
—
—
—
12
18
3
53
—
6
—
26
15
—
—
13
20
40
93
13
13
—
7
—
27
40
7
—
20
7
—
—
—
7
—
—
7
47
20
—
—
—
33
—
—
20
7
—
—
7
13
33
—
14
—
—
43
29
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
29
—
—
86
—
—
—
57
86
—
—
—
—
—
33
50
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
—
—
—
50
—
—
50
—
—
17
83
83
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
33
—
67
83
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
141
Table 100—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
Percent
Achillea spp.
Aconitum delphinifolium
Actaea rubra
Anemone richardsonii
Angelica lucida
Angelica spp.
Artemisia arctica
Aruncus sylvester
Astragalus spp.
Athyrium filix-femina
Athyrium spp.
Boykinia richardsonii
Cardamine pratensis
Cardamine spp.
Cardamine umbellata
Cerastium spp.
Chrysosplenium
tetrandrum
Cicuta douglasii
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cornus suecica
Cruciferae family
Cryptogramma spp.
Delphinium
brachycentrum
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris spp.
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium latifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Galium boreale
Galium spp.
Geocaulon lividum
Geranium spp.
Gymnocarpium
dryopteris
Heracleum lanatum
142
25
31
—
6
—
6
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
3
6
—
6
9
—
—
—
18
3
3
—
6
3
—
—
20
—
—
—
13
—
7
—
—
—
7
7
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
19
—
—
—
—
3
3
6
3
—
3
13
7
13
33
7
20
—
—
—
14
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
33
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
17
—
—
6
6
—
50
—
6
50
6
25
—
19
—
19
—
59
3
35
—
6
9
9
—
—
—
3
9
—
7
—
33
—
7
73
40
13
27
20
—
7
—
29
—
29
—
—
14
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
50
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
25
—
—
25
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
18
—
12
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
19
19
26
12
20
—
—
—
17
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
Table 100—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
75
—
—
—
25
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
20
—
10
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
Percent
Iris setosa
Listera cordata
Lupinus spp.
Mertensia paniculata
Mertensia spp.
Mushroom
Parnassia palustris
Pedicularis spp.
Petasites frigidus
Petasites hyberboreus
Polemonium acutiflorum
Polemonium spp.
Polygonum bistorta
Potentilla palustris
Pyrola asarifolia
Pyrola secunda
Pyrola spp.
Ranunculus lapponicus
Ranunculus spp.
Romanzoffia spp.
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Saxifraga punctata
Sedum rosea
Senecio spp.
Stellaria crassifolia
Stellaria spp.
Streptopus amplexifolius
Streptopus spp.
Streptopus streptopoides
Thalictrum occidentale
Thalictrum spp.
Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Thelypteris phegopteris
Thelypteris spp.
Trientalis europaea
—
6
6
13
—
19
6
—
—
13
—
44
—
56
19
—
25
—
—
—
—
63
—
6
—
—
25
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
31
3
3
—
3
—
24
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
—
—
3
3
—
21
6
9
3
—
15
32
6
6
—
—
—
9
—
76
—
7
—
40
7
47
7
—
13
7
13
33
—
33
—
—
13
—
27
—
7
53
—
20
—
13
20
—
—
—
27
7
7
—
13
73
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
86
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
17
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
143
Table 100—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Percent
Valeriana capitata
Valeriana sitchensis
Valeriana spp.
Veratrum viride
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
38
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
18
6
12
53
7
7
—
13
47
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
Table 101—Constancy of grasses on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
24
18
82
24
12
—
—
40
100
90
—
—
11
28
78
17
—
6
Percent
Calamagrostis
canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Poa spp.
50
38
25
—
13
—
29
32
12
—
18
—
73
27
13
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
144
—
43
14
—
57
—
17
17
50
—
50
—
—
—
67
—
33
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
Table 102—Constancy of lichens on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
Percent
Alectoria delicta
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladina stellaria
(alpestris)
Cladonia digitata
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Hypogymnia spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Nephroma arcticum
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon spp.
Thamnolia subuliformis
Usnea spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
—
—
—
—
9
—
6
6
13
—
—
—
27
—
7
7
—
14
—
—
14
—
43
14
—
—
17
—
—
—
50
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
83
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
25
—
—
29
29
12
29
—
65
—
—
50
20
10
30
—
90
30
—
50
17
6
22
11
72
44
—
—
—
6
—
38
—
13
—
19
13
—
—
—
6
—
—
6
41
—
44
3
—
6
15
9
—
3
—
6
—
—
7
40
13
47
20
—
13
67
13
—
—
—
13
14
—
14
14
—
14
—
—
14
—
14
—
14
—
—
—
—
17
67
—
17
—
17
17
17
17
—
17
—
17
—
—
33
67
—
—
—
—
17
33
50
—
33
—
33
—
—
25
50
—
—
—
—
25
75
50
—
—
—
—
18
—
35
47
6
29
6
—
35
41
29
6
12
—
18
20
20
10
40
—
60
—
—
20
—
—
—
10
50
—
11
—
33
56
—
11
—
—
22
11
6
11
17
—
11
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
145
Table 103—Constancy of mosses on nonforest vegetation types in southwest
Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2B1A
16
2B1B
34
2B1D
15
2B2B
7
2B2D
6
2C1A
6
2C1B
4
2C1D
16
2C2A
10
2C2C
18
Percent
Aulacomnium spp.
Conocephalum conicum
Dicranum spp.
Ditrichum spp.
Hepaticae family
Hylocomium splendens
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium
complanatum
Lycopodium spp.
Mnium spp.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
Polytrichum juniperium
Polytrichum spp.
Ptilium ciliare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
Ptilium spp.
Rhacomitrium spp.
Rhytidiadelphus spp.
Rhytidium spp.
Sphagnum spp.
Thuidium abietinum
6
—
19
—
6
38
25
3
6
32
3
9
18
29
7
—
47
—
27
47
20
29
—
43
—
—
71
71
17
—
67
—
17
67
67
—
—
33
—
17
33
17
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
41
—
18
—
6
53
24
20
—
30
—
—
10
—
11
—
56
—
11
28
11
—
—
6
69
50
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
9
79
32
—
26
3
3
—
6
3
—
6
3
—
—
20
87
33
—
40
—
20
—
—
—
7
13
—
—
—
—
57
57
29
29
—
57
14
—
—
—
29
—
—
—
—
33
67
—
67
—
33
—
—
—
—
67
—
17
—
—
—
33
—
67
—
33
—
17
—
—
33
—
—
—
25
25
75
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
75
—
—
—
—
12
35
—
59
—
24
—
—
—
—
65
—
—
—
—
50
40
—
50
—
—
—
10
—
—
100
—
6
6
—
17
61
—
50
—
17
—
—
—
—
72
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
146
Table 104—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest low shrub and herb
vegetation types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
Percent
Alnus crispa
—
Alnus sinuata
—
Alnus spp.
—
Andromeda polifolia
25
Arctostaphylos alpina
—
Arctostaphylos rubra
—
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi —
Artemisia arctica
—
Artemisia globularia
—
Artemisia spp.
—
Betula glandulosa
—
Betula nana
100
Betula papyrifera
—
Cassiope stellariana
—
Cassiope tetragona
—
Chamaedaphne
calyculata
—
Diapensia lapponica
—
Dryas drummondii
—
Dryas octopetala
—
Empetrum nigrum
100
Kalmia polifolia
—
Ledum groenlandicum
50
Ledum palustre var.
decumbens
50
Linnaea borealis
—
Loiseleuria procumbens —
Luetkea pectinata
—
Myrica gale
50
Phyllodoce aleutica
—
Phyllodoce coerulea
—
Picea glauca
—
Picea mariana
—
Potentilla fruticosa
—
Rhododendron
camtschaticum
—
Ribes spp.
—
Rubus arcticus
25
Rubus chamaemorus
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
90
—
—
—
50
25
—
—
—
50
—
25
—
50
—
75
—
25
50
8
5
—
—
15
23
15
—
—
23
8
46
—
—
—
9
4
—
—
9
55
—
27
9
27
—
68
5
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
20
—
40
—
20
—
—
—
80
20
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
13
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67
—
—
—
—
—
25
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
10
—
—
—
60
20
—
—
50
—
—
75
—
—
—
62
—
31
100
—
—
—
68
5
32
91
—
—
—
20
—
40
60
—
—
13
—
—
—
13
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
33
—
—
25
—
—
100
—
25
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
60
—
—
—
100
—
—
—
10
20
50
25
25
25
—
—
—
25
—
—
62
15
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
82
—
—
—
—
5
—
14
—
—
20
—
—
100
—
40
20
20
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
75
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
83
—
—
—
10
50
—
—
25
—
23
—
23
23
—
5
5
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
25
147
Table 104—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
20
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
13
—
13
17
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
17
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
25
100
100
Percent
Rubus pedatus
Rumex arcticus
Salix alaxensis
Salix arctica
Salix barrattiana
Salix fuscescens
Salix glauca
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix ovalifolia
Salix phlebophylla
Salix planifolia
Salix polaris
Salix reticulata
Salix rotundifolia
Salix setchelliana
Salix spp.
Salix stolonifera
Spirea beauverdiana
Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
50
—
75
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
67
17
—
—
—
17
—
33
—
50
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
20
70
50
30
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
148
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
25
—
75
—
100
100
—
—
—
38
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
23
—
54
8
31
—
54
62
—
—
5
55
9
9
14
—
—
18
—
—
5
9
5
5
—
45
—
86
50
Table 105—Constancy of forbs on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
20
—
20
40
40
—
20
40
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
—
—
—
—
—
60
—
20
20
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
13
13
13
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
25
—
—
—
Percent
Achillea spp.
Aconitum delphinifolium
Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone spp.
Angelica lucida
Angelica spp.
Antennaria monocephala
Antennaria spp.
Arabis arenicola
Artemisia arctica
Astragalus nutzotinensis
Bupleurum triradiatum
Campanula lasiocarpa
Cardamine pratensis
Cardamine purpurea
Cicuta mackenzieana
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis
Cystopteris fragilis
Dodecatheon frigidum
Dodecatheon spp.
Drosera rotundifolia
Drosera spp.
Dryopteris dilatata
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium latifolium
Epilobium spp.
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum silvaticum
Equisetum spp.
Equisetum variegatum
Forb
Galium trifidum
Gentiana glauca
Gentiana spp.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
—
17
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
17
—
—
17
50
—
—
33
—
—
33
—
17
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
10
—
—
—
—
20
20
—
20
10
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
50
25
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
8
15
8
8
—
8
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
8
38
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
23
—
—
8
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
9
—
27
—
5
23
5
—
—
27
5
—
—
—
—
—
5
5
—
5
—
—
—
14
—
5
—
—
—
149
Table 105—Constancy of forbs on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation
types in southwest Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
Percent
Geranium robertianum
Geranium spp.
Geum rossii
Gymnocarpium
dryopteris
Hippuris vulgaris
Lupinus spp.
Menyanthes trifoliata
Moneses uniflora
Mushroom
Oxytropis spp.
Parnassia palustris
Parnassia spp.
Pedicularis kanei
Pedicularis labradorica
Pedicularis spp.
Pedicularis verticillata
Petasites hyberboreus
Pinguicula villosa
Platanthera spp.
Polemonium spp.
Polygonum bistorta
Polygonum spp.
Potentilla palustris
Potentilla spp.
Primula spp.
Pyrola secunda
Ranunculus spp.
Rumex acetosella
Rumex spp.
Sanguisorba spp.
Saxifraga bronchialis
Saxifraga lyallii
Saxifraga punctata
Saxifraga spp.
Sedum rosea
Silene acaulis
150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
23
—
5
—
20
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
—
—
33
—
—
17
17
—
—
67
17
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
25
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
8
—
8
—
—
8
8
23
8
—
—
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
54
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
5
5
23
—
9
—
—
—
14
—
—
9
—
—
—
5
—
9
9
—
—
—
45
9
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
20
—
—
60
—
20
20
20
80
—
—
13
—
38
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
88
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
17
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table 105—Constancy of forbs on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation types
in southwest Alaska (continued)
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
Percent
Stellaria spp.
Tofieldia coccinea
Tofieldia pusilla
Tofieldia spp.
Trientalis europaea
Utricularia spp.
Valeriana capitata
Veratrum viride
Vicia spp.
Viola langsdorfii
Viola spp.
Woodsia ilvensis
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
50
—
33
17
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
—
9
—
18
—
5
—
5
9
—
5
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
Table 106—Constancy of grasses on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
—
—
—
—
100
—
40
—
13
63
13
13
88
38
13
—
17
—
—
—
100
83
17
17
—
—
—
—
100
50
50
—
Percent
Calamagrostis
canadensis
Calamagrostis spp.
Carex aquatilis
Carex rostrata
Carex spp.
Eriophorum spp.
Grass
Juncus spp.
—
—
—
—
100
100
25
—
—
83
—
—
50
17
17
—
20
10
—
—
100
50
20
30
—
25
—
—
100
—
50
—
8
8
—
—
100
8
54
—
5
9
—
—
100
—
18
5
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
151
Table 107—Constancy of lichens on nonforest low shrub and forb vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
Percent
Cetraria cucullata
Cetraria islandica
Cetraria nivalis
Cetraria spp.
Cladina mitis
Cladina rangiferina
Cladina spp.
Cladina stellaria
(alpestris)
Cladonia gracilis
Cladonia spp.
Cornicularia divergens
Dactylina spp.
Lichen
Lobaria spp.
Masonhalea richardsonii
Nephroma spp.
Parmelia spp.
Peltigera spp.
Stereocaulon paschale
Stereocaulon spp.
Thamnolia spp.
Thamnolia subuliformis
Usnea spp.
50
50
—
—
—
—
75
—
17
—
17
—
33
17
—
10
—
—
—
10
30
50
25
25
—
50
50
50
31
8
31
46
—
62
8
55
9
9
32
41
91
36
40
—
—
20
60
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
25
50
50
50
25
25
50
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
50
—
—
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
10
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
25
50
—
—
75
—
25
—
25
25
—
—
31
15
15
—
—
38
15
—
38
—
8
15
38
15
—
—
—
23
23
—
14
73
14
—
23
5
18
—
50
23
5
—
—
20
80
—
—
80
60
—
100
—
20
—
80
40
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
13
—
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
13
—
—
17
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
75
—
25
25
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
152
Table 108—Constancy of mosses on nonforest low shrub and herb vegetation
types in southwest Alaska
Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation type codea
and number of plots
Species
2C2E
4
2C2G
6
2C2J
10
2D2B
4
2D2C
13
2D2D
22
2D2E
5
3A3E
8
3A3K
6
3C2B
4
Percent
Aulacomnium spp.
50
Dicranum spp.
50
Ditrichum spp.
—
Hepaticae family
50
Hylocomium splendens
—
Lycopodium annotinum
—
Lycopodium clavatum
—
Lycopodium
complanatum
—
Lycopodium
sabinaefolium
—
Lycopodium selago
—
Moss
50
Pleurozium schreberi
100
Polytrichum juniperium
—
Polytrichum spp.
50
Ptilium ciliare
—
Ptilium crista-castrensis 25
Ptilium spp.
—
Rhacomitrium
lanuginosum
—
Rhacomitrium spp.
—
Sphagnum spp.
100
17
33
—
—
50
33
—
10
10
—
—
20
—
—
—
100
—
—
75
50
—
15
23
—
23
54
15
—
23
27
—
—
32
9
5
—
40
—
20
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50
50
50
50
—
—
17
—
—
—
9
20
—
—
—
—
—
67
50
—
33
—
33
—
—
—
40
40
—
10
10
—
—
—
25
50
25
—
25
—
75
—
—
—
54
31
8
38
—
23
15
—
18
41
18
—
32
5
18
—
20
20
100
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
33
17
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
25
25
50
25
—
—
—
17
—
33
—
—
90
—
25
50
—
15
—
—
9
18
—
40
40
—
—
50
—
—
100
25
—
50
— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.
a
See table 3 for code descriptions.
Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
153
Appendix I :
Scientific Name
and Authority,
Frequency of
Occurrence,
Phytomass
Coefficient Used,
and Common
Name
154
Readers are referred to page 15, “Nontree Phytomass,” for application and use of the
biomass coefficients.
Table 109—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
Scientific name
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
Achillea L.
Achillea borealis Bong.
Aconitum delphinifolium DC.
Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.
Anemone narcissiflora L.
10
1
31
4
8
1.28
1.28
.96
3.50
1.86
Anemone richardsonii Hook.
Anemone L.
Angelica genuflexa Nutt.
Angelica lucida L.
Angelica L.
Antennaria monocephala DC.
Antennaria Gaertn.
Arabis arenicola (Richards.)
Gelert
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd.
Arnica lessingii Greene
Aruncus sylvester Kostel.
Astragalus nutzotinensis
Rousseau
Astragalus L.
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
Athyrium Roth
Boschniakia rossica (Cham.
& Schlecht.) Fedtsch.
Boykinia richardsonii (Hook.)
Gray
5
8
2
10
15
1
2
1.86
1.86
3.50
3.50
1.86
6.76
3.79
Yarrow
Common yarrow
Monkshood
Baneberry
Narcissus-flowered
anemone
Yellow anemone
Anemone
Bent-leaved angelica
Sea coast angelica
Wild celery
One-head pussytoes
Pussytoes
2
2
1
1
1.81
1.81
3.50
1.88
Sand rockcress
Thrift sea-pink
Arnica
Goatsbeard
1
2
9
1
3.29
1.28
3.50
3.50
Nutzotin milkvetch
Milkvetch
Lady fern
Lady fern genus
6
2.94
Ground-cone
1
1.86
Bupleurum triradiatum Adams
Campanula lasiocarpa Cham.
Campanula L.
Campanula uniflora L.
Cardamine pratensis L.
Cardamine purpurea Cham.
& Schlecht.
Cardamine L.
Cardamine umbellata Greene
Cerastium L.
Chrysosplenium tetrandum
(Lund) T. Fries
Chrysanthemum bipinnatum L.
Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult.
& Rose
Cicuta mackenzieana Raup
1
11
1
1
5
0.96
1.81
1.81
1.81
.96
Richardson’s
boykinia
Thoroughwax
Mountain harebell
Harebell genus
Arctic harebell
Cuckoo flower
1
2
1
1
.96
.96
.96
.96
Purple bittercress
Bittercress
Umbell bittercress
Chickweed
4
1
1.86
1.81
Northern water carpet
Two-feathered daisy
2
2
3.50
3.50
Water hemlock
Mackenzie water
hemlock
Table 109—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Circaea alpina L.
Collomia linearis Nutt.
Compositae family
Cornus canadensis L.b
Cornus suecica L.
Cruciferae family
Cryptogramma R.Br.
Cypripedium montanum Dougl.
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Delphinium brachycentrum Ledeb.
Delphinium glaucum S. Wats.
Dodecatheon frigidum Cham.
& Schlecht.
Dodecatheon L.
Draba aurea Vahl.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Drosera L.
Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray
Dryopteris fragrans (l.) Schott
Dryopteris Adans.
Epilobium angustifolium L.b
Epilobium glandulosum Lehm.
Epilobium latifolium L.
Epilobium L.
Equisetum arvense L.b
Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh.
Equisetum pratense L.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx.
Equisetum silvaticum L.
Equisetum L.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich.
Erigeron purpuratus Greene
Erigeron L.
Fern
Forb
Galium aparine L.
Galium boreale L.
Galium L.
Galium trifidum L.
Gentiana glauca Pall.
Gentiana L.
Geocaulon lividum (Richards.)
Fern.b
Geranium bicknellii Britt.
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
1
6
30
132
55
4
1
1
1
1
1
1.88
3.50
3.50
1.48
1.48
3.50
1.86
1.88
1.28
.96
.96
Enchanted nightshade
Slender leaf collomia
Aster-daisy family
Bunchberry
Swedish cornel
Mustard family
Crytogramma genus
Mountain lady’s slipper
Fragile fern
Northern larkspur
Glaucous larkspur
2
1
2
7
9
86
3
50
146
1
9
10
116
10
6
6
158
82
1
.96
.96
1.81
3.79
3.79
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
1.28
1.28
1.28
7.09
1.28
1.28
7.09
1
4
1
72
1
15
22
3
1
3
1.81
1.81
1.88
1.81
3.70
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
North shooting-star
Shooting-star
Rockcress
Long-leaf sundew
Sundew genus
Spinulose shield-fern
Fragrant shield-fern
Shield-fern genus
Common fireweed
Glandular willow-herb
Dwarf fireweed
Willow-herb
Meadow horsetail
Swamp horsetail
Meadow horsetail
Dwarf scouring rush
Wood horsetail
Horsetail
Variegated scouring
rush
Fleabane
Fleabane
Unknown fern
Unknown forb
Cleavers
Northern bedstraw
Bedstraw
Small bedstraw
Glaucous gentian
Gentian
36
2
1.88
0.96
Northern commandra
Bicknell cranebill
155
Table 109—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Geranium erianthum DC.
Geranium robertianum L.
Geranium L.
Geum calthifolium Menzies
Geum rossii (R.Br.) Ser.
Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
(L.) Newm.
Hedyasarum alpinum L.
Heracleum lanatum Michx.
Heuchera glabra Willd.
Hippuris vulgaris L.
Iris setosa Pall.
Lagotis glauca Gaertn.
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.
Ligusticum scoticum L.
Listera cordata (L.) R. Br.
Lupinus arcticus S. Wats.
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn
Lupinus L.
Menyanthes trifoliata L.
Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don
Mertensia Roth
Mitella pentandra Hook.
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray
Mushroom
Oxytropis nigrescens (Pall.) Fisch.
Oxytropis L.
Parnassia palustris L.
Parnassia spp. L.
Pedicularis capitata Adams
Pedicularis kanei Durand
Pedicularis labradorica Wirsing
Pedicularis L.
Pedicularis verticillata L.
Petasites frigidus (L.) Franch.
Petasites hyperboreus Rydb.
Pinguicula villosa L.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Platanthera hyberborea (L.) Lindl.
Platanthera L.C. Rich.
Platanthera unalaschcensis
(Spreng.) Kurtz
Polemonium acutiflorum Willd.
156
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
7
1
32
2
7
1
0.96
0.96
0.96
1.81
1.81
3.79
Northern geranium
Robert’s geranium
Geranium genus
Caltha-leaved avens
Ross avens
Rattlesnake plantain
68
0
13
3
5
5
1
1
1
9
1
2
8
12
40
6
2
17
160
1
8
7
1.88
3.50
3.50
1.88
1.28
3.50
1.88
1.88
.96
2.94
3.79
1.88
1.88
1.48
0.96
0.96
3.79
1.86
0.96
1.81
1.81
1.86
7
7
1
1
21
1
6
35
1
1
1
3
1.86
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
3.50
3.50
3.79
3.79
2.94
2.94
Oak-fern
Eskimo potato
Cow parsnip
Alpine heuchera
Common marestail
Wild iris
Glaucous weaselsnout
Common peppergrass
Beach lovage
Heart twayblade
Arctic lupine
Nootka lupine
Lupine
Buckbean
Tall bluebell
Bluebell genus
Alpine mitrewort
Single delight
Unknown mushroom
Black oxytrope
Oxytrope
Northern grass-ofParnassus
Grass-of-Parnassus
Capitate lousewort
Kane lousewort
Labrador lousewort
Lousewort
Whorled lousewort
Arctic sweet coltsfoot
Far northern coltsfoot
Hairy butterwort
Common butterwort
Northern bog orchid
Bog orchid
1
12
2.94
1.81
Alaska bog orchid
Tall jacob’s ladder
Table 109—Scientific name authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on
sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Polemonium L.
Polygonum alaskanum
(Small) Wight
Polygonum bistorta L.
Polygonum L.
Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.b
Potentilla L.
Primula L.
Pyrola asarifolia Michx.
Pyrola secunda L.b
Pyrola L.b
Ranunculus lapponicus L.
Ranunculus pallasii Schlecht.
Ranunculus L.
Romanzoffia Cham.
Rumex acetosella L.
Rumex fenestratus Greene
Rumex L.
Sanguisorba menziesii Rydb.
Sanguisorba L.
Sanguisorba stipulata Raf.
Saussurea americana DC.
Saussurea DC.
Saxifraga bronchialis L.
Saxifraga lyallii Engler
Saxifraga punctata L.
Saxifraga L.
Sedum rosea (L.) Scop.
Sedum L.
Senecio L.
Silene acaulis L.
Smilacina L.
Solidago multiradiata Ait.
Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.
Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht.
Stellaria L.
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.
Streptopus Michx.
Streptopus streptopoides
(Ledeb.) Fyre & Rigg
Swertia perennis L.
Thalictrum alpinum L.
Thalictrum occidentale Gray
Thalictrum L.
Frequency
Coefficient
39
1.81
1
4
3
71
8
1
14
60
33
3
1
22
1
2
1
21
4
82
3
2
1
7
1
3
3
48
1
2
4
3
2
2
1
32
32
8.23
8.23
8.23
10.95
10.95
1.86
3.79
3.79
4.30
3.79
3.79
3.79
1.86
1.81
3.50
3.50
1.88
1.88
1.88
3.50
3.79
1.81
1.86
1.86
3.79
1.81
1.88
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.88
1.28
1.28
1.28
.96
10
.96
5
2
2
5
12
.96
1.88
.96
.96
.96
Common name
Jacob’s ladder
Wild rhubarb
Meadow bistort
Bistort
Marsh fivefinger
Cinquefoil
Primrose
Liverleaf wintergreen
One-sided wintergreen
Wintergreen
Lapland buttercup
Pallas buttercup
Buttercup
Waterleaf
Sheep sorrel
Western dock
Dock
Buttercup
Burnet
Sitka burnet
American saussurea
Saussurea
Spotted saxifrage
Red stem saxifrage
Brook saxifrage
Saxifrage
Roseroot
Stonecrop
Groundsel
Moss campion
Solomon-seal
Northern goldenrod
Fleshy starwort
Crisp starwort
Chickweed
Cucumber-root
twisted-stalk
Twisted-stalk nettle
Kruhsea
Alpine bog swertia
Arctic meadowrue
Western meadowrue
Meadowrue
157
Table 109—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence
on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name (continued)
Scientific name
Frequency
Coefficient
Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz.
7
.96
Thelypteris phegopteris
(L.) Slosson
Thelypteris Schmidel
Tofieldia coccinea Richards.
Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers.
Tofieldia Huds.
Trientalis europaea L.
Utricularia L.
Valeriana capitata L.
Valeriana sitchensis Bong.
Valeriana L.
Veratrum viride Ait.
Vicia L.
Viola epipsila Ledeb.
Viola langsdorfii Fisch.
Viola L.
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.
7
2
1
2
1
205
1
34
4
11
26
3
4
10
60
1
.96
.96
3.70
3.70
3.70
1.48
1.28
.96
.96
.96
3.50
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
1.28
Common name
Few-flowered
meadowrue
Beech fern
Wood fern
Northern asphodel
Scotch asphodel
Asphodel
Starflower
Bladderwort
Capitate valerian
Sitka valerian
Valerian
False hellbore
Vetch
Marsh violet
Alaska violet
Violet
Rusty ilvenis
— = no common name.
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight:
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of 1st layer) (coefficient) (height of 1st layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of 2d layer) (coefficient) (height of 2d layer in decimeters)]....
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients of
the most similar species.
Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974.
158
Table 110—Scientific name and authority, frequency of grass and grasslike
species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and
common name
Scientific name
Frequency
Coefficient
Calamagrostis canadensis
(Michx.) Beauv.b
Calamagrostis Adans.
Carex albo-nigra Mack.
217
121
1
2.38
2.38
1.28
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.b
Carex rostrata Stokes
Carex L.b
Elymus L.
Eriophorum L.b
Grass
Juncus L.
Luzula DC.
Poa L.
Poa trivialis L.
1
1
279
1
79
102
8
2
1
1
4.56
2.38
2.85
2.38
3.70
2.28
2.28
2.28
4.56
4.56
Common name
Bluejoint
Reed bent grass
Black and white
sedge
Water sedge
Beaked sedge
Sedge
Ryegrass
Cottongrass
Unknown grass
Rush
Woodrush genus
Bluegrass
Rough bluegrass
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight:
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of 1st layer) (coefficient) (height of 1st layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of 2d layer) (coefficient) (height of 2d layer in decimeters)].....
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients of
the most similar species.
Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974.
159
Table 111—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
Scientific name
Alectoria delicta
Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.
Alectoria
Bryoria
Cetraria
Cetraria cucullata (Bell.) Ach.b
Cetraria islandica (L.) Achb
Cetraria nivalis (L.) Ach.
Cladinab
Cladina mitis (Sandst.)
Hale & Culb.
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Harm.
Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo
Cladoniab
Cladonia belliflora (Ach.) Schaer.
Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.
Dactylina
Hypogmnia
Lichen
Lobaria
Masonhalea richardsonii
Nephroma
Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss.
Parmelia
Peltigera
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Stereocaulon
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.
Thamnolia
Thamnolia subuliformis
(Ehrh.) Culb.
Usnea
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
2
4
10
19
115
65
54
21
83
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
5.63
4.77
5.63
5.63
7.41
Delicate alectoria
Black alectoria
Alectoria
Aborial lichen
Iceland moss
Reindeer moss
Reindeer moss
Reindeer moss
Reindeer moss
31
277
37
336
3
2
119
5
61
192
39
1
187
35
277
139
15
48
11
11
16
7.41
7.41
7.41
4.32
4.32
4.32
4.32
4.32
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.77
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.76
4.76
4.76
4.32
Reindeer moss
Reindeer moss
Reindeer moss
Fruticose lichen
Red-cap cladonia
Fruticose lichen
Fruticose lichen
Finger lichen
Hypogymnia
Unknown lichen
Lobaria
Richardson’s lichen
—
Lettuce lichen
—
Veined lichen
—
Stereocaulon lichen
Blue sandy lichen
Blue sandy lichen
Thamnolia
10
156
4.32
3.32
White worm lichen
Usnea
— = no common name.
a Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight:
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of 1st layer) (coefficient) (height of 1st layer in decimeters]....
+ [(% foliar cover of 2d layer) (coefficient) (height of 2d layer in decimeters)]....
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients of
the most similar species.
Source of scientific names: Hale 1979.
160
Table 112—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss and clubmoss
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
Scientific name
Aulacomnium Schwaegr.b
Climacium dendroides
(Hedw.) Web.& Mohr
Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum.
Dicranum scoparium Hedw.
Dicranum Hedw.b
Ditrichum Hampe
Hepaticae familyb
Hylocomium BSG
Hylocomium splendens
(Hedw.) BSG
Lycopodium alpinum (L.) Rothm.
Lycopodium annotinum L.
Lycopodium clavatum L.
Lycopodium complanatum L.
Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd.
Lycopodium selago L.
Lycopodium L.
Mnium Hedw., nom. cons.
Moss
Pleurozium schreberi
(Brid.) Mitt.b
Polytrichum juniperium Hedw.b
Polytrichum Hedw.
Ptilium ciliare
Ptilium crista-castrensis
(Hedw.) De Not.
Ptilium De Not.
Rhacomitrium lanuginosum
(Hedw.) Brid.
Rhacomitrium Brid.
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
(Hedw.) Warnst.b
Rhytidium
Sphagnum L.b
Thuidium BSG
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
93
4.73
Bog moss
4
3
2.32
5.36
2
215
10
54
40
7.29
7.29
15.50
1.79
2.20
Northern tree moss
Conocephalum
liverwort
—
—
—
Liverwort
Feathermoss
311
3
134
2
22
1
11
6
36
268
7.20
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.92
3.92
—
Alpine clubmoss
Stiff clubmoss
Running clubmoss
Ground cedar
Alaska clubmoss
Fir clubmoss
Clubmoss
—
Unknown moss
350
21
269
10
3.52
3.92
3.92
3.52
Schreber’s moss
—
—
Moss
166
7
3.52
3.52
Knight’s plume
Plume moss
4
16
3.61
3.61
—
—
13
3
340
1
2.32
3.61
4.76
3.61
Shaggy moss
—
Sphagnum moss
Fern moss
— = no common name.
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight:
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of 1st layer) (coefficient) (height of 1st layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of 2d layer) (coefficient) (height of 2d layer in decimeters)]....
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients of
the most similar species.
Source of scientific names: Crum 1976.
161
Table 113—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
Scientific name
Alnus Nutt.
Alnus crispa (Ait.) Purshb
Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb.
Alnus tenuifolia Nutt.b
Andromeda polifolia L.
Anemone parviflora Michx.
Arctostaphylos Adans.
Arctostaphylos alpina L. Spreng.
Arctostaphylos rubra
(Rehd.& Wilson) Fern.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
(L.) Spreng.
Artemisia arctica Less.
Artemisia globularia Bess.
Artemisia L.
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.
Betula glandulosa Michx.b
Betula nana L.b
Betula L.
Cassiope stelleriana (Pall.) DC.
Cassiope tetragona (L.) D.Don
Chamaedaphne calyculata
(L.) Moench
Diapensia lapponica L.
Dryas drummondi Richards.
Dryas octopetala L.
Dryas L.b
Empetrum nigrum L.b
Kalmia polifolia Wang.
Ledum groenlandicum Oederb
Ledum palustre var. decumbens
(L.) Ait.b
Ledum L.
Linnaea borealis L.b
Loiseleuria procumbens
(L.) Desv.b
Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze
Menziesia ferruginea Sm.
Myrica gale L.
Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq.
Phyllodoce aleutica (Spreng.)
Heller
162
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
8
107
74
53
44
2
1
14
4.50
4.50
4.43
4.43
10.32
1.86
6.76
6.76
Alder
American green alder
Sitka alder
Thinleaf alder
Bog rosemary
North anemone
Alpine bearberry
Alpine bearberry
66
6.76
6
13
2
36
2
105
286
1
9
10
2.23
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
9.00
10.15
9.18
1.81
1.81
Kinnikinik
Purple wormwood
Arctic wormwood
Sagebrush
Aleutian mugwort
Resin birch
Dwarf arctic birch
Dwarf birch
Four-angle heather
Four-angle heather
41
40
1
20
3
372
7
92
6.20
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
2.41
10.32
8.23
Leatherleaf
Diapensia
Yellow dryas
White mountain-avens
Mountain-avens
Black crowberry
Bog laurel
Labrador-tea
267
2
95
10.32
3.55
3.29
Northern labrador-tea
Labrador-tea
Twin flower
2
9
13
34
10
6.76
4.30
6.20
6.20
4.29
Alpine azalea
Luetkea
Rusty menziesia
Sweet gale
Devil’s club
3
2.41
Aleutian mountain
heather
Alpine bearberry
Table 113—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
(continued)
Scientific name
Phyllodoce coerulea (L.) Bab.
Potentilla fruticosa L.
Rhododendron camtschaticum
Pall.
Rhododendron L.
Ribes bracteosum Dougl.
Ribes hudsonianum Richards.
Ribes laxiflorum Pursh
Ribes L.
Ribes triste Pall.b
Rosa acicularis Lindl.b
Rubus arcticus L.
Rubus chamaemorus L.b
Rubus idaeus L.
Rubus pedatus Sm.
Rubus L.
Rubus spectabilis Pursh
Rumex arcticus Trautv.
Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov.b
Salix arbusculoides Anderss.
Salix arctica Pall.
Salix barclayi Anderss.
Salix barrattiana Hook.
Salix bebbiana Sarg.b
Salix commutata Bebb
Salix fuscescens Anderss.
Salix glauca L.b
Salix hastata L.
Salix interior Rowleeb
Salix lanata L.
Salix lasiandra Benth.
Salix monticola Bebb
Salix myrtillifolia Anders.
Salix ovalifolia Trautv.
Salix phlebophylla Anderss.b
Salix planifolia Purshb
Salix polaris Wahlenb.
Salix reticulata L.
Salix rotundifolia Trautv.
Salix setchelliana Ball
Salix sitchensis Sanson
Salix stolonifera Cov.
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
2
2.41
35
10.95
Blue mountain
heather
Bush cinquefoil
9
1
1
2
2
50
11
89
177
239
10
68
1
6
20
25
15
38
43
5
10
4
19
22
3
4
8
1
27
22
1
9
99
4
30
8
3
2
6
6.20
6.76
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
2.20
1.86
1.86
2.20
1.86
1.86
2.20
3.50
6.45
8.70
10.15
6.45
6.20
4.39
6.45
6.45
8.70
8.70
5.16
8.70
8.70
8.70
6.20
6.45
5.16
6.98
1.48
2.23
2.23
6.98
4.03
10.15
Lapland rosebay
Rhododendron
Stink currant
Northern black currant
Trailing black currant
Currant
American red currant
Prickly rose
Nagoon berry
Cloudberry
American red raspberry
Five-leaf bramble
Raspberry
Salmonberry
Arctic dock
Feltleaf willow
Littleleaf willow
Arctic willow
Barclay willow
Barratt willow
Bebb willow
Undergreen willow
Alaska bog willow
Grayleaf willow
Halberd willow
Sandbar willow
Lanate willow
Grayleaf willow
Park willow
Low blueberry willow
Ovalleaf willow
Skeletonleaf willow
Diamondleaf willow
Polar willow
Netleaf willow
Least willow
Setchell willow
Sitka willow
Sprouting-leaf willow
163
Table 113—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
(continued)
Scientific name
Salix L.
Sambucus racemosa L.
Sorbus scopulina Greene
Sorbus S.F. Gray
Spiraea beauverdiana Schneid.
Spirea L.
Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.
Vaccinium oxycoccus var.
microcarpus (Turcz.) Fedtsch.
& Flerov.b
Vaccinium uliginosum L.b
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.b
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.b
Frequency
Coefficient
Common name
125
7
1
8
256
49
30
5.16
4.29
8.70
8.70
10.95
10.95
6.20
Willow
Red elderberry
Greene mountain ash
Mountain ash genus
Beauverd spirea
Spirea
Early blueberry
92
391
412
60
2.41
11.64
2.23
4.29
Bog cranberry
Bog blueberry
Lowbush cranberry
Highbush cranberry
a
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight:
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of 1st layer) (coefficient) (height of 1st layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of 2d layer) (coefficient) (height of 2d layer in decimeters)].....
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned coefficients of
the most similar species.
Sources of scientific names: Hulten 1974, Viereck and Little 1972.
Table 114—Scientific name and authority, frequency of tree-seedling species
occurrence on sampled plots, phytomass coefficient used,a and common name
Scientific name
Betula papyrifera Marsh.
Larix lariciana (Du Roi) K. Koch
Picea glauca (Moench) Vossb
Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.b
Populus balsamifera L.b
Populus tremuloides Michx.
Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray
Frequency
144
31
185
170
1
11
9
a
Coefficient
Common name
9.18
17.64
20.02
17.64
9.33
9.33
9.33
Paper birch
Tamarack
White spruce
Black spruce
Balsam poplar
Quaking aspen
Black cottonwood
Coefficients are used in the following equation to determine plant weight:
Phytomass = [(% foliar cover of 1st layer) (coefficient) (height of 1st layer in decimeters]
+ [(% foliar cover of 2d layer) (coefficient) (height of 2d layer in decimeters)]....
... + [(% foliar cover of layer n) (coefficient) (height of layer n in decimeters)].
b Species for which a phytomass coefficient was developed. Other species were assigned
coefficients of the most similar species.
Source of scientific names: Viereck and Little 1972.
164
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