Environmental
Seminar
Jake Plante
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental
Division
George Mason
University
September 27, 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
2
2
The NEPA “Umbrella”
FAA Orders 1050 & 5050
NEPA
CAA
CWA
Section 106
Wetlands
These are only 5 of the >20 laws
we examine for airport
environmental review purposes.
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
3
3
THE NEPA “UMBRELLA”…WHEN WE FAIL TO
COMPLETE INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS!
1. Approvals delayed!
2. Projects delayed!
3. We didn’t do OUR job!
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
4
4
Over 20 Special Purpose Laws and
other Airport Requirements
AIRFA
Archeological and Historic Preservation
Clean Water/ Clean Air
Coastal barrier/zone
ESA
FWCA
Executive Orders
Farmland Protection
Marine Mammal Pro.
Magnuson-Stevens
NAGPRA
Section 6(f) of L&WCF
Section 106 of NHPA
Section 303c(4f)
Section 47106c of 49 USC Wild and Scenic Rivers
Uniform Relocation & Real Property
DOT Orders
FAA Orders
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
5
5
Topics
Airport
Emissions
Airport Noise
VALE
Noise Over Parks
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
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6
Aviation Noise Analysis
Standard Methodologies for Many Concerns
SAE
A21
FICAN
NAT. PARKS
INM
AIRPORTS
AIRSPACE
INM, AEM, MAGENTA
INM, NIRS, ATNS
INM = Integrated Noise Model
AEM = Area Equivalent Method
ATNS = AT noise screening
Office
of Airports
5/28/2016
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
ICAO
CAEP
NIRS = Noise Impact Routing System
MAGENTA = Global/national airport modeling
forum5.ppt
Federal Aviation
Administration
7
7
U.S. Population Exposed to DNL 65dB
750
MILLION
610
8
465
202
7
375
300
6
5
ENPLANEMENTS
5.2
4
3
3.4
2
2.7
0.6
POPULATION
1
1.7
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
YEARS
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
8
Data Layers
 INM tracks and contours
 Census data
 Airports, runways, navaids
 Airport layouts (CAD)
 Topography (USGS)
 Radar (ARTS)
 Special points and grids
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
9
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
10
10
A-weighted and Tone-Corrected Perceived
Families (not C-weighted
Multiplier (Operations)
or frequency-based)
Day Evening Night
LMAX
DNL
1
1
10
24
CNEL
1
3
10
24
Leq
1
1
1
24
Leq-Day
1
1
0
15
Leq-Night
0
0
1
9
a
b
c
T
1
1
16.7
24
1
3
10
24
a
b
c
T
SEL
TA
User-Defined
PNLTmax
EPNL
TA
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Time
(Hr.)
NEF
WECPNL
User-Defined
Federal Aviation
Administration
11
Effects Driven Use of Supplemental Metrics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Annoyance (e.g., cumulative energy metrics)
Speech interference (60-65 dB)
Sleep disturbance (e.g., single events, loudness)
Schools and learning (e.g., number of events above)
Health (single events, loudness)
Rattle (low-frequency)
Visitor experience and enjoyment (e.g., time-based)
Visual intrusiveness (number of events)
Office
of Airports
5/28/2016
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
forum5.ppt
Federal Aviation
Administration
12
12
Noise Abatement Departure
Procedures
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
13
Noise Over Parks
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
14
14
New guidance and another year of experience
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
15
15
Growing number of studies
Southern Nevada Supplemental Airport EIS
• Mesquite EIS
• Mammoth Lakes EIS
• St. George EIS (ROD)
• Flagstaff EA (ROD)
• Taos EIS
• Homestead EIS (DOD ROD) Retained airfield but
transferred remainder to Dade County for economic development
• Grand Canyon
• Air Tour Management Studies
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
16
16
Airports Guidance Outlines a 5-Step Process
Step 1:
Noise screening assessment and regional
inventory of National Parks and
other sensitive 4(f) park properties
Step 2:
Consultation with resource agencies
Step 3:
Development of a noise protocol for the
main noise analysis (approved by AEE)
Step 4:
Noise measurements (if required)
Step 5:
Main noise analysis
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
17
17
Step 1: Noise Screening Assessment
• Purpose
–
–
–
–
To share planning assumptions
To develop an initial study area
To determine need for ambient noise measurements
To base discussions with resource agencies on facts
• Possible screening conclusions – by park
– No further analysis
– Qualitative or descriptive analysis
– Quantitative analysis by modeling, statistical,
or other information techniques
(with or without field measurements)
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
18
18
Step 2: Interagency Coordination
• Send results of screening assessment to
Cooperating Agencies, regional resource
agencies, Tribes, and individual parks
– Qualify results as initial
– Level of follow-up consultations
are based on findings
• Purpose
– To elicit outstanding concerns
– To identify gaps in existing data
• Data development
– Need for noise measurements?
– Appropriate level of analysis?
– Forecasts of air tour and
low-altitude VFR traffic
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
19
19
Step 3: Protocol Submission and Approval
• Develop noise protocol for main noise analysis
• Submit to APP-400 & AEE
for approval
• Contents
–
–
–
–
–
Scope
Methodology, metrics, criteria
Ambient field measurements?
How analysis will be presented
Any modifications to the guidance
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
20
20
Step 4: Noise Measurement Program (if required)
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
21
21
St. George EIS
Zion NP
Existing
Acoustic Zone
Map
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
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22
Step 5: Main Noise Analysis
A complete or comprehensive analysis that may include:
• A new scope (AI)
• More refined receptor locations (grid points)
• Project and cumulative analysis
– e.g., Military and en route operations
• Use of radar data for track dispersion and
local (non-standard) aircraft profiles
• Variable park ambient levels (ambient maps)
• Other supplemental metrics
– e.g., Number of Events Above, Audibility (TAUD)
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
23
23
Audibility - Look before you leap!
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
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24
Airport Emissions
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
25
25
Air Quality Issues
• Increased public awareness of air issues
e.g., global warming and HAPs
• Greater focus on aviation
EPA and State regulators
Europe (e.g., market-based fees)
Air quality is likely to become a
larger constraint in project
schedules and project
approvals!
FAA Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
26
26
CAA Required
Effects
Criteria
Pollutants
Human
Health
(NAAQS)
CO
Not Required
Haze
Ozone
(smog)
- NOx
- VOCs
SO2
NO2
Contrails
PM10
PM2.5
- SO2
- NOx
- VOCs
- Ammonia
Lead
Soot
(health)
Global Warming
Climate Change
Air
Toxics
10 airport
priorities, e.g.,
- Benzene
- Formaldehyde
- Acrolein
- 21 MSATs
- 188 EPA total
CO2
56%
Methane
18%
CFCs
13%
Ozone
7%
NOx
6%
Clean Air Act
 Clean Air Act of 1970 – comprehensive
 EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
 States to develop plans to attain standards – called SIPs
(State Implementation Plans)
 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
 Conformity requirements (40 CFR Part 93)
 Non-attainment designations and plans
 Acid rain and air toxics
28
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Standard
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
8 Hour Average
1 Hour Average
Primary
Secondary
9 ppm (10 mg/m3)
35 ppm (40 mg/m3)
N/A
N/A
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Annual Arithmetic Ave.
24 Hour Average
50 g/m3
150 g/m3
50 g/m3
150 g/m3
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
24-Hour Standard
Annual Arithmetic Ave.
65 g/m3
15 g/m3
65 g/m3
15 g/m3
Ozone (O3)
8 Hour Average
0.08 ppm
0.08 ppm
80 g/m3
365 g/m3
N/A
N/A
N/A
1300 g/m3
1.5 g/m3
1.5 g/m3
0.053 ppm
(100 g/m3)
0.053 ppm
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Annual Average
24 Hour Average
3 Hour Average
Lead
Calendar Quarter Average
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Annual Average
29
EPA Air Quality Management
2. EPA Area Designations (by pollutant)
– Based on State recommendations
– 3 types
•
Attainment/unclassifiable; Nonattainment; Maintenance
– Classifications
•
•
Based on severity of nonattainment problem
Correlate with general conformity de minimis levels
3. State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
–
–
–
–
Chief tool for attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS
Developed and adopted by States, Tribes, and local agencies
EPA approved
Penalties for failure to attain (e.g., highway funding, FIPs)
FAA Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
30
30
Status of 150 Designated Airports by Pollutant
120
100
80
113
60
40
Ozone
PM
CO
83
56
20
0
FAA Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
31
31
32
33
34
What Do I Have To Evaluate?
1. Emissions Inventory (all pollutants)
 Measured in tons per year (tpy) or day (tpd)
 Total emissions/all sources in a defined area
 Airport emissions compared to SIP budget
If required:
2. Dispersion Analysis (concentrations)
 Measured in parts per million (ppm) or g/m3
 Air a person would breathe/specific location
 Compared to the NAAQS
35
De-Minimis Threshold – Non-Attainment Area
Tons/Yr
Pollutant
Ozone (VOCs or NOx)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Serious
Severe
Extreme
Other NAA outside an O3 transport region
Marginal/Moderate NAA inside transport reg.
- VOC
- NOx
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
SO2 or NO2
PM-10
- Moderate NAA
- Serious NAA
Lead
50
25
10
100
50
100
100
100
100
70
25
36
Basic Steps for General Conformity
1.
Federal
Action?
yes
2. Nonattainment or
Maintenance Area?
yes
no
no
3. Exempt?
yes
yes
yes
no
Exit
7. Conformity
Determination
4. Presumed
to Conform?
no
no
6. Do project net
emissions exceed
de minimis levels?
FAA Office of Airports
Community and Environmental Needs Division
March 2006
5. Emissions
Inventory
Federal Aviation
Administration
37
37
Presumed to Conform List of Airport Actions
• Agency list of actions that cause
few if any emissions
– Authorized under GC Rule
– 1st agency
– Streamlining benefit
• Published in July 30, 2007
Federal Register
FAA Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
38
38
PTC Project Categories
For smaller systems and upgrades that do not increase airport capacity
or change the operational environment of the airport
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Pavement Markings
Pavement Monitoring Systems
Non-Runway Pavement Work
Aircraft Gate Areas on Airside
Lighting Systems
Terminal and Concourse Upgrades
New HVAC Systems, Upgrades, and Expansions
Airport Security
Airport Safety
Airport Maintenance Facilities
Airport Signage
Commercial Vehicle Staging Areas
Low Emission Technology and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Air Traffic Control Activities and Procedures
Routine Installation and Operation of NAVAIDS
FAA Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
39
39
Special NEPA Air Quality Issues
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)
• FAA Regional coordination with Headquarters
• Methodology
 EDMS is used for a standard emissions inventory and
speciation to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
 Because of limited data and methods, and the increased
uncertainty that could compound errors, we do not:
–
–
–
–
Compute toxicity weightings
Run a dispersion analysis for HAPs
Calculate population exposure
Do a quantified health risk assessment
40
Special NEPA Air Quality Issues
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
CEQ has deemed GHG reasonably foreseeable:
• Contact APP-400/AEE-300 for guidance
• A methodology/protocol has not been developed
• Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) panel
to develop a guidebook
41
Airport Funding for Low-Emission Technology
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
42
42
VALE began in 2005 (Vision 100)
For commercial service airports in nonattainment or maintenance areas
and all airport emission sources except aircraft engine technology
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
43
43
VALE Benefits
• Expands eligibility & funding for clean airport
technology
• Supports a forward-looking approach
and early action with emission credits
• Encourages domestic alternative fuels
• Improves communications between Airports
and States
• Strengthens community relations
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
44
44
Project Sites
DTW
ALB
SWF
SMF
SFO
BWI
DIA
DFW
IAH
BTR
HOU
ILEAV Pilot
VALE
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
45
45
Airports are Well-Suited to Alternative Fuel Vehicles
• Microcosm of fleet
• Centralized operations
• Available land for safe siting
and fuel handling
• General conformity set to
airport facility projects
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
46
46
VALE Funding by Year
7
6
6.2
5
4
3
2
1
0.2
0.3
0
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
47
47
Airports need information and technical support
• Project Planning
• What technologies and fuel alternatives are appropriate?
• What are other airports doing?
• What are the risks? (airports are well-suited for alternative
fuels with central operations and safe siting)
• How to do a successful application
• Overcoming Barriers
• Tendency to rely on SIP accommodations
• Airline reluctance to use PFCs
• Coordination with State air quality agencies and EPA
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
48
48
Eligible Infrastructure:
Eligible Infrastructure:
Gate Electrification
Gate Electrification
Gate power
& pre-conditioned air
to reduce
APU
usage
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
49
49
Eligible Infrastructure:
Underground Fuel Hydrant Systems
Fuel Carts
replace
Tanker Trucks
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
50
50
Eligible Infrastructure:
Refueling and Recharging Stations
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
51
51
Eligible Infrastructure:
Airport Power Generation & HVAC Systems
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
52
52
Eligible Infrastructure:
Public Transit Connections on Airport Property
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
53
53
Vehicle Eligibility Varies by AIP & PFC Programs
Common vehicle eligibility
• New or retrofit
• GSE or GAV (airport-dedicated)
• “Incremental” costs only
(no base vehicle or O&M costs)
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
AIP
PFC
Airport-owned
or leased
…&
tenant-owned
Alternative fuels
& hybrids
…&
clean conventional
75% or 95%
Federal share
100%
Federal share
Federal Aviation
Administration
54
54
AIP Focus on DOE-Defined Alternative Fuels
“Low-emission technology
…that relies exclusively on
alternative fuels that are
substantially nonpetroleum based… not
excluding hybrid systems”
Vision 100 (§47102)
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electric
Natural Gas
Propane
Ethanol 85
Methanol 85
Hydrogen
Coal-derived Liquids
Biodiesel (B100)
P-series
Hybrid Technology
Federal Aviation
Administration
55
55
VALE New Vehicle Low-Emission Standards
EPA national fleet standards
applied to individual vehicles
Technical
Report
• Each vehicle is cleaner
• Matches AIP/PFC facility approach
• More fuel neutral
5 vehicle categories
• 3 On-road by weight class
• 2 Non-road by fuel & engine size
(Simplified tailpipe emissions only)
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
56
56
VALE “Special Conditions” include vehicle labeling
Opportunity for Change
Over 72,000 GSE by Owner and Fuel Type
25%
Other
75%
Airline Owned
Electric
10%
Diesel
38%
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
CNG/LPG
4%
Gasoline
48%
Federal Aviation
Administration
58
58
EPA and FAA National AERC Guidance
• Vision 100 AERC mandates
 Nationally consistent EPA guidance
• No State AERCs…no FAA project funding
• Issued on a timely basis
• AERCs remove a big stumbling block
“Why should airports expend mitigation measures now that might
help them later?”
• Annualized credits – earned and counted year-byyear over the life of a project
• Simplified
– No “banking” or “trading” with other entities
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
59
59
Managed by FAA Regions and ADOs
Regional Role
-
Guidance
Application review
Project approval
Compliance
For more information…
www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/environmental/vale
-
List of eligible airports
FAA Technical Report
EPA AERC Report
Application worksheets
Office of Airports
Planning and Environmental Division
March 2007
Federal Aviation
Administration
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60