12/21/2007
Insect Losses and Insecticide Use
In Arizona Vegetables
J. Palumbo, A. Fournier, P. Ellsworth, P. Clay, and K. Nolte
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12/21/2007
Crop Insect Losses Working Group
•
Goal:
To provide information on insecticide-use
patterns, insect-related losses and management
costs in Arizona vegetable crops.
•
Information traditionally provided using “expert” opinion.
•
Improve the process with real world data.
•
Primarily incorporates data from PCAs, Growers, and
Agrichemical Industry.
Why is this Information Important?
Regulatory
• Section 18 Emergency Exemptions / 24C SLN
•
•
Defense and Support of older A.I.s (ie. Lannate)
FQPA: next go-around – endosulfan / pyrethroids
Academic
• Documents the role of new insecticides
•
•
•
Quantitative measure of impact of IPM
Historic record of insect losses / outbreaks
Identifies and prioritizes pest problems
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12/21/2007
Why is this Information Important?
Industry
•
Translates the PCAs job into economic terms
•
Validates the necessity of PCA to the vegetable industry
•
Emphasizes the significance of insect pests and their
management in desert vegetable production
•
Demonstrates value of new pest control technologies
Crop Insect Losses Workshops
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12/21/2007
Data collection (CIL workshops)
Crops and Locations:
- Spring Cantaloupes (Central AZ and Yuma)
- Spring Watermelons (Central AZ and Yuma)
- Fall and Spring Head Lettuce (Yuma)
Three Part Survey :
Part 1 General Estimates
- Overall yield reductions
- Management costs
Part 2 Crop losses
- Economic losses
- Yield losses
Part 3 Insecticide Use
- Treated acreage
- Spray frequency
Overall Crop Losses (%)
Spring Melons
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12/21/2007
Overall Crop Losses (%)
Cantaloupes
Central Arizona
Yuma
(2005-2006)
18
26.2 %
23.2 %
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Weather
Chemical
Injury
Weeds
Disease
Insects
Birds
Other
Overall Crop Losses (%)
Watermelons
(2005-2006)
Central Arizona 25.4 %
Yuma
20.5 %
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Weather
Chemical
Injury
Weeds
Disease
Insects
Birds
Other
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12/21/2007
Total Crop Losses (%)
Head Lettuce
Fall Lettuce
Spring Lettuce
(2005-2006)
20
22.5 %
29.3 %
15
10
5
0
Weather
Chemical
Injury
Weeds
Disease
Insects
Birds
Other
Insect Management Costs
Cost ($) of IPM
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12/21/2007
Insect Management Costs
Cost ($) of IPM
IPM
Melons
Central AZ
Yuma
Head
Lettuce
Acreage scouted (%)
100
100
100
No. field visits / week
2.2
3.4
3.8
$12.70
$17.50
$22.75
$5.75
$5.15
$6.00
Cost ($) / acre
Economic Losses ($)
Control costs ($)
Application frequency (No.)
Acres treated (%)
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Seedling pests
Darkling beetles
Seedling Pests
Beet armyworm
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Cantaloupes
Economic Losses
($)
* Does not include
Application Costs ($)
Cantaloupes
Central Arizona
Yuma
Whitefly
Whitefly
Darkling beetle
Cabbage looper
Seedcorn maggot
Seedcorn maggot
Cabbage looper
Seedling pests
Leafminers
Beet armyworm
Seedling pests
Aphids
$ 51
0
10
20
30
40
50
$ 127
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
Dollar ($) Loss / Treated Acre
(Treated acres*No. sprays*Control cost)
Economic Losses ($)
* Does not include
Application Costs ($)
Watermelons
Watermelons
Central Arizona
Yuma
Whitefly
Whitefly
Cabbage looper
Cabbage looper
Beet armyworm
Beet armyworm
Spider mites
Leafminers
Darkling beetle
Spider mites
Seedling pests
Aphids
$ 105
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
$ 268
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
Dollar ($) Loss / Treated Acre
(Treated acres*No. sprays*Control cost)
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Economic Losses ($)
Watermelons
HeadLettuce
Lettuce
Head
Fall
Spring
Beet armyworm
Aphids
Cabbage looper
Thrips
Whitefly
Cabbage looper
Thrips
Beet armyworm
Seedling pests
Flea beetles
Flea beetles
$ 327
0
20
40
60
80 100
Trash bugs
$ 238
0
20
40
60
80 100
Dollar ($) Loss / Treated Acre
(Treated acres*No. sprays*Control cost)
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Yield Losses (%)
• Stand loss
• Reduced fruit size
• Uniformity
• Fruit quality
• Contamination
Application costs
Insecticide costs
Spray frequency
Acres treated
YieldCantaloupes
Losses (%)
Cantaloupes
Central Arizona
Yuma
Seedcorn maggot
Cabbage looper
Darkling beetle
Whitefly
Seedling pests
Seedcorn maggot
Whitefly
Seedling pests
Cabbage looper
Beet armyworm
Leafminers
2.9 %
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
0.0
2.3 %
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Yield Loss (%)
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12/21/2007
YieldCantaloupes
Losses (%)
Watermelons
Watermelons
Central Arizona
Yuma
Beet armyworm
Whitefly
Whitefly
Cabbage looper
Spider mites
Beet armyworm
Cabbage looper
Seedling pests
Darkling beetle
0.0
1.6 %
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.8 %
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Yield Loss (%)
Yield Losses (%)
• Stand loss
• Reduced head size
• Uniformity
• Cosmetic quality
• Insect contamination
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12/21/2007
YieldCantaloupes
Losses (%)
Watermelons
HeadLettuce
Lettuce
Head
Fall
Spring
Seedling pests
Aphids
Beet armyworm
Thrips
Cabbage looper
Cabbage looper
Flea beetles
Seedling pests
Whitefly
Beet armyworm
Thrips
0.0
% 7.4
0.4
0.8
1.2
Flea beetles
1.6
0.0
% 6.8
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Yield Loss (%)
Insecticide Use
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12/21/2007
Insecticide Use
Cantaloupes
Central Arizona
Yuma
Diazinon
Endosulfan
Pyrethroids
Imidacloprid
Success
Agri-Mek
Bt
Courier
Intrepid
Oberon
0
2000
4000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
Treated Acres (% Treated acres * No. sprays)
Insecticide Watermelons
Use Watermelons
Central Arizona
Yuma
Diazinon
Endosulfan
Pyrethroids
Imidacloprid
Success
Agri-Mek
Bt
Courier
Intrepid
Oberon
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Treated Acres (% Treated acres * No. sprays))
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12/21/2007
Head Lettuce
Insecticide Head
Use Lettuce
Fall
Spring
Pyrethroids
Success
Lannate
Imidacloprid
Intrepid
Diazinon
Endosulfan
Dimethoate
Avaunt
Proclaim
20
40
60
80
100
120 140
160
20
40
60
80
100
120
Treated Acres (*1000)
http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/
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12/21/2007
Head Lettuce
Relevant Outcomes
Regulatory
FQPA (Lannate)
ü Section 18 (Birds)
ü
Academic
Industry
Lannate / Larvin Use in Head Lettuce
Feb 2007
Questions posed by USDA OPMP
for the Carbamate Cumulative Risk
assessment conducted by the EPA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Typical use rates
Typical no. of applications
Timing of applications
Would both be applied to same
crop in same growing season?
5. If so, how often ?
The concerns involve drinking water. Apparently thiodicarb breaks down into
2 molecules of methomyl and this is complicating the risk analysis as both
products can be used on the same crops; head lettuce and sweet corn being
of the most concern.
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12/21/2007
Head Lettuce
Relevant Outcomes
Regulatory
FQPA (Lannate)
ü Section 18 (Birds)
ü
Academic
ü Educating the educators
ü Cost-effectiveness of IPM
ü Relevancy of Insecticides
ü Research Priorities
Industry
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12/21/2007
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Head Lettuce
Relevant Outcomes
Regulatory
FQPA (Lannate)
ü Section 18 (Birds)
ü
Academic
ü Baseline Data for Education
ü Relevancy of Insecticides
ü Research Priorities
Industry
ü Trends in Chemical Use –Red Flags
ü Future Trends in Insect Management
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12/21/2007
Insecticide Use
Fall Head Lettuce
Pyrethroids (Foliar)
3.4
Success
2.7
Admire
1.0
1.3
Intrepid
Pyrethroids (Chem)
1.0
Lannate
2.0
Diazinon (Chem.)
1.0
Proclaim
1.1
1.2
Avaunt
Endosulfan
0
1.2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Treated Acres (No. times applied)
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12/21/2007
Insecticide Use By Chemical Class
Head Lettuce
Fall Lettuce
Spring Lettuce
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Reduced
Risk
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
OP/Carb
Endosulfan
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12/21/2007
Insecticide Use By Chemical Class
Cantaloupes
Central AZ
Yuma
14000
12000
Treated Acres
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Reduced
Risk
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
OP/Carb
Insecticide Use By Chemical Class
Endosulfan
Watermelons
Central AZ
Yuma
12000
Treated Acres
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Reduced
Risk
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
OP/Carb
Endosulfan
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12/21/2007
Trends in New Product and Chemistry Development
in Desert Vegetable Crops
Provado
Admire
1990–1995
Neonicotinoids
Knack
* Courier
*
Confirm
*Success
* Confirm
1996–1999
Pyridine-IGR
Thiadiazine-IGR
Diacylhydrazine-IGR
Spinosyns
Proclaim
Platinum
* Fulfill
* Avaunt
* Assail
* Intrepid
* Radiant
* Alverde
Tesoro
*Movento
*Coragen
*Synapse
Venom
* Oberon
* Beleaf
*
2000–2004
2005-2008
Pyridyl azomethine
Ketoenols
Oxadiazine
Pyridyl caboxomide
Semicarbozone
Pyridalyl
Diamides
* Reduced Risk
26