Arizona Spring Melon
Insect Losses Workshop
Crop Insect Loss and Impact Assessment Working Group
July 2, 2007
Crop Insect Losses Working Group
•
Goal:
To provide information on insecticide-use
patterns, insect-related losses and management
costs in Arizona vegetable crops.
•
Information traditionally provided using “expert” opinion.
•
Improve the process with real world data.
•
Primarily incorporates data from PCAs, Growers, and
Agrichemical Industry.
1
Why is this Information Important?
Regulatory
• Section 18 Emergency Exemptions / 24C SLN
•
•
Defense and Support of older A.I.s (ie. Lannate)
FQPA: next go-around – endosulfan / pyrethroids
Academic
• Documents the role of new insecticides
•
•
•
Quantitative measure of impact of IPM
Historic record of insect losses / outbreaks
Identifies and prioritizes pest problems
Why is this Information Important?
Industry
•
Translates the PCAs job into economic terms
•
Validates the necessity of PCA to the vegetable industry
•
Emphasizes the significance of insect pests and their
management in desert vegetable production
•
Demonstrates value of new pest control technologies
2
Part 1.
2007
x
Yuma / Imperial
7/2/2007
Responses for
Spring Melons:
x
Yuma / Imperial
7/2/2007
3805
1370
725
1050
32.5
47.5
3
Percent (%) Reductions in Yield
x
Yuma / Imperial
6/ 28/ 2006
Salt,
poor crop management,
bad market
3805
1370
725
1050
32.5
47.5
9.9 %
2.3 %
1.1 %
9.3 %
3.8 %
0.3 %
7.5 %
3.8 %
0.3 %
9.0 %
2.8 %
0%
0.3 %
0.4 %
Insecticide Applications
70 %
1.5
58 %
0.8
$ 9.00
$ 8.75
4
Insecticide Applications
70 %
1.5
58 %
0.8
$ 9.00
$ 8.75
75 %
1.7
100 %
2.3
$ 14.60
$13.60
100 %
100 %
3.3
3.3
$ 16.90
$ 15.75
Insect Management Fees
5
Part 2.
Insecticide Treated Acres
and
Insect Losses
Part 2.
99.3 % 100%
80.2%
100%
6
Part 2.
99.3 % 100%
80.2%
100%
1
2
99.3 % 100%
80.2%
100%
1
2
Part 2.
$ 29.50
$ 31.50
7
Part 2.
99.3 % 100%
80.2%
100%
1
2
$ 29.50
$ 31.50
2%
1%
CYSDV - Yuma Ag Center
October 13 (60 DAP)
8
April 29, 2007
9
May 14, 2007
Part 2.
45 %
0%
1
0
$12.50
$0.00
94 %
30 %
1
1
$63.00
$68.00
10
Major pests in 2005
Cantaloupes
- Treated Acres and No. of Sprays
Watermelons
Cabbage looper
80.2 % acres treated
1.1 sprays
Whiteflies
100 % acres treated
2.0 sprays
Whiteflies
64.7 % acres treated
1.3 sprays
Cabbage Looper
100 % acres treated
1.7 sprays
Major pests in 2005
Cantaloupes
- % Reduction in Yield
Watermelons
Cabbage looper
1.1 % loss
Whiteflies
1.3 % loss
Seed corn maggot
0.8% loss
Cabbage Looper
<0.1% loss
11
Part 3.
Insecticide Use Survey
12.7 %
1.4
26.3
1.3
5.4 %
1
68.6 %
1
12
http://ag.arizona.edu/crops/
13
Overall Crop Losses (%)
Cantaloupes
Central Arizona
Yuma
(2005-2006)
18
26.2 %
23.2 %
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Weather
Chemical
Injury
Weeds
Disease
Insects
Birds
Other
Overall Crop Losses (%)
Watermelons
(2005-2006)
Central Arizona 25.4 %
Yuma
20.5 %
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Weather
Chemical
Injury
Weeds
Disease
Insects
Birds
Other
14
Insect Management Costs
Cost ($) of IPM
Insect Management Costs
Cost ($) of IPM
IPM
Melons
Yuma
Central AZ
Acreage scouted (%)
100
100
No. field visits / week
2.2
3.4
$12.70
$17.50
Cost ($) / acre
15
Economic Losses ($)
Control costs ($)
Application frequency (No.)
Acres treated (%)
16
17
Seedling pests
Darkling beetles
Seedling Pests
Beet armyworm
Cantaloupes
Economic Losses
($)
Cantaloupes 2005-2006
Central Arizona
Yuma
Whitefly
Whitefly
Darkling beetle
Cabbage looper
Seedcorn maggot
Seedcorn maggot
Cabbage looper
Seedling pests
Leafminers
Beet armyworm
Seedling pests
Aphids
$ 51
0
10
20
30
40
50
$ 127
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
Dollar ($) Loss / Treated Acre
(Treated acres*No. sprays*Control cost)
18
Economic Losses ($)
Watermelons
Watermelons 2005-2006
Central Arizona
Yuma
Whitefly
Whitefly
Cabbage looper
Cabbage looper
Beet armyworm
Beet armyworm
Spider mites
Leafminers
Darkling beetle
Spider mites
Seedling pests
Aphids
$ 105
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
$ 268
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
Dollar ($) Loss / Treated Acre
(Treated acres*No. sprays*Control cost)
Yield Losses (%)
• Stand loss
• Reduced fruit size
• Uniformity
• Fruit quality
• Contamination
Application costs
Insecticide costs
Spray frequency
Acres treated
19
YieldCantaloupes
Losses (%)
Cantaloupes
Central Arizona
Yuma
Seedcorn maggot
Cabbage looper
Darkling beetle
Whitefly
Seedling pests
Seedcorn maggot
Whitefly
Seedling pests
Cabbage looper
Beet armyworm
Leafminers
2.9 %
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.3 %
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Yield Loss (%)
YieldCantaloupes
Losses (%)
Watermelons
Watermelons
Central Arizona
Yuma
Beet armyworm
Whitefly
Whitefly
Cabbage looper
Spider mites
Beet armyworm
Cabbage looper
Seedling pests
Darkling beetle
0.0
1.6 %
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.8 %
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Yield Loss (%)
20
Insecticide Use
Insecticide Use
Central Arizona
Cantaloupes
Yuma
Diazinon
Endosulfan
Pyrethroids
Imidacloprid
Success
Agri-Mek
Bt
Courier
Intrepid
Oberon
0
2000
4000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
Treated Acres (% Treated acres * No. sprays)
21
Insecticide Watermelons
Use Watermelons
Central Arizona
Yuma
Diazinon
Endosulfan
Pyrethroids
Imidacloprid
Success
Agri-Mek
Bt
Courier
Intrepid
Oberon
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Treated Acres (% Treated acres * No. sprays))
Head Lettuce
Relevant Outcomes
Regulatory
FQPA (Lannate)
ü Section 18 (Birds)
ü
Academic
Industry
22
Lannate / Larvin Use in Head Lettuce
Feb 2007
Questions posed by USDA OPMP
for the Carbamate Cumulative Risk
assessment conducted by the EPA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Typical use rates
Typical no. of applications
Timing of applications
Would both be applied to same
crop in same growing season?
5. If so, how often ?
The concerns involve drinking water. Apparently thiodicarb breaks down into
2 molecules of methomyl and this is complicating the risk analysis as both
products can be used on the same crops; head lettuce and sweet corn being
of the most concern.
23
Head Lettuce
Relevant Outcomes
Regulatory
FQPA (Lannate)
ü Section 18 (Birds)
ü
Academic
ü Cost-effectiveness of IPM
ü Relevancy of Insecticides
ü Research Priorities
Industry
24
25
Head Lettuce
Relevant Outcomes
Regulatory
FQPA (Lannate)
ü Section 18 (Birds)
ü
Academic
ü Baseline Data for Education
ü Relevancy of Insecticides
ü Research Priorities
Industry
ü Trends in Chemical Use –Red Flags
ü Future Trends in Insect Management
26
Insecticide Use
Fall Head Lettuce
Pyrethroids (Foliar)
3.4
Success
2.7
Admire
1.0
1.3
Intrepid
Pyrethroids (Chem)
1.0
Lannate
2.0
Diazinon (Chem.)
1.0
Proclaim
1.1
1.2
Avaunt
Endosulfan
0
1.2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Treated Acres (No. times applied)
27
Insecticide Use By Chemical Class
Head Lettuce
Fall Lettuce
Spring Lettuce
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Reduced
Risk
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
OP/Carb
Insecticide Use By Chemical Class
Endosulfan
Cantaloupes
Central AZ
Yuma
14000
12000
Treated Acres
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Reduced
Risk
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
OP/Carb
Endosulfan
28
Insecticide Use By Chemical Class
Watermelons
Central AZ
Yuma
12000
Treated Acres
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Reduced
Risk
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
OP/Carb
Endosulfan
29
Trends in New Product and Chemistry Development
in Desert Vegetable Crops
Provado
Admire
1991–1995
Neonicotinoids
* Knack
* Courier
* Confirm
* Success
Confirm
1996–1999
Pyridine-IGR
Thiadiazine-IGR
Diacylhydrazine-IGR
Spinosyns
Proclaim
Platinum
* Fulfill
* Avaunt
* Assail
* Intrepid
* Radiant
* Alverde
Tesoro
* Movento
* Coragen
* Synapse
* Venom
* Oberon
* Beleaf
2000–2004
2005-2008
Pyridyl azomethine
Ketoenols
Oxadiazine
Pyridyl caboxomide
Semicarbozone
Pyridalyl
Diamides
* Reduced Risk
Trends in New Product & Chemistry Development in Desert Vegetable Crops
Admire
1991–1995
Neonicotinoids
* Knack
* Courier
* Confirm
Success
*Confirm
1996–1999
Pyridine-IGR
Thiadiazine-IGR
Diacylhydrazine-IGR
Spinosyns
Radiant
Alverde
Tesoro
Movento
Coragen
Synapse
Venom
Oberon
Beleaf
Proclaim
Platinum
* Fulfill
* Avaunt
* Assail
* Intrepid
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2000–2004
2005-2008
Pyridyl azomethine
Ketoenols
Oxadiazine
Pyridyl caboxomide
Semicarbozone
Pyridalyl
Diamides
* Reduced Risk
30