A
CULTURAL
CONFERENCE
CENTER
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF
MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CAMBRIDGE
MASSACHUSETTS
AUGUST 4, 1952
BY
VERNON
F.
SHOGRkN
E.
JARVIS
0
AND
DONALD
(
LAWRENCE
B. ANDERSON,
HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
i
ABSTRACT
A
OF THESIS
CONFERENCE
CULTURAL
SUBMITTED
BY VERNON
CENTER
F.SHOGREN
AND
DONALD
E. JARVIS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE,
MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE.
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JULY 28, L952.
ARE FACED WITH A GREAT PARADOX IN OUR SOCIETY TODAY,
WHILE ECONOMIC FORCES CAUSE THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD TO
BECOME MORE INTERDEPENDENT, THE INDIVIDUAL HAS BECOME
WE
THIS
ISOLATED AND OUT OF HARMONY WITH HIS ENVIRONMENT.
CONDITION, LARGELY A PRODUCT OF OVER-SPECIALIZED WORK
PATTERNS, 1I A HANDICAP TO MAN IN HIS EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE
A BETTER LIFE.
A REVIEW OF HISTORY REMINDS US THAT CIVILIZED MAN HAS
ALWAYS HAD DIVISIONS OF LABOR; BUT UNTIL OUR DAY HE MANAGED TO KEEP A BALANCE BETWEEN SPECIALIZED AND COMPREHENTHERE ARE MANY HISTORICAL EXAMPLES TO
SIVE ACTIVITIES.
HOW THE UNIVERSAL, TOTAL CONCEPTION OF LIFE
ILLUSTRATE
AFTER THE MACHINE, HOWEVER3
AND ENCOURAGED.
HE SUBMITTED HIMSELF
MAN NEGLECTED THIS GREAT HERITAGE.
TO THE NEW WORK-PATTERNS, WHICH CONTINUALLY BECAME MORE
WITH A FEW MINOR EXCEPTIONS9
NARROW AND RESTRICTIVE.
WAS VALUED
THIS
IS UNBROKEN TODAY.
TREND
HOWEVER, IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT MANIS
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON AN INCREASE OF CO-OPERATION
AND
ISOLATED, OVERIN HIS ACTIVITIES.
PATTERNS BREED COMPETITION AND RIVALRY, AND
CO-ORDINATION
SPECIALIZED
IN THEMSELVES
DO NOT ENCOURAGE CO-OPERATION.
WHAT WE MUST DO
IS TO
DEVISE AN ACTIVITY
THE MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT
THAT WILL BRING
DISCIPLINES TOGETHER TO MEET AND
THE
INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND PROBLEMS.
CALLING OF CONFERENCES ON CULTURAL SUBJECTS IS ONE WAY TO
SUCH CONFERENCES WOULD NOT ONLY ANSWER THE
DO THIS.
DISCUSS THEIR
NEEDS OF THE
FORMULATE
INDIVIDUALS
PARTICIPATING, BUT
AND SUGGEST THE NEW DIRECTIONS
COULD
ALSO
FOR OUR SOCIETY.
THE THESIS HERESY SUBMITTED IS A SUGGESTION OF A PERMANENT
CENTER FOR THESE CULTURAL CONFERENCES.
IT WILL OPERATE AS
A SUMMER FACILITY, WITH A CAPACITY OF UP TO ONE HUNDRED
AND FIFTY
OF WORLD'S
IT WILL BE LOCATED ON THE PENNINSULA
END, MASSACHUSETTS, IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF GREAT
CONFEREES.
THE DESIGN INCLUDES
NATURAL BEAUTY.
OF HOUSING, RECREATIONAL FACILITIES,
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM
AND CONFERENCE AREAS.
DEPARTMENT OF
MASSACHUSETTS
ARCHITECTURE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MASSACHUSETTS
1952
CAMBRIDGE,
JULY 28,
DEAN PIETRO
SCHOOL OF
BELLUSCHI
ARCHITECTURE
AND PLANNING
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
TECHNOLOGY
DEAR DEAN BELLUSCHI:
THIS THESIS
REQUIREMENTS
IT
IS THE
VERNON F.
IS
PRESENTED
IN FULFILLMENT OF THE
FOR THE DEGREE,
MASTER
PARTIAL
IN ARCHITECTURE.
COLLABORATIVE EFFORT OF GRADUATE STUDENTS
SHOGREN AND
"A CULTURAL
DONALD E.
JARVIS.
ITS TITLE
16,
CONFERENCE CENTER".
RESPECTFULLY YOURS,
VERNON
F.
DONALD E.
SHOG EN
4ARVI
WE WOULD HEREBY LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE
THE HELP AND GUIDANCE OF THE FOLLOWING PERSONS:
LAWRENCE
B. ANDERSON, HEAD
MIT
DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE,
GORM T. HANSON, ASST, PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE, MIT
ENRICO PERESSUTTI,
MILAN, ITALY
ARCHITECT
HEAD
BUCKMINISTER FULLER,
FULLER RESEARCH FOUNDATION
R.
GYORGY KEPES, PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE, MIT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART
I
. THE PROBLEM
.
.
.
.
HISTOGY BEFORE THE MACHINE
HISTORY AFTER
PART
11
.
.
PURPOSE
..
OBJECTIVE
I
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
18
. A SOLUTION
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TODAY
SITUATION
MACHINE
THE
PAGE
.......
.
INTRODUCTION
.
FUNCTIONING
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
OF THE
......
.
26
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
CENTER
*
.
.
.
.
28
SELECTION OF THE SITE
.
*
.
.
ORGANIZATIONAL REQUIREMENTS .
.
.
.
29
.
.
.
36
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
BEFORE PAGE 8.
THE GREEK AGORA . . . . . . . .
ILL. FROM THE-ARTS AND MAN, BY
RAYMOND S. STITES, P. 217
.
. . . .
LORENZO.DE MEDICI ..
STATUE BY MICHELANGELO
VILLA OF THE
MEDICIS .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
to.
.
0.
.
ILL. FROM ROMISCHE VILLEN UND
PARKINLAGAN BY PERCIER AND
FONTAINE, PLATE NO. ii.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
INDUSTRIAL TOWN . . . .
ILL. FROM THE CULTURE OF CITIES
P. 196
BY LEWIS MUMEORD.
..
INSIDE THE ALHAMBRA .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II.
ILL. FROM SKETCHES OF THE
BY J. F. LEWIS
ALHAMBRA,
OF THE MACHINE . ..
ILL OF BESSEMER PROCESS
FROM MAN TO MACHINE, BY
P. 127
AGNES ROGERS.
THE ADVENT
13.
.
.15.
TALIESEN, WORK CENTER OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
ILL FROM THE ARCHITECTURAL FORUM
18.
THE
INSENSATE
JANUARY
INSIDE
PART
NEW
COVER
1938,
P.
21.
OF MAGAZINE
TRANSFORMATION
.. 23.
.
. . . ..
A SOLUTION . . . ..
11 -COPY OF COVER DESIGN FOR L.L.WHYTE'S
THE NEET DEVELOPMENT IN MAN
YORK TRAFFIC,
PHOTO
BY
1950 .
...
ANDREAS FEININGER
.
.
..
.
.
26.
32.
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
(CONTINUED)
. . . . . .
JAPANESE LANDSCAPING . .
ILL. FROM ARCHITECTURAL JAPANOLD AND NEW P.
.
.
.
33.
243
LOCATION OF U.S. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES..
COMPILED FROM INFORMATION FROM
BLUE BOOK OF AMERICAN EDUCATION
34.
.
.
36.
. . . . .
. *
CONTEMPLATION . &.. .. .. .
AND
ILL. FROM BURMA, CEYLON,
INDO-CHINI--LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
.
41.
JAPANESE SCENE
.
.
o . .....
ILL. FROM THE LESSON OF
P.
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
P.
104
.
.
.
..
94
TODAY
ABLY
ANY PLACE ON THE EARTH MAY BE REACHED COMFORTIN
ANY EVENT MAY BE SEEN OR HEARD
SIXTY HOURS.
A TABLE MAY
INSTANTLY.
ITEM BE PRODUCED WITH RAW
DIFFERENT CONTINENTS,
AND AN
MATERIALS FROM ACROSS
THE SEAS.
BLE FOR
ONLY
WITH FOOD FROM
BE FILLED
A WORKER
A PORTION OF THE WORK
A PRODUCT, YET
HE CAN ENJOY
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
THAN A VISION NOW;
A WEALTH OF GOODS
IDEA OF
"ONE
MAN'S
GREATER
INTERDEPENDENCE
YET THE VERY
FORCES WHICH MAKE SOCIETY
MACHINE-BORN
LEISURE
INGENUITY
REACT
ON THE
IS
OUR
PATTERNS,
COMPETITIVE
INDIVIDUAL
MORE
HAS
INTERDEPENDENT-
OF MODERN CONTRIVANCE,
DIVISIONS OF WORK
FOR THE MASSES,
ALL THESE
WORLD"
PRODUCED
THE
THIS.
AND
RESPONSI-
REQUIRED TO PRODUCE
ACCOMPLISHED
THE WEALTH
IS
THE
INCREASED
ECONOMIC
IN A DIFFERENT
SYSTEM WAY.
2.
THIS
IS
AMONG SOCIAL UNITS
IS
TENDED TO MAKE THE
INDIVIDUAL
ISHED
THIS
(1).
CLEAR,
CONDITION
CAN
BE TRACED TO THREE
AS
A MEANS
IMPOVER-
IS
COMMUNISM SERVES
TO SERVE THE SOCIETY
INDIVIDUAL
MASSES:
TO THINK OF THE
THE WHOLE
AS A RAUCOUS WITNESS TO THE
INDIVIDUAL'S
IN WHICH HE
LIVES.
ONLY PURPOSE
IS
THE GOOD OF
MUST BE SACRIFICED FOR THE GOOD OF THE
THEREFORE HIS OWN DESIRES MUST BE SUBORDINATED
TO THE NEEDS OF THE
SOCIETY
ASKED TO PERFORM A
CERTAIN DUTY.
AS
IN WHICH HE LIVES.
CERTAIN FUNCTION, TO
LONG AS HE DOES THIS,
DEMANDS ARE MADE OF HIM,
AND HE
EXPAND HIS RANGE OF ACTIVITIES.
DISCOURAGED FROM "INVADING
JACQUES
GREAT FACTORS:
RATHER THAN AS AN END.
PREVALENT BELIEF THAT THE
SAYS
SAME TREND HAS
ISOLATED AND
AN
THE TENDENCY OF OUR SOCIETY
THEORY OF
IS
BUT THIS
PERSONALITY.
INDIVIDUAL
THE
THE BROAD TREND
A PRADOX OF OUR WORLD TODAY.
MARITAIN,
IN THE
IS
FULFILL A
NO FURTHER
NOT ENCOURAGED TO
IN FACT, HE
IS
OFTEN
ANOTHER'S TERRITORY".
THE GREAT PHILOSPHER
PERSON AND THE
A PERSON
AND THEOLOGIAN,
COMMON GOOD,
SOCIAL LIFE
IS NATURALLY ORDAINED TO THE GOOD AND THE
FREEDOM OF THE PERSON.
AND YET THERE IS IN THIS VERY
SAME SOCIAL LIFE A NATURAL TENDENCY TO ENSLAVE AND
DIMINISH THE PERSON IN THE MEASURE THAT SOCIETY CONSIDERS
THE PERSON AS A PART AND AS A MERE MATERIAL INDIVIDUAL.
P. 67
3.
(2).
THE EFFECTS
SHATTERED
ACTED AS
A UNIFYING
AT ALL TIMES AWARE OF A
ENCOURAGED BY
OLD
THE
SUCH CERTAINTY EXISTS.
DEFINITE DIRECTION
THE FORCE
OF COMMON
ALONE.
TODAY NO
NOT TRAVELLING
UNDERSTANDING THAT HE WAS
WE
BEFORE THIS, THE
INFLUENCE.
TO HIS EFFORTS, AND WAS
IDEAS
ARE SHAKEN.BEYOND REPAIR,
HAVE ARE NOT COMFORTING
IN
HAVE
DOGMAS WHICH ONCE
AND
MOST OF THE CERTITUDES
INDIVIDUAL WAS
REALITY
INVESTIGATION
OF SCIENTIFIC
OF MATTER AND
AND WHAT REPLACEMENTS
FOR THE
THEIR ASSURANCES
INDIVIDUAL.
THE WASTE OF HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
ALLEYS BEAR WITNESS TO THE
HAS
OF
LOST
ITS
A HEALTHY
AND THE
ALL CREATIVE EFFORT
CANALIZATION OF ALMOST
COHERENCY.
FACT THAT
INTO BLIND
OUR COMMON
LIFE
IN THE FOCUS OF THIS ECLIPSE
HUMAN EXISTENCE
IS THE
INDIVIDUAL, TORN BY
THE SHATTERED FRAGMENTS OF HIS FORMLESS WORLD, INCAPABLE
OF ORGANIZING HIS PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS.
P.
12
KEPES,
MAN'S PSYCHIC NATURE
FORMLESSNESS
LANGUAGE OF VISION
CANNOT WHOLLY COMPENSATE
OF TODAY'S WORLD,
FOR
THE
AND HIS REORIENTATION
IS
SLOW AND TEDIOUS.
(3).
THE THIRD GREAT
MACHINE
THE
FACTOR
IS
THE
AND TECHNICAL SCIENCE ON THE
INDIVIDUAL.
THE MACHINE
EFFECT OF THE
LIVING
HABITS CF
AGE BEGAN WITH GREAT
PROMISE, WHICH HAS NEVER BEEN REALLY FULFILLED.
SIEGFRIED GIEDION,
IN MECHANIZATION TAKES COMMAND, SAYS,
4.
NEVER HAS MANKIND POSSESSED SO MANY INSTRUMENTS FOR
ABOLISHING SLAVERY.
BUT THE PROMISES OF A BETTER LIFE
HAVE NOT BEEN KEPT.
ALL WE HAVE TO
RATHER DISQUIETING INABILITY
EVEN TO ORGANIZE OURSELVES.
CERTAINLY WE
IS
SHOW SO FAR
A
TO ORGANIZE THE WORLD,
P. 715
CANNOT BLAME THE MACHINE
AS SUCH;
IT
OR
IS
SIMPLY THAT WE HAVE NOT, EVEN YET, PROPERLY SUBORDINATED
IT
TO THE NEEDS OF MAN, BUT
MASTER MAN.
IS
IT
INSTEAD HAVE
REGIMEN AND ACTIVITIES
DIVISION OF
LABOR
IS
OF THE
APPARATUS GETS
INDIVIDUAL
TASK
dND
MORE
IS
LESS
PROCESS,
MORE SELF-SUFFICIENT.
AND MODERN METHODS
ON
AND TV, AND
OTHERS
THE SYSTEM
AND AS THE
COMPLEX, THE WORKER'S
AND LESS
POSSIBILITY OF
ASSIGNED TO THE
INDIVIDUAL'S PARTICULAR EFFORT
DISTRIBUTED SO FREELY AND
HIS
A
INDIVUAL
PRODUCT,
IN THE MECHANICAL
INFORCE
WHICH DICTATE
BECOMES MORE LIMITED AND SPECIALIZED.
THERE
BUT WHILE THE
RADIO
TO
INDIVIDUAL TODAY.
RELATING THAT PORTION OF THE WORK
TO THE
IT,
BASIC TO MECHANIZATION;
MECHANICAL
ACCORDINGLY,
IT
THE NEEDS OF THE MACHINE, AND THE
ECONOMIC SYSTEM WHICH GREW UP AROUND
THE
ALLOWED
OF
THE END
IS
CHEAPLY, TENDS TO MAKE HIM
PACKING
AND
AND MAKE
ITEMS -
HIM
LESS
THE ONLY DEPENDENCE
ITSELF WHICH PROVIDES
REFRIGERATOR
FREEZING FOOD,
COUNTLESS SMALLER
PERSONALLY*
ESSENTIAL
PRODUCT, WHICH
HIS AUTOMOBILE, HIS
INDEPENDENCE
IS
-
HIS
ALL RE-
DEPENDENT
HE
HAS
IS ON
HIM WITH THESE THINGS,
5.
AND THAT
IS
CONTRIBUTES
WE
ARE
FACED,
A GRIPPLING AND UNSYMPATHETIC FORM WHICH
NOTHING TO
INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT.
THESE OBSTACLES.
WE
FURTHER,
CHALLENGE OF HOW TO RECOVER
SECURE AND MEANINGFUL.
ACCOMPLISHED
ARE
FACED WITH THE
FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL
NEW ENVIRONMENT
RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS
HOW MAN
OF HOW TO OVERCOME
PROBLEM
THEN, WITH THE
OUR
THIS
THAT
BEST BEGINNING
IN THE
PAST.
A
1
BOTH
IS
TO SEE
4
I
S
II
II
U-
q
~~
~~
VP,
6.
A SOCIAL SENSE,
IN
TION WHICH SETS
IT WAS NOT UNTIL
SURVIVAL
INTO
IT
MAN
IS THE TECHNIQUE
APART FROM HIS FELLOW
CLASSES
OF ACTIVITIES
GREAT CIVILIZATIONS WAS
COULD
CREATURES.
MAN DIVIDED THE WORK NECESSARY
MANUFACTURE, COMMERCE, ART --
MAN
OF SPECIALIZA-
--
FOR HIS
FOOD PRODUCTION,
THAT THE RISE OF THE
POSSIBLE.
FOR THE FIRST TIME,
PRODUCE A SURPLUS OF THE NECESSARY COMMODITIES;
AND FURTHERS COULD
DO
IT
IN A MUCH SHORTER TIME*
THE
RESULTING WEALTH AND LEISURE MADE POSSIBLE THE CULTIVATION OF
INTERESTS NORMALLY BEYOND
SIMPLE SURVIVAL, AND
IN ONE STEP BROADENED MAN'S
POTENTIAL HORIZON FROM A LIMITED
THE VICES
RICH AND POWERFUL,
BECAME THE
DIRECT
THE
TO
AN
INFINITE
ONE.
ATTENDENT UPON SUCH A SYSTEM, HOWEVER, WEE
APPARENT ALMOST FROM THE
IT
THOSE CONNECTED WITH
OF THESE
OF THEIR
EACH STATE GREW MORE
GREED.
MEN TO
SUBJECTS
AS TO SECURE THE SPEEDIEST
SATISFYING THEIR
AS
ITS RULERS BECAME MORE
OBJECTIVE
LIVES
FIRST,
AVARICIOUS.
CONTROL AND
IN SUCH
A MANNER
AND MOST EFFICIENT MEANS
GRADUALLY THE
IRON HAND OF
OF
7.
DESPOTISM WRUNG FROM
ADVANTAGES THEY
INTO THE DARKNESS
AND PUSHED THEM BACK
HAD GAINED,
WHICH THEY
ITS SUBJECTS THE
HAD EMERGED.
FORTUNATELY THERE HAVE ALWAYS BEEN REBELS.
THE
DAY,
TO THIS
FIRST.
COLD
WITH A CLEAR,
THE STORY OF GREECE STANDS OUT
GREEKS WHO
QUESTIONED ASSUMTION THAT MAN
DECLARED THAT MAN
IS
HERE TO
RECEIVING THE ADVANTAGES
FIRST DEFIED THE UN-
IS BORN A SLAVE.
LIVE,
AS WELL AS
AND LIVE
THEY
FULLY.
THE DISADVANTAGES
IN THE SYSTEM UNDER WHICH HE
CONSIDERED
GREECE WAS
LIGHT AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF
IT WAS THE
BARBARISM.
IMPLICIT
FROM
THEY
LABORED.
IT NOT ONLY THE RIGHT, BUT THE DUTY,
MAN TO PARTICIPATE
IN THE
ACTIVITIES AROUND
OF EVERY
HIM,
WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE CONNECTED WITH HIS PARTICULAR
LIVELIHOOD.
ONE CAN READ
EAGERLY THESE GREEKS
IN PLATO'S DIALOGUES
CONSIDERED NEW
THEY WERE, HOW
IMPETUOUS
THEIRS WAS THE
CLEAR, VIGOROUS,
DYING YOUTH.
IDEAS,
THEIR SEARCH
HOW
HOW VERSATILE
FOR TRUTH.
IDEALISTIC
VISION OF U-
WILLIAM CHASE GREEN WRITES:
THE GREEKS WERE YOUNG IN THE SENSE THAT THEY WERE STILL
EXPERIMENTING IN EVERY WALK OF LIFE ... EVEN WHEN THE
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY BROUGHT ABOUT A DIVISION OF LABOR, THE
AVERAGE MAN WAS STILL CONCERNED IN SO MANY OTHER ACTIVITIES
THAT HE THOUGHT OF HIMSELF BY NO MEANS MERELY AS A FARMER
OR AS
A DEALER
WORLD
IS THE
IN LAMPS OR AS
A PLAYWRIGHT....SUCH A
NATURAL HOME OF EXPERIENCE AND OF IDEAS...IT
MUST BE ADMITTED THAT VERSATILITY HAS ITS DANGERS, BUT
THE BENEFITS OF VERSATILITY ARE ESPECIALLY TO BE FOUND...
IN THOSE ACTIVITIES THAT DEAL WITH HUMAN
INTERESTS
AND
B.
THAT TRY TO FIND IN THEM WHAT IS VALUABLE NOT MERELY FOR
A GIVEN TIME OR FOR A GIVEN SITUATION BUT FOR ALL TIMES
AND PLACES...IN EXPERIENCE AND IN INTELLECTUAL EQUIPMENT
THE ARTISTS AND THINKERS OF GREECE HAD AT THEIR COMMAND
A CONTACT WITH A NORMAL AND VARIED LIFE THAT HAS NEVER BEEN
SURPASSED AND THAT HAS HARDLY BEEN EQUALLED BY THAT OF THE
ARTISTS AND THINKERS OF ANY OTHER NATION.
PART
OF THE
VARIED
CREDIT FOR THE
LIFE" WHICH THE
ENJOYED
INDIVIDUAL
EDUCATION OF THE
SYSTEM OF
"CONTACT WITH A NORMAL AND
HOWEVER, WAS THEIR WILLINGNESS
AND FREELY
DISCUSS
MARKET
IDEAS
EFFORTS
FOLLOW THE
OF THEIR
IN THE AGORA,
PLACES, AND
THESE
A NETWORK OF CLOISTERED HALLS,
THE CITY,
ACTIVITY, FROM THE MARKETING OF
BUILT AROUND
AND PRACTICALLY EVERY
FOOD TO THE TEACHINGS OF
TOOK PLACE THERE.
SUITED
CITIES WHEN THEY WERE SMALL;
GREW LARGER
IT
DECIDED 3T WAS
CITY
AS THEY
THE GREEKS
FOR A BETTER
IN ONE OF HIS DISCOURSES,
ONE
BUT
NOT WISE TO MIX COMMERCE WITH LEARNING,
FOR DEMOCRACY.
TWO AGORAS,
IT WAS A SYSTEM WELL
BECAME LESS SATISFACTORY.
AND OFTEN EXPRESSED THE DESIRE
ARISTOTLE,
A LARGE
INTELLECTUAL',AND
PHILOSOPHERS,
TO THE
ASSOCIATE
ACTIVITIES USUALLY
CIVIC BUILDINGS,
COMMERCIAL CENTER OF
TO
FELLOW-CITIZENS WITH
THIS WAS THE CIVIC,
OPEN PLACE.
MORE
AND ATTITUDES WITH OTHERS, AND
AND UNDERSTANDING.
TOOK PLACE
THE
GREEK CITIZEN, THROUGH WHICH
IMPORTANT,
SYMPATHY
DUE
EXPERIENCED ALL FIELDS OF ENDEAVOR.
THE YOUNG MEN
TO
IS
FOR
IN TMIS
IDEAL
ARRANGEMENT.
SPEAKS OF THE
CITY,
HE WOULD
IDEAL
HAVE
CIVIC AND COMMERCIAL FUNCTIONS,
AND
9.
ANOTHER WITH
AN ATMOSPHERE MORE
CONDUCIVE TO THOUGHT
AND RELIGIOUS CONTEMPLATION.
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC WAS
IN SOME WAYS
A WORTHY SUCCESSOR
ADMIRATION FOR GREEK CULTURE
TO THE GREEKS.
AND LEARN-
ING WAS UNIVERSAL, AND THE MANY GREEK SLAVE-TEACHERS
HELPED TO SUBLIMATE THE ACTIONS
SIVE PEOPLE.
GENUINE
OF A WARLIKE AND
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY,
CONFINED TO A FEW, WHO FOUND
AGRES-
HOWEVER,
THEIR BEST OUT-
WAS
ALWAYS
LET
IN THE FORUM, AN EQUIVALENT OF THE GREEK AGORA,
IN THE
WITH
THE
BATH, WHICH BECAME
AND
A SORT OF SOCIAL CENTER.
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC DIED THE GREEK CONCEPTION OF
COMPREHENSIVE TOTALITY OF
IDEA WAS SUBVERTED
ACTIVITY FOR ALL MEN.
IN THE MIDDLE
AGES
CLASS--THE ARISTOCRACY, BOTH OF CHURCH
IT FUNCTIONED ONCE
AGAIN.
MOHOLY-NAGY
THE
AND APPLIED TO
AND STATE.
A
HERE
WRITES:
IN THE MIDDLE AGES THE "LEADER" EDUCATION OF THE PRIVILEGED BENEFITED ONLY A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE.
BUT
WITHIN THIS SMALL GROUP THE EMPHASIS WAS AGAIN PUT UPON
THE
INTEGRATION OF ALL ABILITIES,
SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY,
INCLUDING SPORTS, MUSIC,
HISTORY, LITERATURE, SCULPTURE,
AND
PAINTING.
IN THAT SOCIETY, UNTIL THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,
THE TOILERS HAD THE ROLE OF BEASTS O
BURDEN--NO LITERACY
WAS NEEDED FOR THEIR WORK.
P. 17
VISION IN, MOTION
THE
THAT
DAWN OF THE RENAISSANCE BROUGHT
OF GENIUS.
UNDER THE
ANOTHER ARISTOCRACY,
PATRONAGE OF THE WEALTHY AND
NOBLE, LEADING THINKERS OF ALL FIELDS WERE
GATHERED
- -,
- -
-
-
k
04
- -
,v
7-,W-T-,Www-,P,
, -- Ap!-
61'. -((0*
---
Mr
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I
'I
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A'
"I,;
"Mmmuuimim
ITI
WY
4
m
p
J
it! \~
hi
'1k /\
*1,
'I I
'1
1~
10.
TOGETHER
IN COURTS
IN LEISURELY,
HERE,
AND PALACES.
INSPIRING SURROUNDINGS, WITH THE STIMULA-
PLEASANT,
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY
TION WHICH ONLY MUTUAL
IN HISTORY
VIDE, SOME OF THE GREATEST MASTER-PIECES
MORE
IMPORTANT, SOME OF THE GREATEST
WERE CREATED.
LEONARDO--ARCHITECT, SCULPTOR,
CREATED.
WERE
GENII
VENTOR,
MUCH
IN HISTORY
A PRODUCT OF HIS TIME
HERE WAS AN
INTELLECTUAL
WHERE MEN BELIEVED THAT
YET WE KNOW THAT BUT FOR THE
MEN LIKE LORENZO DE MEDICI,
PERSISTED.
AND BEAUTY HAD REALITY.
APPRECIATIVE
AND THE STIMULATING ENVIRON-
ITSELF OUT,
INTEGRATION WERE MORE
ONE OF THE GREATEST
EFFORTS TOWARDS
ISOLATED, BUT
KING
JAMES VER-
TOOK MANY YEARS OF DEVOTED LABOR FROM
GREATEST SCHOLARS OF THE
DAY*
ANOTHER WAS THE
PILATION OF THE FIRST ENCYCLOPEDIA BY DIDEROT,
THE
STILL
COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS
EVER UNDERTAKEN, THE TRANSLATION OF THE
SION OF THE BIBLE,
PATRONAGE OF
GREAT AGE.
RENAISSANCE BURNED
INTELLECTUAL
ALL-
PATRONAGE, WE MiGHT NEVER HAVE
KNOWN THE WONDERS OF THIS
AFTER THE
AND ACTED
BOUNDARIES WERE
ONLY THE
IGNORED;
INCLUSIVE VISION OF ETERNAL TRUTH
MENT FOSTERED BY THAT
CLIMATE OF GREAT VIGOR,
CONVICTION.
DIVISIONS WERE
AS
INHERENT
AS OF HIS
"ALL THINGS ARE ONE"
ENTHUSIASTICALLY ON THAT
INDISTINCT,
IN-
SCIENTIST, PHILOSOPHER--WAS
MILITARY GENIUS,
GENIUS.
THE
CAN PRO.-
FINEST MINDS OF EUROPE CONTRIBUTED.
COM-
TO WHICH
VOLTAIRE, AT
3"
.
9K
7.1
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It.
HIS
CHATEAU
IN SWITZERLAND FOLLOWING HIS
EXILE, MANAGED
BY THE POWER OF HIS GENIUS AND THE
HOSPITALITY OF HIS
HOUSE TO ATTRACT THE
OF EUROPE*
THEY WOULD VISIT,
AROUND THEM,
MENT
INTELLECTUALS
ABSORBING THE BRILLIANT
AND THEMSELVES
AS STIMULATING
THERE
CONVERSATION
CONTRIBUTING TO AN ENVIRON-
AS ANY TO BE
FOUND
IN THE W ORLD.
ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT PATRONS
DEAVORS
PERIOD WAS FREDERICK THE GREAT.
IN THIS
SCIENTIFIC
EXPERIMENTS
FREDERICK WAS
WERE
CONSTANTLY
OF
INTELLECTUAL EN-
STILL CONSIDERED
PROBING THE
MAGIC#
UNKNOWN*
THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORKINGS OF THE MAGNETIC
AND WAS
FORCED TO
PRACTICING
THE
KEEP
"BLA CK
IT
SECRET
ART."
LEST
GERTRUND
HE BE
WHILE
HE SHARED
COMPASS
ACCUSED
OF
SLAUGHTER WRITES:
HE KEPT MANY PEOPLE AT WORK ON MANY PROBLEMS.
HIS COURT
WAS NOT ONLY AN ACADEMY OF LEARNING BUT AN EMBRYO LABORATORY OF RESEARCH.
HIS INCUBATORS, HIS COLLECTIONS OF
RARE
STONES AND.GEMS,
HIS BIRDS AND ANIMALS WERE ALL IN
OF EXPERTS OBSERVING AND RECORDING, AND HE WAS
CONSTANTLY ADDING TO HIS LIBRARY.
HIS COURT HAD TWO
CENTRES, AS THERE WERE TWO FIRES BURNING IN HIS BRAIN.
ONE WAS THE NUCLEUS OF THE STATE--HIS COUNSELLORS,
LAWMAKERS, AMBASSADORS, AND SECRETARIES; THE OTHER WAS THE
THE CARE
NUCLEUS OF HIS MENTAL ACTIVITIES.
THE INTELLECTUAL
CENTER, COMBINED WITH HIS SCHOOLS OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE, AND HIS SUPERVISION OF MEDICINE AT SALERNO AND OF
LAW
AND PHILOSOPHY AT NAPLES REPRESENTS THE INVISIBLE
KINGDOM OF WHICH HE WAS A WHOLLY BENEFICIENT RULER.
P.
THE AMAZING FREDERICK
IT
THE
WAS
INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS
FREDERICK MAINTAINED, PLUS
EFFORTS OF THE GREAT UNIVERSITIES LIKE OXFORD AND
2.
THE SORBONNE, WHICH KEPT ALIVE THE
VISION DURING THE
FORMATION*
THE FRENCH
IDEAL OF THE TOTAL
PARTISANSHIP AND CHAOS OF THE RE-
AND THEN, CLOSELY
FOLLOWING THE
REVOLUTION, CAME THE
HOPE OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
WHICH POSED AN ENTIRELY NEW AND DIFFERENT PROBLEM.
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13.
THEORETICALLY, THE
BEEN THE NEXT AND
MAN HAD FIRST
LY,
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SHOULD
LOGICAL STEP
IN THAT PROCESS BY
ORGANIZED A DIVISION OF LABOR.
HOWEVER, THERE WAS HERE A NEW
DESPOT, THE
ITS TYRANNY SOON BECAME SO VICIOUS AS TO
ANCESTORS TO SHAME.
IN CLOSE PROXIMITY;
THE MACHINE DEMANDED
SO
PEOPLE WERE
CHAOTIC URBAN MIGRATION.
SO MEN, WOMEN, AND
WAKING HOURS.
TO REPAIR
L
IT,
THE
HAVE
FORCED
PUT
WHICH
UNFORTUNATEMACHINES AND
ITS
POLITICAL
A POOL OF LABOR
INTO A MAD AND
MACHINE NEVER GREW TIRED;
CHILDREN LABORED THROUGH MOST OF THEIR
THE MACHINE REQUIRED FUEL
NOTHING ELSE; SO
AND THE
ALL ACTIVITIES
ABILITY
NOT DIRECTLY
14.
NEEDED
IN THE SATISFACTION OF THOSE REQUIREMENTS WERE
L.
ABANDONED.
MOHOLY-NAGY
WRITES:
INDUSTRY EXPANDED QUICKLY.
THE HAPPILY PROSPERING
BUSINESSMAN NEEDED A VAST NUMBER OF MECHANICS, ENGINEERS,
AND SUPERVISORS TO FULFILL THE PROFIT REQUIREMENTS OF ANY ECONOMIC STRATEGY WHICH SERVED EXCLUSIVELY
THE DEMANDS OF MASS-PRODUCTION PROSPERITY.
THE COMMON
DENOMINATOR WAS QUICK SPECIALIZATION, WITHOUT ANY CONSIDERATION OF BIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS.
VOCATIONAL
SCHOOLS WERE
FOUNDED FOR THE REQUIRED SPECIALISTS.
FIELDS OF PRODUCTION WERE SPECIALIZED AND SEGREGATED
FROM EACH OTHER IN THE HOPE THAT THE OUTPUT WOULD BE
GREATER IF THEY WERE NOT DISTRACTED BY MANIFOLD INTEREST$.
CREATIVE ABILITIES, CONCENTRATED ON LIMITED
PROBLEMS, PRODUCED STUNNING RESULTS, EXPANDING THE
BOUNDARIES
OF THE
THE WHEELS
OF
CAPITALISTIC
INDUSTRY TURNED
ECONOMY.
FAST AND PROMPTED A CLEAR
DIVISION OF ALL LABOR,
NEGLECTING EVERY THING BUT THESE
DIVIDED FUNCTIONS.
ALL FORMER RESPONSIBILITY AND PRIDE
OF THE CRAFTSMAN IN THE W HOLENESS OF A PRODUCT WAS NOW
ELIMINATED.
PARTICIPATION IN THE MASS-PRODUCTION PROCESS WAS LIMITED TO THE EXECUTION OF A SMALL DETAIL.
AS THE LABORER
WAS DEPRIVED OF THE INCENTIVE AND ASSURANCE OF WORKING FOR A CREATIVE RESULT DEPENDENT UPON
HIS ABILITIES FOR COMPLETION, THE VITAL FLUID WHICH, AS
IN A BATTERY, CARRIED THE CURRENT FROM ONE UNIT TO THE
OTHER,
MAZE
EVAPORATED.
OF TUNNELS
RINTHS.
VISION
P.
HE BECAME INANIMATE, WORKING IN THE
AND GANGWAYS OF THE SPECIALIZED LABY-
15
IN MOTION
THE EVILS OF THIS
APPARENT,
NEW FORM OF EXPLOITATION SOON BECAME
AND THERE WERE
REACTIONS.
ONE FORM THE SOLU-
TION ADVOCATED BY KARL MARK, WAS VIOLENT;
PACIFIC,
AS THE EXPERIMENTS
fATHLROF LOU4SA
SOPHY
OTHERS MORE
IN NEW ENGLAND.
MAY ALCOTT SET
IN CONCORD, AND HERE THE
HERE
UP HIS SCHOOL OF
GROUP OF
THE
PHILo-
INTELLECTUALS
4
V
sip4
g
I
rv
9
U.
A&
4
15.
LED
OF
BY EMERSON ESTABLISHED THE SOCIALISTIC EXPERIMENT
BROOK FARM.
THE EXPERIMENTS FAILED, BUT THE SIGNIFI-
CANCE OF THE EFFORT
BY WHICH THESE MEN TRIED TO SECURE
ENVIRONMENT MORE SATISFYING TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF
AN
INTEL-
LECTUAL ENDEAVOR REMAIN*
GRADUALLY SOME
BACK.
OF THE GROUND WHICH HAD BEEN LOST WAS WON
CHILD LABOR WAS
OUTLAWED, MINIMUM WAGES WERE SETO
WORKING HOURS WERE DECREASED--AND WITH THE RESULTING
COULD ONCE AGAIN CONSIDER
LEISURE MEN
THE WORLD THAT HE
LIVED
IN A SANE MANNER
IN.
THE TENDENCY TOWARD SPECIALIZATION, HOWEVER* CONTINUED
UNCHECKED.
THE SOCIETY WHICH HAD GROWN UP
AROUND THE
MACHINE NEEDED AND DEPENDED ON THE MINUTE DIVISION OF
LABOR.
THE SPECIALISTS WORKED
THEIR TASKS.
JEALOUSLY AND ALONE ON
MOHOLY-NAGY WRITES:
THE SPECIALISTS HAD
WORK FLOATED IN THE
MUCH DETAILED KNOWLEDGE
BUT THEIR
AIR$
MISSING BOTH HUMAN AND SOCIAL
DIRECTION.
THEY WERE BUSY WITHIN THEIR OWN TERRITORY
OF SPECIALIZED TASKS WHICH HAD TRAINED THEM TO "MIND
THEIR OWN BUSINESS", NEUTRALIZING HUMAN SYMPATHIES, THE
NATURAL SOCIAL REFLEXES OF A HEALTHY
VIDUAL
.
.
.
.
THIS WAS THE
AGE
OF
DEVELOPED
ISOLATION,
INDIMARKED
BY FIERCE COMPETITION BETWEEN SPECIALISTS IN THE SAME
FIELD WHO AT THE SAME TIME MAINTAINED AN ATTITUDE OF
LAISSEZ FAIRE TOWARD ALL OTHERS; CONSEQUENTLY LESSENING THE SENSE OF OBLIGATION TO
ING
CO-OPERATE
AND
FOSTER-
AN UNWILLINGNESS TO SHARE IN THE COMPLEX PROBLEMS
OF SOCIETY.
THE SPECIALISTS WORKED TO THE BEST OF THEIR
ABILITY, AIMING AT OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE OF THEIR GIVEN
16.
TASK, BUT THEIR ACTIONS WERE DETERMINED BY UNRELATED
THINKING, WITHOUT THE BROAD VISTA OF SOCIAL PLANNING.
VISION IN MOTION
P. t6
IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE EARLY YEARS OF OUR PRESENT
THAT THE
BAUHAUS
THE
IN
FIRST.
MADE TO
IN AN EXCESS OF SPECIALIZATION WAS WIDELY
DANGER
RECOGNIZED,
CENTURY
AND
ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO DEAL WITH
THE
IT.
DACHAU, HEADED BY WALTER GROPIUS, WAS ONE OF
IN THIS
INSTITUTION,
A CONSCIOUS EFFORT WAS
PROVIDE AN EDUCATION AIMED TOWARD THE
OF MANY EXPERIENCE PATTERNS
INTO
INTEGRATION
OUT-
ONE COMPREHENSIVE
LOOK.
WHAT THE
BAUHAUS
PREACHED
IN PRACTICE WAS THE
COMMON
CITIZENSHIP OF ALL FORMS OF CREATIVE WORK, AND THEIR
LOGICAL INTERDEPENDENCE ON ONE ANOTHER IN THE MODERN
P.
125
WORLD.
WALTERGROPIUS,
GROPIUS
INVITED LEADING ARTISTS
OVER EUROPE TO TEACH
EXPERIENCE WAS
THEY
BAUHAUS
1919 -
AND THINKERS FROM
AND WORK THERE,
AS VALUABLE FOR THEM
ALL
AND THE RESULTING
AS
FOR THE STUDENTS
INSTRUCTED.
SIMILAR THINKING
IN THE
FIELDS OF LITERATURE, MUSIC,
AND DRAMA PROMPTED THE
INFORMAL MEETINGS OF
NEW YORK
AT THE HOTEL
INTELLECTUALS
LATE 20's..
DOROTHY
FORTH
1928.
HERE SUCH PEOPLE AS
PARKER, GEORGE
A GROUP OF
ALGONQUIN
IN THE
ALEXANDER WOOLCOTT,
KAUFMAN, AND EDNA FERBER
IN BRILLIANT FASHION$ AND FOUND
HELD
THE REGULAR
17.
IMPORTANT
MEETINGS TO BE A VERY
IN MUCH THE SAME WAY, THE
LEFT
ASSET TO THEIR WORK.
BANK OFPARIS BECAME A
ERNEST
CULTURAL MECCA AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR.
WAYs
GERTRUDE STEIN,
CIATED
PICASSO--ALL EXPERIENCED
THE STIMULATION
PROVIDED
BY THIS
HEMING-
AND APPRE-
INTERNATIONAL
GROUP.
THESE EFFORTS, HOWEVER, WERE ALMOST
ACCIDENTAL,
THERE WAS NO REALLY SOUND AND REALISTIC PLAN.
LATION OF DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF OUR
A PROBLEM,
MORE ACUTE.
AND TODAY DIFFERS ONLY
CULTURE
IN THAT
IT
IN THAT
THE
ISO-
CONTINUED
AS
HAS BECOME
C,
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l8.
THERE
IS WIDESPREAD
AGREEMENT TODAY,
LEADERS, THAT WE MUST TAKE
ACTION TO PLACE THE
STREAM OF EVENTS.
MENTIONED
(I.)
CAL
WE
IN THE
MUST
INTELLECTUAL
AND SUSTAINED
IN THE MAIN-
THE THREE SOURCES OF MALADJUSTMENT
FIRST
PART MUST
TO OBEY
ALWAYS TREAT THE
IN HIMSELF--NEVER AS
AND DIGNITY OF THE
THE SUCCESS
COMPREHENSIVE
INDIVIDUAL ONCE MORE
TRY HARDER
IMPERATIVE:
AMONG
BE
COMBATTED:
KANT'S
THIRD
INDIVIDUAL
A MEANS TO AN END*
INDIVIDUAL
IS MORE
CATEGORIAS
AN END
THE FREEDOM
IMPORTANT THAN
OF AN ABSTRACT SOCIAL SCHEMES
FOR
IF THE
19.
SEPARATE UNITS OF THE GROUP LOSE THEIR SENSE OF PURPOSE,
THEN ANY MATERIAL SUCCESS FOR THE GROUP AS A WHOLE
WORTHLESS.
EFFICIENCY
THE
OF
AND QUANTITY ARE NOT GOALS TO BE
EXPENSE OF A HEALTHY HUMAN EXISTENCE.
STRIVEN FOR AT THE
LEWIS
IS
MUMFORD WRITES:
FINAL TEST OF
IRON, THE
AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM
TANKS OF
OIL,
OR THE
IS
NOT THE TONS
MILES OF TEXTILES
IT
PRODUCES:
THE FINAL TEST LIES IN ITS ULTIMATE PRODUCTS--THE SORT OF MEN AND WOMEN IT NURTURES AND THE
ORDER AND BEAUTY AND SANITY OF THEIR COMMUNITIES.
(2).
WE MUST MAKE
AL STABILITY.
THIS
A GREATER EFFORT TO
CAN ONLY
RESTORE SPIRITU-
BE DONE BY
A SEARCHING RE-
EXAMINATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE TODAY,.THEIR MEANING
AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE
WAY WE
INDIVIDUAL.
PERHAPS
IN THIS
CAN REESTABLISH A PATTERN WHICH HAS MEANING AND
DIRECTION.
(3).
WE MUST FREE THE SPECIALIST FROM HIS PRISON OF
ISOLATION.
WE
MUST MAKE
SELF PART OF A LARGER
IT POSSIBLE FOR HIM TO FEEL HIM-
COMMUNITY OF EFFORT, AND TO DEVELOP
AND GROW WITH THAT EFFORT.
DEVELOPENT
OF MAN,
. &. WHYTE,
IN
THE
NEXT
SAYS:
NO DEVELOPMENT EVER CONTINUES IN ISOLATION, AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL, IN THE SENSE OF THE FORMATION OF NOVEL AND MORE HIGHLY ORGANIZED FORMS, CAN ONLY
OCCUR AS PART OF A WIDER SYSTEM.
P.
20.
FURTHER,
WE MUST ENCOURAGE A NEW
AND CO-OPERATION BETWEEN
DISCIPLINES.
SORT OF TOLERANCE
INDIVIDUALS UNDER DIFFERENT
ANTAGONISM AND
WE MUST DISCOURAGE THE
RIVALRY WHICH TOO OFTEN CHARACTERIZES THEIR
RUTH
BENEDICT STATES THE CASE
ACTIVITIES.
PATTERNS OF CULTUE:
IN HER
IT RANKS LOW IN THE
RIVALRY IS NOTORIOUSLY WASTEFUL
IT IS A TYRANNY FROM WHICH,
SCALE OF HUMAN VALUES.
ONCE IT IS ENCOURAGED IN ANY CULTURE, NO MAN CAN FREE
THE WISH FOR SUPERIORITY
P.
BE SATISFIED.
HIMSELF.
IS
GARGANTUAN;
IT
CAN
NEVER
THE
INDIVIDUAL CAN NOT DEVELOP TO ANYTHING LIKE HIS
REAL
CAPACITIES UNLESS HE
DEFINITE STREAM OF CULTURAL
ACTIVITY.
INSPIRATION WILL COME.
FROM WHERE
IN AND WITH A
IS WORKING
ONE.NEVER KNOWS
A NEW THEORY
PHYSICS MAY OPEN THE EYES OF AN ARTIST TO
TO REPRESENT.
WHICH HE THEN TRIES
MAY
INSPIRE
BIOLOGIST
TEM.
AN
A SYMPHONY, OR THE
A NEW REALITY,
A NEW SOCIAL CONCEPT
INVESTIGATIONS OF A
MAY GIVE THE LOGIC FOR A NEW STRUCTURAL SYSINVENTION, LIKE THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE, MAY
MAN.
WE CAN BE
CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS
CAN BE EX-
CHANGE THE SPIRITUAL
CERTAIN THAT GREAT
PECTED
IN
CONCEPTIONS OF
IN OUR SOCIETY ONLY
WITH CO-OPERATION
AND CO-
ORDINATION OF THE SEPARATE ACTIVITIES.
No INDIVIDUAL CAN ARRIVE EVEN AT THE THRESHOLD OF HIS
POTENTIALITIES WITHOUT A CULTURE IN WHICH HE PARTICICONVERSELY, NO CIVILIZATION HAS IN IT ANY
PATES.
2l.
ELEMENT WHICH
BUTION OF AN
IN THE LAST
INDIVIDUAL.
IS
ANALYSIS
NOT THE CONTRI-
RUTH BENEDICT P.
PATTERNS OF
CULTURE.
THE QUESTION BEFORE US
IS HOW TO
ACHIEVE ALL THIS,
WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF OUR SOCIETY.
OBVIOUS WAY
SCHOOLS.
IS
THE
TO REMODEL THE EDUCATIONAL
PROGRESS
IS
NOW BEING MADE
FULLER.
PROGRAMS IN OUR
OF SUCH PROGRESSIVE
L. MOHOLY-NAGY, GYORGY KEPES, AND BUCKMINISTER
THE PIONEER EFFORTS OF THE
BAUHAUS ARE BEING
STUDIED AND REAPPLIED WITH SIGNIFICANT SUCCESS
SCHOOLS AS
THE
OF HUMANITIES
INSTITUTE OF DESIGN
ARE BEING
INTRODUCED
AND OVERLAPPING FIELDS OF STUDY
COMBINATION COURSES
CREDITED ABOVE
AND DEGREES.
AN ACCUMULATION
ON THE NATIONAL AND
THE
ARE BEING
CONSIDERED VITALLY
GRADUALLY THE DEVELOP-
ENTIFIC AND
INSIGHT ARE
OF FACTS AND
BEING AC-
SKILLS.
PROGRAMS OF
INAUGURATED, AND ARE
IMPORTANT
BY NEARLY
THE STATE DEPARTMENT,
ACTIVITIES OF THE
PROGRAMS
INTO TECHNICAL SCHOOLS,
INTERNATIONAL SCALE,
CULTURAL CO-OPERATION
MENT OF THE WORLD.
IN CHICAGO.
IN SUCH
ARE BEING RECOGNIZED BY
MENT OF PATTERNS OF COMPREHENSIVE
READY
AND MOST
IN THAT DIRECTION,
SPARKED BY THE WRITINGS AND TEACHINGS
THINKERS AS
FIRST
INTERDEPARTMENTAL
CULTURAL CO-OPERATION,
IN
AL-
EVERY GOVERNITS REPORT OF
COMMITTEE ON SCI-
STATES:
ONLY WITH SOME DEGREE OF UNDERSTANDING AND SOME MEETING
OF MEN'S MINDS CAN THE PEOPLES OF THE EARTH WORK TOGETHER
22.
FOR THEIR
MATERIAL BENEFIT....ACCORDINGLY, PROGRAMS
OF SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL RELATIONS CONDUCTED BILATERALLY WITH OTHER COUNTRIES ARE PLAYING AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE NATIONAL AFFAIRS OF THE
P. I
GREAT AND SMALL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.
SO FAR, THEIR
CONTRIBUTION HAS CONSISTED
PROGRAM OF EXCHANGE OF STUDENTS,
GRADUATE;
IN CONFERENCES;
MOSTLY
BOTH UNDER-GRADUATE AND
IN PROGRAMS OF
AND
OF A
ASSISTANCE
AND AID.
BUT NEITHER SCHOOLS NOR GOVERNMENT-AIDED PROJECTS CAN
GIVE
A COMPLETE
ANSWER TO THE
ERAGE PERSON HAS FINISHED
TWENTY-FIVE.
FIFTY--HIS
IS ON HIS OWN.
OBJECTIVE DURING THIS
PERIOD
INDIVIDUAL
AWAKENED SCHOOLS.
FOR THE
ANY
THE AV-
AND
MUST SET AS OUR
CONTINUED GROWTH AND
MOST PART,
DEFINITE LINE OF ACTION.
MOST ACTIVE
IS
IN THE PATTERN SET BY OUR
INFORMAL EFFORTS, WHICH ARE
TION" REPRESENTS A GOOD
WE
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE
BY
HAND.
HIS EDUCATION BEFORE HE
FOR THE NEXT
USEFUL YEARS--HE
PROBLEM AT
FREE
THIS MUST BE DONE
AND UNCOMMITTED TO
THE MAGAZINE
APPROACH.
IT
IS
"TRANSFORMA-
A WRITTEN FORUM,
EDITED BY HARRY HOLTZMAN, AND TO WHICH THE OUTSTANDING
THINKERS OF OUR DAY CONTRIBUTE ARTICLES EXPLAINING AND
DISCUSSING THEIR WORK.
AN OUTLET
FOR
CURRENT
INTEGRATED VIEW OF OUR
THE PUBLICATION PROVIDES
IDEAS
AND
BOTH
INVESTIGATIONS, AND AN
CULTURAL GROWTH.
trans formation:
arts
communication
environment
a world review
editor
associate
harry holtzman
volume
affirms
martin james, brooklyn college, n. y.
number
of the total human enterprise . . .
that
art,
science,
technology
are
interacting
components
but today they are too often treated as if they were cultural isolates
consulting editors
and mutually antagonistic.
d. d. bourland, jr., cambridge, mass.
nicolas colas, new york
le corbusier, paris, fronce
stuart davis, new york
marcel duchamp, new york
johnson e. fairchild, the cooper union,
buckminster fuller, new york
milton gendel, rome, itoly
sigfried giedion, zurich, switzerlond
s. i. hayakawa, chicago, illinos
lack of time, misinformation, specialized terminology make it hard
to keep pace with advances in all fields. it is difficult enough to
keep pace with a single one.
new
york
will cut across the arts and sciences by treating them as a continuum.
will provide authentic glimpses into the emerging forms of the 'now'.
s. w. hayter, brooklyn college, n. y.
gyorgy kepes,
mossachusetts
institute of
technology,
mass.
gilbert k. krulee, massachusetts institute of technology, mass.
janet leckie, new ycork
s. n. naysmith, the milier company, meriden, conn.
norman t. newton, horvard university, mass.
g. sarabhai, ahmedabad, india
hoyt 1. sherman, ohio state university, ohio
laura thompson, new york
jaqueline tyrwhitt, association for planning, london, england
nelly van doesburg, paris, fronce
george k. zipf, harvard university, mass.
design and production
harry holtzman, martin rosenzweig
editorial office
112 east 18th st., new york 3, n. y.
business office
wittenborn, schultz, inc., publishers
38 east 57th st., new york 22, n. y.
subscriptions
manuscripts
annual subscription, three issues, $3.75 (u.s.)
single issues $1.50 (u.s.)
foreign countries: extra postage per year 45 cents
single issues 15 cents
manuscripts (accompanied by stamped self-addressed
envelope) and books (for review) should be addressed
to the editor.
copyright 1950 wittenborn, schultz, inc., publishers
will present unifying views. specialization is a condition for progress
but we are opposed to mutual ignorance, prejudice, cultural civil war.
will
emphasize
absolutes
.
.
the
.
dynamic
open
culture under transformation.
as
process
against
view
closed
as
static
against
systems
.
.
.
23.
HOWEVER, OBVIOUS LIMITATIONS TO THE WRITTEN
THERE
ARE,
WORD,
ESPECIALLY WHEN
IT
IS USED TO
THERE
IS
NO REAL SUBSTITUTE
SIAL SUBJECTS.
GIVE
AND TAKE OF VERBAL EXCHANGE.
FOUNDATIONS HAVE RECOGNIZED THIS,
CONTROVER-
D4SCUSS
FOR THE
SOME OF THE
AND HAVE
INITIATED
PERIODIC CONFERENCES ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS OF
AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE.
TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE,
CULTURAL
CONFERENCES OF THIS SORT SEEM
FOR THEY PROVIDE THE PERSONAL CON-
IS ESSENTIAL TO THE FREE AND UNINHIBITED EX-
TACT WHICH
CHANGE OF
GREAT
IDEAS.
THEY
FORMULATION OF PROBLEMS, WHICH
TANTAMOUNT
TO SOLUTION.
IN THE
CONTRIBUTE A GREAT DEAL
THE
OTHERS, HAS HELD CONFERENCES
IN CULTURAL MATTERS,
MACY
1
FOUNDATION, AMONG
INQUIRING
INTO
A NEW SYM-
BOLISM, BY MEANS OF WHICH THE MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT
DISCIPLINES
OTHER.
COULD MORE EASILY
COMMUNICATE WITH EACH
ASPEN, COLORADO, HAS BEEN THE SCENE OF
CONFERENCES SINCE THE GOETHE FESTIVAL OF
YEAR
IT
SUBJECT,
IS
1949.
THIS
SPONSORED BY WALTER PAEPKE AND HAS AS
"DESIGN AS
IN THE SOLVING
ITS
A FUNCTION OF UANAGEMENT."
THE REAL WORTH, HOWEVER, OF SUCH
MUCH
ANNUAL
CONFERENCES
OF CERTAIN PROBLEMS AS
IT
IS
NOT
80
IS THE
MENTAL STIMULATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS.
IN ALL NEGOTIATIONS OF DIFFICULTY,
A MAN MAY NOT LOOK
TO SOW AND REAP AT ONCE; BUT MUST PREPARE BUSINESS,
AND SO RIPEN IT BY DEGREES.
ROGER BACON.
24.
IT
HIGHLY REFRESHING FOR A SPECIALIST, LONG
IS
MERSED
JOB, TO
IN THE COMPLEXITIES
OF SOME ESOTERIC RESEARCH
ARE DOING, AND TO
LEARN OF WHAT HIS COLLEAGUES
PUT HIS OWN LABORS
IN THEIR PROPER PLACE AND WORLD-SCALE.
PROVIDE THE NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE BY WHICH
SUCH CONTACTS
IN ORDER TO AVOID
HE CAN CO-ORDINATE HIS ACTIVITIES,
DUPLICATION OF EFFORT
AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
VESTIGATIONS OF OTHERS.
HE
THE
IN-
IS SURE TO LEAVE SUCH
A RICHER MAN THAN WHEN HE
GATHERING
IM-
A
CAME.
WE HAVE REASON TO BELIEVE THAT MANY MORE OF THESE CONFERENCES WILL BE SPONSORED
IN THE FUTURE, FOR THE
FOUNDATIONS THEMSELVES NOW RECOGNIZE THAT THEY HAVE BEEN
UNDULY
NEGLECTING THIS SORT OF THING.
AND FOUNDATIONS,
VITIES
OF SUCH
FELLER.
LACK OF
THE
BY ABRAHAM FLEXNER DISCUSSES THE
FOUNDATIONS AS THE
AUTHOR
ATTENTION GIVEN BY THESE GREAT
AND ROCKEFELLER
A CHANGE OF
HOW
FORD AND THE
CONCLUDES THAT THERE
GANIZATIONS TO MORE STRICTLY
FORK
HEART:
IT SHOULD SPEND
MANITIES.
FOUNDATIONS
A LAMENTABLE
CHARITABLE OR-
RECENTLY
ITS FUND,
THE
DEMONSTRATED
WHEN A NEW GROUP ASKED ADVICE
AS TO
THEY RECOMMENDED THE HUAPPOINTED EIGHT
PROFESSORS, TO
ENGLISH, HISTORY, AND PHILOSOPHY AT
COUNTRY.
IS
ACTI-
ROCKE-
CULTURAL ACTIVITIES.
THE NEWCOMER THEREUPON
RENOWNED BUT RETIRED
AROUND THE
THE BOOK, FUNDS
CONTINUE TEACHING
VARIOUS COLLEGES
THE FORD FOUNDATION
ITSELF
RECENTIY
25.
SET
ASIDE A SIZABLE SUM FOR
SUBJECTS STRICTLY
BUT WHAT
IS
NEEDED
IS
TO ENCOURAGE SUCH TENTATIVE AND
A SINGLE
INTO
ENCE ACTIVITY.
BEING HELD
COMPREHENSIVE
ONE WAY TO
NOW, AND ORGAN-
PROGRAM OF
ACCOMPLISH THIS
ESTABLISH NUCLEI--CULTURAL TRADING POSTS,
INTELLECTUAL
LEADERS
EXCHANGE IDEAS
AND
OF OUR
WOULD PLAN FOR THE
TO UNITE THE
WOULD
CONFERBE TO
WHERE THE
CAN MEET,
DISCUSS,
CONDUCIVE TO
AND
THOUGHT
THESE CULTURAL CONFERENCE CENTERS
ENTIRE NEEDS OF THE
PROVIDE THE FACILITIES
TIONING OF THE
TIME
IN AN ENVIRONMENT
CONTEMPLATION.
INTO VARIOUS
OF A PHILOSOPHICAL NATURE.
SPORADIC CONFERENCES AS ARE
IZE THEM
INVESTIGATIONS
NECESSARY FOR
CONFERENCES.
SUCH
CONFEREES, AND
THE PROPER FUNC-
CENTERS WOULD SERVE
ISOLATED EFFORTS OF FOUNDATIONS, UNIVER-
SITIES
AND
INDIVIDUALS,
TOWARD
ACHIEVING A TRUE
AND WOULD HELP
IMMEASURABLY
INTEGRATED CULTURE.
...... .
.
.. . .....
W.W.:
.....
.....
26.
PURPOSE
IT
IS THE
PROTOTYPE
PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS TO
CULTURAL CONFERENCE CENTER.
PROJECT WOULD BE
AN EXPERIMENT, THE
OF WHICH WOULD DETERMINE HOW QUICKLY
WOULD SPREAD.
PRINCIPLE OF
CALITIES,
CREATE A
OUR SOCIETY
SUCCESS
THE
IDEA
IF THE CENTER WORKED WELL, THE
IT COULD BE APPLIED
FOR
THIS
ITS
IN MANY
LO-
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO
IS NOT REGIONAL, BUT UNIVERSAL.
27.
OBJECTIVE
OUR OBJECTIVE
IS TO
CREATE
REFRESHING ENVIRONMENT
IDEAS.
BY
THE
THIS
A STIMULATING
AND
FOR THE EXCHANGE OF
OBJECTIVE WOULD HAVE TO BE
COORDINATED DEVELOPMENT
OF
THOSE
ACHIEVED
ELEMENTS
NECESSARY FOR THE
PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING OF THE
CENTER:
AND
THE SITE
ITS DEVELOPMENT,
AND THE
ORGANIZATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE CENTER.
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28.
WHEN A CONFERENCE
IS
DECIDED UPON BY
UNIVERSITY, OR OTHER SPONSOR, THE
CONFLICTING COMMITMENTS, THE
AND ARRANGEMENTS
THE CENTER
BE AN EXTENSIVE
WOULD
BE
SUBJECT
INVITATI-ONS
HAVE
SOME
UNDER
DISCUS-
ACCUMULATION,
FOR
A
BEGINNING OF
PREPARATION OF
AND PERTINENT
EXPECTED
THAT
IT
THIS
WOULD
TO
WOULD
BE
FACILITY--AN ELECTRONICS
MEANS OF THIS DEVICE, THE CONFEREES
ACCESS TO SOME GREAT
LIKE THE
LIBRARY OF
GET SUCH
INFORMATION AS THEY
CONGRESS, AND
THE MEDIUM OF RADIO,
OF
OF
WOULD
NECESSARY
IS NOT
HAVE DIRECT
HOWEVER,
ISSUING
COLLECTION AND
SUPPLEMENTED BY ANOTHER
BY
FOR THE NECESSARY
IN ADVANCE OF THE
AS WOULD
IT
FROM THEN ON,
RESERRCH STAFF WOULD BEGIN,
TIME
THE SUBJECT.
LIBRARY.
THE
TO MAKE TO THE
CONFERENCE, THE
SUCH. DATA
BEGUN,
SOONSOR FELT
THE CENTER
CONSIDERABLE
THE
INCLUDING
WHOM THE
CONTRIBUTION
SION.
CONFERENCE WOULD BE
WOULD BE RESPONSIBLE
PREPARATIONS,
TO THOSE
CENTER WOULD
IF THE CENTER HAD NOT ALREADY MADE
BE NOTIFIED.
SCHEDULED
A FOUNDATION,
IT SHOULD
CONFERENCES BEING
CONTRIBUTIONS WOULD
COULD QUICKLY
WOULD NEED THROUGH
TELETYPE,
BE MADE
LIBRARY
AND TELEVISION.
CLEAR THAT-IN
HELD HERE- THE MOST
COME FROM THE
THE TYPE
IMPORTANT
CONFEREE'S
29.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
THAN
THE
AND
INVESTIGATIONS, RATHER
FROM OTHER'S WORKS.
CONFERENCES
COULD
BE EXPECTED
FROM ONE TO SIX WEEKS.
FORMAL
LAST
DAY,
ONLY A PART
OF THE
RELAXATION, LEISURE,
IT
IS PROBABLE
ON THE
THAT
CONFEREE'S
HOURS AS
AND
DURING
DISCUSSION
ANYWHERE
WOULD
ALLOWtNG TIME
FOR
INFORMAL GATHERINGS.
AS MUCH GAIN WOULD BE REALIZED
PART
THEM.
CENTER WOULD OPERATE
TAKING
TO LAST
AFTER
FORMAL
IT
IS
CONCEIVED
ONLY
AS
A SUMMER
ADVANTAGE OF THE MOST
CONFERENCE
THAT
THE
FACILITY,
PLEASANT TIME
OF THE
YEAR.
CONSIDERING
THE
HIGH LEVEL
DISCUSSION, A GREAT MANY
OF THE SUBJECTS
UNDER
OF THOSE WHO WOULD
BE
INVITED TO PARTICIPATE WOULD
INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING AND
THE CENTER WOULD
BE CONNECTED WI-TH
RESEARCH.
ALSO BE RESPONSIBLE
AND PUBLISHING OF THE RESULTS OF THE
IT WOULD
MAINTAIN
FACILITIES TO
THE
NECESSARY
ALLOW CONTROLLED
RADIO
FOR THE EDITING
CONFERENCES.
AND TV
INTERVIEWS AND DIS-
CUSSIONS TO BE BROADCAST.
PUBLIC ACCESS TO THE
DURING CERTAIN
CENTER WOULD
BE PERMITTED
HOURS AND FOR CERTAIN OCCASIONS,
30.
BUT
FOR THE MOST
PART WOULD BE STRICTLY
THE
MOOD OF THE CENTER MIGHT BE ENDANGERED BY HORDES
HOWEVER, VISITORS WHO ARE
OF CURIOSITY SEEKERS.
GENUINELY
INTERESTED SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO GET AC-
QUAINTED WITH THE
COULD
CONTROLLED.
THOSE WHO
ACTIVITIES GOING ON.
ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THAT
ACTIVITY WOULD
BE WELCOME AT ANY TIME.
THE
NEED FOR
INTIMATE, PERSONAL
THEY WOULD RARELY EXCEED
CONFERENCES.
TEN.
AND WOULD OFTEN BE LIMITED TO
FIFTY
AS
THE SPONTAINIETY OF THE DISCUSSIONS,
FEW AS
AND TEND TO
MAKE THEM TOO SLOW-MOVING AND PONDEROUS
AN EXCESSIVE
AN AFFAIR.
NUMBER OF
RARTICIPANTS
ACTUALLY LIMITS THE NUMBER OF WORTH-WHILE
WHICH ARE MADE
INSTEAD OF
FURTHER, THE NUMBER
PARTI-
LARGER NUMBERS DAMPEN
IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT
STRANGELY ENOUGH,
IS
LIMIT THE SIZE OF THE
CONSIDERED SO ESSENTIAL, WILL
CIPANTS,
CONTACT, WHICH
CONTACTS
INCREASING THEM.
OF CONFERENCES WHICH CAN GO
ON SIMULTANEOUSLY SHOULD BE RESTRICTED TO NO MORE
THAN FOUR OR FIVE
THE WHOLE CENTER
FUSION.
THE
AT MOST.
MIGHT
BECOME
A LIMITATION
A VAST ARENA OF
NECESSARY RESEARCH, RECORDS,
CATIONS FOR EACH CONFERENCE
AND DISTINCT.
WITHOUT SUCH
MUST BE KEPT
INVESTIGATION SHOWS
AND
CONPUBLI-
SEPARITE
THAT THE NUMBER
3L,
OF WORKERS REQUIRED FOR THESE SERVICES
OUT OF ALL PROPORTION TO THE
IF THE
MOST
ALSO,
FEELING
WERE SACRIFICED
FOR
WOULD BE
IT
PROVIDED;
THE
CONFERENCES, THE
CONFEREE* WOULD BE CONSIDER-
IF THE QUIET,
REASONS, FACILITIES
HALF OF
OF THESE
INDIVIDUAL
ENDANGERED
CONFERENCES
IT SHOULD BE STRESSED THAT THE
IMPORTANT EFFECTS
IMPACT ON THE
ABLY
NUMBER OF CONFEREES
SUGGESTED QUOTA OF SIMULTANEOUS
IS EXCEEDED.
INCREASES
RELAXED, AND
INFORMAL
IN ANY WAY.
FOR THESE
NO MORE THAN
150
IS
ASSUMED THAT
CONFEREES WOULD BE MARRIED
CONFEREES
AT
LEAST
AND WOULD
BRING THEIR WIVES.
THE SERVICES FOR THE
EFFICIENT.
THE
CENTER MUST BE COMPETENT
GREAT CONSIDERATION MUST BE SHOWN FOR
CONFEREES
IN ALL THOSE
FACILITIES
THEIR CONVENIENCE AND COMFORT.
EFFICIENCY OF THECENTER,
CHARACTER OF THE
PLUS ATMOSPHERE
PROVIDED FOR
BUT FOR ALL THE
IT SHOULD NOT TAKE ON THE
STREAMLINED, MACHINE-LIKE, EFFICIENCYOF OUR URBAN SURROUNDINGS.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE
AND
AND
IS TO
"EFFICIENCY" SHOULD
THE
PROVIDE AN ATMOSPHERE,
NOT
INTERFERE.
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32.
WE BELIEVE
IT TO BE GSSENTIAL TO PLACE THE
IN NATURAL
SURROUNDINGS OF BEAUTY
THE FURTHER WE CAN GET FROM THE
AND SERENITY.
"GREAT STONE DESERTS"-TIRES, THE
THE SOUNDS OF AUTO HORNS AND SQUEALING
WAIL OF SIRENS AND THE SMOKE OF
EVEN THOUGH THE
TO THE
DISTRACTIONS, THEY
RESPITE
HAS
TO
FROM THEM.
A STRANGE POWER
IN SUCH
INVITED
MIGHT BE ACCUSTOMED TO SUCH
COULD BE EXPECTED TO WELCOME A
ATTRACTIVE, PASTORAL SETTING
AN
OVER PEOPLE,
AN ENVIRONMENT,
THINK, AND TO HOPE;
TO REFRESH
INDUSTRY--THE BETTER.
INDIVIDUALS WHO WOULD BE
CONFERENCES
CENTER
OUR SPIRIT
AND OVER THEIR MINDS.
IT SEEMS EASIER TO
TO TAKE STOCK
BREATHE,
OF OURSELVES;
AND GIVE MEANING TO OUR
EXISTENCE.
THE SETTING OF THE
BUT NOT PRIMITIVE.
OF NATURE UNDER
HAVE SOMEWHAT
ITS BEST,
CENTER SHOULD
BE RURAL
IT SHOULD OFFER
IN CHARACTER,
THE ATTRACTIONS
CONTROL AND GUIDANCE,
IT SHOULD
IMITATION OF NATURE
OF THE ARTFUL
WHICH THE JAPANESE DO WITH SUCH SKILL.
SHOULD HAVE VARIETY, LIFE,
AND CONTRAST
IT SHOULD BE AN EXPERIENCE
IN
IN ADDITION TO THE
AT
IT
IN ABUNDANCE.
ITSELF.
IMPORTANT PROBLEM OF A SETTING,
THE SELECTION OF A SITE MUST
ALSO DEPEND ON OTHER FACTORS.
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33.
BE GIVEN TO A LOGICAL PLACE
CONSIDERATION MUST
THE
CULTURAL ACTIVITY OF OUR
TIME.
AREA.
IT
AND
ACTUALLY
INTIMATELY
CULTURE THAT
IS WITH THIS
THERE HAS ALWAYS
CONNECTED.
BETWEEN
INFLUENCE
BEEN A STRONG RECIPROCAL CULTORIL
EUROPE
IS
CENTER OF THAT PORTION OF THE WORED
DEFINED AS WESTERN,
ARE MOST
OF CONFEREES
AREA
FURTHER, THE NEW ENGLAND
CLOSE TO THE
FROM THERE,
IS
IT
IN THE
IS
U.S.
CAN EXPECT THE MAJORITY
THAT WE
TO COME.
IN THE
COLLEGES
EASTERN AND NEW ENGLAND
WE
COUNTRY AT THE PRESENT
THE ADJOINING MAP SHOWS THAT THE GREATEST
CONCENTRATION OF
THEN,
IN
AND THE EASTERN SEABOARD OF THE U.S. PARTLY
DUE TO THE EASE OF COMMUNICATING BETWEEN THE TWO
AND PARTLY
DUE
TO HISTORICAL
THE SITE SELECTED
HINGHAM HARBOR
TIES.
IS THE PENINSULA OF LAND
A BEAUTIFULLY
KNOWN AS WORLD'S END.
DEVELOPED TRACT OF 250 ACRES,
IT
IS SITUATED ON THE
DRIVE--
ATLANTIC OCEAN JUST 45 MILES--AN HOUR'S
FROM BOSTON,
MASSACHUSETTS.
LANDSCAPED BY THE
STATE
ORIGINALLY
1894 IN
IN
AS SUBDIVISION LOTS.
PLAN NEVER MATERIALIZED,
AN UNSPOILED
IT WAS
OLMSTEAD BROTHERS
PREPARATION FOR SALE
IN
AND THE LAND
OF PRESERVATION.
1
THIS
NOW
IN
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AND
ON THREE SIDES BY WATER,
IS SURROUNDED
THE SITE
DEVELOPED FOR BOATING AND BATHING.
VAN BE EASILY
IT HAS AN INTERESTING VARIETY OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES,
TO SMOOTH
FROM RUGGED
FLATS,
VARYING FROM HILLS TO
AND
IT HAS A PLEASANT CONTRAST OF FOLIAGE
TERRAIN.
TO
VEGETATION, RANGING FROM HEAVILY WOODED AREAS
OPEN GRASSY
FIELD.
NO TREES ON
IT,
THE PENINSULA ORIGINALLY HAD
BUT SINCE THE
19TH CENTURY LANDSCAPING
DEVELOPMENT THERE ARE LARGE TREES LINING THE ONCEPLANNED
STREETS.
MATTED
DOWN
TO WALK
EXPERIENCE
PATH
PASSING FROM WOODED
OCEAN.
ON THE
IS
TOWARD
AND
TASKET
FERRY,
WHICH
PASSES WITHIN
OF AIR LANDING
REACH.
CAN EASILY
NEARBY
WERE
SIDE,
EASY TO
PASSES
NEED
MANY
THE
EAST,
is
BEACH
GREAT
ITS
ISLANDS
ATLANTIC
THE HORIZON OF THE
FOURTH
EYE
MAGNIFICENT, WITH THE
IS
AND
FACILITIES.
RECREATIONAL
WORLD'S END
MARKING
ROW OF TREES
OF NANTASKET WITH
THE PENINSULA
COMPLETELY
STREETS
SHORELINE OVER THE
BAY TO
DOT THE
THESE
AHEAD.
THE VIEW ON THREE SIDES
WHICH
AN OTHER-WORLD
SOMETHING OF
A DOUBLE
WITH GRASS,
A CURVING
IS
IT
BE TAPPED.
OPERATES SIX MONTHS
A HUNDRED
YARDS
FACILITIES
OF THE
COULD BE
TO BE ESTABLISHED.
OF HIGHWAYS
A NETWORK
THE
NAN-
OF THE YEAR,
SITE.
PROVIDED
A SYSTEM
IF
THE
35.
THE
SITE OF WORDD'S END HAS GREAT POTENTIALITIES
AS THE LOCATION FOR
A CULTURAL CONFERENCE CENTER.
DEVELOPED WITH SKILL AND
VERY EASILY BECOME
IMAGINATION,
"AN EXPERIENCE
IN
IT COULD
ITSELF".
ORGAN IZATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
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36.
IS
IT
INSPIRATIONAL
IMPORTANT THAT THE
MOST
QUALITY
DESIRED OF THE SITE
IS NOT
CONTRADICTED BY THOSE
ELEMENTS WHICH TAKE
CARE OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL RE-
QUIREMENTS.
THE HOUSING OF THESE FUNCTIONS
BE CAREFULLY
INTEGRATED WITH THE LIFE
OF THE
CENTER.
INDIVIDUAL
AND SPIRIT
THE WHOLE PATTERN OF THE CENTER
SHOULD ACHIEVE THE SORT OF TOTALITY WE
THE
MUST
CONFEREE TO
BECAUSE THE CENTER
IS
WOULD WISH
ACQUIRE WHILE HERE.
A PROTOTYPE
AND HAS NO PRE-
DESSOR, MANY OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL
AND DESIGN RE-
QUIREMENTS WILL HAVE TO BE ARBITRARILY SET,
ALLOW-
ING FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF CHANGE AFTER THE
CENTER
HAS BEGUN OPERATION.
FUNCTIONS
INTO TWO
I.
THE
BUT
AS
NOW CONCEIVED, THE
OF THE CENTER DIVIDE
ITS SPACE REQUIREMENTS
BASIC PARTS:
CONFERENCE AREA,
A.
INCLUDING
STAFF FACILITIES FOR ADMINISTRATION AND
SEARCH*
B, GENERAL CONFERENCE SPACES
2.
THE
HOUSING
AREA,
,
INCLUDING
A.
HOUSING UNITS
B.
RELAXATION
C.
SNACK
FOR CONFEREES,
AND CONVERSATION AREAS,
BAR AND RESTAURANT FACILITIES.
RE-
37.
A DETAILED ANALYSIS
IS
AS
FOLLOWS:
CONFERENCE AREA
I.
STAFF FACILITIES SHOULD
A.
INCLUDE:
OFFICES FOR THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
(A DIRECTOR,
TWO ASSISTANTS,
SECRETARIES).
THE
BUSINESS
WOULD TAKE
IN THIS
FUNCTIONS
PLACE.
INVATATIONS,
HANDLES
IT IS
AND TWO
AREA THAT
OF THE
THE STAFF
SCHEDULES
CENTER
ISSUES
ACTIVITIES,
FINANCIAL AND CLERICAL WORK,
MANAGES THE
AND
COORDINATED ACTIVITIES OF THE
CENTER.
B.
OFFICES AND WORK SPACE FOR THE RESEARCH
STAFF
(RESEARCH DIRECTOR, FOUR
ASSISTANTS,
AND TWO SECRETARIES).
THE RESEARCH STAFF
PREPARES
DATA AND
THE NECESSARY
INFORMATION
REQUIRED FOR THE CONFERENCES AND ORGAMEZES
THE
IT
COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE CONFERENCES;
ALSO PROCESSES DOCUMENTS FOR PUBLICATION,
DIRECTS
2.
RADIO, TV, AND WIRE ACTIVITIES.
CONFERENCE FACILITIES SHOULD
A.
GENERAL
MEETING HALL.
WILL BE HELD
INCLUDE
OCCASIONALLY THERE
AN EXTRA-LARGE CONFERENCE
A GENERAL MEETING OF ALL THE
OR
CONFERENCES OR
38.
WITH LIMITED
A MEETING
PUBLIC ATTENDANCE*
THIS HALL PROVIDES AN ENCLOSED SPACE
SUCH MEETINGS;
B.
250.
CAPACITY APPROXIMATELY
CONFERENCE ROOMS.
THE AREAS WHERE THE
ACTUALLY MEET NEED TO BE HIGHLY
CONFERENCES
IS
NO SET PATTERN OF PROCEDURE
FLEXIBLE.
IN ORDER
FOR
DURING THE
MAY TAKE ON EXTREME
CONFERENCE, AND MANY
INFORMALITY
IN SIMPLE
CONVERS3TION GROUPS AND SIMILAR GATHERINGS.
PROVISIONS
FOR FOUR CONFERENCES WITH CAPA-
CITY OF FIFTY EACH SHOULD BE PROVIDED.
C.
LIBRARY.
FOR
A VERY LIMITED SHOULD BE PROVIDED
THE STORAGE OF
INFORMATION
OBTAINED
FOR THE CONFERENCES BY THE RESEARCH STAFF.
ACCESS
D.
LOUNGES AND RELAXATION AREAS.
THERE SHOULD
BE AMPLE PROVISION FOR LEISURE
IN THE CON-
FERENCE
E.
IS NEEDED FOR STAFF AND CONFEREES.
ACTIVITIES OF
VISUAL AIDS ROOM.
A RESTRAINED NATURE.
AN AREA OF APPROXIMATELY
75 CAPACITY SHOULD BE PROVIDED
FERENCE AREA
F.
OUTDOOR
READILY ACCESSIBLE
ASSEMBLY AREA.
IN THE
CON-
TO ALL.
A MEETING PLACE
SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR LARGE GATHERINGS FOR
INTERCONFERENCE MEETINGS AND LIMITED
TAINMENT
(RECITALS,
SMALL
CAPACITY APPROXIMATELY
DRAMATIC
350.
ENTER-
PRODUCTIONS)
39.
HOUSING AREA
1.
HOUSING UNITS
A.
FOR CONFEREES SHOULD
FACILITIES
FOR
AND GUESTS.
INCLUDE
MARRIED AND SINGLE
WHILE
IT
CONFEREES
IS EXPECTED THAT' AP-
PROXIMATELY ONE-HALF THE CONFEREES WILL BRING
THEIR WIVES
(OR HUSBANDS),
THAT THE UNITS BE EASILY
HOUSE EITHER
IT
IS DESIRABLE
CONVERTABLE TO
INDIVIDUALS OR
COUPLES.
HOUSING UNITS SHOULD PROVIDE THE
THE
PRIVACY SO
NEEDED WHBRE A PERSON #AN RETREAT TO
THE DAY'S
IT
ACTIVITIES.
AFTER
SHOULD CONTAIN
MINIMUM COOKING FACILITIES FOR FIXING
BREAKFASTS
AND REFRESHMENTS.
HOUSING SHOULD
BE READILY ACCESSIBLE TO AREAS
AND
CENTER WILL BE
CONFERENCE
FOUND AFTER
FORMAL
HOURS.
RELAXATION AND
CONVERSATION
PROVISION SHOULD
BE
AREAS.
MADE FOR SMALL
GATHERINGS AND DISCUSSIONS, EASILY
AMPLE
INFORMAL
ACCESSIBLE
AND INTIMATE.
C. RESTAURANT
BE SERVED
AND SNACK BAR.
IN ALMOST
WHILE SNACKS COULD
ANY ACTIVITY AREA, THE
RESTAURANT SHOULD PROVIDE AN
HIGH-POINT OF THE DAY.
120,
'
CONVERSATION, SINCE MUCH OF THE STIUULATION
OF THE
B.
FOR RELAXATION
ASSUMING
TWO SHIFTS
INSPIRATIONAL
CAPACITY APPROXIMATELY
EATING.
40.
IN
D.
HOUSING A SMALL
CONJUNCTION WITH THE
CAPACITY
CINEMA FOR FILMS SHOULD BE PROVIDED.
PERSONS.
APPROXIMATELY 60
IN ADDITION TO THE
AREAS AND
I.
FACILITIES SHOULD BE
INTEGRETED
PROVIDED:
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY AREAS,
BEACH, BOAT STORAGE AND
2.
FOLLOWING
BASIC REQUIREMENTS, THE
MAINTENANCE CENTER,
INCLUDING
DOCK, GOLF COURSE, ETC.
GARAGES FOR VEHICLES,
INCLUDING
STORAGE FOR MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
(GROUNDS), A
SMALL SHOP, AND GENERAL STORAGE SPACE.
3.
RADio-TV TRANSMISSION TOWER AND EQUIPMENT.
4.
NECESSARY MECHANICAL
FACILITIES,
INCLUDING PUMP
FOR WATER SUPPLY, ETC.
5.
SMALL
COMMISSARY
FOR FOODSTUFFSy BEVERAGES,
WHILE MANY OF THE REQUIREMENTS
IT
IS
PLACE,
MOUNT:
ETC.
ARE ARBITRARYAND
IMPOSSIBLE TO PREDICT WHAT
CHANGES MIGHT TAKE
ONE REQUIREMENT SEEMS TO STAND OUT AS PARATHE VALUE OF THE
IS
MEASURED PRI-
ITS TOTAL RANGE OF EXPERIENCES,
MARILY
IN
GRATED
ATMOSPHERE.
OUR DESIGN
CENTER
SOLUTION.
ITS
FOR THIS WE ARE STRIVING
INTE-
IN
AM--
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so
B IBLIOGRAPHY
POLITICS .
ARISTOTLE.
BACON,
1923.
THE HERITAGE
ESSAYS.
ROGER.
J.E.C. WALDEN.
TRANSLATED BY
THE MCMILLAN Co.,
LONDON:
PRESS,
1945
THE UNIVERSE AND DR. EINSTEIN.
BARNETT, LINCOLN.
BOOK, THE NEW AMERICAN LIBRARY,1952
MENTOR
A
NEW YORK:
NEW YORK:
PATTERNS OF CULTURE.
BENEDICT, RUTH.
1948
LIBRARY,
A MENTOR BOOK, THE NEW AMERICAN
CHILDE, V.
NEW YORK:
MAN MAKES HIMSELF.
BOOK, THE NEW AMERICAN LIBRARY, 1951
GORDON.
A MENTOR
CHILDE, V.
WHAT
GORDON.
HAPPENED
IN HISTORY.
NEW YORKt
1943
PENGUIN BOOmS,
EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS OF SPECIAL CULTURE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1949.
CONFERENCE ON
GROUPS.
CONFERENCE OF SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION IN THEIR
NEW YORK:
RELATION TO THE DEMOCRATIC WAY OF LIFE.
1948
HARPER-S PUBLISHING Co.,
'
SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT AND THE DELOCRATIC
KING'S CROWN PRESS, 1945.
LONDON:
CONFERENCE ON THE
FAITH.
AND
EINSTEIN, ALBERT
PHYSICS.
OF
FLEXNER,
S.
WALTER
"FIVE
THE EVOLUTION
1938.
AND FOUNDATIONS.
PUBLISHING CO.,
FRIES, HORACE
ACTION".
GROPIUS,
FUNDS
ABRAHAM.
HARPERS
LEOPOLD.
INFIELD,
NEW YORK:
NEW YORK:
1952.
SUGGESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND
VOL 1; No. 2(FEB, 1952)
TRANSFORMATION
AND OTHERS.
BAUHAUS
1919-1928
CHARLES T. BRAFORD, 1952.
HACKETT,
BRIAN.
MARSHALL,
MAN.
SOCIETY.
AND ENVIRONMENT.
LONDON:
1950.
PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS AND HIGHER
HOLLIS, ERNEST V.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1938
EDUCATION. NEW YORK:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(CONTINUED)
MAN IN
HUXLEY, JULIAN.
A MENTOR BOOD, THE
INSTITUTE
FOR THE
ITS PURPOSE.
NEW YORK:
THE MODERN WORLD.
1951
LIBRARY,
NEW AMERICAN
SCIENCE-IT$ BACKGROUND AND
TRANSFORMATION. VOLUME 1: NO. 2 (FEB,
UNITY
OF
INTERNATIONLINSTITUTE
JACKS,
NEW YORK:
OF INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION,
MONTHLY
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS.
BULLETINS,
JANUARY-MAY
LAWRENCE
NEW YORK:
PEARSALL.
HARPER'S
1940
EDUCATION THROUGH RECREATION.
PUBLISHING CO., 1932.
NEW YORK:
ART AND SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT.
dOHNSON, MARTIN.
1946.
FABER AND FABER, LMT.
"REFLECTIONS ON DESIGN EDUCATION".
KALLMAN, GERHARD.
NO. 3 (MARCH 1952)
VOL. 1:
TRANSFORMATION.
KEPPEL, OREDERICK P.
AMERICAN LIFE.
KEPES,
GYORGY.
THEOBOLD.
KEPES,
GYORGY.
-THE FOUNDATION; ITS PLACE IN
THE MACMILLAN CO. 1930.
NEW YORK:
LANGUAGE OF VISION.
PAUL
CHICAGO:
1949.
"SCALE, STRUCTURE,
TRANSFORMATION.
VOLUME
1:
AND RHYTHM".
NO.
2 (FEB,
1952)
"THE
KOCHER, A. LAWRENCE AND PEARSTYNE, HOWARD.
THE NEW ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL CENTER".
EDITED BY PAUL ZUCKER.
AND CITY PLANNING
F. HUBNER AND CO., 1944.
NEW YORK:
MASON,
THEORY OF PLAY.
BERNARD AND MITCHELL, ELINOR.
BARNES AND CO., 1937.
YORK:
NEW
THE PERSON AND THE COMMON GOOD.
MARITAIN, JACQUES.
SCRIBNERS AND SONS, 1949.
NEW YORK:
THE NEW VISION AND ABSTRACT OF
MOHOLY-NAGY, LAZLO.
WITTENBORN SCHULTZINC
AND ARTIST. NEW YORK:
MOHOLY^NAGY, LAZLO.
PAUL THEOBOLD,
NEUMATH, OTTO.
ALFRED A.
VISION
IN MOTION.
CHICAGO.
1944.
MODERN MAN IN THE
KNOPF, 1939.
MAKING.
NEW YORK:
1949.
1952)
(CONTINUED)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MENTOR
1; No.
3 (MARCH
THE
SLAUGHTER, GERTRUDE.
THOMPSON,
IN
*CULTURE
SHEPARD, WARD.
VOLUME
NEW AMERICAN
BOOK, THE
D'ARCY W.
ON
TUDOR PRESS1944.
YORK:
NEW
THE MEANING OF EVOLUTION.
SIMPSON, GEORGE GAYLORD.
A
NEW
PHILOSOPHY.
BERTRAND.
RUSSELL,
1952)
FREDERICK.
AMAZING
AND
PRESS,
FORM.
CAMBRIDGE:
1948.
UNITED STATES STATE DEPARTMENT BULLETIN. "ACTIVITIES
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON SCIENTIFIC AND
JUNE 1946.
CULTURAL COOPERATION."
UNITED STATES STATE DEPARTMENT BULLETIN.
COOPERATION PROGRAM--1938--1943",
UTTENBACK, W.
WEINER,
E.
"THE CULTURAL
THE HUMAN USE OF HUMAN BEINGS.
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN,
WHYTE,
OF
GROUP THINKING AND CONFERENCE LEADERSHIP.
NORBERT.
WHYTE, LANCELOT
SYMPOSIUM.
YORK
1949.
CRISIS". TRANSFORMATION.
GROWTH
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY,
BOSTON:
1950.
ASPECTS OF FORM, A
L. (EDITOR)
NEW YORK:
PELLEGRIM AND CUDALEY,
LANCELOT L.
A MENTOR BOOK,
THE NEXT
THE
DEVELOPMENT
IN
MAN.
NEW AMERICAN LIBRARY,
1951
NEW YORK:
1952.
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